Woolly rhinoceros - Knowledge

1662:, with one long horn reaching forward and a smaller horn between the eyes. The front horn would have measured 1–1.35 metres (3.3–4.4 ft) long for individuals at 25 to 35 years of age, while the second horn would have measured up to 47.5 centimetres (1.56 ft) long. Unlike in modern rhinos, the large nasal horn was often flattened in cross-section, and abrasion patterns on the horn indicate it's possible use in brushing away snow when grazing. Compared to other rhinoceroses, the woolly rhinoceros had a longer head and body, and shorter legs. Its shoulder was raised with a powerful hump, used to support the animal's massive front horn. The hump also contained a fat reserve to aid survival through the desolate winters of the mammoth steppe. 2213: 1799: 1642: 2408: 399: 2508: 1724: 138: 120: 1990:

in length and 72 centimetres (2.36 ft) tall at the shoulder. The most intensive growth in woolly rhinos occurred during the juvenile stage around 3 to 4 years of age with a shoulder height of 1.3 metres (4.3 ft). At 7 to 10 years of age, woolly rhinos became young adults with a shoulder height of 1.4–1.5 metres (4.6–4.9 ft). By more than 14 years of age, woolly rhinos became fully mature, old adults with a shoulder height of 1.6 metres (5.2 ft).

2342: 1999: 2461:, Russia. Its head and horns, fur, and soft tissues were recovered. Some parts had been thawed and eaten since they were not covered by permafrost. The body was handed over to the Yakutia Academy of Sciences, where it was named “Sasha” after one of its discoverers. Dental analysis shows that the calf was about seven months old at the time of its death. With its well-intact preservation, scientists proceeded to undergo DNA analysis. 2464:

In August 2020, a rhinoceros was found, after being revealed by melting permafrost, close to the site of the 2014 discovery. The rhino was between three and four years old and it is thought that the cause of death was drowning. It is one of the best-preserved animals recovered from the region, having

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in Central Europe), which were not the natural habitat of either rhinos or humans, and large predators such as hyenas may have carried rhinoceros parts there. Sometimes, only individual teeth or bone fragments are uncovered, which usually came from only one animal. Most rhinoceros remains in Western

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It is estimated that woolly rhinoceroses could reach around 40 years of age, like their modern relatives. In 2014, Shpansky analysed the growth of woolly rhinoceros from its early life stages based on several lower jaw fragments and limb bones. A one-month-old calf was about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft)

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season. Fossil skulls indicate damage from the front horns of other rhinos, and lower jaws and back ribs show signs of being broken and re-formed, which may have also come from fighting. The apparent frequency of intraspecific combat, compared to recent rhinos, was likely a result of

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Bayger, J.A., Hoyer, H., Kiernik, E., Kulczyński, W., Łomnicki, M., Łomnicki J., Mierzejewski, W., Niezabitowski, E., Raciborski, W., Szafer, W. & Schille, F., 1914. Wykopaliska staruńskie. Słoń mamut (Elephas primigenius Blum.) i nosorożec włochaty (Rhinoceros antiquitatis Blum. s. tichorhinus

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Willerslev E, Davison J, Moora M, Zobel M, Coissac E, Edwards ME, Lorenzen ED, Vestergård M, Gussarova G, Haile J, Craine J, Gielly L, Boessenkool S, Epp LS, Pearman PB, Cheddadi R, Murray D, Bråthen KA, Yoccoz N, Binney H, Cruaud C, Wincker P, Goslar T, Alsos IG, Bellemain E, Brysting AK, Elven R,

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and river valleys, with dry to arid climates, and migrated to higher elevations in favourable climate phases. It avoided mountain ranges, due to heavy snow and steep terrain that the animal could not easily cross. The rhino's main habitat was the mammoth steppe, a large, open landscape covered with

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An adult woolly rhinoceros typically measured 3.2 to 3.6 metres (10.5 to 11.8 ft) from head to tail, stood 1.45–1.6 metres (4.8–5.2 ft) tall at the shoulder, and weighed up to 1.5–2 metric tons (1.7–2.2 short tons) (with some sources placing the body mass of the species as high as 2.4–2.9

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depict woolly rhinoceroses. The animal's defining features are prominently drawn, complete with the raised back and hump, contrasting with its low-lying head. Two curved lines represent the ears. The animal's horns are drawn with their long curvature, and in some cases, the coat is also indicated.

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region of Northeast Siberia dating to 9,800 ± 200 years ago. However, it has been demonstrated that ancient DNA in permafrost can be reworked into sediment layers dating to well after the extinction of the originating species, though other authors have argued that this specific environmental DNA

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in specimens from the Netherlands may have been due to inbreeding or harsh environmental conditions. A genetic study of the woolly rhinoceros remains in northeast Siberia, dating to around 18,500 years ago, a few thousand years before its extinction, found that the population size was stable and

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Lord, Edana; Dussex, Nicolas; Kierczak, Marcin; Díez-del-Molino, David; Ryder, Oliver A.; Stanton, David W.G.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima; Zhang, Guojie; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Willerslev, Eske; Protopopov, Albert; Shidlovskiy, Fedor; Fedorov, Sergey

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Analysis of the nuclear genome suggests that the woolly rhinoceros experienced a population expansion beginning around 30,000 years ago. The end of the last glacial period shows a progressive contraction of the range of the woolly rhinoceros, with the species disappearing from Europe during the

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record is unlikely to have been reworked. Low level human hunting may have played a decisive role in the extinction by reducing the ability of woolly rhinoceros populations to colonise newly suitable habitat, thereby exacerbating the population fragmentation brought on by environmental change.

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Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula; Kropczyk, Aleksandra; Mackiewicz, Paweł; Kłys, Grzegorz; Krajcarz, Magdalena; Krajcarz, Maciej T.; Nadachowski, Adam; Lipecki, Grzegorz; Karbowski, Karol; Ridush, Bogdan; Sabol, Martin; Płonka, Tomasz (March 2023).

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as recorded in cave paintings, as well as for moving snow to uncover vegetation during winter. They may have also been used to attract mates. Bull woolly rhinos were probably territorial like their modern counterparts, defending themselves from competitors, particularly during the

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formed its neck hock and held the massive skull. Its massive lower jaw measured up to 60 cm (24 in) long and 10 cm (4 in) high. The teeth of the woolly rhinoceros had thickened enamel and an open internal cavity. Like other rhinos, adults did not have

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Woolly rhinoceroses shared their habitat with humans, but direct evidence that they interacted is relatively rare. Only 11% of the known sites of prehistoric Siberian tribes have remains or images of the animal. Many rhinoceros remains are found in caves (such as the

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Bratlund, B. (2005). Comments on a cut-marked woolly rhino mandible from Zwolen. In: R. Schild (ed.), The killing fields of Zwolén. A Middle Paleolithic kill-butchery-site in Central Poland. Warsaw, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences:

2306:(including snowfall), which transformed the woolly rhinoceros' preferred low-growing grass and herb habitat into one dominated by shrubs and trees. The woolly rhinoceros was likely intolerant of deep snow, which its short limbs were inefficient in moving through. 4063:

Sønstebø JH, Murton J, Sher A, Rasmussen M, Rønn R, Mourier T, Cooper A, Austin J, Möller P, Froese D, Zazula G, Pompanon F, Rioux D, Niderkorn V, Tikhonov A, Savvinov G, Roberts RG, MacPhee RD, Gilbert MT, Kjær KH, Orlando L, Brochmann C, Taberlet P (2014).

1772:, unlike modern rhinos. This was most common in adult males. This adaptation probably evolved as a result of the heavy pressure on the horn and face when the rhinoceros grazed underneath the thick snow. Unique to this rhino, the nasal bones were fused to the 4868:

Fordham, Damien A.; Brown, Stuart C.; Canteri, Elisabetta; Austin, Jeremy J.; Lomolino, Mark V.; Haythorne, Sean; Armstrong, Edward; Bocherens, Hervé; Manica, Andrea; Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Rahbek, Carsten; Nogués-Bravo, David; Lorenzen, Eline D. (2024-06-11).

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Kotarba, Maciej J.; Dzieniewicz, Marek; Móscicki, Wlodzimierz J.; Sechman, Henryk (2008-07-01). "Unique Quaternary environment for discoveries of woolly rhinoceroses in Starunia, fore-Carpathian region, Ukraine: Geochemical and geoelectric studies".

3597:(Blumenbach, 1799) // Researches on paleontology and biostratigraphy of ancient continental deposits (Memories of Professor Vitalii G. Ochev). Eds. M.A. Shishkin & V.P. Tverdokhlebov.— Saratov: «Nauchnaya Kniga» Publishers, 2009. P. 98–111. 2141:

Signs that early humans hunted or scavenged the rhinoceros come from markings on the animal's bones. One specimen had injuries caused by human weaponry, with traces of a wound from a sharp object marking the shoulder and thigh, and a preserved

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Wang, Yucheng; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Alsos, Inger Greve; De Sanctis, Bianca; Racimo, Fernando; Prohaska, Ana; Coissac, Eric; Owens, Hannah Lois; Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid; Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio; Rouillard, Alexandra (2021-10-20).

