Woman's club movement in the United States

801: 291: 1202: 33: 355:. The club movement for black women in the 1890s began to focus on "social and political reform" and were more secular. Black women had to face the same issues as white women during this period but were often excluded from services and help that benefited whites only. Black women were not only excluded from white clubs but also from clubs created by black men. In addition, many black women felt as though they were defying stereotypes for their community. Woman's clubs allowed black women to combat the period's stereotypes which "portrayed African American women as devoid of morality, sexually wanton and incapable of upholding marital and family responsibilities". Being a member of a woman's club also helped give black women greater 518: 127: 1004: 406:(NAACP) in 1909 and were often involved in much of the organization's local work. By 1900, almost every black community had a women's club. By 1910, in proportion to population size, African-American women's clubs outpaced white women's clubs in the number of clubs created. By 1914, the NACW had fifty-thousand members and over a thousand clubs participating in the umbrella organization. Black women wanted to be visible and NACW helped them organize to improve conditions in their communities. There were also many African-American versions of the WCTU and the 395: 1305: 789: 609:, helped shape their communities and the country. Many progressive ideals were pressed into action through the resources of women's clubs, including kindergartens, juvenile courts, and park conservation. Women's clubs, many with their literary backgrounds, helped promote and raise money for schools, universities and libraries. Women's clubs were often at the forefront of various civil rights issues, denouncing lynching, promoting women's rights and voting rights. 1103:. The first juvenile court was established in Chicago in 1899 through the urging of the Chicago Woman's Club whose members felt that children should not be treated as adults by the court. Clubwomen from the Chicago Woman's Club went to court with many of the children in order to ensure they were being treated fairly. The Chicago Woman's Club also established a Protective Agency for Women and Children in 1886. 966:. In Indiana, clubwomen "secured a state laboratory of hygiene under the control of the board of health, charged with the duty of examining food and drugs and aiding in the enforcement of health laws". Other clubs, like the Plymouth Woman's Club, undertook restaurant inspections on their own when there were no laws in place to regulate sanitary conditions. Women were also involved in promoting clean and safe 302:, black women had started to come together to create organizations which looked after their community's welfare. Black women were very quick to "organize themselves for self-help". One of the first African-American women's club was the Female Benevolent Society of St. Thomas, in Philadelphia, which was started in 1793. At the time, Philadelphia had numerous black organizations. After the 92:. The clubs allowed women, who had little political standing at the time, to gain greater influence in their communities. As women gained more rights, the need for clubs to exercise political and social influence became less important. Over time, participation in women's clubs has waned in the United States. However, many clubs still continue to operate and influence their communities. 1055:. Around seventy percent of all libraries in Texas were brought into existence because of TFWC. Clubwomen in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, helped secure taxes to support their public library. Other clubs, like those in Kentucky and Tennessee, taxed club memberships to support their libraries. When libraries were threatened with elimination, clubs like the Woman's Club of Norfolk protested. 1036:" in conjunction with the state government. They were well-received and very popular in the early 1900s around the country. In Georgia, clubwomen used their traveling libraries to help combat illiteracy in both the white and black communities. In South Carolina, the traveling libraries belonged to woman's clubs, but were available to the public. 636:, to "provide hospitality and housing services to African-American visitors who were not welcomed in the segregated hotels and other businesses" in the state. Some white woman's clubs promoted desegregation early on, though these efforts were small in scope. The Chicago Woman's Club admitted a black member, 1016:

activities for years, acting as librarians, cataloguing early collections, enlisting male leaders for public funding, and other management activities. After the public libraries were established, women’s clubs lobbied on behalf of the public libraries in state legislatures and also for funding from the

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was part of many women's club agendas in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Women's groups also influenced discussions about classroom size; the Chicago Woman's City Club asking that there be no more than thirty children per class. Chicago clubs also helped sponsor school lunches for students. Clubwomen

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in the United States. It has adopted modern issues to tackle, such as fighting AIDS and violence against women. Many of today's women's clubs also provide cultural opportunities for their communities. Some groups continue to support their original missions, such as the Alpha Home, which provides care

