439:
659:
not well trained or armed. Xia was also appointed "provisional chairman" of the province by the
Kuomintang and commander of the 18th Corps by the NRA. Following his defection, Xia launched an attack on Sun-controlled Shanghai with 2,500 troops. Even though Sun had detected Xia's plans days earlier, he had few troops to spare in the defense of Shanghai and thus ordered the railway to the city from Hangzhou torn up. By late 17 October, Xia's force was just 5 kilometres of the city. At this point, Sun received reinforcements to defend the city, whereupon Xia's advance was blocked. Nevertheless, the promised uprising in Shanghai failed to materialize, as the local
269:
495:
learned that he was supposed to be replaced as metropolitan police chief by Lu's follower Fu Qiyong. It is likely that Xia was extremely opposed to Fu's accession not just because he wanted to maintain his power, but also due to his fear that his misappropriation of funds could be uncovered. By fall 1916, Xia plotted with his fellow officer and "Ten
Brothers" associate, Zhou Fengqi, to overthrow Lu. In case of success, the two planned to share power, with Zhou becoming military and Xia civil governor.
336:
503:. He also ordered the regional newspapers to censor their reports, and tried to bribe Fu and Lu into accepting their deposition. Lu refused, however, and the tensions quickly increased. Neither Lu nor Xia were ready to back down and their followers prepared for open civil war. Though the intervention of assembly president Shen Dingyi prevented bloodshed, the deteriorating political situation in Zhejiang caused the
598:
59:
617:
official holiday in his honor, ensuring that the newly appointed military commander-in-chief accepted Xia's submission and kept him in his position. Despite this, Xia continued to plot against Sun, knowing that the warlord's rule was widely resented in
Zhejiang. As result, Xia started to build up police and security forces for a rebellion; his
642:(which they did on 10 October), while regional Kuomintang representative Niu Yongjian assured him that an uprising would break out in Shanghai to support him against Sun. Though Xia continued to pretend to be neutral during summer 1926, he began to prepare his bid for autonomy from Sun. He cut the railway from Zhejiang to
673:
soldiers were let loose on Xia's provisional capital, looting the city while carrying out a "terrible massacre" among its civilian population. Attempting to flee into
Zhejiang's hills in his car, Xia was captured soon after, and promptly shot on the streets of a nearby town. His severed head was then brought to
548:
as the new military governor of
Zhejiang. By backing Yang and Lu, Xia did not just maintain his own power, but also managed to make himself irreplaceable as middleman between the military governors and the provincial natives. He also became an important figure in the Jin-Qu-Yu-Chu association (JQYC),
585:
to overthrow Lu. They probably believed that the Zhili clique would have a weaker grip on the province than the Anhui clique, thereby strengthening their own position. Sun appointed Xia civil governor of
Zhejiang for his cooperation in the takeover. When a Kuomintang-sympathetic rebellion erupted in
658:
On 16 October, Xia publicly declared independence for
Zhejiang with the support of several local commanders and civilian officials, and called upon all soldiers from Zhejiang to return to their home. Many followed this call, and he quickly amassed an army of about 10,000 fighters. These troops were
681:
as new governor of
Zhejiang, but Chen promptly declared independence as well, this time with more success. Meanwhile, Niu Yongjian had ordered the launch of the rebellion in Shanghai on 23 October. It remains unknown why the Shanghai uprising began on the same day when their potential ally Xia was
498:
Lu learned of the conspiracy, however, and ordered the police chief removed from power. When Fu Qiyong was supposed to be appointed as the next chief on 26 December, Xia's followers struck by seizing and publicly beating Fu during his inauguration. The other policemen did not intervene, leaving Fu
594:, in 1925. Nevertheless, the warlord had grown wary of the local officials' power, and used this conflict to keep them in check. Xia was required to act as Sun's vice-commander during the fighting, removing him from his power base, while the warlord placed a garrison loyal to himself in Hangzhou.