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Gaudzinski, S. 1999a. The faunal record of the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Europe: remarks on human interference. In The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe. (ed. W. Roebroeks and C. Gamble) Leiden: University of Leiden, pp. 215 -

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thickest on the withers and neck. Shorter hair covered the limbs, keeping snow from attaching. The body's length ended with a 45-to-50-centimetre (18 to 20 in) tail with a brush of coarse hair at the end. Females had two nipples on the

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Woolly rhinoceros remains have been known long before the species was described and were the basis for some mythical creatures. Native peoples of Siberia believed their horns were the claws of giant birds. A rhinoceros skull was found in

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Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021).

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Lazarev, P.A., Boeskorov, G.G., Tomskaya, A.I., Garutt, N.V., Vasil’ev, E.M., and Kasparov, A.K., Mlekopitayushchie antropogena Yakutii (Mammals of the Anthropogene in Yakutia), Yakutsk: Yakut. Nauch. Tsentr Akad. Nauk SSSR,

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in Europe and Asia. The range of the woolly rhinoceros contracted towards Siberia beginning around 17,000 years ago, with the youngest known records being around 14,000 years old in northeast Siberia, coinciding with the

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Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Lazarev, Peter A.; Sher, Andrei V.; Davydov, Sergei P.; Bakulina, Nadezhda T.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Binladen, Jonas; Willerslev, Eske; Buigues, Bernard; Tikhonov, Alexey N. (2011-08-01).

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Yuan, Junxia; Sun, Guojiang; Xiao, Bo; Hu, Jiaming; Wang, Linying; Taogetongqimuge; Bao, Lei; Hou, Yamei; Song, Shiwen; Jiang, Shan; Wu, Yong; Pan, Dong; Liu, Yang; Westbury, Michael V.; Lai, Xulong (2023-09-26).

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The skull had a length between 70 and 90 cm (30 and 35 in). It was longer than those of other rhinoceros, giving the head a deep, downward-facing slanting position, similar to its fossil relative

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Prothero, D.R., Guérin, C. & Manning, E. 1989. The History of Rhinocerotoidea. In: The Evolution of Perissodactyls (eds. Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R.M.). Oxford University Press, New York, 321-340.

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Mania, Dietrich; Toepfer, V. (1973). "Königsaue. Gliederung, Ökologie und mittelpaläolithische Funde der letzten Eiszeit. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle/Saale" (in German).

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Lazarev, P.A., Grigoriev, S.E., Plotnikov, V.V., 2010. Woolly rhinoceroses from Yakutia//evolution of life on the Earth. In: Proceedings of the IV International Symposium. TML-Press, Tomsk, pp. 555e558.

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wrote a report on his expeditions to Siberia where he found a skull and two horns in the permafrost. In 1772, Pallas acquired a head and two legs of a rhinoceros from the locals in

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Schreve, Danielle; Howard, Andy; Currant, Andrew; Brooks, Stephen; Buteux, Simon; Coope, Russell; Crocker, Barnaby; Field, Michael; Greenwood, Malcolm; Greig, James; Toms, Phillip (2012-12-18).

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rivers. A whole skeleton was found soon afterwards, with preserved skin, fur, and stomach contents. In 1976, schoolchildren on a class trip found a 20,000-year-old rhinoceros skeleton on the

2388:. Photographs were published in paleontological journals and textbooks, and the first modern paintings of the species were based on the mounted specimen. The rhino is now located in the 4434:

Baumann, Willfried; Mania, Dietrich (1983). "Ein mittelpaläolithisches Rentierlager bei Salzgitter-Lebenstedt" [A Middle Paleolithic reindeer site near Salzgitter-Lebenstedt.].

1695: in), while those of rhinos in hot climates are about 30 cm (12 in). Their tails were also relatively shorter. It also had thick skin, ranging from 5 to 15 mm ( 4489:

Döppes, Doris (1997). "Die jungpleistozäne Säugetierfauna der Gudenushöhle (Niederösterreich)" [The Late Pleistocene mammal fauna of the Gudenus Cave (Lower Austria)].

4404:(Blumenbach 1807) aus dem oberpleistozänen Fleckenhyänenhorst Perick-Höhlen im Nordsauerland (NW Deutschland) und Beitrag zur Taphonomie von Wollnashornknochen in Westfalen" 2453:

In September 2014, a mummified young rhinoceros was discovered by two hunters, Alexander “Sasha” Banderov and Simeon Ivanov, at a tributary of the Semyulyakh River in the

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Die paläolithischen Neufunde von Markkleeberg bei Leipzig (Mit Beiträgen von L. Eißmann und V. Toepfer). Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Dresden.

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from the late Pleistocene. Mitochondrial genomes suggest that the last mitochondrial ancestor of Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses lived around 570,000 years ago.

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Blum.) from Starunia, Poland (Geology, Mineralogy, Flora and Fauna). Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Naturelles, Série B: Sciences Naturelles, Supplément 1-47.

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Schubert, von, G.H., 1823. Die Urwelt und die Fixsterne: eine Zugabe zu den Ansichten von der Nachtseite der Naturwissenschaft . Arnoldischen Buchhandlung, Dresden.

5194: 4672: 4654: 3853: 4014:"A Middle Devensian woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from Whitemoor Haye Quarry, Staffordshire (UK): palaeoenvironmental context and significance" 2465:

most of its internal organs intact. The discovery was also notable for the preservation of a small nasal horn, a rarity as these normally decompose quickly.

5550: 2619: 2298:, dating to 14,200 years ago, and northeast Siberia, dating to around 14,000 years ago. The youngest records of the species coincide with the onset of the 2119:

individuals of old age display extensive wear and loss of their anterior premolars as a result of tooth abrasion from their intensive grazing lifestyle.

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The woolly rhinoceros had a similar life history to modern rhinos. Studies on milk teeth show that individuals developed similarly to both the white and

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Nikolskiy, Pavel; Pitulko, Vladimir (2013). "Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting".

3240:"When the woolly rhinoceroses roamed East Asia: a review of isotopic paleoecology of the genus Coelodonta from the Tibetan Plateau to northern Eurasia" 3058:"A Middle Pleistocene Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Les Rameaux, SW France, and a revised phylogeny of Coelodonta" 5531: 1865:

on vegetation. It had a wide upper lip like that of the white rhinoceros, which allowed it to easily pluck vegetation directly from the ground.

2438:. Its upward-facing position indicates that the animal probably fell into mud and sank. Next year in 2008, a nearly complete skeleton came from the 2090:

interglacial, the range of the woolly rhinoceros extended into temperate regions such as Poland. It had the widest range of any rhinoceros species.

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The woolly rhinoceros had several features which reduced the body's surface area and minimized heat loss. Its ears were no longer than 24 cm (

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on cave walls or drawn in red or black. One scene depicts two rhinos fighting each other with their horns. Other illustrations are found in the

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rapid climatic change during the last glacial period, when the animal faced increased stress from competition with other large herbivores.

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sent an expedition to Starunia, finding the mummified remains of three rhinos. One specimen, missing only its horns and fur, was taken to the

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Both horns and bones of the rhinoceros were used as raw materials for tools and weapons, as were remains from other animals. In what is now

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Rey-Iglesia, Alba; Lister, Adrian M.; Stuart, Anthony J.; Bocherens, Hervé; Szpak, Paul; Willerslev, Eske; Lorenzen, Eline D. (July 2021).

2579: 1959:-poor fodder. It had to consume a heavy amount of food to account for the low nutritive content of its diet. Woolly rhinos living in the 5512: 2267: 4298:

Garutt, N. V., & Boeskorov, G. G. (2001). Woolly rhinoceroses: On the history of the genus. Mamont i ego okruzhenie, 200, 157-167.

1889:. Isotope studies on horns show that the woolly rhinoceros had a seasonal diet; different areas of horn growth suggest that it mainly 5859: 5753: 3098:"Chronology and distribution of Central and Eastern European Pleistocene rhinoceroses (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) – A review" 3001:

Deng, T.; Wang, X.; Fortelius, M.; Li, Q.; Wang, Y.; Tseng, Z.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Saylor, J.E.; Säilä, L.K. & Xie, G. (2011).

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Kirillova, Irina V.; Shidlovskiy, Fedor K. (2010-11-01). "Estimation of individual age and season of death in woolly rhinoceros,

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horn suggests seasonal changes in the diet. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM. 24. 3146-50. 10.1002/rcm.4755.