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women from membership. White women's clubs ignored racial inequalities because of the controversy surrounding the issue, and even if they addressed racial inequalities, they did so "tactfully in order to gain members and support". Some white women's clubs were frankly unconcerned with issues relating

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Croly notes that women's clubs were not created to copy men's groups; instead, they were often created to give women a space to share ideas as equals; these ideas often developed into practical action. As Mary I. Wood and Anna J. H. (Mrs. Percy V.) Pennybacker described it: "Very early the club women

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Juvenile law in Chicago also recognized children who were without legal guardians and who should be dependent on the state. By 1906, there were juvenile courts in twenty-five states. These courts were praised by contemporaries, like Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman, who wrote in 1906 of the establishment

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Many women's clubs believed that compulsory education for young people would help solve many child labor issues. In Chicago, the Woman's City Club worked with other clubs in order to help students stay in school past age 14. The Illinois Collegiate Alumnae association helped the government draw up a

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Faculty Wives clubs began to be formed in many American universities in the early 20th century. They were brought together through the careers of the members' spouses. The clubs were localized around their particular affiliation and geographically restricted, thus most of their clubs did not receive

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Sorosis and the GFWC saw large increases in membership in 1889 and 1890. The GFWC grew to around a million women by 1910, and to a million and a half by 1914. The creation of an umbrella organization for the many women's clubs allowed them to work together in a more coordinated fashion. However, the

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The GFWC developed a national agenda for libraries across the country. Clubwomen believed that having access to books made people's lives better. Women’s clubs helped establish many public libraries by contributing their book collections, raising money for building construction through a variety of

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Women's clubs continue their original missions of concern for the welfare of their communities. The GFWC gives out the Croly Award for excellence in journalism on topics relating to women. The GFWC also provides scholarships for women, especially those who have survived domestic violence. The NACWC

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Women's clubs hosted talks about suffrage and invited suffrage leaders to speak. After women won the right to vote, women's clubs continued in helping women exercise their rights and how to best use their votes. However, another factor in earning the right to vote was a decline in membership until

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to create a Bureau of Vocational Supervision which could take a "personal interest in schoolchildren, working directly to place them in appropriate jobs when they left school". The Bureau also created scholarships for needy students. The Chicago Woman's Club raised $ 40,000 to create an industrial

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While there were many organizations that encouraged change around child labor, the GFWC became advocates for some of the first child labor laws. Children were hired because they were cheaper and more manageable than adults. During the early 1900s, women’s labor organizations were formed to protect

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idea that women were naturally morally superior to men. As clubs moved from self-improvement to community improvement, women's clubs in the Western U.S. lagged somewhat behind clubs formed in more developed parts of the country. Woman's clubs in the late 1800s described themselves as attempting to

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women. These clubs allowed women to share ideas and helped them realize that their thoughts were important, and that together they could act on them. Literary women's clubs in pioneer areas gave women an outlet to explore reading and make friends. Many women’s clubs maintained book collections for

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social reform, which was reflected by many of the reforms and issues addressed by club members. According to Maureen A. Flanagan, many women's clubs focused on the welfare of their community because of their shared experiences in tending to the well-being of home-life. Tending to the community was

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and had a forestry committee. This committee also disseminated information about conservation to the 800,000 members of the group. The GFWC later sponsored "a natural scenic area survey" of the United States in 1915 in order to discover areas that needed conservation. As women saw environmentally

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and served the same functions of community, cultural education, and service that characterized larger groups. One of the clubs' primary functions was fostering community among those affiliated with the university. The wives at Ball State University held regular dinners for their husbands, both to

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describes how women had begun to see "their homes as the units out of which society was built", and that home life and public life were linked. Women's clubs "established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform, define and shape public policy". Women's clubs were also

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campaigns spearheaded by Wells. Wells's anti-lynching campaign provoked the president of the Missouri Press Association who viciously attacked black women in a letter that was widely circulated among women's clubs by Ruffin. Ruffin eventually helped bring together the NACW, using the letter as a

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African-American women promoted the arts, focusing on "celebrating African American traditions and culture." These included African-American music, theater and dance. Clubwomen saw themselves as carrying on both art and tradition of their lives in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth

