XMM-Newton - Knowledge

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which provided for operations through 2012. As part of the approval, it was noted that the satellite had enough on-board consumables (fuel, power and mechanical health) to theoretically continue operations past 2017. The fourth extension in November 2010 approved operations through 2014. A fifth extension was approved in November 2014 and affirmed in November 2016, continuing operations through 2018. A sixth extension was approved in December 2017, continuing operations through the end of 2020. A seventh extension was approved in November 2018, continuing operations through the end of 2022. An eighth extension was approved in March 2023, continuing operations through the end of 2026, with indicative extension up to 2029.

90: 29: 547: 510: 1124:, which projects the number of X-rays that arrive over time and shows changes in the brightness of the target. Where the X-ray hits the camera allows for a visible image to be developed of the target. The amount of energy carried by the X-ray can also be detected and helps scientists to determine the physical processes occurring at the target, such as its temperature, its chemical make-up, and what the environment is like between the target and the telescope. 1256: 7525: 6228: 1643: 7549: 1179:

fabrication error left one with only 181. Because the telescope mirrors have already focused the X-rays to converge at the focal point, each grating has the same angle of incidence, and as with the Focal Plane Cameras, each grating array conforms to a Rowland circle. This configuration minimises focal aberrations. Each 10 × 20 cm (4 × 8 in) grating is composed of 1 mm (0.039 in) thick

7561: 7537: 1657: 839:, Roger Bonnet, ESA's former Director of Science, said, "We have chosen this name because Sir Isaac Newton was the man who invented spectroscopy and XMM is a spectroscopy mission." He noted that because Newton is synonymous with gravity and one of the goals of the satellite was to locate large numbers of black hole candidates, "there was no better choice than XMM-Newton for the name of this mission." 870:

both RGS units would be −110 °C (−166 °F), and during 13–14 November, both RGS-1 and RGS-2 were set to this level. During 6–7 November, the EPIC MOS-CCD detectors were cooled from their initial operating temperature of −100 °C (−148 °F) to a new setting of −120 °C (−184 °F). After these adjustments, both the EPIC and RGS cameras showed dramatic improvements in quality.

924: 1432:(VMC) on the spacecraft were added to monitor the deployment of solar arrays and the sun shield, and have additionally provided images of the thrusters firing and outgassing of the Telescope Tube during early operations. Two VMCs were installed on the Focal Plane Assembly looking forward. The first is FUGA-15, a black and white camera with high 1243:), then through an intensifier which amplifies the light by one million times, then onto the CCD sensor. The CCD is 384 × 288 pixels in size, of which 256 × 256 pixels are used for observations; each pixel is further subsampled into 8 × 8 pixels, resulting in a final product that is 2048 × 2048 in size. The Optical Monitor was built by the 1070:, with three types of X-ray-transparent filters, a fully open and a fully closed position; each also contains a radioactive source used for internal calibration. The cameras can be independently operated in a variety of modes, depending on the image sensitivity and speed needed, as well as the intensity of the target. 1159:. Each CCD contains 384 × 1024 pixels, for a total resolution of more than 3.5 megapixels. The total width and length of the CCD array was dictated by the size of the RGS spectrum and the wavelength range, respectively. Each CCD array is surrounded by a relatively massive wall, providing heat conduction and 914:

has received several mission extensions by ESA's Science Programme Committee. The first extension came during November 2003 and extended operations through March 2008. The second extension was approved in December 2005, extending work through March 2010. A third extension was passed in November 2007,

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of 112,473 km (69,887 mi). Forty minutes after being released from the Ariane upper stage, telemetry confirmed to ground stations that the spacecraft's solar arrays had successfully deployed. Engineers waited an additional 22 hours before commanding the on-board propulsion systems to fire a

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and 1,740 cm (270 sq in) at 8 keV. The mirrors range from 0.47 mm (0.02 in) thick for the innermost mirror to 1.07 mm (0.04 in) thick for the outermost mirror, and the separation between each mirror ranges from 1.5 to 4 mm (0.06 to 0.16 in) from innermost

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within the devices. During the night of 3–4 November 2002, RGS-2 was cooled from its initial temperature of −80 °C (−112 °F) down to −113 °C (−171 °F), and a few hours later to −115 °C (−175 °F). After analysing the results, it was determined the optimal temperature for

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is provided by two fixed solar arrays. The arrays are composed of six panels measuring 1.81 × 1.94 m (5.9 × 6.4 ft) for a total of 21 m (230 sq ft) and a mass of 80 kg (180 lb). At launch, the arrays provided 2,200 W of power, and were expected

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of operations. On 17 and 18 December 1999, the X-ray modules and Optical Monitor doors were opened, respectively. Instrument activation started on 4 January 2000, and the Instrument Commissioning phase began on 16 January. The Optical Monitor (OM) attained first light on 5 January, the two European

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mission; the Telescope Working Group had reduced the number of X-ray telescopes to seven standardised units. In June 1988 the European Space Agency approved the mission and issued a call for investigation proposals (an "announcement of opportunity"). Improvements in technology further reduced the

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The Reflection Grating Arrays are attached to two of the primary telescopes. They allow approximately 50% of the incoming X-rays to pass unperturbed to the EPIC system, while redirecting the other 50% onto the Focal Plane Cameras. Each RGA was designed to contain 182 identical gratings, though a

1416:(ERMS), which measures the radiation environment surrounding the spacecraft; specifically, the ambient proton and electron flux. This provides warning of damaging radiation events to allow for automatic shut-down of the sensitive camera CCDs and associated electronics. The ERMS was built by the 1234:

The instrument is composed of the Telescope Module, containing the optics, detectors, processing equipment, and power supply; and the Digital Electronics Module, containing the instrument control unit and data processing units. Incoming light is directed into one of two fully redundant detector

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and announced that a new name had been chosen for the spacecraft. Whereas the program had formally been known as the High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission, the new name would reflect the nature of the program and the originator of the field of spectroscopy. Explaining the new name of

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Feeding the EPIC and RGS systems are three telescopes designed specifically to direct X-rays into the spacecraft's primary instruments. The telescope assemblies each have a diameter of 90 cm (35 in), are 250 cm (98 in) in length, and have a base weight of 425 kg

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is a 10.8-metre (35 ft) long space telescope, and is 16.16 m (53 ft) wide with solar arrays deployed. At launch it weighed 3,764 kilograms (8,298 lb). The spacecraft has three degrees of stabilisation, which allow it to aim at a target with an accuracy of 0.25 to 1

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The AOCS was upgraded in 2013 with a software patch ('4WD'), to control attitude using the 3 prime reaction wheels plus the 4th, spare wheel, unused since launch, with the aim of saving propellant to extend the spacecraft lifetime. In 2019 the fuel was predicted to last until 2030.

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The pn-CCD camera is used to detect high-energy X-rays, and is composed of a single silicon chip with twelve individual embedded CCDs. Each CCD is 64 × 189 pixels, for a total capacity of 145,000 pixels. At the time of its construction, the pn-CCD camera on

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in Denmark in June 1985. At this workshop, it was proposed that the spacecraft contain 12 low-energy and 7 high-energy X-ray telescopes. The spacecraft's overall configuration was developed by February 1987, and drew heavily from lessons learned during the

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suffered an unexpected communications failure, during which time there was no contact with the spacecraft. While some concern was expressed that the vehicle may have suffered a catastrophic event, photographs taken by amateur astronomers at the

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Initially funded for two years, with a ten-year design life, the spacecraft remains in good health and has received repeated mission extensions, most recently in March 2023 and is scheduled to operate until the end of 2026. ESA plans to succeed

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In June 2021, one of the largest X-ray surveys using the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton space observatory published initial findings, mapping the growth of 12,000 supermassive black holes at the cores of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

722:) was chosen in October 1994 after the mission was approved into the implementation phase, with development and construction beginning in March 1996 and March 1997, respectively. The XMM Survey Science Centre was established at the 799:

total of five times, which, between 10 and 16 December, changed the orbit to 7,365 × 113,774 km (4,576 × 70,696 mi) with a 38.9-degree inclination. This resulted in the spacecraft making one complete

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developed by Media Lario of Italy, each 600 mm (24 in) long and ranging in diameter from 306 to 700 mm (12.0 to 27.6 in), producing a total collecting area of 4,425 cm (686 sq in) at 1.5

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Science Operations Centre in Villafranca del Castillo, Spain, where pipeline processing has been performed since March 2012. Data is archived at the ESAC Science Data Centre, and distributed to mirror archives at the

827:-CCD on 22 January, and the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) saw first light on 2 February. On 3 March, the Calibration and Performance Validation phase began, and routine science operations began on 1 June. 1264:(937 lb). The two telescopes with Reflection Grating Arrays weigh an additional 20 kg (44 lb). Components of the telescopes include (from front to rear) the mirror assembly door, entrance and X-ray 3842:

Bulbul, Esra; Markevitch, Maxim; Foster, Adam; Smith, Randall K.; Loewenstein, Michael; et al. (July 2014). "Detection of an Unidentified Emission Line in the Stacked X-Ray Spectrum of Galaxy Clusters".

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in 1995. The three flight mirror modules for the X-ray telescopes were delivered by Italian subcontractor Media Lario in December 1998, and spacecraft integration and testing was completed in September 1999.

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Bozzo, E.; Giunta, A.; Cusumano, G.; Ferrigno, C.; Walter, R.; et al. (July 2011). "XMM-Newton observations of IGR J18410-0535: the ingestion of a clump by a supergiant fast X-ray transient".

