862:
throughout all the empire totalled more than 300,000 men, They included the remnants of the old Hunan Army (Hsiang-chün) founded by Tseng Kuo-fan, the resuscitated Hunan Army (usually called Ch'u-chün) under Tso Tsung-t'ang, and the Anhwei Army (Huai-chün) coordinated by Li Hung-chang. There were also smaller forces of a similar nature in Honan (Yü-chün), Shantung, (Tung-chün), Yunnan (Tien-chün) and
Szechwan (Ch'uan-chün). These forces were distinguished generally by their greater use of Western weapons and they were more costly to maintain. More fundamentally they capitalized for military purposes on the particularistic loyalties of the traditional society. Both the strength and the weakness of the yung-ying were to be found in the close personal bonds that were formed between the higher and lower officers and between officers and men. In this respect they differed from the traditional Ch'ing imperial armies – both the banner forces and the Green Standard Army.
899:
sent to Liu along with an officer who had served Tseng Kuo-fan as a gunner. The shells failed to breach Chin-chi-pao's heavy walls (said to be thirty-five feet thick), but in
October Liu Chin-t'ang built a high gun position from which he bombarded the city over its walls. . .Chin-chi-pao's dwindling number of inhabitants were now surviving on grass roots and flesh rom dead bodies. In January, Ma Hua-lung finally surrendered to Liu Chin-t'ang,
256:
150:
825:
the officers of the Hunan Army were scholars, The proportion dropped sharply for commissions given after this date. . . Holders of official titles and degrees accounted for only 12 per cent of the military command of the Huai Army, and at most a third of the core of the Huai clique, that is the trop commanders of the eleven army corps.
787:
In 1853 Tseng Kuo-fan introduced special training for the non-commissioned officers of his new Hunan Army, emphasizing endurance and discipline. This was later imitated by the Anhwei Army. The technical training of the officer corps along western lines was begun in 1852 at
Shanghai and Ningpo, where
824:
the cases of Hunan particularly illustrates this widespread militarization of the scholar class. . .Such was also the case of Liu Ming-ch'uan who rose form smuggling salt to leading an army in Anhwei, and finally to the governorship of the province of Taiwan (see chapter 4). . . Until 1856 most of
898:
Tso's immediate appointment of Liu as commander of the 'Old Hunan Army' (Lao Hsiang-chün)added to the youthful commander's prestige. . . By
September 1870, Liu Chin-t'ang had reduced all but a score of the 500-odd forts around Chin-chi-pao. Krupp siege guns shipped to Kansu form Shanghai were now
509:
with spears swords and matchlocks compromising the rest of the armament by 1864 foreign rifles equipped several squads per Ying. 2 to 10 battalions formed a brigade under a
Brigadier General with 2 or more Brigadier Generals being able to form an army. The senior commanders often appointed their
861:
By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. 'brave battalions'). In the 1860s, such forces
504:
The Hunan army's official Ying (battalion) consisted of 5 officers 500 soldiers and when the administration and carriers are added the number reaches 688 men. With each battalion being divided into 4 shao (company) and a bodyguard, theoretically each ying was to possess 2 light mortars and 48
408:
The entire area around the city had been cleared of rebel forces in a series of battles starting in June 1863. The battle for the city itself started on March 14, 1864, when Zeng's forces attempted to force the city walls using ladders, but were beaten back. A second attempt used tunnels, but
605:
After the
Taiping Rebellion was crushed, the Hunan armies petitioned to the Manchu Court to disband themselves, for fear of rumored rebellion against the Manchus as they had grown too powerful in the eyes of the Manchus. The Manchu Court only agreed to turn Peng Yulin's army into a navy.
413:. This position allowed them to dig new tunnels and pack them with explosives with the intention of destroying the city walls. A counterattack failed, and on July 19 the explosives were set off, collapsing a large portion of the wall. The city fell after a fierce three-day battle.
385:. His Army was so successful that the Qing leaders quickly started using it in place of their own troops, turning it into an Imperial force rather than the local force as it had been raised. In 1860 Zeng was called on to use the Xiang Army to clear
416:
The Xiang Army pillaged and robbed the city, killing 100,000 Taiping soldiers and civilians according to Zeng Guofan and setting it on fire. The city burned until July 26, 1864. Zeng was promoted to
Marquess (of the First Class) Yiyong
356:
To fund the army, Zeng convinced the Hunan governor to divert funds from the provincial network of commercial good toll collection stations. Eventually the army founds ways of collecting funds from local landholders and merchants.
