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773:. A key consequence was that "virtually all of the small group of leaders with modern education, administrative experience, and political maturity" were killed. According to reports from foreigners in Taiwan, leaflets signed by Chiang promised leniency for those who had fled the initial wave of killings and urged them to return; many of those who did so were imprisoned or executed. After the initial indiscriminate killing and looting, troops selectively targeted 'elites' such as students, intellectuals, civic leaders, people identified as previously critical of government policies, and prominent businesspeople to eliminate resistance. The total death toll from the incident remains in dispute and has become a political issue in the decades following the end of martial law in 1987.
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demanding justice for the widow's killers; after marching to the headquarters of the
Monopoly Bureau, they moved on to the Governor-General's office, where four were shot and killed without warning by machine guns. The resulting riots forced the Governor-General to barricade government offices in Taipei, declaring martial law on February 28. Riots spread to the rest of Taiwan over the next few days; in Taipei, civic leaders formed the "Committee to Settle the February 28th Incident" to meet with the Governor-General, urgently requesting that martial law be lifted to reduce the consequences of protests. Chen agreed to lift martial law starting on March 2.
715:
continued to shoot unarmed civilians in several incidents witnessed by
American consulate officials, killing approximately thirty. In the wake of the radio address, Chen promised to withdraw government forces by the evening of March 3, and a "Loyal Service Corps", consisting mainly of students under the authority of the Committee, patrolled the streets to keep order. The committee's recommendations, submitted on March 7, were intended to upgrade the status of Taiwan from a colony to a province of China and give the native Taiwanese a greater role in their own governance, which Chen had already mostly agreed to.
336:
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with local
Taiwanese elites, many of whom could not speak Mandarin, believing that the island must abandon the colonial language in favor of the new national tongue. This inability to communicate easily with his subjects and the fact he made surprisingly little effort to leave his official offices and interact with the Taiwanese society he ruled over made it difficult for him to detect the growing unrest on the island after the first year of postwar rule.
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locals: direct elections would be delayed until late 1949, despite the adoption of the
Chinese Constitution in 1947; land and properties seized by the Japanese fifty years earlier would only be available to wealthy individuals who were connected to the government rather than those families whose lands had been seized; and monopolistic control would be concentrated among a few government officials. Allegations of
610:. During his stay in Taiwan, he praised the modern public facilities and the strong economic development. Chen publicly expressed his admiration with jealousy about the advanced life quality Taiwanese people enjoyed compared with the Chinese mainlanders who suffered from prolonged war incurred destruction and lack of further modernization. After he went back to
760:. Stuart's independent investigation, led by the American consul in Taipei, concluded that Chen had indeed requested the troops, and by late March 1947, the central executive committee of the KMT recommended that Chen be dismissed as Governor-General over the "merciless brutality" he had shown in suppressing the rebellion. Chen was replaced as governor by
1348:[Chen Yi's residence was auctioned off for 5 million RMB for the building of a bath house by private contractors and torn down completely from the foundation to the more recent structures ... Shaoxing-county Erzhao hotel (now Jishan hotel) should pay damage for the demolition of Chen's residence]
789:
province. In
November, he released over a hundred communists scheduled to be executed. In January 1949, Chen Yi thought the KMT position was untenable, so to rescue the 18 million residents of the Nanjing-Shanghai-Hangzhou region from a meaningless war, he attempted to defect to the Chinese Communist
688:
In the early years of KMT Chinese rule of Taiwan, rampant corruption in the new administration headed by Chen caused high unemployment rates, widespread disease, and severe inflation, which in turn led to widespread local discontent. In addition, new policies announced in early 1947 further enraged
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Chen did receive some praise for his dedication to work, his frugality, and incorruptibility. He was, however, criticized for his support for his more corrupt subordinates, and his stubborn lack of flexibility in some policies. Despite fluency in
Japanese, he refused to use the language to interact
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which was regarded as legally controversial as Japan had not yet ceded Taiwan in any treaty until 1952. Native
Taiwanese, who were generally anti-Communist and supportive of the KMT, cheered the retrocession, believing their exports could now be directed to help China rather than Japan. The local
714:
Chen announced his love for the native
Taiwanese in a radio address at midnight to mark the beginning of March 2, proposing to meet with the Committee by March 10; the Committee would also be responsible for drafting suggestions to reform his administration. During the address, troops and police
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Unexpectedly, since its formation, the has given no thought to relief work such as medical care for the wounded and compenstation to the killed and so forth. On the contrary, it acted beyond province and on March 7 went so far as to announce a settlement outline containing rebellious elements.
