1351:, is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.
927:(WSD), a task aimed at assigning the context-appropriate meanings (i.e. synset members) to words in a text. However, it has been argued that WordNet encodes sense distinctions that are too fine-grained. This issue prevents WSD systems from achieving a level of performance comparable to that of humans, who do not always agree when confronted with the task of selecting a sense from a dictionary that matches a word in a context. The granularity issue has been tackled by proposing
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The Global WordNet
Association (GWA) is a public and non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting wordnets for all languages in the world. The GWA also promotes the standardization of wordnets across languages, to ensure its uniformity in enumerating the
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Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability. In an effort to propagate the usage of WordNets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their WordNets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily
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The BalkaNet project has produced WordNets for six
European languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian). For this project, a freely available XML-based WordNet editor was developed. This editor – VisDic – is not in active development anymore, but is still used for the creation
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The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval
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Adjectives are not organized into hierarchical trees. Instead, two "central" antonyms such as "hot" and "cold" form binary poles, while 'satellite' synonyms such as "steaming" and "chilly" connect to their respective poles via a "similarity" relations. The adjectives can be visualized in this way as
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sense. However, such an ontology should be corrected before being used, because it contains hundreds of basic semantic inconsistencies; for example there are, (i) common specializations for exclusive categories and (ii) redundancies in the specialization hierarchy. Furthermore, transforming WordNet
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selectively affects speakers' ability to produce words from a specific semantic category, a WordNet hierarchy. Antonymous adjectives (WordNet's central adjectives in the dumbbell structure) are found to co-occur far more frequently than chance, a fact that has been found to hold for many languages.
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These semantic relations hold among all members of the linked synsets. Individual synset members (words) can also be connected with lexical relations. For example, (one sense of) the noun "director" is linked to (one sense of) the verb "direct" from which it is derived via a "morphosemantic" link.
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relations, and (ii) associating intuitive unique identifiers to each category. Although such corrections and transformations have been performed and documented as part of the integration of WordNet 1.7 into the cooperatively updatable knowledge base of WebKB-2, most projects claiming to
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In most works that claim to have integrated WordNet into ontologies, the content of WordNet has not simply been corrected when it seemed necessary; instead, it has been heavily reinterpreted and updated whenever suitable. This was the case when, for example, the top-level ontology of WordNet was
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between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words or synsets are, the closer their meaning. A number of
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Many of the concepts in WordNet are specific to certain languages and the most accurate reported mapping between languages is 94%. Synonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, and antonyms occur in all languages with a WordNet so far, but other semantic relationships are language-specific. This limits the
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WordNet is sometimes called an ontology, a persistent claim that its creators do not make. The hypernym/hyponym relationships among the noun synsets can be interpreted as specialization relations among conceptual categories. In other words, WordNet can be interpreted and used as a lexical
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WordNet has also been converted to a formal specification, by means of a hybrid bottom-up top-down methodology to automatically extract association relations from it and interpret these associations in terms of a set of conceptual relations, formally defined in the
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project has produced WordNets for several
European languages and linked them together; these are not freely available however. The Global Wordnet project attempts to coordinate the production and linking of "wordnets" for all languages.
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which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the information contained in these definitions available for automatic knowledge processing systems. It is freely available under a license similar to
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of various WordNets. Its successor, DEBVisDic, is client-server application and is currently used for the editing of several WordNets (Dutch in
Cornetto project, Polish, Hungarian, several African languages, Chinese).
974:, but do not include all the contexts in which words might be acceptable or offensive to different social groups. Therefore, people using dictionaries must apply their own methods to identify all offensive words.
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is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by millions of images. Currently, it has over 500 images per node on
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time required to access conceptual knowledge seemed to be directly related to the number of hierarchies the speaker needed to "traverse" to access the knowledge. Thus, speakers could more quickly verify that
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in order to define a common standardized framework for the construction of lexicons, including WordNet. The subset of LMF for
Wordnet is called Wordnet-LMF. An instantiation has been made within the KYOTO
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interoperability across languages. However, it also makes WordNet a resource for highlighting and studying the differences between languages, so it is not necessarily a limitation for all use cases.
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SentiWordNet, a resource for supporting opinion mining applications obtained by tagging all the WordNet 3.0 synsets according to their estimated degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality.
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or the pronunciation of words and it contains only limited information about usage. WordNet aims to cover most everyday words and does not include much domain-specific terminology.