1424:
283:
Province, growing after a series of small victories over the local Qing forces. The revolt rapidly spread northward. In March 1853, between 700,000 and 800,000 Taiping soldiers directed by commander-in-chief
324:
militia into an armed force with a total of 17,000 men, including thirteen battalions consisting of 6500 men and a navy of ten battalions consisting of 5000 men. It was given the name of Xiang Army, with
219:
Although it was raised specifically to address problems in Hunan, the Army formed the core of the new Qing military establishment, and as such, forever weakened the Manchu influence within the military
513:
In 1856 the Hunan army possessed approximately 60,000 soldiers all being
Hunanese with later recruitment being expanded beyond Hunan it was reported the army numbered 200 Ying or 137,600 soldiers.
1488:
316:
Zeng Guofan was tasked with limiting the rebel's attempts to take control of Hunan. In 1852, he was appointed by the Qing court as commissioner of militia organization for
Central China.
521:
One of Zeng Guofan's priorities for the Xiang Army was finance, understanding that good pay was crucial for battlefield morale. As a result, a Xiang Army soldier's salary was four
2044:
838:
1322:
2083:
2368:
630:
304:. They continued in their attempts to expand northward, and sent two armies to take the upper Yangtze, while another two attempted to take the new Imperial capital,
225:
1417:
672:, one of the most important commanders of the Xiang Army. In 1890, part of the Xiang Army incorporated into a gang and anti-government movement. When the
2088:
1924:
1763:
2358:
1503:
640:
410:
2363:
1908:
1879:
1498:
954:
801:
426:
Almost immediately after the capture of
Nanking, Zeng disbanded the 120,000 soldiers under his command, although Zuo kept his forces intact.
1580:
645:
592:
1119:
580:
788:
a few company commanders and their men were trained in the use of Western equipment and tactics by French and English military advisers.
1461:
1568:
1553:
620:
462:, totaled about 2,300,000 (included the Xiang Army). Taiping Rebellion soldiers amounted to about 1,800,000 (including 300,000 local
2383:
1255:
880:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
843:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
806:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 540.
769:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 541.
875:
2291:
1630:
208:
region where the Army was raised. The Army was financed through local nobles and gentry, as opposed to through the centralized
333:, accepting orders from Zeng alone. The new rule was termed "Soldiers followed the general, soldiers belonged to the general"(
2378:
2322:
1563:
1792:
1543:
1456:
1180:
764:
450:
In 1860, the power of the Xiang Army was unsurpassed, totalling almost 360,000 soldiers. The large main group was led by
1365:
1195:
2353:
2008:
1377:
1250:
1074:
409:
counter-digging and a second wall prevented a breakthrough. On July 3 the Xiang forces had their first victory, taking
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2138:
2013:
1370:
947:
885:
848:
811:
774:
718:
677:
2108:
496:, then capital of An hui in September 1861, the headquarters was moved there because of its proximity to Nanjing.
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1468:
1155:
1041:
1809:
1675:
1443:
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1129:
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2018:
1874:
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1548:
1533:
1528:
1360:
1310:
1290:
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244:
228:
is commonly pointed to as a major reason for the eventual downfall of the Qing and the emergence of regional
2002:
1780:
1647:
1513:
1407:
1017:
1007:
940:
1919:
1902:
1412:
1387:
1350:
1260:
1220:
972:
98:
2388:
2302:
1748:
469:
After 1864 a significant portion of the Army was disbanded on orders from Zeng. However at units under
2393:
2312:
2031:
1960:
1753:
1285:
1210:
1079:
997:
2233:
2053:
1787:
1758:
1508:
435:
297:
264:
676:(Chinese Revolution) began in 1911, former comrades of Xiang Army turned against each other. The
1829:
1295:
1280:
1114:
1012:
402:
247:. Remnants of the Xiang Army which also fought in the war were then called the "Old Hunan Army".
213:
2210:
2098:
1979:
1804:
1022:
2284:
2143:
2103:
1770:
1732:
1620:
1600:
1518:
1317:
1300:
1165:
1134:
1069:
927:
713:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series. Cambridge University Press.