616:
military governor), and positioning his army at routes into the province. The secession was thus quelled before it could start. Knowing that further resistance was futile, Xia made a political turnaround. He welcomed Lu upon his arrival, threw an "impressive" party for him, and even declared an
494:
Clique led by governor Lu. As governor, Lu initially had the upper hand in the power struggle, and started to undermine Xia by abolishing the provincial police. Alienating many leading
Zhejiang officials through his high-handed policies, Lu finally drove Xia into open opposition when the latter
672:
during the night. Though Xia managed to escape, 6,000 of his barely trained soldiers were captured after a short battle. Hundreds of them were then machine-gunned for taking part in the rebellion. Sun's army captured
Jiaxing on 21st and Hangzhou on 23rd, marking Xia's final defeat. The warlord
527:
Xia tried to come to good terms with the new provincial government which in turn attempted to reach an understanding with local officials. He won the attention of military governor Yang by having his wife visiting Yang's wife, and also managed to become the protégé of Qi Yaoshan, the new civil
667:
Xia was consequently forced to retreat, and attempted to salvage the situation before his former superior launched a counter-attack. He sent a message to Sun's subordinates, claiming that he had been deceived into defecting to the Kuomintang, whereupon the warlord pretended to accept this
637:
to reunify China. After the NRA invaded Sun's territories, Xia was contacted by Kuomintang officials from Zhejiang. Secret negotiations began, which resulted in Xia reaching an agreement with Chiang Kai-shek. The civil governor promised to defect if the NRA managed to defeat Wu Peifu at
377:(1916–1928), and also served as the province's civil governor from 1924 to 1926. He was among the most powerful political figures in Zhejiang throughout much of his career. In order to maintain and expand his influence over the province, Xia opportunistically played out different
520:
624:
The opportunity for an uprising came in late 1926. Poor harvests in 1925–26 had resulted in an economic crisis in Zhejiang which was exacerbated by Sun's taxes, so that the province's population was restive. Furthermore, the Kuomintang's
499:
humiliated and in no position to succeed Xia. Meanwhile, Hangzhou's police went on strike in support of their old chief, while Xia himself took "many" chests of money (possibly embezzled funds) from the police headquarters to the local
663:
and Kuomintang leaders still debated about the course and chances of success for a rebellion in the city. Though several Communists urged action, Niu Yongjian refused, reasoning that the Shanghai insurgents lacked sufficient arms.
430:. He subsequently joined several officer associations, namely the Wubei Clique, the Kung-huo Tang, and the "Ten Brothers". Membership in these associations helped him to garner influence and allies in Zhejiang.
515:
as military governor. Though the officials in the province widely condemned the appointment of a non-native such as Yang as governor, they could not prevent his military-backed accession in January 1917.
590:
in September 1924 against Xia and his allies, Sun helped them to suppress it. In turn, the Zhejiang officials aided Sun in repelling an invasion by the Anhui clique and its new ally, the
544:. Throughout this time, Xia continued to serve as police chief. After Yang died in 1919, he sided with the Anhui clique against his local rivals, and helped to establish Anhui associate
608:
Unhappy with this development, Xia and the local gentry rallied against Sun, declared their province's autonomy and adopted a new constitution. Sun answered by sending his subordinate
1546:
682:
defeated, though it has been speculated that the insurgent leadership was misinformed about the outcome of the fighting in Zhejiang and believed that Xia had won.
378:
1261:
Jordan, Donald A. (1976a). "Provincialism within the Chinese National Revolution: The Case of Chekiang, 1926–1927". In F. Gilbert Chan; Thomas H. Etzold (eds.).