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Often, women's clubs had created their own private libraries, and from this experience wished to create community libraries for everyone to use. Many women's clubs made the creation of public libraries an important part of their mission. The Woman's Club of Bala Cynwyd was formed with the main

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By becoming involved in church or charitable groups, women were able to find companionship and a way to facilitate change in their communities. It was also one of the few ways that women were initially allowed to contribute outside of the home. Some of the earliest women-led organizations were

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Many women's clubs increased their memberships by having other members sponsor or nominate new members to the group. Clubs often organized themselves by committee, or division. Many women's clubs created and occupied their own clubhouses. Today these clubhouses have continued to be the site of

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became unwilling to discuss Dante and Browning over the teacups, at meetings of their peers in some lady's drawing room, while unsightly heaps of rubbish flanked the paths over which they had passed in their journeys thither." Women justified their movement into social reform by using the

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Women's club activities were seen by contemporaries as helping to spread art appreciation across the country. Clubwomen would often donate art to schools. Other clubs created traveling art collections and art libraries for communities. Clubs also hosted arts exhibits. The FFWC promoted

1083:. The Woman's City Club of Chicago became involved in strike resolution. The Woman's City Club also demanded that picketers be protected by policewomen. The Woman's Club of Chicago helped form the Illinois Woman's Alliance (IWA) in order to "prevent the exploitation of women in 497:

African-American women's clubs began to decline in the 1920s. By the 1960s, interest and membership in white women's clubs started to decline. As women had more opportunities to socialize, many clubs found their members were aging and were unable to recruit newer members.

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and The Women's Club of Forest Hills have found ways to reach out to younger residents in the community as recently as 2007 with the creation of an evening group. Some clubs have had success with creating programs that are meant to be attractive to younger women. The

741:." Women's clubs helped raise money for new college buildings. Other clubs created scholarship funds for their communities. These organizations also helped produce research showing that higher education benefited women. Women's clubs today continue to sponsor 701:

started the first kindergarten in the state of Texas in 1893. Women's clubs were often involved with creating schools for delinquent boys and girls. The Texas Association of Women's Clubs (TAWC) worked for several decades to create what would later become the

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Women's clubs became very active in women's suffrage. Before women had the right to vote, women's clubs needed to partner with sympathetic organizations run by men. The focus on women's suffrage began during the last half of the nineteenth century. In 1868,

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organizing. In fact, many black women created "redemptive spaces" for black immigrants from the rural south in northern cities in the United States where they repurposed abandoned buildings as "community centers, settlement houses, parks and playgrounds."

509:. By 2010, the number of women's clubs had significantly decreased across the country. This reflects a trend in all club memberships in the United States: most clubs are losing members because there is a lack of leisure time for younger people. 1154:, and helped to push the city to finally install a female jail matron in Spokane. The Chicago Woman's Club advocated for a female jail matron in 1884. In Los Angeles, clubwomen were able to influence the city to appoint female police officers. 1107:

of the juvenile courts, "If the whole club movement of the six states in the last ten years had accomplished nothing else it would still be well worth while." Woman's clubs helped pass Juvenile court laws in Ohio, Missouri, and in Los Angeles.

1126:, granting married women their own nationality in the United States. In 1936, Congress created a provision for women who had lost their citizenship due to marriage, and were no longer married, to re-swear allegiance to the United States. 320:. Many black churches owed their existence to the dedicated work of African-American women organizing in their communities. Black women's literary clubs began to show up as early as 1831, with the Female Literary Society of Philadelphia. 67:

These clubs, most of which had started out as socialiterary gatherings, eventually became a source of reform for various issues in the U.S. Both African-American and white women's clubs were involved with issues surrounding education,

906:. In addition to their preservation and conservation efforts, women's clubs in the United States (especially women in the African American Club movement) pioneered environmental activism strategies that laid the foundation for later 3080: 484:

The Faculty Wives clubs were prominent throughout much of the 20th century. During the latter half, some of the clubs merged with other groups to form University Women's club, reflecting the change in faculty diversity and

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in 1865, black women continued to organize and often worked with churches to ensure their communities were taken care of. Many of these organizations were "so resilient that they were able to survive the twin disasters of