394:
390:
340:
235:
The Xiang Army was one of two armies known as the Hunan Army. Another Hunan Army, called the
2215:
2182:
2148:
2093:
1973:
1955:
1665:
1595:
1402:
1185:
398:
8:
2373:
2268:
2118:
2058:
1990:
1670:
1523:
1478:
1225:
1104:
1084:
992:
459:
873:
836:
799:
751:
708:
2153:
1864:
1859:
1685:
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1615:
1610:
1605:
1429:
1275:
1094:
330:
110:
2163:
2158:
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2073:
1996:
1944:
1849:
1680:
1585:
1483:
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1345:
1270:
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881:
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673:
197:
90:
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2200:
2123:
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1869:
1590:
1451:
1397:
1240:
1205:
1109:
1034:
1002:
752:
374:
169:
2332:
2278:
2128:
2113:
1937:
1392:
1355:
1305:
1265:
1215:
1160:
1029:
760:
756:
439:
531:
every month, compared to a regular Green Standard soldier's salary of about 1.5
2195:
2068:
1834:
1797:
1245:
1235:
1175:
393:(两江总督, which consisted of the provinces of Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu). While
94:
2347:
2307:
2273:
2238:
1854:
1844:
1660:
1051:
301:
289:
221:
133:
35:
1850 – 1864 ("Old Hunan Army"); 1864 – 1895 (remnants and reorganized armies)
381:, and was rewarded for his success by being appointed vice-president of the
2327:
2024:
1966:
1655:
1637:
1493:
963:
874:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
837:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
800:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
709:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
669:
650:
556:
551:
485:
470:
455:
401:" were clearing the rebel heartland, Zeng took the opportunity to launch a
382:
285:
240:
201:
126:
53:
308:. The western drive met with some success, but the Beijing attack failed.
2263:
1984:
1705:
1700:
661:
546:
451:
350:
326:
317:
187:
153:
116:
300:
encompassed much of prosperous south and central China, centered on the
1931:
1775:
1695:
1538:
343:'s "Soldiers had no fixed commander, commander had no fixed soldiers" (
229:
43:
932:
1720:
1710:
665:
635:
68:
255:
2205:
1950:
1897:
1839:
1715:
1690:
689:
625:
615:
568:
506:
366:
236:
212:-led Qing dynasty. The army was mostly disbanded by Zeng after the
192:
138:
2190:
370:
305:
280:
267:
63:
528:
493:
378:
260:
209:
177:
473:
continue to exist. They numbered around 120,000 by the 1870s.
149:
1914:
1473:
664:
began disarming the Xiang Army with the establishment of the
489:
386:
205:
353:. These Tuanlian were turned into the Yong Ying Xiang Army.
2084:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1573:
533:
523:
463:
292:. The city became the movement's capital and was renamed
232:
in China during the first half of the twentieth century.
190:
from existing regional and village militia forces called
349:). This new military rule was the direct cause of the
510:
junior commanders from amongst relatives and friends.
2089:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
288:took Nanjing, killing 30,000 Manchu civilians and
279:The Taiping rebellion started in December 1850 in
2369:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
339:), contrary to the old military rule before the
204:China (1850 to 1864). The name is taken from the
2345:
1489:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1909:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
1880:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
948:
918:. Princeton University Press. pp. 23–25.
656:
596:
584:
572:
560:
418:
344:
334:
916:The rise of Chinese military power 1895–1912
476:The Xiang Army also had a small naval army.
214:re-capture of the Taiping capital at Nanking
955:
941:
423:) (Yiyong: 毅 = Endurance 勇 = Courage) .
1569:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
16:Chinese army during the Taiping Rebellion
1418:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
296:("Heavenly Capital"). By this point the
254:
239:, was created by former Xiang commander
148:
2025:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
962:
466:members who repeatedly changed sides).
365:His lieutenants recovered the capital,
2359:19th-century military history of China
2346:
913:
732:
730:
680:was established on February 12, 1912.
438:, from 1864 to 1890, over half of the
259:The Xiang Army recapturing Jinling, a
2323:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1564:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
936:
369:, and then Zeng led the recapture of
2364:Military history of the Qing dynasty
1544:Ministry of Posts and Communications
909:
907:
492:from 1853 to 1861. After recovering
274:
2292:History of Qing (People's Republic)
739:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
727:
186:) was a standing army organized by
13:
2009:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1378:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1371:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1251:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1075:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
442:in China were Xiang Army leaders.