1511:
1501:
476:
479:, but the governor fled on 11 April 1916 before they could carry out their plan. Shortly thereafter, Yuan Shikai died, resulting in the collapse of the
609:
91:
1506:
1566:
1556:
475:'s 2nd Battalion, to overthrow Zhejiang's pro-Yuan provincial government. The two plotted to capture and murder Zhejiang's governor
463:
in 1916, Xia had risen to chief of the provincial and metropolitan police in Zhejiang. Many military and civilian leaders around
1561:
1541:
1431:
418:
in 1911. Along with his fellow revolutionary Gu Naibin, he planned to burn down the manor of Qing Minister of Communications
1526:
490:
Thereafter, however, Zhejiang descended into civil strife between the Wubei Clique led by Xia and a rival association, the
370:
71:
471:. Xia sympathized with the republicans, and consequently started to conspire with Tong Baoxuan, commander of the Zhejiang
1251:
453:
438:
1454:
1399:
1374:
1341:
1307:
1286:
446:
273:
193:
1551:
1531:
1521:
668:
explanation. In truth, however, Sun's army marched into Zhejiang on 20 October and ambushed the rebel force near
480:
467:
were opposed to Yuan's monarchism, resulting in rebellions against the Chinese government that culminated in the
1473:
1333:
352:
1536:
626:
288:
1423:
483:. With the end of Yuan's regime, Lu Gongwang was appointed as new military governor of Zhejiang, while
1516:
1366:
1358:
660:
1226:
468:
322:
545:
1491:
612:
to Hangzhou on 25 January 1926, appointing him as Zhejiang's "military commander-in-chief" (
1496:
1391:
1239:
678:
132:
8:
1243:
634:
330:
381:
against each other. Plotting to gain Zhejiang's independence from the warlord regime of
1466:
1443:
1263:
558:
504:
203:
1450:
1427:
1395:
1370:
1354:
Chinese Elites and Political Change: Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century
1337:
1303:
1282:
1247:
411:
318:
639:
460:
1413:
1385:
1352:
1327:
1297:
630:
591:
399:
176:
28:
1409:
1278:
419:
360:
1485:
1270:
601:
582:
500:
385:, Xia launched a rebellion in 1926, but was captured and summarily executed.
382:
335:
87:
33:
1445:
Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920–1927
618:
574:
537:
415:
233:
180:
24:
1468:
Provincial Passages: Culture, Space, and the Origins of Chinese Communism
541:
512:
484:
456:
407:
374:
326:
213:
17:
848:
846:
529:
422:. At some point, Xia joined Zhejiang's provincial military, trained in
240:
1419:
533:
528:
governor. In contrast, his rival Lu left the province and joined the
843:
540:
while China was divided among hostile warlords during the so-called
647:
643:
578:
472:
442:
427:
403:
1299:
The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928
674:
669:
597:
562:
508:
491:
426:, and eventually graduated from the Zhejiang Military Academy in
875:
536:. In the following decade, Zhejiang came to be dominated by the
1362:
1274:
587:
554:
550:
1197:
1329:
Blood Road: The Mystery of Shen Dingyi in Revolutionary China
1029:
1027:
519:
464:
423:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1090:
1088:
833:
831:
58:
1185:
1024:
1000:
976:
935:
782:
573:
In 1924, Xia and other Zhejiang officials cooperated with
1415:
From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924–1925
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
954:
952:
950:
733:
523:
Xia became the protégé of Qi Yaoshan (pictured) from 1917
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1131:
1102:
1085:
1012:
899:
887:
865:
863:
861:
828:
803:
801:
799:
797:
487:
became president of the province's provincial assembly.
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1075:
1073:
1071:
818:
816:
723:
721:
719:
677:
and put on a spike as warning to others. Sun appointed
1441:
Wilbur, Clarence Martin; How, Julie Lien-ying (1989).