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Lahsen
Abouenour, Karim Bouzoubaa, Paolo Rosso (2013) On the evaluation and improvement of Arabic WordNet coverage and usability, Language Resources and Evaluation 47(3) pp 891–917
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between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example
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good, right, ripe – (most suitable or right for a particular purpose; "a good time to plant tomatoes"; "the right time to act"; "the time is ripe for great sociological changes")
296:(formerly the Advanced Research and Development Activity) and REFLEX. George Miller and Christiane Fellbaum received the 2006 Antonio Zampolli Prize for their work with WordNet.
1078:. WordNet is also commonly reused via mappings between the WordNet synsets and the categories from ontologies. Most often, only the top-level categories of WordNet are mapped.
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Projects such as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet made it feasible to create standalone wordnets linked to the original one. Two such projects were the
Russian WordNet, patronized by
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Proc. of the 44th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics joint with the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING-ACL 2006)
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The Global WordNet
Association is a non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting WordNets for all languages in the world.
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Multilingual
Central Repository (MCR) integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician and Portuguese liked to English.
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experiments and the underlying theories have been subject to criticism, some of WordNet's organization is consistent with experimental evidence. For example,
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wordnets in a variety of languages, all linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English (PWN). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages.
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Black W., Elkateb S., Rodriguez H., Alkhalifa M., Vossen P., Pease A., Bertran M., Fellbaum C., (2006) The Arabic WordNet Project, Proceedings of LREC 2006
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are more suited to concrete concepts than to abstract concepts. For example, it is easy to create hyponyms/hypernym relationships to capture that a "
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Rudnicka, Ewa; Bond, Francis; Grabowski, Łukasz; Piasecki, Maciej; Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2018). "Lexical Perspective on Wordnet to Wordnet Mapping".
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UWN is an automatically constructed multilingual lexical knowledge base extending WordNet to cover over a million words in many different languages.
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In Proc. of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL)
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into a lexical ontology usable for knowledge representation should normally also involve (i) distinguishing the specialization relations into
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G. A. Miller, R. Beckwith, C. D. Fellbaum, D. Gross, K. Miller. 1990. WordNet: An online lexical database. Int. J. Lexicograph. 3, 4, pp. 235–244.
2008:. Proc. of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2013), Sofia, Bulgaria, August 4–9, 2013, pp. 1341-1351.
2524:. Proc. of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2010), Uppsala, Sweden, July 11–16, 2010, pp. 216–225.
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909:", but it is difficult to classify emotions like "fear" or "happiness" into equally deep and well-defined hyponyms/hypernym relationships.
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All synsets are connected by means of semantic relations. These relations, which are not all shared by all lexical categories, include:
284:. The project was initially funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and later also by other U.S. government agencies including the
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955:" or "offensive" in isolation. Therefore, people using WordNet must apply their own methods to identify offensive or pejorative words.
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at a maintenance level). All are linked to a unique beginner synset, "entity". Noun hierarchies are far deeper than verb hierarchies.
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is found following hypernym hierarchy; the words at the same level represent synset members. Each set of synonyms has a unique index.
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The MultiWordNet project, a multilingual WordNet aimed at producing an Italian WordNet strongly aligned with the Princeton WordNet.
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WordNet++, a resource including over millions of semantic edges harvested from Knowledge and connecting pairs of WordNet synsets.
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reuse WordNet for knowledge-based applications (typically, knowledge-oriented information retrieval) simply reuse it directly.
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P. Vossen, Ed. 1998. EuroWordNet: A Multilingual Database with Lexical Semantic Networks. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
2484:"UWN: Towards a Universal Multilingual Wordnet - D5: Databases and Information Systems (Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik)"
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2707:. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'10), Valletta, MT, 2010, pp. 2200–2204.
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OpenWN-PT is a Brazilian Portuguese version of the original WordNet freely available for download under CC-BY-SA license.
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2005:
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JAWS (Just Another WordNet Subset), another French version of WordNet built using the Wiktionary and semantic spaces
877:-based approach, or when it was used as a primary source for constructing the lower classes of the SENSUS ontology.
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and are freely available for download from that WordNet website. There are now WordNets in more than 200 languages.
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Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria, Monica Monachini: Wordnet-LMF: a standard representation for multilingual wordnets, in
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2694:. In Proc. of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2010, pp. 1522–1531.
1504: : Digital Platform for publishing reference works (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.). Includes WordnetPlus.
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FinnWordNet is a Finnish version of the WordNet where all entries of the original English WordNet were translated.
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from the user's input. Irregular forms are stored in a list, and looking up "ate" will return "eat," for example.
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3439:
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1050:. Other more sophisticated WordNet-based similarity techniques include ADW, whose implementation is available in
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Pushpak Bhattacharyya, IndoWordNet, Lexical Resources Engineering Conference 2010 (LREC 2010), Malta, May, 2010.