14:
2405:
2298:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2139:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2014:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1166:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
904:
445:
2109:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1425:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1181:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
736:
2384:1864 disestablishments in China
1156:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1042:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
609:
540:
499:
479:
1810:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1100:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
867:
830:
793:
745:
702:
585:
561:
454:with 130,000 troops. The Qing
345:
335:
182:
156:, the leader of the Xiang Army
1:
2244:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2019:Islam during the Qing dynasty
1875:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1559:Provincial military commander
1549:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1534:Imperial Household Department
1361:Preparative Constitutionalism
1065:Sino-Russian border conflicts
695:
484:Headquarters were located in
2379:1853 establishments in China
2003:Researches on Manchu Origins
1408:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1018:Transition from Ming to Qing
1008:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
360:
7:
1903:Changzhou School of Thought
1413:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1388:Railway Protection Movement
1366:1909 Parliamentary election
1351:British expedition to Tibet
1261:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1221:Self-Strengthening Movement
1196:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
683:
429:
311:
22:Xiang Army (Old Hunan Army)
10:
2410:
2303:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1191:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1130:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1120:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1090:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
657:Disarmament and revolution
320:expanded the pre-existing
250:
2354:Military history of Hunan
2313:Names of the Qing dynasty
2256:
2224:
2181:
2174:
2043:
1961:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1888:
1820:
1741:
1646:
1442:
1333:
1291:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1286:Gongche Shangshu movement
1231:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1143:
1080:Chinese Rites controversy
1050:
980:
971:
597:
573:
516:
419:
245:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
173:
132:
122:
109:
104:
86:
76:
59:
49:
39:
31:
26:
21:
2234:Great Qing Treasure Note
2054:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1764:Administrative divisions
1581:Administrative divisions
1509:Flag of the Qing dynasty
298:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
72:, eventual standing army
1830:Chengde Mountain Resort
1631:Three Eastern Provinces
1281:First Sino-Japanese War
1256:Northern Chinese Famine
1115:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1013:Qing invasion of Joseon
761:Denis Crispin Twitchett
2211:Great Qing Copper Coin
2099:Convention of Tientsin
2032:Annotated Bibliography
1980:Qing official headwear
1023:Battle of Shanhai Pass
914:Powell, Ralph (1955).
877:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
840:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
803:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
766:Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911
711:Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911
434:After the fall of the
271:
224:). This devolution of
157:
2285:Draft History of Qing
2144:Treaty of Shimonoseki
1925:performance criticism
1529:Imperial Commissioner
1519:Great Qing Legal Code
1318:Eight-Nation Alliance
1301:Third plague pandemic
1211:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1135:White Lotus Rebellion
928:Draft History of Qing
537:of silver per month.
395:Charles George Gordon
391:Viceroy of Liangjiang
341:Northern Song dynasty
258:
152:
123:Ceremonial chief
2216:Great Qing Gold Coin
2149:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2094:Convention of Peking
1974:Pentaglot Dictionary
1956:Literary inquisition
1666:Ever Victorious Army
1499:Deliberative Council
1403:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1356:1905 Batang uprising
1296:Hundred Days' Reform
1186:Small Swords Society
399:Ever-Victorious Army
389:, and was appointed
302:Yangtze river valley
2269:Anti-Qing sentiment
2119:Treaty of the Bogue
2059:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1991:Complete Tang Poems
1671:Green Standard Army
1554:Provincial governor
1524:Imperial Clan Court
1504:Diplomatic missions
1479:Consultative Bureau
1226:Tongzhi Restoration
1105:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1085:Ten Great Campaigns
993:Jurchen unification
460:Green Standard Army
405:to retake Nanjing.
226:centralized command
2154:Treaty of Tientsin
1865:Western Qing tombs
1860:Eastern Qing tombs
1686:Peking Field Force
1430:Manchu Restoration
1323:Declaration of war
1276:Jindandao incident
1095:Lhasa riot of 1750
753:John King Fairbank
331:Commander-in-chief
272:
158:
111:Commander-in-chief
2389:Taiping Rebellion
2341:
2340:
2252:
2251:
2164:Treaty of Whampoa
2159:Treaty of Wanghia
2134:Treaty of Nanking
2104:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2079:Chefoo Convention
2074:Burlingame Treaty
1945:Kangxi Dictionary
1850:Old Summer Palace
1681:Firearm Battalion
1484:Cup of Solid Gold
1438:
1437:
1383:Manchurian plague
1346:Late Qing reforms
1337:(1901–1912)
1271:Sikkim expedition
1201:Panthay Rebellion
1171:Taiping Rebellion
1147:(1801–1900)
1125:Sino-Nepalese War
1070:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1056:(1683–1799)
984:(1616–1683)
737:Rowe, William T.