1039:
988:
947:
923:
646:(Sun's center of power) and dispersed the garrison of
1166:
964:
911:
858:
794:
770:
704:
692:
568:
1143:
1068:
813:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
716:
1547:
People executed by the Republic of China by firearm
1319:
The 1911 Revolution: A Retrospective After 70 Years
1465:
1442:
1262:
745:
1483:
1387:A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920–1927
369:; 1882–1926) was the long-time police chief of
1265:China in the 1920s. Nationalism and Revolution
1512:Provincial chairmen of the Republic of China
1502:Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
1316:
739:
433:
57:
1440:
1125:
596:
518:
437:
1408:
1350:
1325:
1295:
1260:
1220:
1191:
1179:
1096:
1062:
1033:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
958:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
869:
852:
837:
822:
807:
788:
776:
727:
710:
698:
365:
1484:
1233:
1079:
653:
650:to weaken Sun's grip on the province.
1383:
1236:The Armies of Warlord China 1911–1928
1203:
1160:
1137:
16:For the ancient Chinese dynasty, see
1225:. Oxford, Hong Kong, New York City:
1463:
764:
549:a lobby group for the interests of
13:
1507:Governors of the Republic of China
569:Civil governor under Sun Chuanfang
406:, in 1881 or 1882, Xia joined the
14:
1578:
1567:People of the Northern Expedition
1472:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:
1332:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London:
1557:20th-century executions by China
621:grew to at least 5,000 by 1925.
334:
267:
1384:Smith, Stephen Anthony (2000).
1317:ShĂŞng, Hu; Danian, Liu (1983).
1213:
1474:University of California Press
1334:University of California Press
1302:. University Press of Hawaii.
356:
1:
1562:Executed people from Zhejiang
1542:People of the 1911 Revolution
855:, pp. 269–270 (note 78).
685:
393:
227:
218:
154:
150:
1449:. Harvard University Press.
629:(NRA) under Zhejiang native
388:
7:
1527:People from Qingtian County
1296:Jordan, Donald A. (1976b).
627:National Revolutionary Army
604:, Xia's superior from 1924
289:National Revolutionary Army
283:Zhejiang's provincial army
253:Military officer, policeman
10:
1583:
1424:Cambridge University Press
1351:Schoppa, R. Keith (1982).
1326:Schoppa, R. Keith (1995).
1234:Jowett, Philip S. (2014).
22:
15:
740:ShĂŞng & Danian (1983)
342:
314:
306:
298:
279:
262:
257:
249:
209:
199:
186:
170:
165:
161:
143:
138:
126:
116:
105:
77:
69:
65:
56:
49:
42:
1367:Harvard University Press
1359:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1206:, p. 266 (note 39).
884:, p. 270 (note 78).
434:Police chief of Zhejiang
379:Chinese warlord factions
200:Cause of death
139:Police chief of Zhejiang
50:
1552:Executed Chinese people
1532:Politicians from Lishui
1522:Chinese police officers
1227:Oxford University Press
1221:Bonavia, David (1995).
1126:Wilbur & How (1989)
469:National Protection War
454:China's first president
323:National Protection War
1464:Yeh, Wen-hsin (1996).
605:
524:
505:new central government
449:
600:
522:
441:
410:and took part in the
299:Years of service
86:Serving with
1392:University of Hawaii
791:, pp. 128, 130.
1537:Tongmenghui members
1244:Schiffer Publishing
1194:, pp. 160–161.
1140:, pp. 147–148.
1036:, pp. 133–134.
1009:, pp. 132–133.
985:, pp. 131–132.
944:, pp. 175–177.
654:Rebellion and death
635:Northern Expedition
481:monarchist movement
373:during the Chinese
331:Northern Expedition
99:military governors)
1321:. New World Press.
606:
525:
450:
111:(as top secretary)
70:Civil governor of
1433:978-0-521-52332-5
1099:, pp. 89–91.
1021:, pp. 89–91.
908:, pp. 42–46.
896:, pp. 41–42.
840:, pp. 40–41.