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stiffeners. The gratings contain a large number of grooves, which actually perform the X-ray deflection; each grating contains an average of 646 grooves per millimetre. The RGAs were built by

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was the largest such device ever made, with a sensitive area of 36 cm (5.6 sq in). A radiator cools the camera to −90 °C (−130 °F). This system was made by the

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and 400 × 310 pixel resolution. Both cameras measure 6 × 6 × 10 cm (2.4 × 2.4 × 3.9 in) and weight 430 g (15 oz). They use

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in Germany and at other locations worldwide showed that the spacecraft was intact and appeared on course. A weak signal was finally detected using a 35-metre (115 ft) antenna in

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The spacecraft has the ability to lower the operating temperature of both the EPIC and RGS cameras, a function that was included to counteract the deleterious effects of ionising

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Boyarsky, Alexey; Ruchayskiy, Oleg; Iakubovskyi, Dmytro; Franse, Jeroen (December 2014). "Unidentified Line in X-Ray Spectra of the Andromeda Galaxy and Perseus Galaxy Cluster".

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mission was formally proposed to the ESA Science Programme Committee in 1984 and gained approval from the Agency's Council of Ministers in January 1985. That same year, several

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Risaliti, G.; Harrison, F. A.; Madsen, K. K.; Walton, D. J.; Boggs, S. E.; et al. (February 2013). "A rapidly spinning supermassive black hole at the centre of NGC 1365".

1522: 7734: 6367: 7118: 956:. These systems also allow the spacecraft to point at different celestial targets, and can turn the craft at a maximum of 90 degrees per hour. The instruments on board 6468: 3087: 6965: 5035: 7143: 1120:

The EPIC system records three types of data about every X-ray that is detected by its CCD cameras. The time that the X-ray arrives allows scientists to develop

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In June 1989, the mission's instruments had been selected and work began on spacecraft hardware. A project team was formed in January 1993 and based at the

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shielding. Two-stage radiators cool the cameras to an operating temperature of −110 °C (−166 °F). The camera systems were a joint effort between

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can justify such a line. For example, a 3.5 keV candidate annihilating into 2 photons, or a 7 keV dark matter particle decaying into photon and neutrino.

6591: 5854: 5025: 8361: 5115: 1015:, which supports the Focal Plane Platform (carrying the cameras and spectrometers) and the data-handling, power distribution, and radiator assemblies. 1297:

spider, which keeps them aligned to within the five-micron tolerance required to achieve adequate X-ray resolution. The mandrels were manufactured by

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optical/ultraviolet telescope designed to provide simultaneous observations alongside the spacecraft's X-ray instruments. The OM is sensitive between

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Gänsicke, Boris T.; Levan, Andrew J.; Marsh, Thomas R.; Wheatley, Peter J. (June 2009). "SCP 06F6: A Carbon-rich Extragalactic Transient at Redshift

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to send a command that changed the switch to its last working position. ESA stated in a press release that on 22 October, a ground station at the

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to outermost. Each mirror was built by vapour-depositing a 250 nm layer of gold reflecting surface onto a highly polished aluminium

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present in the target, as well as the temperature, quantity and other characteristics of those elements. The RGS system operates in the

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equipment on its exterior, which helps remove any contaminants from the interior of the satellite. At the aft end of spacecraft is the

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Ishida, Hiroyuki; Jeong, Kwang Sik; Takahashi, Fuminobu (May 2014). "7 keV sterile neutrino dark matter from split flavor mechanism".

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nanometres in a 17 × 17 arcminute square field of view co-aligned with the centre of the X-ray telescope's field of view. It has a

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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emissions from astronomical objects, detailed studies of star-forming regions, investigation of the formation and evolution of

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suggested that the spacecraft's Radio Frequency switch had failed. After troubleshooting a solution, ground controllers used

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which cools the instrument to an operating temperature of −120 °C (−184 °F). They were developed and built by the

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Lumb, David H.; Schartel, Norbert; Jansen, Fred A. (February 2012). "X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) observatory".

1136:(RGS) are composed of two Focal Plane Cameras and their associated Reflection Grating Arrays. This system is used to build 842:

Including all construction, spacecraft launch, and two years of operation, the project was accomplished within a budget of

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to provide 1,600 W after ten years of operation. Deployment of each array took four minutes. The arrays were provided by

902:(ESAC) made contact with the satellite, confirming the process had worked and that the satellite was back under control. 3961:

Dudas, Emilian; Heurtier, Lucien; Mambrini, Yann (August 2014). "Generating x-ray lines from annihilating dark matter".

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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in early August 2006 and appeared to show an X-ray glow around it two orders of magnitude more luminous than that of

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The spacecraft is roughly cylindrical in shape, and has four major components. At the fore of the spacecraft is the

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den Herder, J. W.; Brinkman, A. C.; Kahn, S. M.; Branduardi-Raymont, G.; Thomsen, K.; et al. (January 2001).

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seeing a flare that lasted four hours at a peak intensity of 10,000 times the normal rate, from an observation of

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structure which provides exact spacing between the mirrors and their detection equipment. This section also hosts

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The Focal Plane Cameras each consist of nine MOS-CCD devices mounted in a row and following a curve called a

883: 594:, the spacecraft is tasked with investigating interstellar X-ray sources, performing narrow- and broad-range 4071: 1612:. At the same time, it verified the model that explains the distortion of X-rays emitted from a black hole. 697:

were established to determine the feasibility of such a mission, and mission objectives were presented at a

8499: 8099: 6800: 6152: 6142: 6137: 6000: 5415: 5055: 4156: 1268:, mirror module, electron deflector, a Reflection Grating Array in two of the assemblies, and exit baffle. 811: 8294: 8153: 7950: 7134: 6188: 6070: 6058: 5814: 5806: 5790: 4776: 3570: 3373: 3292: 2739: 2377: 2304: 2260: 1960: 1518: 1319: 83: 8044: 5567: 2460: 1701: 8094: 8089: 8012: 7915: 7881: 7844: 7703: 7590: 7441: 7261: 6854: 6836: 6806: 6716: 6431: 6398: 6372: 5976: 5960: 5689: 5679: 5647: 5575: 5495: 5359: 5278: 4522: 4421: 4263: 3703: 3447: 3172: 3012: 2938: 2850: 2053: 1393: 5070: 4115: 2019: 1506:

contains no on-board data storage, science data is transmitted to these ground stations in real time.

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Habinc, Sandi; Karlsson, Anders; Wijmans, Willem; Jameux, David; Ogiers, Werner; et al. (2000).

3269: 3247: 2355: 2204: 1331: 1037: 816: 719: 631: 9052: 2282: 1110: 7930: 7871: 7854: 7839: 7784: 7386: 6193: 6132: 3318: 3138: 3113: 2784: 1239:(one opaque to block light, six broad band filters, one white light filter, one magnifier, and two 98: 77: 3585: 2578: 1301:, and the electroforming and final assembly were performed by Media Lario with contributions from 971:, which supports the X-ray telescope assemblies and grating systems, the Optical Monitor, and two 7908: 7661: 7431: 6953: 6630: 6483: 6419: 5838: 5734: 5726: 5120: 4226: 3900: 2239: 1605: 1526: 1168: 1094: 879: 723: 666: 535: 7185: 2841:

Turner, M. J. L.; Abbey, A.; Arnaud, M.; Balasini, M.; Barbera, M.; et al. (January 2001).

1152:) range, which allows detection of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon and iron. 8279: 8269: 8034: 7997: 7970: 7864: 7401: 6794: 6081: 6008: 5599: 5254: 5090: 4983: 4683: 4389: 2929:

Strüder, L.; Briel, U.; Dennerl, K.; Hartmann, R.; Kendziorra, E.; et al. (January 2001).

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In February 2014, separate analyses extracted from the spectrum of X-ray emissions observed by

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The two MOS-CCD cameras are used to detect low-energy X-rays. Each camera is composed of seven

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Mason, K. O.; Breeveld, A.; Much, R.; Carter, M.; Cordova, F. A.; et al. (January 2001).

933: 8422: 8326: 8233: 8119: 8114: 7903: 7816: 7791: 7583: 7149: 6448: 6273: 5140: 5130: 4691: 4466: 2691:"ESA Science & Technology – Green light for continued operations of ESA science missions" 1041: 820: 579: 70: 8465: 4202: 3726: 3195: 3025: 2951: 2903: 2873: 2404: 2066: 8240: 7960: 7717: 7487: 7191: 7035: 6917: 6685: 6667: 6618: 6441: 6436: 6213: 6102: 5519: 5503: 5246: 4037: 3982: 3919: 3864: 3800: 3722: 3645: 3507: 3291:

de Chambure, D.; Lainé, R.; van Katwijk, K.; van Casteren, J.; Glaude, P. (February 1997).

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Brinkman, A.; Aarts, H.; den Boggende, A.; Bootsma, T.; Dubbeldam, L.; et al. (1998).