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At the top level, these hierarchies are organized into 25 beginner "trees" for nouns and 15 for verbs (called
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Building a BIOWORDNET by Using WORDNET’s Data Formats and WORDNET’s Software Infrastructure – A Failure Story
1741:. OntoLex'2 Workshop, Ontologies and Lexical Knowledge Bases (LREC 2002). Las Palmas, Spain. pp. 17–26.
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with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Knowledge using an automatic mapping algorithm.
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WordNet Database is distributed as a dictionary package (usually a single file) for the following software:
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ColorDict, is an Android application to mobiles phones that use Wordnet database and others, like Knowledge.
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word form are assigned to different synsets. A synset's meaning is further clarified with a short defining
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Proc. of the Software Engineering, Testing, and Quality Assurance for Natural Language Processing Workshop
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BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions.
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from 1913 with some WordNet definitions and material provided by volunteers. It was released under the
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is a Bulgarian version of the WordNet developed at the Department of Computational Linguistics of the
821:(where they had to access the concept "bird" on the superordinate level) and even more time to verify
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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001)
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with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a
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16MB (including 155,327 words organized in 175,979 synsets for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs)
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WonderWeb Deliverable D17. The WonderWeb Library of Foundational Ontologies and the DOLCE ontology
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aimed to consolidate lexicosemantic data of many languages to be used in machine translation and
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Collins A., Quillian M. R. 1972. Experiments on Semantic Memory and Language Comprehension. In
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Princeton maintains a list of related projects that includes links to some of the widely used
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Toward a Standard Upper Ontology: A large ontology for the Semantic Web and its applications
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Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information and Knowledge Engineering
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is a video dictionary focusing on pronunciations. Its text part is extended from WordNet.
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synsets in human languages. The GWA keeps a list of wordnets developed around the world.
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The morphology functions of the software distributed with the database try to deduce the
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SentiWordNet 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
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Proc. of the 21st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2009)
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The OntoWordNet Project: Extension and Axiomatization of Conceptual Relations in WordNet
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is a linked lexical knowledge base of wordnets of 18 scheduled languages of India viz.,
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Linking Lexicons and Ontologies: Mapping WordNet to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
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Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
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Masolo, C., Borgo, S., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Oltramari, A., Schneider, L.S. 2002.
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1911:"The viral selfie app ImageNet Roulette seemed fun – until it called me a racist slur"
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available for accessing WordNet using various programming languages and environments.
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2018:
Ballatore A, et al. (2014). "Linking geographic vocabularies through WordNet".
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Fellbaum, Christiane; Vossen, Piek (2012). "Challenges for a multilingual wordnet".
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of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets.
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Align, Disambiguate and Walk: A Unified Approach for Measuring Semantic Similarity.
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825:(requiring look-up across multiple levels of hyponymy, up to "animal"). While such
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C. Bizer, J. Lehmann, G. Kobilarov, S. Auer, C. Becker, R. Cyganiak, S. Hellmann,
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Words from the same lexical category that are roughly synonymous are grouped into
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2434:"Russian WordNet From UML-notation to Inter net/Intranet Database Implementation"
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1972:
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Meaningful Clustering of Senses Helps Boost Word Sense Disambiguation Performance
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is a lexical database that shares some similarities with, and refers to, WordNet.
1223:
1203:
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1105:, a linguistic ontology that has the same structure as wordnet, and mapped to it.
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WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including
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1937:. In Proceedings of the 6th Global WordNet Conference (GWC 2012). Matsue. 64–71
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because a canary is a songbird, but required slightly more time to verify that
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The most widely discussed limitation of WordNet (and related resources like
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is a German version of the WordNet developed by the University of Tübingen.
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methods that automatically group together similar senses of the same word.
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Proc. of AAAI 2002 Conference Workshop on Ontologies For The Semantic Web
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Proc. of the Conference on Recent Advances on Natural Language (RANLP’03)
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Large-Scale Taxonomy Mapping for Restructuring and Integrating Knowledge
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Proc. of 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
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2231:"FinnWordNet – The Finnish WordNet - Department of General Linguistics"
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WordNet is the most commonly used computational lexicon of English for
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Balkanet: Aims, methods, results and perspectives. A general overview
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1142:, has voiced plans to produce their own online competitor to WordNet.
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Knowledge-rich Word Sense Disambiguation rivaling supervised systems
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Balkova, Valentina; Sukhonogov, Andrey; Yablonsky, Sergey (2003).