232:, which formed local women's "Chapter Houses". Many evolved into prominent women's clubs and the network later became a more traditional organization with dues paid to its national office, the "American Woman's Republic". 425:(NCNW) became a dominant group in the women's club movement in African-American circles. After World War II, working class and poor black women took the place of upper-class black women in organizing communities. 1114:, required that when a woman married, she took on the citizenship of her husband. For women to attain a civic or legal identity, such as the right to vote, they needed to have independence from their husbands' 369:

was an important figure in the growth of these clubs during the Progressive Era. A number of clubs, named after her, were created in large cities across the country. In Chicago, the wealthy former abolitionist

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Woman's clubs began to turn over their work to city entities and became less influential. In addition, more women began to enter the workforce during the 1960s and had less spare time to devote to club work.

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Women's clubs also looked at issues of consent. The Chicago Woman's Club, which created the Protective Agency for Women and Children, presented bills to the legislature which later passed. One raised the

80:, legal reform, environmental protection, library creation and more. Women's clubs helped start many initiatives such as kindergartens and juvenile court systems. Later, women's clubs tackled issues like 1183:

Besides reform, women's clubs also used fashion as a way to showcase creative arts. Fashion shows put on by the CNDA in the 1930s and 1940s featured recitals of music and dance, which were held at the

1290:. Many women involved in the temperance movement felt that securing women's right to vote would help promote prohibition of alcohol. Both black and white temperance groups promoted women's suffrage. 105:

often called "municipal housekeeping" during the Progressive era and reflected a shared belief by many club members that home and city life were linked through city hall. By constructing the idea of

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in the 1950s. The Montana Federation of Colored Women's Clubs led campaigns for civil rights between 1949 and 1955. They also helped draft anti-segregation legislation. The initial organizer of the

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Along with fostering relations, the various clubs volunteered their time and skills to benefit their wider community. At Emporia State University the Faculty Wives club made bandages for the

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As women began to have more leisure time, they started woman's clubs. Initially, most women's clubs focused on literary endeavors, self-improvement and created social opportunities for white

7413: 5387: 4708: 769: 3376: 927:. The Woman's City Club was, in contrast, more interested in the health and safety of the city as opposed to the men's group who were more interested in making money from sanitation. The 640:, only after a long approval process, which included the club deciding not to exclude anyone based on race. Few clubs worked together across racial boundaries, although the YWCA and the 466:

relieve stress and build relationships. At University of Washington the wives formed a "Newcomers club" to ensure that the new faculty wives felt welcome and included at the university.

204:"exert a refining and ennobling influence" on their communities. They also saw woman's clubs as an intellectual and practical good which would create better women and a better country. 3113: 7851: 5875: 3088: 4493: 1731: 294:

Eartha White (center, first row) is pictured with delegates at the State Meeting of the City Federation of Colored Women's Clubs of Jacksonville, at Palatka, Florida – May 16, 1915.

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have also protested cuts in teacher's salaries. Black women's clubs worked to create educational opportunities for their communities when these areas were ignored by white people.

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African-American women's clubs like the NACW not only fought for women's suffrage but also for the right of black men to vote. Many black women were involved in groups like the

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that established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform public policy. While women's organizations had existed earlier, it was not until the

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of all workers in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Clubwomen worked to reduce the number of hours children were allowed to work in the state of Indiana.

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in the United States were the creation of women's clubs. The first nursery school in the United States was created through women's clubs and club members in Chicago. The

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established in 1885, continues to support the community today with scholarships, an annual art exhibition, and continued support to its historic club house and museum,

5295: 800: 403: 1765: 8178: 1399: 5449: 4857: 7919: 7648: 3435: 852:(CFWC) helped McClurg, and created a committee that would eventually become the Colorado Cliff Dwellings Association. In California, women's clubs helped preserve 3572: 837:

fragile areas start to be developed, many objected. Women worked within existing clubs, and also formed new conservation-based clubs, to protect the environment.