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of Tibet dating to approximately 3.7 million years ago, with the genus being present in Siberia, Mongolia, and China during the

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also known as Merck's rhinoceros, temperate adapted rhinoceros species native to Europe and Asia during Middle-Late Pleistocene

2166:, Germany), have heavily beaten rhinoceros bones lined with slash marks. This action was done partly to extract the nutritious 5667: 1932:

and neck muscles is consistent with that required to resist the large tugging forces generated when taking large mouthfuls of

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Seeber, Pa; Batke, L; Dvornikov, Y; Schmidt, A; Wang, Y; Stoof-Leichsenring, Kr; Moon, Kl; Shapiro, B; Epp, Ls (2023-09-01).

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Tiunov, Alexei & Kirillova, Irina. (2010). Stable isotope (C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14) composition of the woolly rhinoceros

3490:"Horns of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1799) in the Ice Age Museum collection (Moscow, Russia)" 2838: 4453:(Rhinocerotidae) du Pléistocène moyen final de l'aven de Romain-la-Roche (Doubs, France)" [The Late Middle Pleistocene 3201:"Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb" 3496:. Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010. 1861:

that grew in the mammoth steppe. Its long, slanted head with a downward-facing posture, and tooth structure all helped it

5318:"The Starunia collections in the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków" 5259:

Fisch.) wraz z współczesną florą i fauną. Muzeum im. Dzieduszyckich we Lwowie, 15, 386 pp + atlas (67 tab.). (In Polish).

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With their massive horns and size, adults had few predators, but young individuals could be attacked by animals such as

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Pushkina, Diana (2007). "The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian

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Lethaea geognostica oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der für die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen

2712:. Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794. John Stockdale, Piccadilly. 2138:

Europe are found in the same places where human remains or artifacts were found, but this may have occurred naturally.

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Faunal Complex. With its wide distribution, the woolly rhinoceros lived in some areas alongside the other rhinoceroses

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to have been present in the region, date to approximately 450,000 years ago. The woolly rhinoceros is divided into two

357:. The woolly rhinoceros was covered with long, thick hair that allowed it to survive in the extremely cold, harsh 369:

and many bone remains of woolly rhinoceroses have been found. Images of woolly rhinoceroses are found among

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One of the earliest scientific descriptions of an ancient rhinoceros species was made in 1769, when the naturalist

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Boeskorov, G. G.; Lazarev, P. A.; Bakulina, N. T.; Shchelchkova, M. V.; Davydov, S. P.; Solomonov, N. G. (2009).

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Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Kovalchuk, Oleksandr; Marciszak, Adrian; Sobczyk, Artur; Socha, Paweł (28 September 2023).

3142:"Ancient mitogenomes reveal a high maternal genetic diversity of Pleistocene woolly rhinoceros in Northern China" 2658: 5910: 5682: 5274:"The Starunia collections in the Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv" 3320:

Boeskorov, G. G. (2012). "Some specific morphological and ecological features of the fossil woolly rhinoceros (

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Lethaea Geognostica, or pictures and descriptions of the most characteristic fossils of the mountain formations

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about 130,000 years ago, the woolly rhinoceros lived throughout northern Eurasia, spanning most of Europe, the

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records possibly extending the range of the species around 9,800 years ago. Its closest living relative is the

5388: 1825:. The two teats in the female suggest that she raised one calf, or more rarely two, every two to three years. 1650:

metric tons (5,300–6,400 lb)) making it comparable in size to the largest living rhinoceros species, the

5877: 4310:"Environmental conditions across Poland during the Eemian Interglacial reconstructed from vertebrate remains" 3593:

Kalandadze N.N., Shapovalov A.V. & Tesakova E.M.— On nomenclatural problems concerning woolly rhinoceros

2489: 2442:. That same year, locals near the Amga discovered mummified rhinoceros remains, and over the next two years, 1457: 423:

maintained the belief that the horns were the claws of giant birds, and classified the animal under the name

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and dental characteristics that support a grazing feeding preference. In particular, the enlargement of the

4715: 3546:, Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) into Europe and its adaptive evolution in Palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas" 2604:

The Mammoth and the Flood: An Attempt to Confront the Theory of Uniformity with the Facts of Recent Geology

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wide ranges of grass and bushes. The woolly rhinoceros lived alongside other large herbivores, such as the

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Mitochondrial genomes of Pleistocene megafauna retrieved from recent sediment layers of two Siberian lakes

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during the last ice age (which connected Asia to North America), with its easterly-most occurrence at the

1836:. A skull was found with trauma indicating an attack from a feline, but the animal survived to adulthood. 5745: 5740: 2212: 1335: 451: 313: 256: 5668:

More pictures of the fully preserved tar pit wholly rhinoceros that was found in Poland (text in Polish)

4963:"High incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses" 1798: 1585:

are suggested to have diverged from those of the Sumatran rhinoceros around 9.4 million years ago, with

5407: 4356: 2498: 1734: 1439: 137: 3489: 455: 4352:"Extinct Eurasian rhinoceros Coelodonta and Stephanorhinus dental pathologies and tooth change modus" 4127:(Blumenbach 1799) (Mammalia, Rhinocerotidae) from the Tomsk Priob'e area (southeast Western Siberia)" 3947: 2749:

Gehler, Alexander & Reich, Mike & Mol, Dick & Plicht, Hans. (2007). The type material of

2190: 2182: 934: 4800:"Pre-extinction Demographic Stability and Genomic Signatures of Adaptation in the Woolly Rhinoceros" 4535: 4475: 5364:

Nowak, J., Panow, E., Tokarski, J., Szafer, W. & Stach, J. 1930. The second woolly rhinoceros (

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pit. A month later, a rhinoceros was found 5 metres (15 ft) underneath. Both were sent to the

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Mazza, Paul; Azzaroli, A. (1993). "Ethological inferences on Pleistocene rhinoceroses of Europe".

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Chernova, O. F.; Protopopov, A. V.; Perfilova, T. V.; Kirillova, I. V.; Boeskorov, G. G. (2016).

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Guérin (1980) (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Les Rameaux, SW France, and a revised phylogeny of

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Relationships of the woolly rhinoceros based on morphology, excluding African rhinoceros species:

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Mallet, Christophe; Billet, Guillaume; Cornette, Raphaël; Alexandra Houssaye, And (2022-11-02).

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in China, and the oldest remains of the species in Europe, which represents the only species of

5823: 5693: 5408:"Preliminary study of a mummified woolly rhinoceros from the lower reaches of the Kolyma River" 2772: 2587: 1641: 4550: 3678: 2200:

is a late Paleolithic figure of a man engraved on a rib bone of a woolly rhinoceros, found at

5818: 4522: 4462: 1318: 1153: 749: 354: 236: 5810: 3003:"Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores" 2602: 2407: 2193:

has a tip made of rhinoceros horn, the furthest north a human artifact has ever been found.

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Fortelius, Mikael (1983). "The morphology and paleobiological significance of the horns of

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to other Late Pleistocene-recent rhinoceros species based on genomic data is given below.

8: 5940: 4590:. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 2017–216. 2512: 2294:

interval between 17-15,000 years ago, with its youngest confirmed records being from the

2147: 2079: 2075: 1890: 1862: 1665:

Frozen specimens indicate that the rhino's long fur coat was reddish-brown, with a thick

696: 511: 383: 5481: 5229: 5113: 5040: 4937: 4815: 4624: 4369: 4309: 4230: 4145: 4083: 3757: 3644: 3564: 3505: 3458: 3384: 3337: 3176: 3141: 3109: 3073: 3018: 2959: 2710:

Travels Through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire: In the Years 1793 and 1794

2556: 2365:. Later in 1877, a Siberian trader recovered a head and one leg from a tributary of the 2263:. Some images show rhinoceroses struck with spears or arrows, signifying human hunting. 5612: 5446: 5347: 5162: 5138: 5097: 5078: 5065: 5024: 4999: 4962: 4845: 4588:

The Killing Fields of Zwolén: A Middle Paleolithic Kill-butchery-site in Central Poland

4457:(Rhinocerotidae) from the sinkhole of Romain-la-Roche (Doubs, France)] (in French). 4103: 4044: 3835: 3349: 3121: 3038: 2650: 2381: 2151: 2098: 2094: 1609: 957: 472: 435: 304: 292: 132: 3002: 2885:"Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family" 2231:

About 20 Paleolithic drawings of woolly rhinos were known before the discovery of the

5805: 5604: 5596: 5493: 5438: 5430: 5351: 5339: 5298: 5241: 5143: 5125: 5082: 5070: 5052: 5004: 4986: 4902: 4890: 4849: 4837: 4774: 4694: 4636: 4591: 4556: 4281: 4277: 4242: 4157: 4095: 4036: 3979: 3827: 3769: 3656: 3576: 3517: 3470: 3396: 3286: 3261: 3220: 3181: 3163: 3125: 3030: 2983: 2924: 2916: 2834: 2654: 2642: 2320: 2255:

shows a noticeably higher head posture, and others were drawn in red pigments in the

2224: 2087: 2071: 1973: 1929: 1811: 1605: 640: 379: 5616: 5489: 4946: 4921: 4871:"52,000 years of woolly rhinoceros population dynamics reveal extinction mechanisms" 4377: 4238: 4048: 3839: 3652: 3572: 3466: 3353: 3081: 2564: 2310:

is likely to have played a role in its extinction. The presence of large numbers of

1815: 5850: 5630: 5588: 5485: 5450: 5422: 5329: 5288: 5233: 5166: 5133: 5117: 5060: 5044: 4994: 4976: 4941: 4898: 4882: 4827: 4819: 4628: 4373: 4273: 4234: 4149: 4107: 4087: 4028: 3819: 3761: 3648: 3568: 3509: 3462: 3392: 3388: 3341: 3251: 3212: 3171: 3153: 3113: 3077: 3042: 3022: 2973: 2963: 2906: 2896: 2634: 2560: 2454: 2362: 2197: 1833: 1822: 1651: 660: 597: 577: 398: 362: 5187:"Three Centuries of Hunting for Ice Age Mummies and the Prospect of De-Extinction" 5792: 5293: 4768: 4153: 3973: 3765: 3513: 3280: 3216: 3117: 2439: 2244: 2177:, Poland, a device was made from a battered woolly rhinoceros pelvis. Half-meter 2105:

combined with competition from other large herbivores on the frigid land bridge.