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Proc. of the ACL SIGLEX Workshop: Standardizing Lexical Resources
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However, this limitation is true of other lexical resources like
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WordNet 2 – A Morphologically and Semantically Enhanced Resource
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951:, so it is not always possible for WordNet to define a word as "
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Both nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies, defined by
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and one or more usage examples. An example adjective synset is:
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and offensive words. Some dictionaries indicate words that are
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E. Agirre, O. Lopez. 2003. Clustering WordNet Word Senses. In
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WOLF (WordNet Libre du Français), a French version of WordNet.
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WordNet-based word similarity algorithms are implemented in a
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BabelNet: Building a Very Large Multilingual Semantic Network
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1357:, a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet.
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1054:. WordNet can also be used to inter-link other vocabularies.
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Oltramari, A.; Gangemi, A.; Guarino, N.; Masolo, C. (2002).
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PolNet is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by
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Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Global WordNet
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Proceedings of the 9th Global WordNet Conference (GWC 2018)
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WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the
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2681:, Pasadena, California, July 14-17th, 2009, pp. 2083–2088.
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Building a free French wordnet from multilingual resources
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Romanian J. Sci. Tech. Inform. (Special Issue on Balkanet)
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is a free online dictionary based on the WordNet database.
37:
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Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Oltramari, A. 2003
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MultiWordNet: Developing an aligned multilingual database
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Restructuring WordNet's Top-Level: The OntoClean approach
1239:: WordNet for Malay and Indonesia language, developed by
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access and use WordNets as language resources to provide
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placental, placental mammal, eutherian, eutherian mammal
425:
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like "eat out" and "car pool." The different senses of a
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The database contains 155,327 words organized in 175,979
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J. Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L. Li, K. Li, L. Fei-Fei.
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WikiTax2WordNet, a mapping between WordNet synsets and
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OpenDutchWordNet, is a Dutch lexical semantic database.
2760:"GoldenDict - Browse /dictionaries at Sourceforge.net"
2828:"Adjectives, Intensifiers, Negations (AIN) Thesaurus"
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S. M. Harabagiu, G. A. Miller, D. I. Moldovan. 1999.
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DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data
1879:, Sydney, Australia, July 17-21st, 2006, pp. 105–112.
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Petersburg State University of Means of Communication
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is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by
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animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
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1779:"Linking and Extending an Open Multilingual Wordnet"
2642:
ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database
742:relationships. For instance, one sense of the word
2826:
1888:R. Snow, S. Prakash, D. Jurafsky, A. Y. Ng. 2007.
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1074:WordNet is connected to several databases of the
998:The Open Multilingual WordNet provides access to
3865:
3335:
2820:. Cochin University of Science & Technology.
1030:and even automatic crossword puzzle generation.
939:WordNet includes words that can be perceived as
3132:
2720:, edited by Gil Francopoulo ISTE / Wiley 2013 (
2072:"Related projects - WordNet - Related projects"
943:or offensive. The interpretation of a word can
916:WordNet does not include information about the
1806:
1690:Gangemi, A.; Navigli, R.; Velardi, P. (2003).
226:. While it is accessible to human users via a
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2092:The Global WordNet Association (2010-02-04).
1555:
1425:a database of 10 resources including WordNet.
1376:project produced a dictionary by combining a
1122:CWN (Chinese Wordnet or 中文詞彙網路) supported by
1081:
1042:package called WordNet::Similarity, and in a
977:
2703:S. Baccianella, A. Esuli and F. Sebastiani.
2601:. In AI Magazine 24(3): Fall 2003, pp. 13–24
2329:E. Pianta, L. Bentivogli, C. Girardi. 2002.
2004:M. T. Pilehvar, D. Jurgens and R. Navigli.
1699:. Catania, Sicily (Italy). pp. 820–838.
1282:(distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license).
1033:A common use of WordNet is to determine the
327:for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs; in
42:A snapshot of WordNet's definition of itself
1290:and led by S.A. Yablonsky, and Russnet, by
1251:Cochin University Of Science and Technology
807:
257:
3125:
3111:
2862:
2848:
2656:M. Poprat, E. Beisswanger, U. Hahn. 2008.
1776:
1444:(LMF) is an ISO standard specified within
238:applications. It was first created in the
2031:
2017:
1746:
369:, which include simplex words as well as
2614:. Web Semantics, 7(3), 2009, pp. 154–165
1896:, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 1005–1014.
837:
314:
2282:JAWS : Just Another WordNet Subset
2149:D. Tufis, D. Cristea, S. Stamou. 2004.