633:had launched the
459:declared himself
447:Republic of China
412:Xinhai Revolution
371:Zhejiang Province
346:
345:
319:Xinhai Revolution
274:Republic of China
194:Republic of China
153:1910s –
72:Zhejiang Province
1574:
1517:Chiefs of police
1477:
1471:
1460:
1448:
1437:
1405:
1380:
1347:
1322:
1313:
1292:
1268:
1257:
1242:, Pennsylvania:
1230:
1223:China's warlords
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1164:
1158:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
856:
850:
841:
835:
826:
820:
811:
805:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
743:
737:
731:
725:
714:
708:
702:
696:
367:
358:
338:
310:18th Corps (NRA)
294:
286:
272:
271:
270:
258:Military service
245:
238:
231:
229:
222:
220:
166:Personal details
156:
152:
148:
129:
119:
112:
100:
82:
61:
40:
39:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1410:Waldron, Arthur
1402:
1377:
1344:
1310:
1289:
1254:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
868:
859:
851:
844:
836:
829:
821:
814:
806:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
746:
738:
734:
726:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
688:
661:Communist Party
656:
631:Chiang Kai-shek
592:Fengtian clique
571:
436:
400:Qingtian County
396:
391:
329:
325:
321:
292:
287:
284:
268:
266:
243:
239:
236:
232:
225:
223:
216:
210:Political party
191:
175:
149:
144:
127:
117:
110:
101:
94:
83:
78:
52:
45:
38:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1461:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1406:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1348:
1342:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1279:Franklin Watts
1258:
1253:978-0764343452
1252:
1231:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1192:Bonavia (1995)
1184:
1180:Jordan (1976a)
1165:
1163:, p. 149.
1142:
1130:
1128:, p. 328.
1101:
1097:Jordan (1976a)
1084:
1067:
1065:, p. 160.
1063:Bonavia (1995)
1038:
1034:Jordan (1976a)
1023:
1019:Jordan (1976b)
1011:
1007:Jordan (1976a)
999:
997:, p. 132.
995:Jordan (1976a)
987:
983:Jordan (1976a)
975:
971:Schoppa (1995)
963:
961:, p. 131.
959:Jordan (1976a)
946:
942:Schoppa (1982)
934:
932:, p. 177.
930:Schoppa (1982)
922:
918:Schoppa (1995)
910:
906:Schoppa (1995)
898:
894:Schoppa (1995)
886:
882:Schoppa (1995)
874:
870:Schoppa (1995)
857:
853:Schoppa (1995)
842:
838:Schoppa (1995)
827:
823:Schoppa (1995)
812:
810:, p. 130.
808:Jordan (1976a)
793:
789:Jordan (1976a)
781:
779:, p. 128.
777:Jordan (1976a)
769:
767:, p. 126.
744:
742:, p. 158.
732:
728:Waldron (2002)
715:
713:, p. 310.
711:Jordan (1976b)
703:
701:, p. 173.
699:Schoppa (1995)
690:
689:
687:
684:
655:
652:
570:
567:
435:
432:
420:Sheng Xuanhuai
395:
392:
390:
387:
344:
343:
340:
339:
316:
312:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
281:
280:Branch/service
277:
276:
264:
260:
259:
255:
254:
251:
247:
246:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
188:
184:
183:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
141:
140:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
107:
103:
102:
85:
75:
74:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1456:9780674576520
1452:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:9780824823146
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:9780674123250
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1343:9780520213869
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1309:9780824803520
1305:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1288:0-531-05383-0
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:New York City
1267:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1182:, p. 91.
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1082:, p. 25.
1081:
1080:Jowett (2014)
1076:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
973:, p. 27.
972:
967:
960:
955:
953:
951:
943:
938:
931:
926:
920:, p. 46.
919:
914:
907:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
872:, p. 41.
871:
866:
864:
862:
854:
849:
847:
839:
834:
832:
825:, p. 40.
824:
819:
817:
809:
804:
802:
800:
798:
790:
785:
778:
773:
766:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
741:
736:
730:, p. 85.