2059: 1866: 350: 5551:"Sasha, the world's only baby woolly rhino, is 34,000 years old, say scientists" 2431:'s left bank, uncovering a skull with both horns, a spine, ribs and limb bones. 1723: 5334: 5317: 5121: 5048: 4870: 4716:"Fighting Rhino & Four Horses - The Cave Art Paintings of the Chauvet Cave" 3158: 2901: 2884: 2458: 2447: 2435: 2295: 2260: 2201: 2178: 2045: 2032: 2028: 2016: 1917: 1803: 1781: 1745: 1358: 865: 516: 361:. It had a massive hump reaching from its shoulder and fed mainly on 358: 189: 5592: 5426: 5025:"Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics" 4823: 4632: 3345: 3256: 3239: 3056:

Uzunidis, Antigone; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Brugal, Jean-Philip (July 2022).

2450:

and ribs were excavated along with forelimbs and hind limbs with toes intact.

2315:

relatively large, despite long-term co-existence with humans in the region. A

5894: 5716: 5600: 5497: 5434: 5343: 5302: 5245: 5129: 5056: 4990: 4894: 4655:"13,300 year old spear made of woolly rhinoceros horn found on Arctic island" 4640: 4285: 4246: 4212:"The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta Faunal Complex)" 4161: 4040: 3831: 3773: 3660: 3626:

in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia"

3580: 3521: 3474: 3400: 3265: 3224: 3167: 2987: 2920: 2646: 2638: 2475: 2303: 2252: 2163: 2063: 2051: 1944: 1921: 1758: 1740: 1617: 848: 827: 546: 485: 370: 70: 4886: 3094: 3026: 2434:

In 2007, a partial rhinoceros carcass was found in the lower reaches of the

2134: 2101:, probably due to the low grass density and lack of suitable habitat in the 5608: 5442: 5147: 5074: 5008: 4906: 4841: 4099: 3185: 3034: 2928: 2757:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) / Tipovoj material 2753:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) / Типовой материал 2354: 2311: 2232: 2217: 2181:, made from a woolly rhinoceros horn about 27,000 years ago, came from the 2155: 1901: 1769: 1030: 470:

in 1831 because of its differences in dental formation with members of the

119: 5797: 5171: 2535:

Uzunidis, A.; Antoine, P.-O.; Brugal, J.-P. (2022). "A Middle Pleistocene

2159: 5766: 5725: 4922:"Late Pleistocene paleoecology and phylogeography of woolly rhinoceroses" 2580:"Quaternary mammalian fossils from Hsintsai, South-Eastern part of Honan" 2443: 2428: 2358: 2256: 2236: 2167: 347: 45: 4091: 2978: 2797:"The rhinos from the Middle Pleistocene of Neumark-Nord (Saxony-Anhalt)" 1790:, from Greek τειχος (teikhos) "wall", ῥις (ῥιν-) (rhis (rhin-)) "nose". 5864: 5758: 5570:"Hair microstructure of the first time found calf of woolly rhinoceros 5532:"Lifelike again after 34,000 years, the world's only baby woolly rhino" 4981: 4832: 4739: 4491:

Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Niederösterreichischen Landesmuseums

3923:(Blumenbach, 1807) from the Upper Pleistocene of north-western Germany" 3823: 2911: 2534: 2424: 2420: 2411:

Cast of the mummified Starunia specimen, Natural History Museum, London

2366: 2350: 2186: 1858: 1839:

Woolly rhinos may have used their horns for combat, probably including

1773: 1303: 1174: 902: 502: 447: 408: 366: 343: 212: 199: 90: 55: 5771: 5237: 3793:

Woolly Rhinoceros: Morphology, Systematics and Geological Significance

3198: 2235:

in France. They are dated at over 31,000 years old, probably from the

4032: 3739:(Blumenbach, 1799) in the Ice Age Museum collection (Moscow, Russia)" 3488:

Shidlovskiy, Fedor K.; Kirillova, Irina V.; Wood, John (2012-03-26).

2968: 2943: 2416: 2385: 2377: 2275: 2240: 2020: 1978: 1952: 1937: 365: that grew in the steppe. Mummified carcasses preserved in 149: 95: 5687: 5567: 5405: 2400:. A plaster cast was made soon afterwards, which is now held in the 2341: 2174: 2146:

was found near the carcass. A few sites from the early phase of the

1998: 1670: 5844: 5710: 3278: 3000: 2373: 2316: 2024: 1909: 1762: 1761:

in both jaws. The molars were high-crowned and had a thick coat of

1754: 1666: 1601: 416: 169: 85: 80: 65: 60: 50: 4307: 415:. In 1590, it was used as the basis for the head on a statue of a 5872: 5214: 4796: 2944:"Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae" 2271: 2248: 2067: 2011: 2007: 1956: 1948: 1870: 1750: 1659: 439: 428: 100: 75: 4961:

van der Geer, Alexandra A.E.; Galis, Frietson (29 August 2017).

4919: 4065:"Fifty thousand years of Arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet" 3733:

Shidlovskiy, Fedor K.; Kirillova, Irina V.; Wood, John (2012).

2324: 1960: 1933: 1925: 1874: 500:

The woolly rhinoceros was the most recent species of the genus

412: 179: 159: 2415:

Skull and rib fragments of a rhinoceros were found in 1972 in

1916:

of a well-preserved last cold stage individual recovered from

1780:

types or today's rhinoceroses. This ossification inspired the

4967: 3677:

van der Made, Jan; Grube, René (2010). Meller, Harald (ed.).

2620:"Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals" 2384:, where a detailed description was published in the museum's 2353:

region. In 1771, a head, two legs and hide were found in the

2319:

survival of the species has been suggested by the finding of

2143: 2102: 1913: 1905: 1878: 1829: 1675: 514:, and the genus is also closely related to the extinct genus 3282:

Extinctions in Near Time. Causes, Contexts, and Consequences

1744:

as well as the white rhinoceros. Strong muscles on its long

5160: 5021: 4061: 3799:(Doctoral dissertation abstract). Russian Mining Institute. 3436: 1968: 1886: 1882: 1658:). Both males and females had two horns which were made of 5328:(1). AGHU University of Science and Technology Press: 71. 4011: 2002:

Range of the woolly rhinoceros, including sites of fossils

1593:

around 5.5 million years ago. The oldest known species of

4867: 2881: 2349:

Many rhinoceros remains have been found preserved in the

2274:, Czech Republic, was found with more than seven hundred 476:

genus. This name comes from the Greek words κοιλος (

3732: 3540:

Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich; Lacombat, Frédéric (2008-11-01).

3487: 2761:(Blumenbach) (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae). 1608:. The woolly rhinoceros first appeared during the early 5631:"Woolly rhino from Ice Age unearthed in Russian Arctic" 3818:(2). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 127–137. 3686:(in German and English). Halle/Saale. pp. 382–394. 2781:] (in German). Vol. 2. Stuttgart. p. 451. 2376:, Russian Empire, found a mammoth carcass buried in an 3680:

The rhinoceroses from Neumark-Nord and their nutrition

2607:. S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. p. 7. 402:

Molar tooth showing the cavity the genus was named for

4495:

Scientific communications of the Lower Austria Museum

3279:

Hans-Dieter Sues, Ross D.E. MacPhee (June 30, 1999).

3055: 2496: 411:, Austria, in 1335, and was believed to be that of a 5463: 2228:

Many paintings show a black band dividing the body.