1935:A survey of wordnets and their licenses
1722:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1670:"Integration of WordNet 1.7 in WebKB-2"
1325:ontology has a complete manual mapping
14:
3866:
2188:Chinese Wordnet (中文詞彙網路) official page
1933:Francis Bond and Kyonghee Paik 2012a.
727:
3106:
2843:
3584:Simple Knowledge Organization System
2369:"arademaker/openWordnet-PT — GitHub"
1973:"Ted Pedersen - WordNet::Similarity"
1905:
1777:Bond, Francis; Foster, Ryan (2013).
1280:Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
934:
804:"dumbbells" rather than as "trees".
751:dog, domestic dog, Canis familiaris
319:Example entry "Hamburger" in WordNet
310:
3068:International scientific vocabulary
2350:. Wordpress.let.vupr.nl. 2015-10-28
2074:. Wordnet.princeton.edu. 2014-01-06
1843:Word Sense Disambiguation: A Survey
1455:is a project under the auspices of
1429:
338:It includes the lexical categories
24:
3914:Free software programmed in Prolog
2824:
1862:, Borovetz, Bulgaria, pp. 121–130.
1611:"About Global WordNet Association"
1090:
1064:application programming interfaces
230:, its primary use is in automatic
25:
3930:
3904:1985 establishments in New Jersey
3599:Thesaurus (information retrieval)
2797:
2280:C. Mouton, G. de Chalendar. 2010.
1809:Language Resources and Evaluation
1292:Saint Petersburg State University
674:is a coordinate term of the verb
250:tools have been released under a
3088:
2869:
2210:"The Global WordNet Association"
1657:Cognition in Learning and Memory
1479:
1273:Wrocław University of Technology
1241:Nanyang University of Technology
1119:, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
1117:Institute for Bulgarian Language
212:. The synonyms are grouped into
36:
27:Computational lexicon of English
2773:
2752:
2731:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2667:
2650:
2634:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2588:. Report (ver. 2.0, 15-08-2002)
2578:
2561:
2544:
2527:
2514:
2497:
2476:
2455:
2425:
2404:
2393:
2382:
2361:
2340:
2323:
2302:
2291:
2274:
2244:
2223:
2212:. Globalwordnet.org. 2010-02-04
2202:
2193:
2181:
2160:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2107:
2085:
2064:
2011:
1998:
1986:
1965:
1940:
1927:
1899:
1882:
1865:
1852:
1835:
1800:
1770:
1755:
1730:
1070:Related projects and extensions
1005:
905:", and a "plant" is a type of "
3919:Software using the BSD license
3180:Natural language understanding
2987:Language-for-specific-purposes
1683:
1662:
1649:
1628:
1603:
1578:
1569:
1541:
1305:
1099:: WordNet for Arabic language.
880:
873:restructured according to the
13:
1:
3704:Optical character recognition
2762:. Sourceforge.net. 2010-12-01
2599:Sweetening WordNet with DOLCE
2190:at National Taiwan University
1890:Learning to Merge Word Senses
1535:
1366:University of Texas at Dallas
1057:
1020:automatic text classification
113:Unix, Linux, Solaris, Windows
3899:Projects established in 1985
3397:Multi-document summarization
2718:LMF Lexical Markup Framework
2690:S. P. Ponzetto, R. Navigli.
2567:S. Reed and D. Lenat. 2002.
2520:R. Navigli, S. P. Ponzetto.
2486:. Mpi-inf.mpg.de. 2011-08-14
2050:10.1080/19475683.2014.904440
1314:, a very large multilingual
1024:automatic text summarization
294:Disruptive Technology Office
7:
3874:Online English dictionaries
3727:Latent Dirichlet allocation
3699:Natural language generation
3564:Machine-readable dictionary
3559:Linguistic Linked Open Data
3134:Natural language processing
3078:List of online dictionaries
2569:Mapping Ontologies into Cyc
2503:S. Benoît, F. Darja. 2008.
2463:"RussNet: Главная страница"
2337:, Mysore, India, pp. 21–25.
1948:"Open Multilingual Wordnet"
1520:Machine-readable dictionary
1508:
993:natural-language processing
867:DOLCE foundational ontology
290:National Science Foundation
280:. It was later directed by
80:; 13 years ago
10:
3935:
3479:Explicit semantic analysis
3228:Deep linguistic processing
1590:Global WordNet Association
1124:National Taiwan University
1082:Global WordNet Association
978:Licensed vs. Open WordNets
901:", a "tree" is a type of "
612:is a troponym of the verb
580:is a hypernym of the verb
362:and other function words.