7223: 876:". Pennsylvanian women's clubs successfully lobbied for the creation of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. In 1916, the GFWC supported the creation of the 6056: 6025: 324: 3044: 2637: 709:

Women's clubs were involved in vocational training and pushing for additional educational options for all young people. The Woman's City Club worked with the

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The Fannie Jackson Coppin Club was created in 1899 by members of the Beth Eden Baptist Church, one of the oldest African-American religious institutions in

290: 7449: 7039: 5938: 2714: 1536: 1389: 60:(1896–1917) that they came to be considered a movement. The first wave of the club movement during the progressive era was started by white, middle-class, 6212: 7491: 7109: 2075: 8227: 4303: 183:

women helped organize many anti-slavery groups, the earliest founded in 1832, and white women followed black women's lead in creating abolition groups.

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Other organizations, dedicated especially to suffrage began to be formed after the Civil War. As women's clubs grew, so did suffrage organizations.

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started as religious groups in the early part of the nineteenth century. White women were involved in church charity groups as early as the 1790s.

6735: 4716: 7846: 3203: 1024:(ALA) and GFWC, women’s clubs are estimated to have started between 75 and 80 percent of the public libraries in the United States. In New York, 558:

Women's clubs that endured into the modern era were adaptable in response to societal changes over time. The missions of women's clubs, like the

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in the United States. Other wives clubs have remained independent and vibrant in their community, like the one at the University of Washington.

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Flanagan, Maureen A. (1990). "Gender and Urban Political Reform: The City Club and the Woman's City Club of Chicago in the Progressive Era".

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their rights. Among them, was Lenora O’Reilly who helped develop the WTUL that supported wage requests and promoted the end of child labor.

7029: 4501: 3826: 3677: 1739: 1541: 872:". Idaho women's clubs also helped establish some of the first national parks; and in Utah, women's clubs "were instrumental in preserving 362: 7763: 7611: 7470: 4385: 1048: 974: 888: 6837: 3144: 114:"training schools" for women who wanted to get involved in the public sphere. They helped women attain both social and political power. 7643: 7575: 5186: 4818: 1878: 1354: 311: 6570: 6368:

Self Improvement, Community Improvement: North Carolina Sorosis and the Women's Club Movement in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1895–1950

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and promoted sex education. Women's clubs promoted talks from experts on birth control. The Chicago Women's Club helped organize the

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GFWC excluded African-American clubs from its membership, and many white clubs during the late 1800s excluded black women as well as

4112: 3693: 417:. The Woman's Club of Norfolk wrote letters and sent care packages to the segregated black units sent to fight overseas. During the 8128: 7580: 7134: 7009: 6380: 4457: 4080: 2547: 2179:

Paula D. Watson, "Founding Mothers: The Contribution of Women’s Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States,"

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During the early 21st century, numerous new private women's clubs formed in support of personal and professional affiliations and

546:, emphasizes what makes women's clubs unique: "It is a wondrous thing to be constantly surrounded by three generations of women." 434:

the same volume of members nor the publicity of some of the earlier groups. However, their existence can still be seen in various

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supported the development of several clubs, serving as the first chair of Wells's. Other influential woman's club organizers were

7512: 5388:"A century of service and elegance The Woman's Club of Bala Cynwyd celebrates its centenary, and it's not just for girls anymore" 1546: 316: 5247: 1146:(WCTU) of Washington state was involved in urging the city of Spokane to hire a female jail matron for women prisoners in 1902. 1039:

Cherokee County, Texas saw the creation of its first public library with the founding of the Bachelor Girl's Literary Club. The

621:, as well as improving conditions for black women in the country. Some women's clubs also worked to understand people's fear of 7059: 6971: 3471: 1379: 594: 157: 6547: 5630: 2749: 1091:(NCL), developed a "white label" for stores that met the organization's standards for minimum wages and decent working hours. 118:

women's meetings and other gatherings. Some women's clubs created and continue to publish their own journals and newsletters.

8075: 7971: 7544: 7124: 7094: 7079: 6847: 6768: 6745: 6580: 6559: 6495: 6334: 6306: 6274: 6222: 5750: 5720: 5303: 5222: 3301: 2946: 2653: 1531: 1471: 1456: 1249: 1143: 656: 259:(TFWC) helped create recreational canteens for soldiers. During the 1930s, women's clubs hosted programs in concert with the 5046: 2369: 722:

established woman's clubs which helped raise the funds for young black women to take classes at what would later become the

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Women's clubs were noted for promoting educational efforts around the country by their contemporaries. Putting women onto

243:, financed the Home Guard and set up communications within the community to share information quickly. Woman's clubs also 8044: 7549: 7129: 7114: 5457: 4340: 2684: 2442: 1466: 1404: 1237: 1233: 1110:

Women's clubs helped work towards marriage reforms which would benefit women. An act passed on March 2, 1907, called the

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law in 1897 to ensure that children between the ages of seven and fourteen were in school for sixteen weeks of the year.