3021: 3004: 2947: 2930: 2869: 2842: 2751: 2160: 2062: 2045: 1567: 529: 326: 3397:"The ultimate 4-wheel-drive: How ESA's keeping XMM-Newton alive after 20 years and beyond" 1806: 8: 8386: 8375: 8371: 8049: 8029: 7945: 7935: 7796: 7471: 7416: 7411: 7381: 7220: 7179: 7167: 7161: 7048: 6860: 6830: 6689: 6661: 6562: 6293: 6064: 6043: 6016: 5758: 5303: 5150: 4927: 4579: 4357: 4143: 2667:"ESA Science & Technology - Two-year extensions confirmed for ESA's science missions" 1937: 1441: 1343: 1200: 1077:(one in the centre and six circling it), with each chip containing a matrix of 600 × 600 992: 769: 698: 356: 244: 156: 4041: 3986: 3923: 3868: 3804: 3649: 3511: 3073: 2755: 2333: 2164: 1529:, but operations were transferred due to a withdrawal of funding by the United Kingdom. 8339: 8264: 7980: 7893: 7621: 7461: 7366: 7173: 7110: 6983: 6867: 6147: 6024: 5846: 5511: 5105: 5045: 4887: 4506: 4498: 4397: 4365: 4255: 4053: 4027: 3998: 3972: 3943: 3909: 3880: 3854: 3824: 3790: 3738: 3712: 3661: 3657: 3635: 3207: 3181: 2885: 2859: 2176: 2150: 1968:. XMM-Newton Users' Group Meeting #19. 17–18 May 2018. Villafranca del Castillo, Spain. 1648: 1349:

Coarse spacecraft orientation and orbit maintenance is provided by two sets of four 20-

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and 290 × 290 pixel resolution. The second is IRIS-1, a colour camera with a variable

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During a press conference on 9 February 2000, ESA presented the first images taken by

718:, Netherlands. Prime contractor Dornier Satellitensysteme (a subsidiary of the former 598:, and performing the first simultaneous imaging of objects in both X-ray and optical ( 9107: 8461: 8401: 8223: 8195: 8077: 8054: 8002: 7920: 7806: 6941: 6842: 6740: 6723: 6701: 5870: 5455: 5447: 5174: 5166: 5020: 4373: 4300: 4234: 4057: 4018: 4002: 3963: 3935: 3884: 3876: 3816: 3742: 3421: 3396: 3300: 3225: 3044:

range, but the majority of sources, including official ESA websites, contradict this.

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Schartel, Norbert; Santos-Lleo, María; Parmar, Arvind; Clavel, Jean (February 2010).

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support layer onto the gold. The finished mirrors were glued into the grooves of an

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in 1983, a proposal was generated for a "multi-mirror" X-ray telescope mission. The

8183: 8159: 8135: 7965: 7711: 7502: 7361: 7086: 6426: 5639: 4413: 4271: 4049: 4045: 3990: 3931: 3927: 3872: 3828: 3808: 3781: 3730: 3653: 3595: 3590: 3199: 3029: 2984: 2955: 2877: 2168: 2116: 2112: 2070: 1662: 1541: 1401: 1272: 1141: 1045: 824: 599: 403: 309: 5375: 4072:"New X-ray map reveals growing supermassive black holes in next-gen survey fields" 3734: 2429: 1915: 1889: 8171: 7940: 7834: 7318: 7155: 6414: 6203: 5742: 5623: 4575: 4194: 4179: 4119: 3203: 3034: 2960: 2881: 2075: 1831: 1670: 1586: 1180: 980: 658: 316: 60: 3347:. European Space Agency. 20 July 2015. p. 3.6.2. Issue 2.13. Archived from 2813:. European Space Agency. 20 July 2015. p. 3.3.2. Issue 2.13. Archived from 8214: 8039: 8022: 7992: 7779: 7351: 6552: 6308: 5060: 5040: 4611: 3994: 1775: 1620: 1538: 1479: 1327: 1286: 1236: 1156: 1067: 782:

took place on 10 December 1999 at 14:32 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre.

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Jansen, F.; Lumb, D.; Altieri, B.; Clavel, J.; Ehle, M.; et al. (2001).

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Because of the spacecraft's good health and the significant returns of data,

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a monochromatic signal around 3.5 keV. This signal is coming from different

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star shed a plume of matter that was partly ingested by a smaller companion

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and weighing 41 kg (90 lb) each. The batteries were provided by

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Focusing X-rays with glancing reflection in a Wolter Type-1 optical system

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left the ESTEC integration facility on 9 September 1999, taken by road to

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are three European Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC), two Reflection Grating

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with contributions from organisations in the United States and Belgium.

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rocket, and placed into a highly elliptical, 40-degree orbit that had a

9010: 8975: 8903: 8867: 8666: 8658: 8546: 8521: 8474: 8406: 8177: 7451: 7102: 7094: 7070: 7041: 7021: 7003: 6989: 5878: 5190: 5030: 3290: 1339: 1008: 3319:"XMM-Newton: Engineering: Attitude and Orbital Control Systems (AOCS)" 1364:

thrusters (primary and backup). The hydrazine thrusters were built by

1255: 509: 9132: 9119: 9092: 8913: 8876: 8872: 8583: 8478: 8444: 7492: 7466: 7391: 7214: 7056: 6977: 6788: 6643: 6285: 5543: 4951: 4659: 4474: 3525: 2931:"The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The pn-CCD camera" 1560: 1475: 1361: 1196: 1160: 1082: 952:. This stabilisation is achieved through the use of the spacecraft's 858: 742: 715: 449: 2457:"First results from XMM-Newton RGS and EPIC MOS instruments cooling" 2380:(Press release). European Space Agency. 20 December 1999. PR 54-1999 9127: 9123: 8825: 8725: 8720: 8662: 8639: 8588: 8551: 8449: 7811: 7752: 7575: 6883: 6818: 6748: 6557: 6321: 6316: 5830: 5766: 5607: 5383: 5319: 5075: 4975: 4967: 4871: 4816: 4627: 4490: 4316: 4308: 4148: 3897: 2843:"The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The MOS cameras" 2235: 1609: 1548: 1495: 1090: 938: 787: 583: 233: 4125: 4032: 3977: 3914: 3859: 3795: 3717: 3640: 2155: 9113: 9004: 8949: 8939: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8625: 8609: 8600: 7769: 7757: 7645: 7456: 7331: 7324: 7306: 7300: 7238: 7232: 7226: 6947: 6673: 6473: 6453: 6393: 6298: 6053: 5984: 5822: 5471: 5431: 5327: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5214: 5206: 5198: 4895: 4863: 4091: 1499: 1294: 1282: 988: 865:. In general, the instruments are cooled to reduce the amount of 734: 114: 3114:"XMM-Newton: Instruments: Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS)" 3058: 2785:"XMM-Newton: Instruments: European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC)" 1981:"10 years of discovery: Commemorating XMM-Newton's first decade" 9096: 8953: 8786: 8672: 8469: 8323: 7446: 7078: 6848: 6782: 6612: 6157: 5894: 5750: 5463: 5407: 5367: 5290: 5270: 5125: 4840: 4739: 4715: 4554: 4381: 4341: 4218: 4131:

by the L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

3506:. Data Systems in Aerospace. 22–26 May 2000. Montreal, Canada. 1978: 1601: 1487: 1290: 996: 775:

Ariane 5 Final Assembly Building for final launch preparation.

765: 685: 3088:"The Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) onboard XMM-Newton" 1397: 1392:

When direct sunlight is unavailable, power is provided by two

1342:, and three Sun acquisition sensors. The AOCS was provided by 8998: 7288: 6959: 6875: 6824: 6770: 6127: 6122: 5925: 5862: 5782: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5615: 5479: 5439: 5391: 5351: 5343: 4943: 4324: 3547: 3040:

den Herder (2001) states that the RGS system operates in the

1483: 1240: 1078: 923: 862: 800: 795: 791: 572: 346: 336: 247: 3778: 3448:"XMM-Newton -MOC preparing for the 3rd decade of operations" 7421: 7396: 7376: 6167: 6117: 6075: 6048: 5968: 5559: 4959: 4651: 4109: 3841: 3700: 3496: 2928: 2211: 1456: 1365: 1192: 891: 844: 627: 118: 3619: 3571:"Massive galaxy cluster found 10 billion light years away" 3550:. L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie 2046:"XMM-Newton observatory. I. The spacecraft and operations" 3005:"The Reflection Grating Spectrometer on board XMM-Newton" 2840: 2459:. European Space Agency. 11 November 2002. Archived from 1866: 1785:(3rd ed.). European Space Agency. pp. 206–209. 432: 8369: 2555:. European Space Agency. 1 December 2003. Archived from 1523:

L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie

3162: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2043: 1175:, with EEV Ltd and Contraves Space providing hardware. 3756:

Harrington, J.D.; Clavin, Whitney (27 February 2013).