3889:Computational linguistics
3830:
3785:
3740:
3712:
3672:
3617:
3539:
3527:
3458:
3415:
3387:
3322:Word-sense disambiguation
3198:
3175:Computational linguistics
3140:
3086:
3060:
2916:
2877:
2783:. Lingoes.net. 2007-11-16
2673:S. Ponzetto, R. Navigli.
2550:I. Niles, A. Pease 2003.
2533:I. Niles, A. Pease 2001.
1821:10.1007/s10579-012-9186-z
1140:Oxford English Dictionary
1012:word-sense disambiguation
925:word-sense disambiguation
159:
147:
135:
127:
117:
107:
97:
93:
71:
67:
59:
47:
35:
3884:Knowledge representation
3848:Natural Language Toolkit
3772:Pronunciation assessment
3674:Automatic identification
3504:Latent semantic analysis
3460:Distributional semantics
3345:Compound-term processing
3243:Named-entity recognition
2575:, Edmonton, Canada, 2002
1515:Lexical Markup Framework
1442:Lexical markup framework
808:Psycholinguistic aspects
698:is a coordinate term of
690:is a coordinate term of
644:is entailed by the verb
495:is a coordinate term of
487:is a coordinate term of
471:is a coordinate term of
258:History and team members
242:and the English WordNet
3752:Automated essay scoring
3722:Document classification
3389:Automatic summarization
2310:"MCR 3.0 | Adimen"
2115:"Wordnets in the World"
1975:. D.umn.edu. 2008-06-16
1952:compling.hss.ntu.edu.sg
1849:, 41(2), 2009, pp. 1–69
1638:. Wordnet.princeton.edu
1586:"WordNets in the World"
1138:, the publisher of the
1136:Oxford University Press
307:are its co-presidents.
270:under the direction of
236:artificial intelligence
131:More than 200 languages
78:3.1 / June 2011
3609:Universal Dependencies
3302:Terminology extraction
3285:Semantic decomposition
3280:Semantic role labeling
3270:Part-of-speech tagging
3238:Information extraction
3223:Coreference resolution
3213:Collocation extraction
3073:List of lexicographers
2465:. Project.phil.spbu.ru
2254:. Sfs.uni-tuebingen.de
1563:"WordNet Search - 3.1"
1461:information extraction
889:) is that some of the
320:
278:George Armitage Miller
3370:Sentence segmentation
3002:Monolingual learner's
2509:Proc. of Ontolex 2008
1993:NLP using Python NLTK
1847:ACM Computing Surveys
1016:information retrieval
966:, which also contain
949:between social groups
838:As a lexical ontology
766:vertebrate, craniate
331:form, it is about 12
318:
3822:Voice user interface
3533:datasets and corpora
3474:Document-term matrix
3327:Word-sense induction
2441:GWC 2004 Proceedings
2348:"Open Dutch WordNet"
1636:"WordNet Statistics"
1408:Knowledge categories
1382:Webster's Dictionary
1364:is a project at the
268:Princeton University
54:Princeton University
3802:Interactive fiction
3732:Pachinko allocation
3689:Speech segmentation
3645:Google Ngram Viewer
3417:Machine translation
3407:Text simplification
3402:Sentence extraction
3290:Semantic similarity
3042:Spelling dictionary
2952:Defining vocabulary
2814:"Malayalam WordNet"
2511:, Marrakech, Maroc.
2157:, 7(1-2), pp. 9–43.
2096:. globalwordnet.org
2094:"globalwordnet.org"
2042:2014AnGIS..20...73B
1028:machine translation
798:lexicographic files
728:Knowledge structure
305:Piek Th.J.M. Vossen
301:Christiane Fellbaum
282:Christiane Fellbaum
32:
3909:Corpus linguistics
3812:Question answering
3684:Speech recognition
3549:Corpus linguistics
3529:Language resources
3312:Textual entailment
3295:Sentiment analysis
3094:Linguistics portal
2927:Advanced learner's
2312:. Adimen.si.ehu.es
2286:Proc. of TALN 2010
2233:. Ling.helsinki.fi
1907:Wong, Julia Carrie
1659:. Wiley, New York.