746: 723: 542: 454:

studied rhinoceros bones from the collection of the

4548: 3889:"Traumatic skull damages in the woolly rhinoceros, 2994: 3440:"Woolly rhino discovery in the lower Kolyma River" 2831:Living Ice Age: Climate and wildlife in transition 2804:Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie 5513:"Meet Sasha - the world's only baby woolly rhino" 5468:(Blumenbach, 1799), from Sakha-Yakutia, Russia". 4960: 3676: 3535: 3533: 3531: 27:Extinct species of rhinoceros of northern Eurasia 5892: 5678:Fossil skull of a woolly rhinoceros from Germany 5673:Fossil skull of a woolly rhinoceros from Belgium 5272:Chornobay, Yuriy M.; Drygant, Daniel M. (2009). 5271: 4610: 3622:"Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros 3542:"The earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros ( 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 2082:°N. Fossils have been found as far north as the 1715: in), heaviest on the chest and shoulders. 5096:Miller, Joshua H.; Simpson, Carl (2022-12-01). 4875:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4693:. University of California Press. p. 153. 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3238:Ma, Jiao; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (2024-04-11). 2827:Lebendige Eiszeit: Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel 2824: 3620:Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (2012). 3539: 3528: 2725:A History of British Fossil Mammals, and Birds 1857:Woolly rhinoceroses mostly fed on grasses and 1768:The nasal septum of the woolly rhinoceros was 5095: 4400:"Eingeschleppte und benagte Knochenreste von 4123:"Juvenile remains of the "woolly rhinoceros" 3882: 3880: 3878: 3809: 3785: 3783: 3360: 3306: 3138: 2736: 2734: 2707: 2577: 2398:Aquarium and Natural History Museum in Kraków 2323:of the woolly rhinoceros in sediments of the 484:"tooth"), from the depression in the rhino's 5683:International Rhino Foundation: Woolly Rhino 4549:Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.; Stringer, C. (2010). 4511: 4433: 4175: 4173: 4171: 3971: 3619: 3600: 2392:along with the mammoth. Later, in 1929, the 353:. The woolly rhinoceros was a member of the 5655:Dinosaurus: The Complete Guide to Dinosaurs 3965: 3672: 3670: 2856:"Siberia Surrenders Woolly Rhino Mysteries" 2790: 2788: 2122: 1993: 1951:fermentor with a single stomach, consuming 1636: 520:. A cladogram showing the relationships of 378:, which likely disrupted its habitat, with 346:that inhabited northern Eurasia during the 4762: 4760: 4688: 4292: 3875: 3780: 3702:"Dental ontogeny of the woolly rhinoceros 3432: 3430: 3237: 2731: 1869:shows it also ate woody plants (including 118: 5936:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 5548: 5504: 5333: 5292: 5170: 5137: 5064: 4998: 4980: 4945: 4831: 4411:Mitteilungen der Höhlen und Karstforscher 4168: 3856:[Why the woolly rhino died out]. 3695: 3693: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3366: 3319: 3255: 3205:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3175: 3157: 2977: 2967: 2910: 2900: 2479:, another Pleistocene Eurasian rhinoceros 2278:of animals, many of woolly rhinoceroses. 1947:confirm that the woolly rhinoceros was a 1936:from the ground. The presence of a large 4397: 4349: 4259: 4120: 3948:"Woolly Mammoths and Rhinos Ate Flowers" 3916: 3910: 3860:(in Russian). 2012-04-22. Archived from 3728: 3726: 3667: 2941: 2808:State Office of Archeology Saxony-Anhalt 2794: 2785: 2406: 2340: 2286:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2211: 2035:– an assortment of animals known as the 1997: 1967:consumed approximately equal volumes of 1797: 1722: 1640: 397: 5267: 5265: 4766: 4757: 4684: 4682: 4552:The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain 2600: 2530: 2528: 1897:for shrubs and branches in the winter. 1814:in late Pleistocene northern Spain, by 1669:that lay under a layer of long, coarse 14: 5893: 4713: 4585: 4488: 4448: 4350:Diedrich, Cajus G. (1 February 2023). 4209: 3886: 3789: 3690: 3407: 2877: 2875: 2853: 2743: 2006:The woolly rhinoceros lived mainly in 1718: 488:structure, giving the scientific name 5692: 5691: 5529: 5510: 5315: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4792: 4790: 4665: 4179: 3723: 2770: 2617: 2302:, which likely resulted in increased 5878:91006D9C-A88F-4624-BC60-09578F32DD6F 5262: 4679: 4387:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4210:Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich (2014-07-15). 2722: 2708:Pallas, P.S.; Blagdon, F.W. (1812). 2525: 2345:Mummified remains discovered in 1771 1443:(Narrow-nosed or steppe rhinoceros) 5657:. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 422. 2872: 2633:(2). Aquatic Mammals Journal: 254. 2394:Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences 2357:in eastern Siberia and sent to the 2336: 2331: 2189:. A 13,300-year-old spear found on 2158:(Austria) and the open air site of 458:, and proposed the scientific name 41:Middle Pleistocene–Late Pleistocene 24: 5015: 4913: 4856: 4787: 4455:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 4451:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 3975:Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe 3699: 3373:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3244:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2935: 2537:Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor 2111: 25: 5952: 5661: 4613:Journal of Archaeological Science 4186:) distribution in Northeast Asia" 1776:, which is not the case in older 506:. The closest living relative of 4278:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00109.x 3854:"Почему вымер шерстистый носоро" 3735:"Horns of the woolly rhinoceros 2506: 1624:from the middle Pleistocene and 136: 43: 5623: 5561: 5542: 5523: 5490:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.036 5457: 5399: 5381: 5371: 5358: 5309: 5252: 5208: 5179: 5154: 5098:"When did mammoths go extinct?" 5089: 4954: 4947:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106993 4773:. University of Chicago Press. 4732: 4707: 4689:Bahn, P.G.; Vertut, J. (1997). 4647: 4604: 4579: 4569: 4542: 4505: 4482: 4442: 4427: 4417: 4391: 4378:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107922 4343: 4334: 4301: 4253: 4239:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.012 4203: 4114: 4055: 4005: 3992: 3978:. University of Chicago Press. 3940: 3858:All-Russian Festival of Science 3846: 3803: 3653:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007 3587: 3573:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.07.013 3481: 3467:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.010 3272: 3231: 3192: 3132: 3088: 3082:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107594 3049: 2847: 2818: 2810:] (in German and English). 2764: 2565:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107594 2093:It seemingly did not cross the 1793: 1461:(Merck's or forest rhinoceros) 492:, "hollow-tooth of antiquity". 5549:Liesowska, Anna (2019-12-23). 4619:(12). Elsevier BV: 4189–4197. 3393:10.1080/02724634.1983.10011964 2716: 2701: 2692: 2676:"RRC: The Klagenfurt Lindwurm" 2668: 2618:Price, Samantha (2007-06-01). 2611: 2594: 2571: 2207: 1631: 421:Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert 13: 1: 5931:Fossil taxa described in 1799 5926:Fossil taxa described in 1831 5906:Prehistoric mammals of Europe 4770:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 4438:(in German). Band 16. Berlin. 4021:Journal of Quaternary Science 3371:(Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae)". 2948:Journal of Quaternary Science 2942:Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). 2519: 2490:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 2281: 2223:Many cave paintings from the 1458:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 1417:Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis 754:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 442:, and named the species 5916:Piacenzian first appearances 5389:"Woolly Rhino Fossils Found" 5294:10.7494/geotour.2009.18.3.45 5193:. 2018-05-18. Archived from 4154:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.047 3766:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.051 3514:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.06.051 3285:. Springer US. p. 262. 3118:10.1016/j.quaint.2023.02.004 2860:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 2825:von Koenigswald, W. (2002). 2288:Late Pleistocene extinctions 2086:. Even during the very warm 495: 7: 5581:Doklady Biological Sciences 5415:Doklady Biological Sciences 4691:Journey Through the Ice Age 2833:] (in German). Theiss. 2584:Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 2468: 2372:In October 1907, miners in 1336:Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti 452:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 393: 342:) is an extinct species of 127:Woolly rhinoceros skeleton 10: 5957: 5470:Quaternary Science Reviews 5335:10.7494/geotour.2009.18.71 5122:10.1038/s41586-022-05416-3 5049:10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x 4926:Quaternary Science Reviews 4555:. ISSN. Elsevier Science. 