3293:"Producing the X-Ray Mirrors for ESA's XMM spacecraft" 1521:

and the XMM-Newton Survey Science Centre (SSC) at the

1313: 586:

rocket. It is the second cornerstone mission of ESA's

3960: 3758:"NASA's NuSTAR Helps Solve Riddle of Black Hole Spin" 3133: 3131: 2623:"Europe maintains its presence on the final frontier" 745:. On 12 September, the spacecraft left Rotterdam for 4015: 3311: 3080: 2770: 2645:"Working life extensions for ESA's science missions" 1638: 1608:, by observing the black hole at the core of galaxy 1604:

have for the first time measured the spin rate of a

1081:, giving the camera a total resolution of about 2.5 979:, which carries various spacecraft support systems: 590:

programme. Named after physicist and astronomer Sir

3106: 1127: 130:

Elapsed: 24 years, 9 months, 11 days

3476:"XMM spreads its wings for the last time on Earth" 3128: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2140: 1525:. Prior to June 2013, the SSC was operated by the 1271:Each telescope consists of 58 cylindrical, nested 1023: 8300:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton 3500:In-flight Results Using Visual Monitoring Cameras 3262: 3240: 2424: 2422: 2103:"Universe X-rayed and British science honoured". 1235:systems. The light passes through an 11-position 1115:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics 707:number of X-ray telescopes needed to just three. 9169: 6368:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre 3755: 3218: 3062:The Reflection Grating Spectrometer on board XMM 2998: 2996: 2994: 2328: 2326: 2230: 2228: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 3341:"Attitude & Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS)" 3139:"XMM-Newton: Instruments: Optical Monitor (OM)" 3054: 3052: 3050: 2738:Barré, H.; Nye, H.; Janin, G. (December 1999). 2593: 2571: 2545: 2444: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1826: 1824: 1537:The space observatory was used to discover the 1532: 616:Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics 6378:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 3680:"Neutron star bites off more than it can chew" 3577: 3470: 3468: 3368: 3366: 3333: 2977:"The EPIC-MOS instruments on-board XMM-Newton" 2968: 2799: 2419: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2348: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1048:-CCD camera, with a total field of view of 30 648: 8355: 7591: 6258: 4164: 3165:"The XMM-Newton optical/UV monitor telescope" 2991: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2737: 2323: 2225: 2187: 2105:Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2039: 2037: 1908: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 712:European Space Research and Technology Centre 3772: 3613: 3158: 3156: 3047: 2475: 2202: 1999: 1882: 1821: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1423: 3526:"Welcome to the XMM-Newton Science Archive" 3465: 3363: 3284: 3270:"XMM-Newton: X-ray Mirrors: Optical Design" 2922: 2740:"An Overview of the XMM Observatory System" 2731: 2637: 2615: 2523: 2501: 2392: 2370: 2297: 2275: 2253: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 1972: 1849: 1451:development. The cameras were developed by 1444:, a technology that was new at the time of 1407: 896:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 803:of the Earth approximately every 48 hours. 645:or the scientific results it has returned. 46:High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission 8362: 8348: 7598: 7584: 6527:European Launcher Development Organisation 6265: 6251: 4171: 4157: 4009: 3835: 3490: 3321:. European Space Agency. 19 September 2011 3248:"XMM-Newton: X-ray Mirrors: Configuration" 2829: 2336:. European Space Agency. 19 September 2011 2285:. European Space Agency. 27 September 1999 2263:. European Space Agency. 13 September 1999 2205:"Twenty years with XMM (and even more...)" 2203:La Palombara, Nicola (12 September 2010). 2034: 1958: 1862:"Extended life for ESA's science missions" 1799: 1544:, 10 billion light years away from Earth. 1032:(EPIC) are the primary instruments aboard 894:'s 34 m (112 ft) antenna at the 618:(ATHENA), the second large mission in the 565:High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission 436:0.1740 m (2 sq ft) at 8 keV 88: 6590: 6272: 4031: 3976: 3954: 3913: 3858: 3794: 3716: 3694: 3639: 3376:. European Space Agency. 17 December 1999 3226:"XMM-Newton: X-ray Mirrors: Introduction" 3185: 3153: 3033: 2959: 2863: 2647:. European Space Agency. 20 November 2014 2625:. European Space Agency. 22 November 2010 2603:. European Space Agency. 15 November 2007 2509:"Re-establishing contact with XMM-Newton" 2432:. European Space Agency. 21 December 2012 2154: 2074: 1952: 1809:. European Space Agency. 10 December 1999 1716: 431:0.4425 m (5 sq ft) at 1.5 3583: 3540: 2896: 2581:. European Space Agency. 6 December 2005 2533:. European Space Agency. 23 October 2008 2511:. European Space Agency. 22 October 2008 2123: 2083: 1555:(HST) in February 2006, was observed by 1418:Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements 1254: 1052:and an energy sensitivity range between 1003:, a 6.8-metre (22 ft) long, hollow 922: 768:on 23 September, and was transported to 622:2015–2025 plan, to be launched in 2035. 545: 3568: 3478:. European Space Agency. 18 August 1999 3141:. European Space Agency. 18 August 2015 3116:. European Space Agency. 18 August 2015 3090:. European Space Agency. Archived from 2974: 2787:. European Space Agency. 18 August 2015 2601:"XMM-Newton Mission Extension Approved" 2579:"XMM-Newton Mission Extension Approved" 2531:"XMM-Newton talks again loud and clear" 2483:"ESA Receives An Orbital Call For Help" 1704:. European Space Agency. 20 August 2014 1683:List of things named after Isaac Newton 1596:In February 2013 it was announced that 1066:). Each camera contains a six-position 415:Inner mirror: 30.6 cm (12 in) 9170: 3573:(Press release). University of Sussex. 3528:. European Space Agency. 6 August 2018 3419: 1773: 954:Attitude & Orbit Control Subsystem 764:docked at the French Guianese town of 413:Outer mirror: 70 cm (28 in) 8343: 7850:Newton's law of universal gravitation 7579: 6589: 6489:Space Situational Awareness Programme 6246: 4152: 4144:XMM-Newton article on eoPortal by ESA 3682:. European Space Agency. 28 June 2011 3584:Brumfiel, Geoff (19 September 2008). 3272:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013 3250:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013 3228:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013 2975:Baskill, Darren (14 September 2006). 2750:(100). European Space Agency: 15–20. 2261:"'Black Beauty' sails to the tropics" 905: 8008:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits 7605: 7536: 6532:European Space Research Organisation 6348:Space Research and Technology Centre 4178: 3518: 3374:"Jets in space: XMM unique pictures" 3299:(89). European Space Agency: 68–79. 2378:"PR 54-1999: XMM flying beautifully" 2022:. European Space Agency. 4 June 2013 1918:. European Space Agency. 8 July 2011 999:antennas. Behind these units is the 995:, the Telescope Sun Shield, and two 975:. Surrounding this component is the 823:followed on 16 January and the EPIC 794:of 838 km (521 mi) and an 351:112,877.6 km (70,138.9 mi) 7956:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy 7697:standing on the shoulders of giants 7560: 4140:by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center 2807:"Science modes of the EPIC cameras" 1940:. European Space Agency. 2 May 2022 1593:with accompanying X-ray emissions. 1412:The cameras are accompanied by the 1324:Attitude & Orbit Control System 1314:Attitude & Orbit Control System 1089:, each camera has a large adjacent 676:In 1982, even before the launch of 321:65,648.3 km (40,792.0 mi) 13: 3548:"XMM-Newton Survey Science Centre" 3445: 2309:National Space Science Data Center 2236:"XMM-Newton Survey Science Centre" 1470:mission control is located at the 1215:(OM) is a 30 cm (12 in) 1206: 381:4 February 2016, 01:06:30 UTC 14: 9209: 6199:List of proposed space telescopes 4880:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 4113:Science Operations Centre website 4085: 3627:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3394: 2212:Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica 1962:XMM-Newton Overall Mission Status 1462: 1227:of 3.8 m (12 ft) and a 641:have been published about either 341:5,662.7 km (3,518.6 mi) 186:Length: 10.8 m (35 ft) 9188:European Space Agency satellites 8285:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes 7559: 7547: 7535: 7524: 7523: 6353:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 6227: 6226: 2305:"XMM-Newton: Trajectory Details" 1655: 1641: 1472:European Space Operations Centre 1375: 1245:Mullard Space Science Laboratory 1134:Reflection Grating Spectrometers 1128:Reflection Grating Spectrometers 1117:, and PNSensor, all of Germany. 1111:Astronomisches Institut Tübingen 1036:. The system is composed of two 987:, consumables (such as fuel and 786:was lofted into space aboard an 508: 27: 8305:Newton International Fellowship 7986:generalized Gauss–Newton method 7899:Newton's method in optimization 5101:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory 4138:Guest Observer Facility website 4064: 3891: 3749: 3672: 3569:Bealing, Jacqui (7 June 2006). 3562: 3439: 3413: 3388: 2707: 2683: 2659: 1580:Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient 1511:European Space Astronomy Centre 1195:film, and is supported by five 1183:substrate covered with a 2,000- 1030:European Photon Imaging Cameras 1024:European Photon Imaging Cameras 964:(RGS), and an Optical Monitor. 