891:semantic relations
823:canaries have skin
686:share a hypernym (
652:you must be doing
596:is an hypernym of
483:share a hypernym (
321:
198:semantic relations
186:semantic relations
30:
3879:Lexical databases
3861:
3860:
3817:Virtual assistant
3742:Computer-assisted
3668:
3667:
3425:Computer-assisted
3383:
3382:
3375:Word segmentation
3337:Text segmentation
3275:Semantic analysis
3263:Syntactic parsing
3248:Ontology learning
3100:
3099:
2833:Italian Sentiment
2781:"Lingoes WordNet"
2739:"Babylon WordNet"
2726:978-1-84821-430-9
2412:"Русский WordNet"
1247:Malayalam WordNet
935:Offensive content
815:canaries can sing
628:is a troponym of
423:is a hypernym of
407:is a hypernym of
311:Database contents
264:Cognitive Science
252:BSD style license
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
3926:
3838:Formal semantics
3787:Natural language
3694:Speech synthesis
3676:and data capture
3579:Semantic network
3554:Lexical resource
3537:
3536:
3355:Lexical analysis
3333:
3332:
3258:Semantic parsing
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3092:
2992:Machine-readable
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2836:
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2821:
2818:Computer Science
2809:
2808:
2806:Official website
2792:
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2400:official webpage
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2176:
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2123:
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2117:. Archived from
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1473:Dictionary.video
1430:Related projects
1362:eXtended WordNet
1316:semantic network
945:change over time
897:" is a type of "
849:computer science
827:psycholinguistic
819:canaries can fly
624:in some manner (
616:if the activity
584:if the activity
559:is a meronym of
543:is a meronym of
527:is a holonym of
511:is a holonym of
457:is a hyponym of
441:is a hyponym of
240:English language
182:lexical database
171:
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142:Lexical database
109:Operating system
88:
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3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
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3806:Syntax guessing
3788:
3781:
3767:Predictive text
3762:Grammar checker
3743:
3736:
3708:
3675:
3664:
3630:Bank of English
3613:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3454:
3411:
3379:
3331:
3233:Distant reading
3208:Argument mining
3194:
3190:Text processing
3136:
3131:
3101:
3096:
3082:
3056:
2912:
2880:reference works
2873:
2868:
2825:Pilato, Maria.
2812:
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1103:Arabic Ontology
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1091:Other languages
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1072:
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1046:package called
1008:
980:
937:
883:
840:
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668:coordinate term
660:is entailed by
588:is a (kind of)
465:coordinate term
449:is a (kind of)
415:is a (kind of)
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60:Initial release
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3757:Concordancer
3654:
3153:Bag-of-words
3032:Single-field
2967:Etymological
2962:Encyclopedic
2942:Biographical
2919:dictionaries
2871:Lexicography
2832:
2817:
2785:. Retrieved
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2754:
2743:. Retrieved
2733:
2717:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2678:
2669:
2664:, pp. 31–39.
2661:
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2555:
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2488:. Retrieved
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2440:
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2406:
2395:
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2373:. Retrieved
2371:. Github.com
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2334:
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2314:. Retrieved
2304:
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2256:. Retrieved
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2225:
2214:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2170:. dcl.bas.bg
2162:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2119:the original
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2066:
2026:(2): 73–84.
2023:
2019:
2013:
2000:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
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1918:. Retrieved
1915:the Guardian
1914:
1901:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1871:R. Navigli.
1867:
1859:
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1841:R. Navigli.
1837:
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1808:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
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1674:. Retrieved
1664:
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1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1525:Synonym Ring
1483:
1380:
1285:
1198:(Manipuri),
1085:
1076:Semantic Web
1073:
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1032:
1009:
1006:Applications
997:
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371:collocations
364:
356:prepositions
354:but ignores
337:
322:
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261:
213:
177:
176:
128:Available in
49:Developer(s)
3714:Topic model
3594:Text corpus
3440:Statistical
3307:Text mining
3148:AI-complete
3037:Specialized
3007:Multi-field
2972:Explanatory
2903:Phrase book
1788:: 1352–1362
1713:|work=
1672:. Webkb.org
1502:LexSemantic
1306:Linked data
1156:IndoWordNet
1131:EuroWordNet
985:ontological
972:pejoratives
964:thesauruses
881:Limitations
670:: the verb
640:: the verb
608:: the verb
594:to perceive
576:: the verb
360:determiners
228:web browser
192:that links
3868:Categories
3435:Rule-based
3317:Truecasing
3185:Stop words
2977:Historical
2957:Electronic
2947:Conceptual
2888:Dictionary
2787:2014-03-11
2766:2014-01-05
2745:2014-03-11
2631:, pp. 1–8.
2490:2014-01-05
2469:2014-03-11
2418:2014-01-05
2414:. Pgups.ru
2375:2014-01-05
2354:2022-03-21
2316:2022-03-21
2258:2014-03-11
2252:"GermaNet"
2237:2014-01-05
2216:2014-01-05
2174:2015-05-07
2100:2014-03-11
2078:2018-06-22
1979:2014-03-11
1920:2022-10-14
1792:20 January
1676:2014-03-11
1642:2018-06-22
1620:19 January
1595:19 January
1536:References
1493:GoldenDict
1369:WordNet's.