678:Republic of China
674:Xinhai Revolution
275:Taiping Rebellion
198:Taiping Rebellion
144:
143:
91:Taiping Rebellion
2401:
2394:Culture in Hunan
2318:New Qing History
2201:Qianlong Tongbao
2179:
2178:
2124:Treaty of Canton
2064:Unequal treaties
1870:Fuling Mausoleum
1469:Advisory Council
1398:Wuchang Uprising
1338:
1241:Tianjin Massacre
1206:Second Opium War
1148:
1110:Sino-Burmese War
1057:
1035:Battle of Penghu
1003:Seven Grievances
985:
978:
977:
957:
950:
943:
934:
933:
920:
919:
911:
902:
901:
895:
894:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
834:
828:
827:
821:
820:
797:
791:
790:
784:
783:
749:
743:
742:
734:
725:
724:
706:
600:
599:
588:
587:
576:
575:
564:
563:
422:
421:
348:
347:
338:
337:
243:to fight in the
184:
175:
19:
18:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:Willow Palisade
2279:Chuang Guandong
2248:
2220:
2170:
2129:Treaty of Kulja
2114:Treaty of Aigun
2047:
2039:
1938:History of Ming
1890:
1884:
1822:
1816:
1742:Special regions
1737:
1676:Imperial Guards
1642:
1434:
1393:1911 Revolution
1339:
1336:
1329:
1306:Boxer Rebellion
1266:Sino-French War
1216:Amur Annexation
1161:First Opium War
1149:
1146:
1139:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1030:Great Clearance
986:
983:
967:
961:
924:
923:
912:
905:
892:
890:
888:
872:
868:
855:
853:
851:
835:
831:
818:
816:
814:
798:
794:
781:
779:
777:
763:, eds. (1980).
757:Kwang-Ching Liu
750:
746:
735:
728:
721:
707:
703:
698:
686:
659:
612:
543:
519:
502:
482:
448:
432:
363:
314:
277:
270:, July 19, 1864
253:
196:to contain the
147:
97:
93:
81:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
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2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Kangxi Tongbao
2193:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Boxer Protocol
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Forbidden City
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1798:General of Ili
1795:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:List of ambans
1778:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:Margary Affair
1243:
1238:
1236:Mudan incident
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Nian Rebellion
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
982:
975:
969:
968:
960:
959:
952:
945:
937:
931:
930:
922:
921:
903:
886:
866:
849:
829:
812:
792:
775:
744:
726:
719:
700:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
685:
682:
658:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
611:
608:
603:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
549:
542:
539:
518:
515:
501:
498:
481:
478:
447:
446:Total soldiers
444:
431:
428:
362:
359:
313:
310:
276:
273:
252:
249:
145:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:Nian Rebellion
88:
84:
83:
82:360,000 (1860)
78:
74:
73:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Manchu people
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Canton System
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2239:Hubu Guanpiao
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:Society &
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Summer Palace
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Mukden Palace
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:Palaces &
1819:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Eight Banners
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Grand Council
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1334:20th century
1332:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1144:19th century
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
979:
976:
974:
970:
965:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
935:
929:
926:
925:
917:
910:
908:
900:
889:
887:0-521-22029-7
883:
879:
878:
870:
863:
852:
850:0-521-22029-7
846:
842:
841:
833:
826:
815:
813:0-521-22029-7
809:
805:
804:
796:
789:
778:
776:0-521-22029-7
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
748:
740:
733:
731:
722:
720:0-521-22029-7
716:
712:
705:
701:
691:
688:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
594:
591:
582:
579:
570:
567:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
538:
536:
535:
530:
526:
525:
514:
511:
508:
497:
495:
491:
487:
477:
474:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
427:
424:
414:
412:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
354:
352:
342:
332:
328:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
269:
266:
262:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Eight Banners
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
179:
171:
167:
163:
155:
151:
146:Military unit
140:
137:
135:
134:Field Marshal
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:Dungan Revolt
96:
92:
89:
85:
79:
75:
71:
70:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2328:Treaty ports
2290:
2283:
2257:Other topics
2030:
2023:
2001:
1989:
1972:
1967:Peiwen Yunfu
1965:
1943:
1936:
1907:
1725:
1656:Beiyang Army
1638:Zongli Yamen
1494:Da-Qing Bank
1311:Red Lanterns
964:Qing dynasty
915:
897:
891:. Retrieved
876:
869:
860:
854:. Retrieved
839:
832:
823:
817:. Retrieved
802:
795:
786:
780:. Retrieved
765:
747:
738:
710:
704:
670:Li Hongzhang
660:
651:Li Hongzhang
641:Liu Changyou
610:Vice leaders
604:
557:Zeng Guoquan
552:Zuo Zongtang
541:Main leaders
532:
522:
520:
512:
503:
500:Organisation
486:Qimen County
483:
480:Headquarters
475:
471:Zuo Zongtang
468:
456:regular army
449:
433:
425:
415:
411:Dibao Castle
407:
383:Board of War
364:
355:
321:
315:
293:
286:Yang Xiuqing
278:
241:Zuo Zongtang
234:
218:
191:
181:
165:
161:
159:
127:Zuo Zongtang
67:
54:Qing dynasty
2264:Aisin Gioro
2226:Paper money
1985:Qing poetry
1706:Wuwei Corps
1701:Shuishiying
1462:Family tree
662:Zeng Guofan
547:Zeng Guofan
452:Zeng Guofan
351:Warlord era
327:Zeng Guofan
318:Zeng Guofan
188:Zeng Guofan
154:Zeng Guofan
117:Zeng Guofan
87:Engagements
2374:Xiang Army
2348:Categories
1932:Four Wangs
1823:mausoleums
1776:Golden Urn
1749:Inner Asia
1726:Xiang Army
1696:Hushenying
1621:Liangguang
1601:Liangjiang
1539:Lifan Yuan
1444:Government
893:2012-01-18
856:2012-01-18
819:2012-01-18
782:2012-01-18
696:References
646:Jiang Yili
593:Peng Yulin
230:warlordism
166:Hunan Army
162:Xiang Army
105:Commanders
50:Allegiance
44:Qing China
1754:Manchuria
1721:Huai Army
1711:Yong Ying
1596:Shaan-Gan
1052:High Qing
998:Later Jin
666:Huai Army
636:Liu Kunyi
581:Luo Zenan
397:and his "
361:Campaigns
346:兵無常帥，帥無常兵
336:兵隨將轉，兵為將有
290:bannermen
183:Xiāng Jūn
113:/"Leader"
69:Yong Ying
2206:Hongqian
2175:Currency
2045:Treaties
1951:Kaozheng
1898:Booi Aha
1840:Hetu Ala
1793:Timeline
1788:Xinjiang
1759:Mongolia
1716:Chu Army
1691:New Army
1648:Military
1586:Viceroys
690:Tuanlian
684:See also
631:Liu Rong
626:Bao Chao
616:Li Xubin
569:Hu Linyi
440:viceroys
430:Viceroys
403:campaign
367:Changsha
322:tuanlian
312:Creation
294:Tianjing
237:Chu Army
193:tuanlian
139:Bao Chao
2191:Zhiqian
2183:Coinage
1920:Economy
1891:culture
1626:Yun-Gui
1616:Min-Zhe
1611:Sichuan
1606:Huguang
1452:Emperor
973:History
621:Li Xuyi
507:jingals
436:Taiping
377:, near
375:Hanyang
371:Wuchang
329:as the
306:Beijing
281:Guangxi
268:capital
265:Taiping
263:of the
251:History
170:Chinese
80:17,000
64:Militia
40:Country
1805:Taiwan
981:Early
966:topics
884:
847:
810:
773:
717:
529:silver
517:Salary
494:Anqing
458:, the
379:Hankow
261:suburb
210:Manchu
180::
178:pinyin
172::
32:Active
1997:Queue
1915:Dibao
1771:Tibet
1591:Zhili
1474:Amban
490:Anhui
387:Anhui
206:Hunan
1733:Navy
1574:Ejen
1457:List
882:ISBN
845:ISBN
808:ISBN
771:ISBN
715:ISBN
534:tael
524:tael
464:gang
373:and
202:Qing
160:The
77:Size
60:Type
668:by
598:彭玉麟
586:羅澤南
574:胡林翼
562:曾國荃
527:of
420:毅勇侯
200:in
164:or
2350::
906:^
896:.
859:.
822:.
785:.
759:;
755:;
729:^
488:,
216:.
176:;
174:湘軍
66:,
27:湘軍
956:e
949:t
942:v
741:.
723:.
601:)
595:(
589:)
583:(
577:)
571:(
565:)
559:(
417:(
220:(
168:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