729:
724:
722:
720:
712:
707:
700:
695:
691:
683:
680:
676:
671:
665:
662:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
622:
620:
615:
611:
603:
602:Sun Chuanfang
599:
595:
593:
589:
584:
583:Sun Chuanfang
580:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Bank of China
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
448:
445:(red) in the
444:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
386:
384:
383:Sun Chuanfang
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
354:
350:
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
290:
282:
278:
275:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
242:
235:
224:Wubei Clique
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
189:
185:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
147:
142:
137:
134:
131:
125:
122:Zhang Zaiyang
121:
115:
108:
104:
98:
93:
89:
88:Sun Chuanfang
81:
76:
73:
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
41:
36:
35:
30:
26:
19:
1492:1880s births
1467:
1444:
1414:
1390:. Honolulu:
1386:
1353:
1328:
1318:
1298:
1264:
1235:
1222:
1214:Bibliography
1204:Smith (2000)
1199:
1187:
1161:Smith (2000)
1138:Smith (2000)
1133:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
784:
772:
735:
706:
694:
666:
657:
623:
619:private army
613:
610:Lu Xiangting
607:
575:Zhili clique
572:
546:Lu Yongxiang
538:Anhui clique
526:
497:
489:
452:By the time
451:
416:Qing dynasty
414:against the
397:
364:
348:
347:
315:Battles/wars
234:Zhili clique
179:, Zhejiang,
174:1881 or 1882
145:
128:Succeeded by
96:
92:Lu Xiangting
79:
32:
25:Chinese name
1497:1926 deaths
542:Warlord Era
513:Yang Shande
511:to appoint
485:Shen Dingyi
457:Yuan Shikai
408:Tongmenghui
375:Warlord Era
327:Warlord Era
214:Tongmenghui
118:Preceded by
109:Liao Xunpu
29:family name
18:Xia dynasty
1486:Categories
765:Yeh (1996)
686:References
530:Kuomintang
394:Early life
366:Hsia Ch'ao
361:Wade–Giles
263:Allegiance
250:Occupation
241:Kuomintang
192:Zhejiang,
181:Qing China
1420:Cambridge
534:Guangdong
389:Biography
237:(1924–26)
204:Execution
146:In office
84:1924–1926
80:In office
1412:(2002).
648:Hangzhou
644:Shanghai
614:de facto
579:Wu Peifu
577:leaders
473:New Army
443:Zhejiang
428:Hangzhou
404:Zhejiang
398:Born at
349:Xia Chao
307:Commands
285:(?–1926)
177:Qingtian
97:de facto
44:Xia Chao
23:In this
679:Chen Yi
675:Nanjing
670:Jiaxing
640:Wuchang
563:Chuzhou
559:Yanzhou
509:Beijing
492:Baoding
477:Zhu Rui
461:emperor
353:Chinese
133:Chen Yi
1453:
1430:
1398:
1373:
1363:London
1340:
1306:
1285:
1275:London
1250:
1240:Atglen
588:Ningbo
561:, and
555:Quzhou
551:Jinhua
363::
355::
333:
302:?–1926
293:(1926)
291:(NRA)
244:(1926)
230:1910s)
106:Deputy
27:, the
465:China
424:Japan
221:1911)
157:1920s
1451:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1248:ISBN
581:and
190:1926
187:Died
171:Born
90:and
532:in
507:in
34:Xia
31:is
1488::
1426:.
1422::
1418:.
1394:.
1369:.
1365::
1361:;
1357:.
1336:.
1281:.
1277::
1273:,
1269:.
1246:.
1238:.
1168:^
1145:^
1104:^
1087:^
1070:^
1041:^
1026:^
949:^
860:^
845:^
830:^
815:^
796:^
747:^
718:^
565:.
557:,
553:,
402:,
359:;
357:夏超
228:c.
219:c.
155:c.
151:c.
51:夏超
1476:.
1459:.
1436:.
1404:.
1379:.
1346:.
1312:.
1291:.
1256:.
1229:.
351:(
226:(
217:(
95:(
37:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