5129: 3450: 1274:(FFWC) also supported temperance in that state. Numerous women involved with the temperance movement felt that limiting 7966: 7716: 7428: 3580: 1908: 1374: 1134:

from 14 to 18. Women's clubs helped assert the right of women to refuse to have sex with their husbands if they chose.

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initial purpose of creating of a public library in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. In Colorado, women's clubs established "

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in Salem, Massachusetts was created in 1818. Black women's clubs helped raise money for the anti-slavery newspaper

4994: 17: 8006: 7788: 7627: 7340: 7263: 7069: 2868: 1384: 526: 422: 275: 5946: 3659: 2722: 8016: 7976: 7314: 2083: 8065: 7711: 7701: 7233: 7139: 3622: 1516: 978: 793: 260: 160:(GFWC) wrote in 1898 that women were first able to reach out of their homes through religious institutions. 8107: 7882: 7664: 4057: 1021: 829: 671: 299: 6937: 5584: 1632: 812:. Many women's clubs started out by beautifying their cities and states. Clubs would sponsor and maintain 7940: 7747: 7585: 7278: 7192: 7049: 2609: 1425: 1052: 738: 531: 375: 149: 5107: 5056: 2614: 2504: 1798: 235:

Women's clubs were very active in women's suffrage (see below) and helped support the war effort during

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Women's clubs such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) were involved with advocating the

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and the Florida Federation of Women's Clubs campaigned to create Florida's first state park in 1916,

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Scott, Anne Firor (January 1, 1990). "Most Invisible of All: Black Women's Voluntary Associations".

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Women's clubs also helped preserve historical areas. As early as 1856, a women's organization, the

869: 841: 506: 451: 443: 271: 3350: 2471: 2005: 310:, would not allow women to be officers or vote, women created their own group. Another group, the 7706: 7528: 7418: 7366: 7238: 7207: 7202: 6572:

Hip Hop's Amnesia: From Blues and the Black Women's Club Movement to Rap and the Hip Hop Movement

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Teva Scheer, "The 'Praxis' Side of the Equation: Club Women and American Public Administration,"

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Women's club members were involved in hospital reform and the creation of hospitals. In Seattle,

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First Convention of the Montana Federation of Negro Women's Clubs, Butte, Montana, August 3, 1921

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Wood, Mary I.; Pennybacker, Mrs. Percy V. (November 1914). "Civic Activities of Women's Clubs".

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Merchant, Carolyn (March 1, 1984). "Women of the Progressive Conservation Movement: 1900–1916".

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The Excluded and the Included: Chicago, White Supremacy and the Clubwomen's Movement, 1873–1915

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to African Americans because they "supported the racist ideology and practices of their era".

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also denounced lynching. The purpose of the ASWPL was to end lynching in the United States.

421:, black women's clubs began to move towards "structural change and electoral politics". The 8011: 7253: 6307:"From A to Z and In Between: Women's Organizations Transforming Change from the Inside Out" 6001: 3724: 1521: 1003: 920: 853: 586: 543: 337: 217: 6086: 5876:"Recent Growth of Suffrage Movement in Chicago Indicated by the Many 'Equal Rights' Clubs" 4850:"Park History: Would There Have Been a Mesa Verde National Park Without Virginia McClurg?" 3889: 3233: 2486: 954:

was established in New York City in November 1884 to address unsanitary conditions in the

152:, most organizations for women were auxiliaries of groups for men or were church-related. 8: 7590: 7397: 1314: 1211: 950:

Women's clubs were involved with improving public hygiene and food and drug safety. The

788: 633: 626: 570: 379: 176: 172: 106: 81: 69: 4465: 4178:""Lifting as We Climb": The Activism of the Montana Federation of Colored Women's Clubs" 4088: 2558: 8153: 7228: 6930:

Finding Aids, Research Center, Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society

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The Political Activities of Detroit Clubwomen in the 1920s: A Challenge and a Promise.