900:European Space Astronomy Centre 637:As of May 2018, close to 5,600 491:Reflection Grating Spectrometer 188:Span: 16.16 m (53 ft) 7372:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer 4050:10.1016/j.physletb.2014.03.044 3932:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.251301 3586:"How they wonder what you are" 2334:"XMM-Newton: Orbit/Navigation" 2283:"XMM arrives in French Guiana" 2117:10.1108/aeat.2000.12772daf.010 1930: 1694: 1676:List of X-ray space telescopes 1566:In June 2011, a team from the 1509:Data is then forwarded to the 1018: 669:and mapping of the mysterious 514:ESA astrophysics insignia for 483:European Photon Imaging Camera 115:http://sci.esa.int/xmm-newton/ 100: 1: 6209:List of heliophysics missions 4129:Survey Science Centre website 2904:"Detector Concept of pn-CCDs" 1688: 1414:EPIC Radiation Monitor System 1308: 1250: 918: 884:New Norcia, Western Australia 815:Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) 288:presumed end of 2026 or later 178:3,234 kg (7,130 lb) 170:3,764 kg (8,298 lb) 8500:Wide Field Infrared Explorer 7926:Newton's theorem about ovals 3658:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L129 1774:Wilson, Andrew (June 2005). 1533:Observations and discoveries 1086: 852: 812:Launch and Early Orbit phase 7: 9178:Spacecraft launched in 1999 8295:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form 7951:Corpuscular theory of light 7877:Schrödinger–Newton equation 6189:Great Observatories program 3735:10.1051/0004-6361/201116726 1634: 1623:, and several scenarios of 1519:Goddard Space Flight Center 653:The observational scope of 649:Concept and mission history 151:Dornier Satellitensysteme, 33:Artist's impression of the 10: 9214: 7704:Notes on the Jewish Temple 7442:Mars sample return mission 7262:European Data Relay System 6942:Meteosat Second Generation 6855:James Webb Space Telescope 6717:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 6399:European Data Relay System 6373:Concurrent Design Facility 5680:Orbiting Solar Observatory 3995:10.1103/PhysRevD.90.035002 3877:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/13 3704:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3345:XMM-Newton Users' Handbook 3204:10.1051/0004-6361:20000044 3173:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3035:10.1051/0004-6361:20000058 3013:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2961:10.1051/0004-6361:20000066 2939:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2882:10.1051/0004-6361:20000087 2851:Astronomy and Astrophysics 2811:XMM-Newton Users' Handbook 2111:(4). Emerald Group. 2000. 2076:10.1051/0004-6361:20000036 2054:Astronomy and Astrophysics 1959:Kretschmar, Peter (2018). 1332:inertial measurement units 1097:Space Research Centre and 806:Immediately after launch, 569:X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission 48:X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission 9183:Satellites orbiting Earth 9151: 9041: 8991: 8932: 8860: 8818: 8739: 8687: 8618: 8535: 8492: 8415: 8394: 8313: 8250: 8205: 8128: 8070: 7825: 7745: 7680: 7613: 7515: 7480: 7342: 7271: 7201: 7133: 7065:Meteosat Third Generation 6924:Meteosat First Generation 6910: 6759: 6654: 6605: 6598: 6585: 6573:Planetary Science Archive 6540: 6519: 6407: 6386: 6358:European Astronaut Centre 6335: 6307: 6284: 6280: 6232:Category:Space telescopes 6222: 6181: 6036: 5937: 5906: 5159: 5011: 4856: 4759: 4574: 4465: 4299: 4254: 4193: 4186: 3846:The Astrophysical Journal 1795:. ESA Publication BR-250. 1430:Visual Monitoring Cameras 1424:Visual Monitoring Cameras 1326:(AOCS), composed of four 953: 886:, and communication with 720:DaimlerChrysler Aerospace 634:, also launched in 1999. 632:Chandra X-ray Observatory 507: 495: 487: 479: 472: 468: 464: 456: 440: 427: 419: 409: 398: 393: 389: 385: 375: 365: 355: 345: 335: 325: 315: 305: 300: 296: 292: 284: 279: 275: 271: 263: 253: 240: 229: 213: 208: 204: 200: 192: 182: 174: 166: 147: 142: 138: 134: 124: 110: 97: 76: 66: 56: 52: 42: 26: 7855:post-Newtonian expansion 7735:Corruptions of Scripture 7727:Ancient Kingdoms Amended 6194:List of space telescopes 2430:"XMM-Newton: Fact Sheet" 2173:10.1117/1.OE.51.1.011009 1938:"Athena Mission Summary" 1916:"XMM-Newton: Objectives" 1492:Villafranca del Castillo 1408:Radiation Monitor System 1394:nickel–cadmium batteries 667:supermassive black holes 119:http://xmm.esac.esa.int/ 8045:Absolute space and time 7909:truncated Newton method 7882:Newton's laws of motion 7845:Newton's law of cooling 6484:Living Planet Programme 6343:Space Operations Centre 3901:Physical Review Letters 3727:2011A&A...531A.130B 3196:2001A&A...365L..36M 3026:2001A&A...365L...7D 2981:University of Leicester 2952:2001A&A...365L..18S 2874:2001A&A...365L..27T 2405:"XMM-Newton What's New" 2358:. European Space Agency 2356:"XMM-Newton Operations" 2240:University of Leicester 2067:2001A&A...365L...1J 1606:supermassive black hole 1527:University of Leicester 1346:of the United Kingdom. 1169:Paul Scherrer Institute 1095:University of Leicester 969:Mirror Support Platform 880:Starkenburg Observatory 724:University of Leicester 582:in December 1999 on an 554:trajectory around Earth 550:Animation of XMM-Newton 423:7.5 m (25 ft) 217:10 December 1999, 14:32 159:, BPD Difesa e Spazio, 16:X-ray space observatory 8280:Isaac Newton Telescope 8270:Isaac Newton Institute 8040:Newton–Puiseux theorem 8035:Parallelogram of force 8023:kissing number problem 8013:Newton–Euler equations 7916:Gauss–Newton algorithm 7865:gravitational constant 6795:Hubble Space Telescope 6363:Space Astronomy Centre 5520:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) 3600:10.1038/news.2008.1122 1702:"XMM-Newton factsheet" 1553:Hubble Space Telescope 1318:Spacecraft three-axis 1260: 1140:and can determine the 941: 555: 8234:Isaac Newton Gargoyle 8144: (nephew-in-law) 8120:Copernican Revolution 8115:Scientific Revolution 7976:Newton–Cotes formulas 7840:Newton's inequalities 7817:Structural coloration 6592:Projects and missions 6274:European Space Agency 5141:Space Solar Telescope 3760:(Press release). NASA 2553:"XMM-Newton-NEWS #36" 2020:"XMM-Newton overview" 1273:Wolter Type-1 mirrors 1258: 1044:cameras and a single 926: 665:, the environment of 580:European Space Agency 549: 306:Reference system 143:Spacecraft properties 71:European Space Agency 8378:Orbital launches in 8241:Astronomers Monument 7931:Newton–Pepys problem 7904:Apollonius's problem 7872:Newton–Cartan theory 7785:Newton–Okounkov body 7718:hypotheses non fingo 7707: (c. 1680) 7192:European Robotic Arm 7036:Sentinel-5 Precursor 6214:List of planetariums 5111:NRO donation to NASA 1807:"A Faultless Launch" 1568:University of Geneva 1551:, discovered by the 1442:active pixel sensors 1389:of the Netherlands. 1013:Focal Plane Assembly 873:On 18 October 2008, 563:, also known as the 361:67.1338 degrees 8050:Luminiferous aether 7998:Newton's identities 7971:Newton's cannonball 7946:Classical mechanics 7936:Newtonian potential 7797:Newtonian telescope 7517:Future missions in 6563:European Space Camp 6294:Guiana Space Centre 5910:(Mission completed) 4195:Radio and Microwave 4042:2014PhLB..732..196I 3987:2014PhRvD..90c5002D 3924:2014PhRvL.113y1301B 3869:2014ApJ...789...13B 3813:10.1038/nature11938 3805:2013Natur.494..449R 3650:2009ApJ...697L.129G 3512:2000ESASP.457...71H 3420:Pantaleoni, Mauro. 3401:www.theregister.com 3351:on 15 December 2015 3094:on 29 December 2015 3074:1998sxmm.confE...2B 2817:on 15 December 2015 2756:1999ESABu.100...15B 2165:2012OptEn..51a1009L 2143:Optical Engineering 1836:Gunter's Space Page 1459:, both of Belgium. 1344:Matra Marconi Space 1201:Columbia University 1138:X-ray spectral data 849:(1999 conditions). 770:Guiana Space Centre 371:2789.9 minutes 245:Guiana Space Centre 157:Matra Marconi Space 23: 8275:Isaac Newton Medal 8080: (birthplace) 7894:Newtonian dynamics 7792:Newton's reflector 7367:Ceres Polar Lander 7202:Telecommunications 5847:Suzaku (Astro-EII) 5672:OAO-3 (Copernicus) 5656:Mikhailo Lomonosov 5504:Hinotori (Astro-A) 5106:New Worlds Mission 4118:2015-12-13 at the 4104:Operations website 2559:on 6 February 2016 2463:on 6 February 2016 1649:Spaceflight portal 1380:Primary power for 1322:is handled by the 1261: 942: 906:Mission extensions 756:transport ship MN 737:then by the barge 659:detection of X-ray 556: 460:5 to 14 arcseconds 301:Orbital parameters 221:1999-12-10UTC14:32 128:Planned: 10 years 19: 9163: 9162: 8402:Mars Polar Lander 8337: 8336: 8229: (sculpture) 8196:Abraham de Moivre 8150: (professor) 8078:Woolsthorpe Manor 8030:Newton's quotient 8003:Newton polynomial 7961:Newton's notation 7692: (1661–1665) 7573: 7572: 7511: 7510: 7129: 7128: 6911:Earth observation 6741:Comet Interceptor 6732:Rosalind Franklin 6704:Trace Gas Orbiter 6655:Planetary science 6581: 6580: 6494:Science Programme 6240: 6239: 6138:SIM & SIMlite 5512:Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 5472:Hakucho (CORSA-b) 5026:Astro-1 Telescope 4852: 4851: 4019:Physics Letters B 3964:Physical Review D 3789:(7438): 449–451. 2489:. 23 October 2008 1896:. 3 February 2016 576:space observatory 544: 543: 503: 502: 9205: 9198:X-ray telescopes 9193:Space telescopes 8383: 8382: 8381: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8325: 8220: (monotype) 8184:William Stukeley 8180: (disciple) 8160:Benjamin Pulleyn 8136:Catherine Barton 8055:Newtonian series 7966:Rotating spheres 7712:General Scholium 7607:Sir Isaac Newton 7600: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7563: 7562: 7551: 7539: 7538: 7527: 7526: 7503:Schiaparelli EDM 7362:Calathus Mission 7186:Georges Lemaître 7144:ISS contribution 6603: 6602: 6587: 6586: 6282: 6281: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6244: 6243: 6230: 6229: 6029: 6025:Hitomi (Astro-H) 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5930: 5922: 5911: 5899: 5891: 5883: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5731: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5308: 5300: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5195: 5187: 5179: 5171: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4868: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4762:or unclassified) 4752: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4507:Hinode (Solar-B) 4503: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4398:Hinode (Solar-B) 4394: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4321: 4313: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4207: 4191: 4190: 4180:Space telescopes 4173: 4166: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4080: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4035: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3980: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3917: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3862: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3798: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3720: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3643: 3634:(2): L129–L132. 