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and Taipei with machine gun fire, allowing 8–10,000 police and troops from the Twenty-first
Division to land. More than 1,000 unarmed Taiwanese civilians were shot and killed over the next week. Troops were seen robbing civilians and looting. Publicly, Chen stated he had not requested military
710:
beat a widow to death during her arrest for selling smuggled cigarettes in violation of the state monopoly of tobacco. Enraged onlookers forced the agents to flee; as they escaped, they shot indiscriminately into the crowd, killing one. A peaceful protest march occurred on
February 28,
838:"Mainland Chinese were advanced enough to enjoy the privileges of constitutional government, but because of long years of despotic Japanese rule, the Formosans were politically retarded and were not capable of carrying on self-government in an intelligent manner." — (1947)
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Perhaps no single province in China involved so little military expenditure as that needed for Formosa before March 1, 1947. It may now well become one of the most costly, if the economic losses in production and hampered transportation are added to outright military costs.
59:
1340:[Recommendation to restore the former residence of Mr. Chen Yi, a patriot who sacrificed his life for the liberation of the Chinese people, and build a memorial hall (proposal for the 4th session of the 5th city-CPPCC)]. Archived from
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after Stuart's report was given to Chiang on April 18, 1947. Wei's position as governor was specifically proscribed from the military authority that Chen's position held as Governor-General, in response to the inefficient government of Chen.
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that Chen had advised him to rebel against the Kuomintang. Chiang immediately relieved Chen's chairmanship on the charge of collaboration with the Communists. In April 1950, Chen Yi was escorted to Taiwan, and later imprisoned in
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Meanwhile, Chen had secretly requested military troops to be deployed from Fujian against the Taiwanese insurgents; the Committee was a ruse to allow time for the troops to arrive. On March 8, local forces cleared the streets of
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Chen had executed or jailed all the alleged rebel leaders he could identify and catch, and his troops had prosecuted and executed between 3,000 and 4,000 throughout the island, according to a Taiwanese delegation in
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During his tenure in Fujian, Chen got a taste of the complexity of ethnic and social ties among people from Fujian in other parts of Asia. He ran afoul of a powerful Chinese in Singapore,
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to Taiwan for accepting Japan government's surrender as the Chinese delegate. On October 25, 1945, joined by delegates from Allied Powers, Chen signed a surrender instrument with General
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about his visit. With his experience in Japan and Taiwan, Chen had become the first candidate as the Taiwan governor in Chiang's mind after Japan relinquished the sovereignty of Taiwan.
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803:. In May 1950, alleged for espionage case, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Taiwan military court to sentence Chen Yi to death. In the same year on 18 June at 5:00 pm, he was executed at
680:
of 1947, and during the brutal suppression of local protests that erupted after the 228 Incident, an estimated 5,000 to 28,000 local and non-local Taiwanese civilians were killed.
569:. As a result of the conflict, Chen had to spend considerable effort and political capital fending off accusations of maladministration made against him by the influential Tan.
847:] 51 years to dominate this island. I expect to take about five years to re-educate the people so they will be more happy with Chinese administration." — (1947)
752:; because of the report, Chiang professed ignorance of conditions in Taiwan and denied that he had dispatched the troops in a meeting with United States ambassador to China
523:(國民革命軍第十九路軍軍長). After 1927, he worked in the Military Affairs Department (軍政部), as director of the Shanghai Arsenal, viceminister of war and since 1934 as chairman of the
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1075:. United States relations with China, With Special Reference to the Period 1944–1949 (Report). United States Department of State. April 18, 1947. pp. 923–938
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elites established "Preparatory Committees to Welcome the National Government", to help distribute promotional materials on behalf of the Chinese Nationalists.
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and the source of a larger percentage of Taiwan's population, was clearly a factor in Chen's selection to take control of Taiwan at the end of the war.
65:
572:
As a governor, he promoted the so-called "Necessary State Socialism" as an economic policy, which was based on the creation of state-run monopolies.