4357:Quaternary Science Reviews 4219:Quaternary Science Reviews 3919:"A skeleton of an injured 3633:Quaternary Science Reviews 3553:Quaternary Science Reviews 3447:Quaternary Science Reviews 3217:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac007 3159:10.1186/s12862-023-02168-0 3062:Quaternary Science Reviews 2902:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 2545:Quaternary Science Reviews 2285: 2127: 1735:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 1440:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus 866:Lartetotherium sansaniense 5834: 5700: 5593:10.1134/s0012496616060090 5427:10.1134/s0012496609010165 4824:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.046 4633:10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.020 3972:Dale Guthrie, R. (1990). 3346:10.1134/S106235901208002X 3257:10.3389/fevo.2024.1377000 3146:BMC Ecology and Evolution 2191:Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island 2183:Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site 2074:, ranging to extremes of 1984: 1454: 1436: 1429: 1414: 1407: 1392: 1385: 1373:Stephanorhinus jeanvireti 1370: 1363: 1332: 1315: 1308: 1296: 1251: 1234: 1227: 1210: 1203: 1186: 1179: 1167: 1150: 1143: 1126: 1119: 1083: 1066: 1059: 1042: 1035: 1023: 987: 969: 962: 935:Nesorhinus philippinensis 931: 914: 907: 895: 888: 862: 845: 838: 831: 821: 744: 721: 714: 694: 687: 658: 638: 631: 624: 595: 575: 568: 561: 540: 532: 298: 291: 269: 264: 242: 235: 133:Scientific classification 131: 126: 117: 34: 5921:Pleistocene rhinoceroses 4449:Guérin, Claude (2010). " 4398:Diedrich, Cajus (2008). 4134:Quaternary International 3917:Diedrich, Cajus (2008). 3752:. Elsevier BV: 125–129. 3746:Quaternary International 3544:Coelodonta tologoijensis 3494:Quaternary International 3102:Quaternary International 2639:10.1578/am.33.2.2007.254 2308:Population fragmentation 2251:caves. One drawing from 2123:Relationship with humans 1994:Habitat and distribution 1943:Comparisons with living 1637:Structure and appearance 1238:Coelodonta tologoijensis 1130:Dihoplus schleiermacheri 1087:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1046:Dicerorhinus gwebinensis 701:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 388:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 5901:Pleistocene extinctions 5836:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 5732:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5702:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5572:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5466:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5366:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5322:Geotourism/Geoturystyka 5281:Geotourism/Geoturystyka 4887:10.1073/pnas.2316419121 4402:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4315:Acta Geologica Polonica 4184:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4125:Coelodonta antiquitatis 4121:Shpansky, A.V. (2014). 4000:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3921:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3891:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3737:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3704:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3624:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3595:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3369:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3322:Coelodonta antiquitatis 3027:10.1126/science.1206594 2759:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2755:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2751:Coelodonta antiquitatis 2723:Owen, Richard. (1846). 2483:Narrow-nosed rhinoceros 2300:Bølling–Allerød warming 1881:), along with flowers, 1852: 1727:Woolly rhinoceros skull 1395:Stephanorhinus etruscus 1255:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1214:Coelodonta nihowanensis 1154:"Dihoplus" pikermiensis 1070:Dicerorhinus fusuiensis 731:Coelodonta antiquitatis 490:Coelodonta antiquitatis 480:, "hollow") and ὀδούς ( 460:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 456:University of Göttingen 376:Bølling–Allerød warming 339:Coelodonta antiquitatis 310:Rhinoceros antiquitatis 249:Coelodonta antiquitatis 5316:Kucha, Henryk (2009). 4767:Guthrie, R.D. (2005). 4714:Foundation, Bradshaw. 4673:"engraved bone/antler" 4530:Cite journal requires 4470:Cite journal requires 4262:Palaeoloxodon antiquus 4140:. Elsevier BV: 86–99. 2601:Howorth, H.H. (1887). 2578:Pei Wen-Chung (1956). 2412: 2402:Natural History Museum 2346: 2220: 2003: 1940:supports this theory. 1818: 1728: 1646: 1090:(Sumatran rhinoceros) 403: 319:Rhinoceros tichorhinus 5911:Pliocene rhinoceroses 5819:Paleobiology Database 5172:10.7554/elife.89992.1 4413:(in German): 100–117. 4272:(3). Wiley: 224–245. 4027:(2). Wiley: 118–130. 3887:Garutt, N.V. (1997). 3790:Garutt, N.V. (1998). 2895:(19): 4874–4885.e16. 2854:RFE/RL (2012-12-06). 2410: 2344: 2215: 2001: 1904:investigation of the 1801: 1726: 1644: 1319:Pliorhinus megarhinus 466:moved the species to 401: 355:Pleistocene megafauna 5476:(23–24): 3106–3114. 4810:(19): 3871–3879.e7. 3559:(21–22): 1951–1961. 3453:(17–18): 2262–2272. 2771:Bronn, H.G. (1838). 2390:Lviv National Museum 2185:on the banks of the 2084:New Siberian Islands 1965:Last Glacial Maximum 1893:in summer, while it 1841:intraspecific combat 1597:Coelodonta thibetana 1258:(woolly rhinoceros) 1190:Coelodonta thibetana 994:(Indian rhinoceros) 991:Rhinoceros unicornis 973:Rhinoceros sondaicus 918:Nesorhinus hayasakai 849:Gaindatherium browni 665:Rhinoceros sondaicus 645:Rhinoceros unicornis 464:Heinrich Georg Bronn 444:Rhinoceros lenenesis 425:Gryphus antiquitatis 301:Rhinoceros lenenesis 228:C. antiquitatis 5482:2010QSRv...29.3106K 5230:2008Geo....36..567K 5114:2022Natur.612E...1M 5041:2021Natur.600...86W 4938:2021QSRv..26306993R 4881:(24): e2316419121. 4816:2020CBio...30E3871L 4720:Bradshaw Foundation 4625:2013JArSc..40.4189N 4586:Schild, R. (2005). 4497:] (in German). 4370:2023QSRv..30107922D 4231:2014QSRv...96...32K 4146:2014QuInt.333...86S 4092:10.1038/nature12921 4084:2014Natur.506...47W 3758:2012QuInt.255..125S 3706:(Blumenbach, 1799)" 3645:2012QSRv...51....1S 3565:2008QSRv...27.1951K 3506:2012QuInt.255..125S 3459:2011QSRv...30.2262B 3385:1983JVPal...3..125F 3338:2012BioBu..39..692B 3324:Blumenbach 1799)". 3110:2023QuInt.674...87S 3104:. 674–675: 87–108. 3074:2022QSRv..28807594U 3019:2011Sci...333.1285D 3013:(6047): 1285–1288. 2960:2023JQS....38..291P 2795:van der Made, Jan. 2557:2022QSRv..28807594U 2382:Dzieduszycki Museum 2148:Last Glacial Period 1802:Woolly rhinoceros, 1719:Skull and dentition 1656:Ceratotherium simum 976:(Javan rhinoceros) 697:Sumatran rhinoceros 602:Ceratotherium simum 512:Sumatran rhinoceros 384:Sumatran rhinoceros 5637:. 30 December 2020 5517:The Siberian Times 5393:The New York Times 4982:10.7717/peerj.3684 3824:10.1007/bf03001424 2413: 2347: 2221: 2216:Cave paintings in 2152:Middle Paleolithic 2099:Chukotka Peninsula 2095:Bering land bridge 2058:By the end of the 2004: 1819: 1729: 1647: 1626:C. a. antiquitatis 1620:-subspecies, with 1610:Middle Pleistocene 1600:is known from the 750:Merck's rhinoceros 436:Peter Simon Pallas 404: 281:C. a. antiquitatis 5888: 5887: 5806:Open Tree of Life 5694:Taxon identifiers 5530:Liesowska, Anna. 5511:Liesowska, Anna. 5238:10.1130/G24654A.1 5165:(Report). elife. 4780:978-0-226-31126-5 4700:978-0-520-22900-6 4675:. British Museum. 4597:978-83-89499-23-3 4562:978-0-444-53598-6 3893:Blumenbach, 1799" 3812:Rendiconti Lincei 2840:978-3-8062-1734-6 2590:on 21 March 2018. 2321:environmental DNA 2225:Upper Paleolithic 2072:Mongolian Plateau 1606:Early Pleistocene 1581:The ancestors of 1578: 1577: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1347: 1346: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1108: 1107: 1099: 1098: 1012: 1011: 1003: 1002: 946: 945: 877: 876: 810: 809: 801: 800: 792: 791: 783: 782: 774: 773: 765: 764: 727:Woolly rhinoceros 676: 675: 641:Indian rhinoceros 613: 612: 380:environmental DNA 363:herbaceous plants 334:woolly rhinoceros 330: 329: 325: 316: 307: 285: 277: 35:Woolly rhinoceros 18:Woolly Rhinoceros 16:(Redirected from 5948: 5881: 5880: 5868: 5867: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5827: 5826: 5814: 5813: 5801: 5800: 5788: 5787: 5775: 5774: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5748: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5689: 5688: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5578: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5337: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5068: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4984: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4901: 11181021. 4865: 4854: 4853: 4835: 4798:(October 2020). 4794: 4785: 4784: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4177: 4166: 4165: 4131: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4069: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4033:10.1002/jqs.2594 4018: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3927: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3897: 3884: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3743: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3710: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3630: 3617: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3550: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3444: 3434: 3405: 3404: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3326:Biology Bulletin 3317: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3211:(3): 1235–1271. 