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3446:Kirsch, Marcus. 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3395:Speed, Richard. 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3189: 3187:astro-ph/0011216 3169: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3056: 3045: 3043: 3042:6 to 38 ångström 3039: 3037: 3009: 3000: 2989: 2988: 2983:. Archived from 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2867: 2865:astro-ph/0011498 2847: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2781: 2768: 2767: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2232: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2185: 2184: 2158: 2138: 2121: 2120: 2100: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2016: 1997: 1996: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1858: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1803: 1797: 1796: 1783:ESA Achievements 1780: 1771: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1698: 1665: 1663:Astronomy portal 1660: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1542:XMMXCS 2215-1738 1515: 1454: 1450: 1320:attitude control 1222: 1217:Ritchey–Chrétien 1190: 1151: 1150:5 to 35 ångström 1147: 1065: 1058: 934:Cité de l'espace 848: 774: 755: 682: 578:launched by the 553: 512: 475: 470: 469: 337:Perigee altitude 224: 222: 209:Start of mission 125:Mission duration 102: 93: 92: 86: 31: 24: 18: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9147: 9037: 8987: 8928: 8856: 8814: 8735: 8683: 8614: 8531: 8488: 8411: 8390: 8389: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8322: 8309: 8265:Newton's cradle 8246: 8201: 8174: (student) 8172:William Whiston 8168: (student) 8124: 8105:Religious views 8066: 7981:Newton's method 7941:Newtonian fluid 7835:Bucket argument 7821: 7741: 7676: 7609: 7604: 7574: 7569: 7507: 7476: 7344: 7338: 7319:LISA Pathfinder 7276: 7274: 7267: 7197: 7180:Albert Einstein 7168:Johannes Kepler 7125: 6906: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6650: 6594: 6577: 6536: 6515: 6403: 6382: 6331: 6309:Launch vehicles 6303: 6276: 6271: 6241: 6236: 6218: 6204:X-ray telescope 6177: 6059:Constellation-X 6032: 6027: 6019: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5933: 5928: 5920: 5909: 5908: 5902: 5897: 5895:Yokoh (Solar-A) 5889: 5881: 5873: 5865: 5863:Tenma (Astro-B) 5857: 5849: 5841: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5793: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5624:LISA Pathfinder 5618: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5530: 5522: 5514: 5506: 5498: 5490: 5482: 5480:HALCA (MUSES-B) 5474: 5466: 5458: 5456:Ginga (Astro-C) 5450: 5442: 5434: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5175:Akari (Astro-F) 5169: 5155: 5007: 5002: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4848: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4761: 4760:Other (particle 4755: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4570: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4461: 4456: 4448: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4319: 4311: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4266: 4250: 4245: 4237: 4229: 4221: 4213: 4205: 4182: 4177: 4120:Wayback Machine 4088: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4014: 4010: 3959: 3955: 3896: 3892: 3840: 3836: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3754: 3750: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3582: 3578: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3065: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2987:on 1 July 2007. 2973: 2969: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2845: 2839: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2771: 2736: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2188: 2139: 2124: 2102: 2101: 2084: 2048: 2042: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2000: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1860: 1859: 1850: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1778: 1772: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1671:X-ray astronomy 1661: 1656: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1621:galaxy clusters 1587:blue supergiant 1583:IGR J18410-0535 1535: 1513: 1480:ground stations 1478:, Germany. Two 1465: 1448: 1426: 1410: 1378: 1358: 1328:reaction wheels 1316: 1311: 1253: 1220: 1213:Optical Monitor 1209: 1207:Optical Monitor 1188: 1181:silicon carbide 1149: 1146:2.5 to 0.35 keV 1145: 1130: 1087:discussed above 1060: 1053: 1026: 1021: 985:electric busses 921: 908: 855: 843: 772: 753: 680: 663:galaxy clusters 651: 606:) wavelengths. 551: 540: 539: 533: 524: 513: 499:Optical Monitor 473: 435: 428:Collecting area 414: 347:Apogee altitude 317:Semi-major axis 264:Entered service 220: 218: 187: 155:, Media Lario, 129: 117: 87: 82: 61:X-ray astronomy 47: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9211: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9161: 9160: 9156:Crewed flights 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9089: 9084: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9013: 9008: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8956: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8884: 8879: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8795: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8756: 8751: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8709: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8669: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8598: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8472: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8198: (friend) 8193: 8192: (friend) 8187: 8186: (friend) 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8156: (mentor) 8154:William Clarke 8151: 8145: 8139: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:Occult studies 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8081: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7993:Newton fractal 7990: 7989: 7988: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:Newton's rings 7918: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Newton's metal 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7780:Newton polygon 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7760: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7714:" (1713; 7708: 7700: 7693: 7684: 7682: 7681:Other writings 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7557: 7545: 7533: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7382:Darwin Mission 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7327:(2019–present) 7322: 7316: 7310: 7309:(2013–present) 7304: 7303:(2009–present) 7298: 7292: 7291:(2001–present) 7286: 7279: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7264:(2016–present) 7259: 7254: 7253:(2014–present) 7248: 7247:(2011–present) 7242: 7241:(2010–present) 7236: 7235:(2008–present) 7230: 7229:(2005–present) 7224: 7223:(2001–present) 7218: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7174:Edoardo Amaldi 7171: 7165: 7164:(2010–present) 7159: 7153: 7152:(2008–present) 7147: 7146:(1998–present) 7140: 7138: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7115: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7083: 7075: 7061: 7053: 7045: 7044:(2018–present) 7039: 7038:(2017–present) 7033: 7032:(2016–present) 7019: 7018:(2015–present) 7001: 7000:(2014–present) 6987: 6986:(2013–present) 6981: 6980:(2010–present) 6975: 6974:(2009–present) 6969: 6963: 6962:(2006–present) 6957: 6951: 6945: 6944:(2002–present) 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6920:(1988–present) 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6863:(2023–present) 6858: 6857:(2021–present) 6852: 6851:(2019–present) 6846: 6845:(2013–present) 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6821:(2002–present) 6816: 6815:(1999–present) 6810: 6804: 6798: 6797:(1990–present) 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6728: 6720: 6714: 6713:(2018–present) 6708: 6707:(2016–present) 6699: 6693: 6683: 6682:(2003–present) 6677: 6671: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6639:(2020–present) 6634: 6628: 6627:(1995–present) 6622: 6616: 6609: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6553:ESA Television 6550: 6544: 6542: 6541:Related topics 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6387:Communications 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5923: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5413: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5349: 5341: 5336:Compton (CGRO) 5333: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5301: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5268: 5263:ASCA (Astro-D) 5260: 5252: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5061:Hypertelescope 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Fresnel Imager 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4684:Max Valier Sat 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4620:HXMT (Insight) 4617: 4612:Einstein Probe 4609: 4601: 4596:Chandra (AXAF) 4593: 4584: 4582: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4480: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4327:constellation 4322: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4269: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4107: 4098: 4087: 4086:External links 4084: 4082: 4081: 4078:. 