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by new immigrants from the mainland and a breakdown in social and governmental services also served to increase tensions. As the Shanghai newspaper
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Chen was later removed from the position of Taiwan governor general for his mishandling of the administration of Taiwan. Chen's policies led to the
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remarked, Chen ran everything "from the hotel to the night-soil business." The Taiwanese felt like colonial stepchildren rather than long-lost
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1408:
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1096:
Between Assimilation and Independence: Taiwanese Political Aspirations under Nationalist Chinese Rule, 1945-1948, in Taiwan, A New History
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Anti-KMT riots flared following the 228 Incident, which was sparked by the beating death of a widow on February 27, 1947. Agents from the
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in 1947, resulting in the deaths of 18,000 to 28,000 people, and was dismissed. In June 1948 he was appointed Chairman of
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Governor-General, Chen was employed as a consultant. In June 1948, he took the position of provincial chairman of
637:, governor-general of Taiwan, in Taipei City Hall (current Zhongshan Hall). Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be the
1483:
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while in Japan. He returned to Japan in 1917 to study in a military university for three years, then resided in
1183:"Formosa killings are put at 10,000: Foreigners say the Chinese slaughtered demonstrators without provocation"
1072:
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He was the first senator (總參議) and governor of Zhejiang (since October 1925). He was a lieutenant of warlord
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893:[The hundred-year developmental history of Zhejiang University]. Zhejiang University. Archived from
554:. During his government, Fujian province established close links with Japan, even after the outbreak of the
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province for eight years, beginning in 1934. His experience in Fujian, the province immediately across the
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As a chairman of the Fujian province, he took the task of destroying the 19th Route Army during the
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1212:"For decades, no one spoke of Taiwan's hidden massacre. A new generation is breaking the silence"
457:
417:
606:," an exposition which served as a report on the achievements of Taiwan's modernization process
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on October 25, 1945. He is considered to have mismanaged the tension between the Taiwanese and
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850:"I never forgot private enterprise. I always intended to re-establish it." — (1947)
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Exposition to Commemorate the 40th Anniversary of the Beginning of Administration in Taiwan
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Party. Along with his defection, he attempted to induce the garrison military commander
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proposed to restore Chen's old family home, which had been torn down for a bath house.
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Tuisu (退素); May 3, 1883 – June 18, 1950) was the chief executive and
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1346:陈仪宅屋全部以５００余万元拍卖给个体户建造澡堂浴室，陈仪故居从原地基到新建筑被全部拆毁 ... 绍兴县二招（现嵇山宾馆）拆毁陈仪先生住宅部分应赔偿
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was discovered. He was sentenced to death and executed by shooting in
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919:. Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 253.
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1020:"Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers: General Order no. One"
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A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947
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A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947
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to surrender to the Communist Party. However, Tang informed
584:
Chen (right) accepting the receipt of Order No. 1 signed by
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58:
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588:(left), the last Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan, in
1264:"Taiwan marks crackdown anniversary amid China tensions"
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and municipal branch committees) should be abolished.
1449:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1338:"建议恢复为"中国人民解放事业贡献出生命的爱国人士"陈仪先生故居并建纪念堂（市政协五届四次会议提案）"
1282:"Taiwan takes first steps to explain 1947 massacre"
1116:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
733:— Chen Yi, Radio address of March 10, 1947
1361:"History's implications for Taiwan's Constitution"
66:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
1107:
1105:
1465:
467:
1261:
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995:"Taiwan in Time: Taiwan's 'great leap forward'"
822:On 12 February 2006, a committee member of the
1371:(21). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from
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915:Boorman, Howard L. (1968). "Fei Hsiao-t'ung".
744:support, which was supported by a report from
1445:Lai, Tse-han; Myers, Ramon; Wou, Wei (1991).
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1112:Lai, Tse-han; Myers, Ramon; Wou, Wei (1991).
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917:Biographical Dictionary of Republican China
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1022:. Taiwan Documents Project. 17 August 1945
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515:army. Chen was also the commander of the
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781:Following his dismissal from the post of
182:12 January 1934 – 28 August 1941
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968:"Chiang didn't order 'Feb. 28 Massacre'"
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91:22 June 1948 – 21 February 1949
1073:"Memorandum on the Situation in Taiwan"
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527:province, and Secretary-General of the
130:29 August 1945 – 24 April 1947
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1262:Jennings, Ralph (February 27, 2017).