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3161: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3053: 3047: 3046: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2971: 2969:10.1002/jqs.3496 2939: 2933: 2932: 2914: 2904: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2782: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2727:. J. Van Voorst. 2720: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2657:. Archived from 2624: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2586:. Archived from 2575: 2569: 2568: 2532: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2455:Abyysky District 2363:Saint Petersburg 2337:Frozen specimens 2332:Fossil specimens 2198:Pinhole Cave Man 1900:A strain vector 1823:black rhinoceros 1714: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1652:white rhinoceros 1622:C. a. praecursor 1432: 1431: 1410: 1409: 1388: 1387: 1366: 1365: 1311: 1310: 1299: 1298: 1230: 1229: 1206: 1205: 1182: 1181: 1170: 1169: 1146: 1145: 1122: 1121: 1062: 1061: 1038: 1037: 1026: 1025: 965: 964: 910: 909: 898: 897: 891: 890: 841: 840: 834: 833: 824: 823: 817: 816: 748: 725: 717: 716: 690: 689: 661:Javan rhinoceros 634: 633: 627: 626: 598:White rhinoceros 582:Diceros bicornis 578:Black rhinoceros 571: 570: 564: 563: 544: 538:Elasmotheriinae 535: 534: 528: 527: 462:. The geologist 321: 312: 303: 283: 275: 273:C. a. praecursor 251: 247: 211: 141: 140: 122: 112: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5793:Observation.org 5791: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5765: 5757: 5752: 5744: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5696: 5664: 5653:Parker, Steve. 5650: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5576: 5566: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5528: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5462: 5458: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5314: 5310: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5213: 5209: 5200: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5159: 5155: 5108:(7938): E1–E3. 5094: 5090: 5035:(7887): 86–92. 5020: 5016: 4959: 4955: 4918: 4914: 4866: 4857: 4804:Current Biology 4795: 4788: 4781: 4765: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4722: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4487: 4483: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4406: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4258: 4254: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4188: 4182:"Woolly rhino ( 4178: 4169: 4129: 4119: 4115: 4078:(7486): 47–51. 4067: 4060: 4056: 4016: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3952:livescience.com 3946: 3945: 3941: 3925: 3915: 3911: 3895: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3741: 3731: 3724: 3708: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3675: 3668: 3628: 3618: 3601: 3592: 3588: 3548: 3538: 3529: 3486: 3482: 3442: 3435: 3408: 3365: 3361: 3318: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3236: 3232: 3197: 3193: 3137: 3133: 3093: 3089: 3054: 3050: 2999: 2995: 2940: 2936: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2823: 2819: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2769: 2765: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2627:Aquatic Mammals 2622: 2616: 2612: 2599: 2595: 2576: 2572: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2471: 2440:Chukochya River 2339: 2334: 2291: 2284: 2268:Dolní Věstonice 2210: 2130: 2125: 2117:C. antiquitatis 2114: 2112:Palaeopathology 2108: 2060:Riss glaciation 1996: 1987: 1877: and 1867:Pollen analysis 1855: 1804:woolly mammoths 1796: 1721: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1639: 1634: 1589:diverging from 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1348: 1286: 1277: 1268: 1109: 1100: 1013: 1004: 947: 878: 811: 802: 793: 784: 775: 766: 677: 614: 559:Rhinocerotinae 522:C. antiquitatis 498: 431:of antiquity". 396: 317: 308: 260: 253: 245: 244: 231: 209: 135: 113: 111: 110: 109: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5869: 5856: 5840: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5815: 5802: 5789: 5776: 5763: 5750: 5737: 5722: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5662:External links 5660: 5659: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5622: 5587:(1): 291–295. 5560: 5555:Siberian Times 5541: 5536:Siberian Times 5522: 5503: 5456: 5398: 5380: 5370: 5357: 5308: 5261: 5251: 5224:(7): 567–570. 5207: 5178: 5153: 5088: 5014: 4953: 4912: 4855: 4786: 4779: 4756: 4731: 4706: 4699: 4678: 4664: 4659:Siberian Times 4646: 4603: 4596: 4578: 4568: 4561: 4541: 4532:|journal= 4504: 4481: 4472:|journal= 4441: 4426: 4416: 4390: 4342: 4333: 4300: 4291: 4252: 4202: 4180:Boeskorov, G. 4167: 4113: 4054: 4004: 3991: 3984: 3964: 3939: 3909: 3874: 3845: 3802: 3779: 3722: 3689: 3666: 3599: 3586: 3527: 3480: 3406: 3379:(2): 125–135. 3359: 3332:(8): 692–707. 3305: 3291: 3271: 3230: 3191: 3131: 3087: 3048: 2993: 2954:(3): 291–294. 2934: 2871: 2846: 2839: 2817: 2784: 2763: 2742: 2730: 2715: 2700: 2691: 2667: 2664:on 2019-12-08. 2610: 2593: 2570: 2543:Bronn, 1831". 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2467: 2448:tail vertebrae 2419:, between the 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2283: 2280: 2261:Ural Mountains 2209: 2206: 2202:Creswell Crags 2179:spear throwers 2154:, such as the 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2113: 2110: 2046:Stephanorhinus 2029:saiga antelope 2017:woolly mammoth 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1945:perissodactyls 1918:Whitemoor Haye 1854: 1851: 1816:Mauricio Antón 1795: 1792: 1782:junior synonym 1746:occipital bone 1720: 1717: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1591:Stephanorhinus 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1359:Stephanorhinus 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 968: 963: 961: 953: 952: 949: 948: 944: 943: 940: 939: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 913: 908: 906: 896: 894: 889: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 875: 874: 871: 870: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 822: 820: 815: 808: 807: 804: 803: 799: 798: 795: 794: 790: 789: 786: 785: 781: 780: 777: 776: 772: 771: 768: 767: 763: 762: 759: 758: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 720: 715: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 693: 688: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 674: 673: 670: 669: 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 611: 610: 607: 606: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 574: 569: 567: 562: 560: 556: 555: 552: 551: 539: 533: 531: 526: 517:Stephanorhinus 497: 494: 395: 392: 371:cave paintings 359:mammoth steppe 328: 327: 296: 295: 289: 288: 287: 286: 278: 267: 266: 262: 261: 254: 240: 239: 233: 232: 224: 222: 218: 217: 207: 203: 202: 200:Rhinocerotidae 197: 193: 192: 190:Perissodactyla 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 129: 128: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5953: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5395:. 1976-10-10. 5394: 5390: 5384: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5287:(18): 45–50. 5286: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5266: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5197:on 2019-11-07 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4741: 4740:"Kapova Cave" 4735: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4430: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:Mammal Review 4264:assemblage". 4263: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3985:9780226311234 3981: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3864:on 2014-05-21 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3700:Garutt, N.V. 3696: 3694: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3294: 3292:9780306460920 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2695: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2514: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2476:Elasmotherium 2473: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2312:cervical ribs 2309: 2305: 2304:precipitation 2301: 2297: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:Font-de-Gaume 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2164:Saxony-Anhalt 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Russian Plain 2061: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2052:Elasmotherium 2048: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:Staffordshire 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:biomechanical 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785:specific name 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1741:Elasmotherium 1737: 1736: 1725: 1716: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1643: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1007: 999: 998: 995: 993: 992: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 975: 974: 967: 966: 960: 959: 955: 954: 951: 950: 942: 