8 June 2021. 4063: 4008: 3953: 3908:(25). 251301. 3890: 3834: 3771: 3748: 3693: 3671: 3612: 3576: 3561: 3539: 3517: 3489: 3464: 3438: 3412: 3387: 3362: 3332: 3310: 3283: 3261: 3239: 3217: 3180:(1): L36–L44. 3152: 3127: 3105: 3079: 3046: 2990: 2967: 2946:(1): L18–L26. 2921: 2895: 2858:(1): L27–L35. 2828: 2798: 2769: 2730: 2706: 2682: 2658: 2636: 2614: 2592: 2570: 2544: 2522: 2500: 2474: 2443: 2418: 2391: 2369: 2347: 2322: 2296: 2274: 2252: 2224: 2186: 2122: 2082: 2033: 1998: 1971: 1951: 1929: 1907: 1881: 1870:. 7 March 2023 1848: 1820: 1798: 1791: 1715: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1652: 1636: 1633: 1539:galaxy cluster 1534: 1531: 1464: 1463:Ground systems 1461: 1425: 1422: 1409: 1406: 1377: 1374: 1356: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1287:electroforming 1285:, followed by 1252: 1249: 1208: 1205: 1157:Rowland circle 1129: 1126: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1001:Telescope Tube 977:Service Module 920: 917: 907: 904: 861:on the camera 854: 851: 695:working groups 650: 647: 626:is similar to 542: 541: 534: 526: 525: 518: 505: 504: 501: 500: 497: 493: 492: 489: 485: 484: 481: 477: 476: 466: 465: 462: 461: 458: 454: 453: 442: 438: 437: 429: 425: 424: 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 400: 396: 395: 394:Main telescope 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 372: 369: 363: 362: 359: 353: 352: 349: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 329: 323: 322: 319: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 280:End of mission 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 242: 238: 237: 231: 227: 226: 215: 211: 210: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 168: 164: 163: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 112: 108: 107: 104: 95: 94: 80: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 50: 49: 44: 40: 39: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9210: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9166: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9028:Globalstar 61 9025: 9024:Globalstar 39 9021: 9020:Globalstar 34 9017: 9016:Globalstar 29 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971:Globalstar 59 8968: 8967:Globalstar 57 8964: 8963:Globalstar 56 8960: 8959:Globalstar 31 8957: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899:Globalstar 58 8896: 8895:Globalstar 55 8892: 8891:Globalstar 50 8888: 8887:Globalstar 33 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842:Globalstar 54 8839: 8838:Globalstar 53 8835: 8834:Globalstar 27 8831: 8830:Globalstar 24 8827: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8810:Globalstar 48 8807: 8806:Globalstar 43 8803: 8802:Globalstar 28 8799: 8798:Globalstar 26 8796: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8776:Progress M-42 8774: 8772: 8771:Globalstar 51 8768: 8767:Globalstar 35 8764: 8763:Globalstar 32 8760: 8759:Globalstar 30 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8707:Globalstar 52 8704: 8703:Globalstar 49 8700: 8699:Globalstar 47 8696: 8695:Globalstar 25 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8579:Globalstar 45 8576: 8575:Globalstar 44 8572: 8571:Globalstar 42 8568: 8567:Globalstar 19 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8543:Progress M-41 8541: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8517:Globalstar 46 8514: 8513:Globalstar 41 8510: 8509:Globalstar 37 8506: 8505:Globalstar 23 8503: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440:Globalstar 40 8437: 8436:Globalstar 38 8433: 8432:Globalstar 36 8429: 8428:Globalstar 23 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8388: 8384: 8373: 8365: 8360: 8358: 8353: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8260:Newton (unit) 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8190:William Jones 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8162: (tutor) 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8142:John Conduitt 8140: 8138: (niece) 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8084:Cranbury Park 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071:Personal life 8069: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8018:Newton number 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7887:Kepler's laws 7885: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860:parameterized 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746:Contributions 7744: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7699:" (1675) 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7566: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7275:demonstrators 7270: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6761:Astronomy and 6758: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6697: 6696:Venus Express 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637:Solar Orbiter 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606:Solar physics 6604: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6504:Cosmic Vision 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6233: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6023: 6018: 6015: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5999: 5994: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5927: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5896: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5855:Taiyo (SRATS) 5853: 5848: 5845: 5840: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5768: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5590: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5558: 5553: 5550: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5449: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5385: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5302: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5176: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4936:Solar-C EUVST 4934: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4833:Solar Orbiter 4831: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4547:Solar Orbiter 4545: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4233: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4212: 4211:Solar Orbiter 4209: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3971:(3). 035002. 3970: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3449: 3442: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3375: 3369: 3367: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3271: 3265: 3249: 3243: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020:(1): L7–L17. 3019: 3015: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2910:. 2 July 2008 2909: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2646: 2640: 2624: 2618: 2602: 2596: 2580: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2532: 2526: 2510: 2504: 2488: 2487:Aero-News.net 2484: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2379: 2373: 2357: 2351: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2284: 2278: 2262: 2256: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2149:(1). 011009. 2148: 2144: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1939: 1933: 1917: 1911: 1895: 1894:Heavens Above 1891: 1890:"XMM – Orbit" 1885: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1808: 1802: 1794: 1792:92-9092-493-4 1788: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1653: 1650: 1639: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482:, located in 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1458: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:exposure time 1435: 1434:dynamic range 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1396:providing 24 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1376:Power systems 1373: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1338:, three fine 1337: 1336:star trackers 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1306: 1304: 1303:Kayser-Threde 1300: 1299:Carl Zeiss AG 1296: 1292: 1289:a monolithic 1288: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:silicon chips 1071: 1069: 1064: 1061:82.7 to 0.83 1057: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 973:star trackers 970: 965: 963: 962:Spectrometers 959: 955: 951: 946: 940: 936: 935: 930: 925: 916: 913: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 871: 868: 864: 860: 850: 846: 840: 838: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 813: 809: 804: 802: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 752: 748: 747:French Guiana 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657:includes the 656: 646: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Cosmic Vision 617: 613: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561: 548: 538: → 537: 532: 531: 527:← 523: 522: 517: 511: 506: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448:(12–0.1 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 412: 408: 405: 404:Wolter type-1 401: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 348: 344: 340: 338: 334: 330: 328: 324: 320: 318: 314: 311: 308: 304: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 256: 252: 249: 246: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 216: 212: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 105: 103: 96: 91: 85: 81: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 51: 45: 41: 36: 30: 25: 22: 9165: 9155: 9112: 9086: 9082:Orbcomm FM36 9078:Orbcomm FM35 9074:Orbcomm FM34 9070:Orbcomm FM33 9066:Orbcomm FM32 9062:Orbcomm FM31 9058:Orbcomm FM30 9003: 8980: 8785: 8781:Okean-O No.1 8754:Molniya 3-50 8746: 8671: 8593: 8484:Globus No.15 8454: 8327:Isaac Newton 8289: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8215: 8148:Isaac Barrow 8086: (home) 7827:Newtonianism 7802:Newton scale 7765:Impact depth 7738: (1754) 7733: 7730: (1728) 7725: 7715: 7702: 7687: 7673: (1711) 7668: 7665: (1707) 7660: 7657: (1704) 7652: 7649: (1704) 7644: 7641: (1687) 7636: 7633: (1684) 7628: 7625: (1671) 7620: 7614:Publications 7552: 7541: 7528: 7518: 7427:Lunar Lander 7345:and proposed 7330: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7069: 7063: 7055: 7047: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6812: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6722: 6703: 6680:Mars Express 6642: 6520:Predecessors 6499:Horizon 2000 6080: 6063: 5907:Hibernating 5659:(2016–2019?) 