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908:
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721:Therefore, this committee (including
669:Memorandum on the Situation in Taiwan
565:, the leader of a large community of
412:Gongxia (公俠) and later Gongqia (公洽),
1539:People executed by Taiwan by firearm
1243:. Owosso, Michigan. January 14, 1949
596:In 1935, Chen was sent to Taiwan by
492:in Japan for seven years. He joined
1409:"Foreign News: Formosa Valedictory"
1311:"Formosa Chief Executed As Traitor"
13:
1387:"China: Snow Red & Moon Angel"
1181:Durdin, Tillman (March 29, 1947).
901:
575:
534:
14:
1580:
1544:People of the Northern Expedition
1514:Executed Republic of China people
1359:Tkacik, John (October 28, 2004).
1210:Wang, Amy B (February 28, 2017).
667:— John Leighton Stuart,
1534:Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
1098:. New York: Armonk. p. 280.
948:, Cornell University Press. 2003
866:History of the Republic of China
671:, to Generalissimo Chiang (1947)
438:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
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1393:. April 7, 1947. Archived from
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1564:Taiwanese people from Zhejiang
1152:Durdin, Peggy (May 24, 1947).
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500:. He is said to have been a "
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1:
1504:Executed people from Zhejiang
1415:. May 5, 1947. Archived from
993:Han Cheung (9 October 2016).
876:
511:, but in 1927 he defected to
468:Early biography and education
841:"It took the Japs [
432:. He acted on behalf of the
162:Taiwan Provincial Government
7:
1489:Empire of China (1915–1916)
946:Taiwan: A Political History
854:
621:Under the authorization of
539:Chen served as governor of
521:National Revolutionary Army
10:
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1569:Zhejiang University alumni
1286:United Press International
684:Chen and the 2/28 Incident
629:, Chen Yi was escorted by
145:Governor-General of Taiwan
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1549:Politicians from Shaoxing
1094:Phillips, Steven (1999).
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1288:. UPI. February 28, 1991
556:Second Sino-Japanese war
488:), in 1902 he went to a
268:Cause of death
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16:Not to be confused with
1554:Politicide perpetrators
1499:Executed mass murderers
1494:Executed Chinese people
1430:(subscription required)
1199:(subscription required)
640:Taiwan Retrocession Day
614:, he filed a report to
458:Chinese Communist Party
63:Chen Yi as pictured in
1484:Chinese mass murderers
1344:on December 11, 2014.
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708:Taiwan Monopoly Bureau
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448:which resulted in the
1375:on December 25, 2004.
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442:Taipei Zhongshan Hall
349:Years of service
272:Execution by shooting
1519:February 28 incident
1509:Executed politicians
1237:"Chiang to Formosa?"
871:February 28 Incident
754:John Leighton Stuart
648:Praise and criticism
480:. After studying at
450:February 28 Incident
79:Governor of Zhejiang
1529:Governors of Taiwan
1524:Governors of Fujian
1397:on 16 January 2005.
1317:. AP. June 18, 1950
1315:Schenectady Gazette
1216:The Washington Post
974:. February 20, 2006
897:on 29 October 2009.
627:General Order No. 1
608:under Japanese rule
486:Zhejiang University
428:surrendered to the
160:(as Chairperson of
116:Chief Executive of
1187:The New York Times
1154:"Terror in Taiwan"
811:and was buried in
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418:garrison commander
170:Governor of Fujian
1419:on March 17, 2005
1268:Macau Daily Times
861:History of Taiwan
623:Douglas MacArthur
472:Chen was born in
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430:Republic of China
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1241:Argus-Press
944:Denny Roy,
891:"淅江大学百年发展史"
805:Machangding
746:Bai Chongxi
701:sons of Han
631:George Kerr
600:to attend "
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502:Japanophile
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877:References
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494:Guangfuhui
424:after the
329:Allegiance
313:Alma mater
306:Kuomintang
286:New Taipei
223:3 May 1883
205:Liu Jianxu
1004:9 October
792:Tang Enbo
464:in 1950.
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352:1902-1949
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126:In office
87:In office
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978:9 April
801:Keelung
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392:Chinese
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366:General
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827:CPPCC
723:hsien
484:(now
1451:ISBN
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