1337:, an open
1058:Interfaces
1035:similarity
968:pejorative
953:pejorative
941:pejorative
929:clustering
858:instanceOf
757:carnivore
720:form of a
637:entailment
375:polysemous
348:adjectives
329:compressed
272:psychology
220:dictionary
200:including
167:.princeton
98:Written in
3894:Open data
3744:reviewing
3542:standards
3540:Types and
3047:Sub-field
2937:Bilingual
2917:Types of
2908:Thesaurus
2878:Types of
2033:1404.5372
1743:CiteSeerX
1715:ignored (
1705:cite book
1269:plWordNet
1192:Malayalam
918:etymology
875:OntoClean
854:subtypeOf
769:chordate
620:is doing
598:to listen
445:if every
411:if every
335:in size.
333:megabytes
275:professor
224:thesaurus
63:mid 1980s
3660:Wikidata
3640:FrameNet
3625:BabelNet
3604:Treebank
3574:PropBank
3519:Word2vec
3484:fastText
3365:Stemming
2893:Glossary
2447:12 March
2168:"BulNet"
1957:10 April
1829:10117946
1530:Taxonomy
1509:See also
1463:systems.
1449:project.
1446:ISO/TC37
1436:FrameNet
1400:average.
1397:ImageNet
1389:license
1387:copyleft
1339:ontology
1312:BabelNet
1216:Sanskrit
1184:Kashmiri
1172:Gujarati
1160:Assamese
1149:GermaNet
907:organism
887:ImageNet
845:ontology
734:hypernym
662:to snore
658:to sleep
605:troponym
574:hypernym
561:building
525:building
400:hypernym
248:software
244:database
210:meronyms
206:hyponyms
202:synonyms
188:between
154:BSD-like
3831:Related
3797:Chatbot
3655:WordNet
3635:DBpedia
3509:Seq2seq
3253:Parsing
3168:Trigram
3022:Rhyming
3017:Reverse
3012:Picture
2997:Medical
2932:Anagram
2898:Lexicon
2443:: 31–38
2298:Website
2058:9246582
2038:Bibcode
1497:Lingoes
1489:Babylon
1423:UBY-LMF
1355:DBpedia
1335:OpenCyc
1212:Punjabi
1200:Marathi
1188:Konkani
1180:Kannada
989:lexical
895:conifer
847:in the
763:mammal
700:to lisp
696:to yell
692:to yell
688:to lisp
630:to talk
626:to lisp
536:meronym
504:holonym
434:hyponym
367:synsets
352:adverbs
325:synsets
215:synsets
178:WordNet
165:wordnet
160:Website
149:Licence
85:2011-06
83: (
31:WordNet
18:Wordnet
3804:(c.f.
3462:models
3450:Neural
3163:Bigram
3158:n-gram
3052:Visual
2724:
2056:
1827:
1766:: 210.
1745:
1224:Telugu
1204:Nepali
1196:Meitei
1164:Bangla
1113:BulNet
1044:Python
694:, and
557:window
529:window
491:, and
459:canine
421:canine
292:, the
288:, the
208:, and
102:Prolog
3853:spaCy
3498:large
3489:GloVe
3061:Other
2982:Idiom
2677:, In
2660:. In
2644:. In
2627:. In
2571:. In
2554:, In
2537:. In
2507:. In
2437:(PDF)
2333:. In
2284:. In
2054:S2CID
2028:arXiv
1875:, In
1825:S2CID
1782:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1374:GCIDE
1349:DOLCE
1220:Tamil
1176:Hindi
903:plant
714:lemma
569:Verbs
394:Nouns
379:gloss
344:verbs
340:nouns
286:DARPA
196:into
194:words
190:words
180:is a
3618:Data
3469:BERT
3027:Rime
2722:ISBN
2449:2017
1959:2018
1794:2020
1724:link
1717:help
1622:2020
1597:2020
1372:The
1360:The
1341:and
1323:SUMO
1321:The
1228:Urdu
1226:and
1208:Odia
1168:Bodo
1154:The
1129:The
1052:Java
1048:NLTK
1040:Perl
987:and
962:and
947:and
899:tree
856:and
739:IS A
722:word
718:stem
682:and
497:wolf
485:wolf
479:and
350:and
303:and
246:and
234:and
222:and
169:.edu
137:Type
119:Size
3650:UBY
2046:doi
1817:doi
1457:UNO
1391:GPL
775:...
744:dog
736:or
716:or
678:if
547:if
515:if
493:dog
489:dog
475:if
455:dog
426:dog
184:of
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