5202:(1962, 1964) 5096:Nano-JASMINE 4920:NEO Surveyor 4844:(since 2006) 4836:(since 2020) 4828:(since 1995) 4820:(since 2019) 4812:(since 2017) 4804:(since 2008) 4796:(since 2015) 4788:(since 2015) 4780:(since 2011) 4772:(since 1997) 4751:(since 1999) 4747: 4743:(since 2024) 4735:(since 2023) 4727:(since 2022) 4719:(since 2012) 4711:(since 2017) 4703:(since 2018) 4695:(since 2009) 4687:(since 2017) 4679:(since 2004) 4671:(since 2024) 4663:(since 2019) 4655:(since 2021) 4647:(since 2020) 4639:(since 2008) 4631:(since 2002) 4623:(since 2017) 4615:(since 2024) 4607:(since 2015) 4599:(since 1999) 4591:(since 2015) 4566:(since 2004) 4558:(since 2006) 4550:(since 2020) 4542:(since 2008) 4534:(since 1995) 4526:(since 2010) 4518:(since 2013) 4510:(since 2006) 4502:(since 2021) 4494:(since 2015) 4486:(since 2022) 4478:(since 2023) 4457:(since 2018) 4449:(since 2004) 4441:(since 2008) 4433:(since 1995) 4425:(since 2010) 4417:(since 2001) 4409:(since 2013) 4401:(since 2006) 4393:(since 1990) 4385:(since 2005) 4377:(since 2013) 4369:(since 2021) 4361:(since 2023) 4353:(since 2015) 4345:(since 2019) 4337:(since 2021) 4329:(since 2013) 4320:(since 2015) 4312:(since 2018) 4291:(since 2009) 4283:(since 2008) 4275:(since 2001) 4267:(since 2022) 4246:(since 2024) 4238:(since 1994) 4230:(since 2018) 4222:(since 2006) 4214:(since 2020) 4206:(since 2018) 4135: 4126: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4075: 4066: 4023: 4017: 4011: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3764:20 September 3762:. 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Retrieved 1696: 1629: 1616: 1614: 1597: 1595: 1591:neutron star 1575: 1565: 1556: 1546: 1536: 1508: 1503: 1467: 1466: 1445: 1429: 1427: 1413: 1411: 1391: 1387:Fokker Space 1381: 1379: 1370: 1368:of Germany. 1348: 1323: 1317: 1270: 1262: 1237:filter wheel 1233: 1225:focal length 1212: 1210: 1191:10 in) 1177: 1154: 1133: 1131: 1122:light curves 1119: 1106: 1103: 1072: 1068:filter wheel 1054:0.15 and 15 1033: 1029: 1027: 1012: 1005:carbon fibre 1000: 993:solar arrays 976: 968: 966: 957: 944: 943: 932: 928: 911: 909: 887: 874: 872: 867:dark current 856: 841: 836: 831: 829: 807: 805: 783: 779: 777: 761: 757: 738: 730: 729: 709: 703: 690: 684: 683:predecessor 677: 675: 654: 652: 642: 636: 623: 611: 608: 596:spectroscopy 592:Isaac Newton 588:Horizon 2000 568: 564: 559: 558: 557: 528: 521:Horizon 2000 519: 515: 444:0.1–12 420:Focal length 327:Eccentricity 161:Fokker Space 148:Manufacturer 57:Mission type 34: 20: 9143:Kosmos 2368 9138:Kosmos 2367 8982:Ekspress A1 8924:Resurs F-1M 8852:Kosmos 2366 8847:Kosmos 2365 8748:Gran' No.45 8716:Iridium 21A 8712:Iridium 14A 8678:Starshine 1 8631:Feng Yun 1C 8562:Eutelsat W3 8456:Soyuz TM-29 8227:by Paolozzi 8166:Roger Cotes 7775:Newton disc 7689:Quaestiones 7662:Arithmetica 7565:WikiProject 7437:MarcoPolo-R 7387:Don Quijote 7357:Ariane 5 ME 7321:(2015–2017) 7251:Galileo FOC 7245:Galileo IOV 7217:(1989–1993) 7156:Jules Verne 7137:spaceflight 6968:(2009–2013) 6956:(2003–2007) 6954:Double Star 6950:(2002–2012) 6938:(1995–2011) 6932:(1991–2000) 6926:(1977–1997) 6839:(2009–2013) 6833:(2009–2013) 6809:(1995–1998) 6791:(1989–1993) 6785:(1983–1986) 6779:(1978–1996) 6773:(1975–1982) 6711:BepiColombo 6698:(2005–2014) 6692:(2004–2016) 6676:(2003–2006) 6670:(1997–2005) 6664:(1985–1992) 6633:(2000–2024) 6621:(1990–2009) 6615:(1977–1987) 6548:Arianespace 6020:(2014–2015) 5972:(2012–2013) 5938:Lost/Failed 5929:(1998–2010) 5921:(1998–2005) 5898:(1991–2001) 5890:(2001–2010) 5874:(1970–1973) 5866:(1983–1985) 5858:(1975–1980) 5850:(2005–2015) 5842:(2003–2020) 5834:(2011–2019) 5826:(1979–1985) 5818:(1975–1979) 5810:(1972–1973) 5802:(1992–2004) 5794:(1995–2012) 5786:(1990–1999) 5778:(2002–2018) 5770:(1983–1984) 5762:(2009–2013) 5746:(2006–2016) 5675:(1972–1981) 5667:(1968–1973) 5651:(1996–1997) 5643:(2003–2019) 5635:(2015–2017) 5627:(2015–2017) 5619:(1997–2002) 5611:(1990–2001) 5603:(2009–2018) 5595:(1996–2004) 5587:(1978–1996) 5579:(1996–1998) 5571:(1995–1996) 5547:(1989–1993) 5539:(2000–2008) 5531:(1979–1981) 5523:(1978–1982) 5515:(2013–2023) 5507:(1981–1991) 5499:(2009–2013) 5491:(1977–1979) 5483:(1997–2005) 5475:(1979–1985) 5467:(1989–1998) 5459:(1987–1991) 5451:(1990–1992) 5443:(2003–2013) 5435:(1987–2001) 5427:(1999–2007) 5419:(1992–2001) 5411:(1983–1986) 5400:Explorer 11 5371:(2017–2019) 5363:(1989–1993) 5355:(1975–1982) 5347:(2006–2013) 5339:(1991–2000) 5331:(2003–2008) 5323:(1996–2003) 5315:(1974–1976) 5307:(1983–1991) 5266:(1993–2000) 5258:(1973–1974) 5250:(2017–2019) 5242:(1979–1982) 5234:(1974–1980) 5226:(1971–1972) 5218:(1967–1969) 5194:(1962–1972) 5186:(1993–2005) 5178:(2006–2011) 5170:(2007–2024) 4467:Ultraviolet 4026:: 196–200. 3686:12 February 3605:12 February 3482:12 February 3457:31 December 3431:31 December 3380:12 February 2908:PNSensor.de 2719:sci.esa.int 2695:sci.esa.int 2671:sci.esa.int 1944:28 November 1625:dark matter 1600:along with 1574:, reported 1572:Switzerland 1547:The object 1420:of France. 1404:of France. 1340:Sun sensors 1231:of ƒ/12.7. 1229:focal ratio 1221:170 and 650 1019:Instruments 927:Mock-up of 847:689 million 751:Arianespace 714:(ESTEC) in 671:dark matter 604:ultraviolet 474:Instruments 441:Wavelengths 357:Inclination 285:Deactivated 267:1 July 2000 258:Arianespace 241:Launch site 214:Launch date 196:1,600 watts 167:Launch mass 9172:Categories 9128:Millennial 9087:XMM-Newton 9053:Clémentine 9011:Shenzhou 1 8945:DirecTV-1R 8904:EchoStar V 8868:Koreasat 3 8667:DLR-Tubsat 8659:Oceansat-1 8547:Sputnik 99 8522:AsiaSat 3S 8475:Arabsat 3A 8314:Categories 8290:XMM-Newton 8207:Depictions 8178:John Keill 8100:Apple tree 8095:Later life 8090:Early life 7670:De Analysi 7452:Phootprint 7432:Marco Polo 7273:Technology 7103:MetOp-SG-B 7095:MetOp-SG-A 7071:Sentinel-4 7042:ADM-Aeolus 7022:Sentinel-3 7004:Sentinel-2 6990:Sentinel-1 6918:Copernicus 6813:XMM-Newton 6631:Cluster II 6437:Copernicus 6408:Programmes 6336:Facilities 6286:Spaceports 5879:Vanguard 3 5191:Alouette 1 5031:AstroSat-2 4748:XMM-Newton 4264:James Webb 4136:XMM-Newton 4127:XMM-Newton 4111:XMM-Newton 4102:XMM-Newton 4093:XMM-Newton 3624:≃ 0.14?". 3554:31 January 3532:15 October 3406:2020-12-31 3355:6 February 3325:7 February 3276:5 February 3254:5 February 3232:5 February 3145:6 February 3120:6 February 3098:6 February 2914:6 February 2821:6 February 2791:6 February 2724:2021-07-09 2700:2021-07-09 2676:2021-07-09 2651:5 February 2629:5 February 2607:4 February 2585:4 February 2563:4 February 2537:5 February 2515:5 February 2493:5 February 2467:5 February 2436:3 February 2411:3 February 2384:3 February 2362:3 February 2340:2 February 2315:1 February 2289:3 February 2267:3 February 2245:31 January 2217:31 January 2026:31 January 1922:5 February 1900:3 February 1832:"Ariane-5" 1689:References 1617:XMM-Newton 1598:XMM-Newton 1585:, where a 1576:XMM-Newton 1561:supernovae 1557:XMM-Newton 1504:XMM-Newton 1502:. Because 1474:(ESOC) in 1468:XMM-Newton 1446:XMM-Newton 1382:XMM-Newton 1353:(4.5 1309:Subsystems 1251:Telescopes 1107:XMM-Newton 1083:megapixels 1050:arcminutes 1034:XMM-Newton 1028:The three 1009:outgassing 958:XMM-Newton 950:arcseconds 945:XMM-Newton 929:XMM-Newton 919:Spacecraft 912:XMM-Newton 888:XMM-Newton 875:XMM-Newton 837:XMM-Newton 810:began its 801:revolution 778:Launch of 678:XMM-Newton 655:XMM-Newton 643:XMM-Newton 624:XMM-Newton 612:XMM-Newton 560:XMM-Newton 536:Cluster II 516:XMM-Newton 457:Resolution 310:Geocentric 254:Contractor 183:Dimensions 153:Carl Zeiss 37:spacecraft 35:XMM-Newton 21:XMM-Newton 9133:Galaxy 11 9120:Arirang-1 9093:VLS-1 V02 9049:Hélios 1B 8914:Telstar 7 8877:Yamal-102 8873:Yamal-101 8861:September 8635:Shijian 5 8584:Landsat 7 8479:Skynet 4E 8445:Telstar 6 8129:Relations 7638:Principia 7493:CryoSat-1 7467:STE-QUEST 7402:Eddington 7392:e.Deorbit 7343:Cancelled 7215:Olympus-1 7057:EarthCARE 6978:CryoSat-2 6827:(2006–13) 6803:(1992–93) 6789:Hipparcos 6763:cosmology 6082:Eddington 6037:Cancelled 5544:Hipparcos 4952:Spektr-UV 4817:Mini-EUSO 4809:ISS-CREAM 4660:Spektr-RG 4580:Gamma-ray 4475:Aditya-L1 4366:Hayabusa2 4243:Queqiao 2 4187:Operating 4058:119226364 4033:1402.5837 4003:118573978 3978:1404.1927 3915:1402.4119 3885:118468448 3860:1402.2301 3853:(1). 13. 3796:1302.7002 3743:119231893 3718:1106.5125 3641:0809.2562 3305:0376-4265 2764:0376-4265 2181:119237088 2156:1202.1651 1993:0376-4265 1476:Darmstadt 1453:OIC–Delft 1362:hydrazine 1197:beryllium 1161:radiation 1063:ångströms 859:radiation 853:Operation 743:Rotterdam 716:Noordwijk 614:with the 236:G No. 504 225: UTC 84:1999-066A 78:COSPAR ID 9124:ACRIMSAT 9042:December 8992:November 8909:Ikonos 2 8882:Foton 12 8826:Telkom 1 8726:QuikSCAT 8721:Astra 1H 8663:Kitsat-3 8640:TERRIERS 8605:Megsat-0 8595:Ikonos-1 8589:UoSAT-12 8552:INSAT-2E 8423:Stardust 8416:February 8407:ROCSAT-1 8252:Namesake 8218:by Blake 7812:Spectrum 7753:Calculus 7722: ) 7622:Fluxions 7554:Wikinews 7530:Category 7150:Columbus 7074:) (2024) 6884:ARRAKIHS 6837:Herschel 6819:INTEGRAL 6749:EnVision 6702:ExoMars 6558:EUMETSAT 6449:Columbus 6442:Sentinel 6322:Ariane 6 6317:Ariane 5 6133:Sentinel 5831:Spektr-R 5767:RELIKT-1 5608:Kristall 5496:Herschel 5320:BeppoSAX 5076:JEM-EUSO 5071:iWF-MAXI 5013:Proposed 4976:LiteBIRD 4968:Spektr-M 4700:MinXSS-2 4628:INTEGRAL 4491:Astrosat 4317:Astrosat 4256:Infrared 4116:Archived 4076:Phys.org 3948:21406370 3940:25554871 3821:23446416 3711:. 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