941: 938: 937: 936: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 919: 912: 911: 905: 904: 900: 899: 893: 892: 886: 885: 882: 881: 873: 872: 869: 868: 867: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 850: 843: 842: 836: 835: 829: 828:Rhinocerotina 826: 825: 819: 818: 814: 806: 805: 797: 796: 788: 787: 779: 778: 770: 769: 761: 760: 757: 755: 751: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 732: 728: 719: 718: 712: 711: 708: 707: 704: 702: 698: 692: 691: 685: 684: 681: 680: 672: 671: 668: 666: 662: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 646: 642: 636: 635: 629: 628: 622: 621: 618: 617: 609: 608: 605: 603: 599: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 583: 579: 573: 572: 566: 565: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547:Elasmotherium 537: 536: 530: 529: 525: 523: 519: 518: 513: 509: 505: 504: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 400: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 345: 341: 340: 335: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 306: 302: 297: 294: 290: 282: 279: 274: 271: 270: 268: 263: 258: 252: 250: 241: 238: 237:Binomial name 234: 230: 229: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 139: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 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Retrieved 5634: 5625: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5563: 5554: 5544: 5535: 5525: 5516: 5506: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5421:(1): 53–56. 5418: 5414: 5401: 5392: 5383: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5284: 5280: 5254: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5199:. Retrieved 5195:the original 5190: 5181: 5156: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5032: 5028: 5017: 4972: 4966: 4956: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4878: 4874: 4807: 4803: 4769: 4747:. Retrieved 4743: 4734: 4723:. Retrieved 4719: 4709: 4690: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4571: 4551: 4544: 4523:cite journal 4514: 4507: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4463:cite journal 4454: 4450: 4444: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4393: 4381:. Retrieved 4361: 4355: 4345: 4336: 4326:17 September 4324:. Retrieved 4322:(3): 379–410 4319: 4313: 4303: 4294: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4222: 4218: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4183: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4116: 4075: 4071: 4057: 4024: 4020: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3974: 3967: 3956:. Retrieved 3954:. 2014-02-05 3951: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3866:. Retrieved 3862:the original 3857: 3848: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3792: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3679: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3594: 3589: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3450: 3446: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3298:17 September 3296:. Retrieved 3281: 3274: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3149: 3145: 3134: 3101: 3090: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2979:11563/163194 2951: 2947: 2937: 2892: 2888: 2863:. Retrieved 2859: 2849: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2724: 2718: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2683:. Retrieved 2679: 2670: 2659:the original 2630: 2626: 2613: 2603: 2596: 2588:the original 2583: 2573: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2513:Paleontology 2488: 2474: 2463: 2452: 2444:pelvic bones 2436:Kolyma river 2433: 2414: 2371: 2355:Vilyuy River 2348: 2292: 2266:The site of 2265: 2233:Chauvet Cave 2230: 2222: 2218:Chauvet Cave 2204:in England. 2195: 2172: 2156:Gudenus Cave 2150:in the late 2140: 2131: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2092: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2005: 1988: 1972: 1942: 1899: 1856: 1838: 1827: 1820: 1794:Paleobiology 1787: 1777: 1767: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1680: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1625: 1621: 1613: 1595:Coelodonta, 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1456: 1455: 1438: 1437: 1416: 1415: 1394: 1393: 1372: 1371: 1357: 1334: 1333: 1317: 1316: 1302: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1236: 1235: 1212: 1211: 1188: 1187: 1173: 1152: 1151: 1128: 1127: 1085: 1084: 1068: 1067: 1044: 1043: 1031:Dicerorhinus 1029: 989: 988: 971: 970: 956: 933: 932: 916: 915: 901: 864: 863: 847: 846: 812: 753: 745: 730: 726: 722: 700: 695: 664: 659: 644: 639: 601: 596: 581: 576: 545: 541: 521: 515: 507: 501: 499: 489: 481: 477: 471: 467: 459: 450:). In 1799, 443: 433: 424: 405: 387: 338: 337: 333: 331: 318: 309: 300: 299: 284:Guérin, 1980 280: 276:Guérin, 1980 272: 248: 243: 227: 226: 213: 29: 5767:iNaturalist 5726:Wikispecies 5641:31 December 4833:10037/20986 3906:(1): 37–46. 3500:: 125–129. 2912:10230/48693 2429:Aldan River 2404:in London. 2359:Kunstkamera 2257:Kapova Cave 2237:Aurignacian 2208:Ancient art 2168:bone marrow 1963:during the 1926:musculature 1924:, revealed 1788:tichorhinus 1774:premaxillae 1753:. It had 3 1645:Restoration 1632:Description 446:(after the 427:, meaning " 348:Pleistocene 265:Subspecies 5941:Coelodonta 5895:Categories 5851:Q122833814 5201:2019-11-02 4932:: 106993. 4744:Don's Maps 4725:2019-10-28 4364:: 107922. 3958:2019-11-07 3936:(1): 1–16. 3868:2019-11-07 3068:: 107594. 2865:2019-12-09 2814:: 432–527. 2685:2019-12-08 2551:. 107594. 2541:Coelodonta 2520:References 2367:Yana River 2351:permafrost 2282:Extinction 2276:statuettes 2245:Rouffignac 2187:Yana River 2135:Kůlna Cave 2070:, and the 2041:Coelodonta 2021:giant deer 1979:graminoids 1971:, such as 1930:temporalis 1834:cave lions 1808:cave lions 1778:Coelodonta 1671:guard hair 1614:Coelodonta 1587:Coelodonta 1583:Coelodonta 1304:Pliorhinus 1175:Coelodonta 958:Rhinoceros 903:Nesorhinus 508:Coelodonta 503:Coelodonta 473:Rhinoceros 468:Coelodonta 448:Lena River 409:Klagenfurt 367:permafrost 344:rhinoceros 314:Blumenbach 257:Blumenbach 214:Coelodonta 5601:0012-4966 5498:0277-3791 5435:0012-4966 5352:128734734 5344:1731-0830 5303:1731-0830 5246:0091-7613 5130:0028-0836 5083:239051880 5057:1476-4687 4991:2167-8359 4975:: e3684. 4895:0027-8424 4850:221114305 4641:0305-4403 4286:0305-1838 4247:0277-3791 4225:: 32–49. 4162:1040-6182 4041:0267-8179 3832:1120-6349 3774:1040-6182 3661:0277-3791 3581:0277-3791 3522:1040-6182 3475:0277-3791 3401:0272-4634 3266:2296-701X 3225:0024-4082 3168:2730-7182 3152:(1): 56. 3126:257337872 2988:0267-8179 2921:0092-8674 2655:127893230 2647:0167-5427 2417:Churapcha 2386:monograph 2378:ozokerite 2160:Königsaue 2037:Mammuthus 1974:Artemisia 1953:cellulose 1755:premolars 1667:undercoat 496:Evolution 221:Species: 156:Kingdom: 150:Eukaryota 5845:Wikidata 5711:Wikidata 5635:BBC News 5617:18015793 5609:28058607 5443:19341085 5148:36450914 5075:34671161 5009:28875067 4907:38830089 4842:32795436 4501:: 17–32. 4424:217-221. 4100:24499916 4049:54874495 3840:86966532 3639:: 1–17. 3354:24868968 3186:37752413 3177:10521388 3035:21885780 2929:34433011 2469:See also 2374:Starunia 2317:Holocene 2241:engraved 2025:reindeer 2012:plateaus 2008:lowlands 1938:diastema 1910:mandible 1871:conifers 1770:ossified 1763:cementum 1751:incisors 1602:Pliocene 417:lindworm 394:Taxonomy 323:Fischer. 293:Synonyms 196:Family: 180:Mammalia 170:Chordata 166:Phylum: 160:Animalia 146:Domain: 5873:ZooBank 5865:5816527 5759:4969546 5717:Q188949 5478:Bibcode 5451:2674199 5226:Bibcode 5218:Geology 5139:9712083 5110:Bibcode 5066:8636272 5037:Bibcode 5000:5580387 4934:Bibcode 4812:Bibcode 4621:Bibcode 4366:Bibcode 4227:Bibcode 4193:Deinsea 4142:Bibcode 4108:4461741 4080:Bibcode 3930:Cranium 3900:Cranium 3754:Bibcode 3713:Cranium 3641:Bibcode 3561:Bibcode 3502:Bibcode 3455:Bibcode 3381:Bibcode 3334:Bibcode 3106:Bibcode 3070:Bibcode 3043:8913866 3015:Bibcode 3007:Science 2956:Bibcode 2553:Bibcode 2459:Yakutia 2272:Moravia 2259:in the 2249:Lascaux 2128:Hunting 2068:Siberia 1957:protein 1955:-rich, 1949:hindgut 1895:browsed 1875:willows 1873:, 1846:rutting 1710:⁄ 1700:⁄ 1690:⁄ 1660:keratin 510:is the 440:Irkutsk 429:griffin 259:, 1799) 246:† 225:† 206:Genus: 186:Order: 176:Class: 107:↓ 5811:145474 5798:722496 5785:222863 5772:627089 5746:747851 5615: 5607: 5599: 5496: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5350: 5342: 5301: 5244: 5191:Capeia 5146: 5136: 5128: 5102:Nature 5081: 5073: 5063: 5055: 5029:Nature 5007: 4997: 4989: 4905: 4893: 4848: 4840: 4777: 4749:24 Aug 4697: 4639: 4594: 4559: 4284: 4245: 4160: 4106: 4098: 4072:Nature 4047: 4039: 3982: 3838: 3830: 3772: 3659: 3579: 3520: 3473: 3399: 3352: 3289: 3264: 3223: 3184: 3174: 3166: 3124: 3041: 3033: 2986: 2927: 2919: 2837: 2653: 2645: 2499:Portal 2325:Kolyma 2175:Zwoleń 2088:Eemian 1985:Growth 1977:, and 1961:Arctic 1934:fodder 1891:grazed 1887:mosses 1879:alders 1859:sedges 1830:hyenas 1812:horses 1810:, and 1759:molars 1757:and 3 1676:udders 1618:chrono 478:koilos 413:dragon 305:Pallas 5824:54847 5613:S2CID 5577:(PDF) 5447:S2CID 5411:(PDF) 5378:1998. 5348:S2CID 5277:(PDF) 5079:S2CID 4968:PeerJ 4846:S2CID 4493:[ 4407:(PDF) 4383:8 May 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