3081:"The Woman's Club of Norfolk Celebrates 100 Years of Reaching Back and Moving Forward" 6843: 6828: 6764: 6741: 6720: 6705: 6668: 6576: 6555: 6538: 6491: 6456: 6431: 6351: 6330: 6314: 6291: 6270: 6218: 6203: 6156: 6141: 6115: 5218: 3481: 3297: 3150: 2952: 2942: 2919: 2909: 2649: 1601: 1576: 1287: 1033: 892: 884: 861: 756: 719: 180: 110: 6621:"Earnest Women: The White Woman's Club Movement in Progressive Era Texas, 1880–1920" 6548:"Clubwomen, Reformers, Workers, and Feminists of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era" 6476: 6366: 5481:"History of Women's Clubs in Cherokee County Begins with the Bachelor Girls in 1902" 2902:

Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle, eds. (2003). "Jones, Mary Jane Richardson".

1304: 7903: 6808: 6685: 6648: 6599: 6518: 6448: 6411: 6241: 6183: 3381: 2757: 1526: 1222:, which became the first women's group in Chicago to focus on suffrage. Later, the 1017: 924: 845: 809: 418: 192: 109:, women were also able to justify their involvement in government. Later, in 1921, 6135:. Berkeley: University of California Press – via California Digital Library. 1176:

was starting to be considered unhealthy. Women's clubs also spoke out against the

726:. Clubs, like the Chicago Woman's Club, taught the blind and provided job skills. 6944: 6880: 6214:

A Fragile Freedom: African American Women and Emancipation in the Antebellum City

5880: 5163: 2373: 1955: 982: 940: 873: 733:

Women's clubs helped support and influence the creation of higher education. The

606: 462: 101: 89: 57: 49: 6865:

Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U.S. Women's Clubs, 1880–1920.

5214:

Birth Control on Main Street: Organizing Clinics in the United States, 1916–1939

5187:"Westmoreland County Clubs Will Hear Discussion of Birth Control, Sterilization" 5156:"Topics in Chronicling America – Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement" 2146: 7293: 7258: 6876: 6812: 6689: 6652: 6522: 6187: 5488: 3175: 2692: 2641: 1369: 1275: 1131: 1100: 981:, which later set up clinics around Chicago. In Reading, Pennsylvania in 1937, 967: 761: 578: 505:

Many women today are working long hours or spending time with their children's

77: 7055:

Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World

6915: 6905:

Lifting as We Climb: African American Women's Clubs in Progressive Era Chicago

6676:

Stewart, Jane A. (May 14, 1908). "The Educational Work of the Women's Clubs".

6130: 4348: 2956: 2450: 1168:

Women's clubs were also interested in reforming fashion. Some reform centered

8221: 8123: 7950: 7248: 7064: 6460: 6402:

Lerner, Gerda (January 1, 1974). "Early Community Work of Black Club Women".

3146:

Still Lifting, Still Climbing: Contemporary African American Women's Activism

1451: 1364: 1177: 1080: 986: 821: 804:

Publication of Club Women of America on landscaping and advertising, c. 1926.

663: 629:, created by woman's clubs, helped settle and integrate European immigrants. 200: 53: 6917:

For Our Mutual Benefit: The Athens Woman's Club and Social Reform, 1899–1920

5996: 5968: 5810: 5784: 5652: 4415: 4021: 3993: 3967: 3940: 3911: 3436:"Houston Height Woman's Club: Over 100 Years of Friendship and Philanthropy" 2923: 2270: 1916: 1840: 848:, women's organizations in Colorado supported the creation of the park. The 7565: 6884: 3664: 1732:"Cultivating Female Reform: The Montana Woman's Christian Temperance Union" 1283: 1173: 1163: 1069: 1025: 903: 776:. CNDA also hosted an exhibit of African art, literature, and music called 690: 566:, founded in 1909, remain relevant today, and the clubs remain successful. 481:. At Ball State University the club sewed regularly at the local hospital. 478: 366: 341: 333: 329: 264: 187: 168: 73: 6737:

Women, Culture, and Community: Religion and Reform in Galveston, 1880–1920

323:

After slavery was ended in the United States with the ratification of the

7773: 7696: 3293:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

2903: 1267: 1115: 742: 622: 559: 486: 474: 414: 236: 131: 6791: 6697: 6381:"The Women's Movement in the West: A Tribute to 19th Century Club Women" 5244:

Urban Experience in Chicago: Hull-House and Its Neighborhoods, 1889–1963

4578: 6839:"We Must Be Up and Doing": A Reader in Early African American Feminisms 6820: 6660: 6611: 6530: 6468: 6423: 6287:

Gender, Race, and Politics in the Midwest: Black Club Women in Illinois

6253: 6195: 5002: 813: 439: 352: 61: 5450:"From Socialization to Social Change: Women's Clubs of South Carolina" 1308:

Delegates representing South Carolina women's clubs in Detroit in 1958

1150:

helped expose sexual abuse of women prisoners in the jails during the

2473:

The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America

1598:

Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History

1123: 1084: 694: 394: 6636: 6603: 6506: 6452: 6415: 6245: 6171: 6132:

A Nationality of Her Own: Women, Marriage and the Law of Citizenship

521:

University Woman's Club at the University of the Fraser Valley, 2012

5296:"Margaret Sanger, "The Real Meaning of Birth Control," 30 Mar 1937" 1279: 958:

district, and by 1897 had become a national organization. Women in

955: 833: 817: 652: 407: 252: 244: 85: 7414:

Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs

6801:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6641:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6511:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6176:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

2476:

Ruth Rosen, Viking, 2000, page 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2023.

770:

Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs

191:

use by club members. Instead of forming a literary club, women in

144:

Prior to the founding of the first Progressive era women's clubs,

7793: 4969: 4967: 1440: 1219: 825: 435: 248: 145: 130:

The headquarters of the Minnesota Federation of Women's Clubs in

6757:"Valleys Without Sunsets: Women's Clubs and Traveling Libraries" 2939:

Fannie Barrier Williams: Crossing the Borders of Region and Race

7852:

Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories

6986: 6108:

Beer, Janet; Ford, Anne-Marie; Joslin, Katherine, eds. (2003).

2370:"The American Woman's League and the American Woman's Republic" 1215: 492: 6934: 6926: 6921: 4964: 4494:"Plymouth Woman's Club: Local Ladies Activist Group Dissolves" 3660:"Why professional networking groups for women remain valuable" 5300:

The Public Writings and Speeches of Margaret Sanger 1911–1960

2302: 2210: 1806: 856:

trees and protested against "the environmentally destructive

706:

which was originally meant to help "delinquent" black girls.

347:

During the Progressive era, many black women migrated to the

64:

women, and a second phase was led by African-American women.

7025:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

6778:

Winter, Alice Ames (November 1921). "Women's Clubs To-day".

5765: 5544: 5542: 4258: 4256: 4254: 3849: 3290:

Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Appiah, Kwame Anthony, eds. (2005).

3045:"National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Inc. (1896)" 1325:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

895:

was created through the work of the Carrizozo Woman's Club.

820:. Later, clubs, like a Michigan women's club, would work to 642:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

7144: 6763:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. 6329:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. 4629: 4627: 4321: 3266:"Ball State University Women's Club Records and Scrapbooks" 2980: 2978: 2314: 1497: 1205:

National American Women Suffrage, St. Louis, March 25, 1919

824:

parts of the state. In Idaho, women's clubs helped prevent

344:

had created more than 500 clubs addressing various issues.

209: 195:

created a scientific club, which also focused on learning.

5831: 4958:

The Oxford Handbook of US Women's Social Movement Activism

4903: 4901: 4656: 4654: 4241: 4239: 4224: 3744: 3742: 1068:

Women's clubs were involved in tracking and investigating

413:

The NACW raised more than $ 5 million in war bonds during

404:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8179:

First National Conference of the Colored Women of America

5732: 5730: 5604: 5602: 5539: 5067: 5065: 4777: 4775: 4434: 4368: 4366: 4251: 4145:"From the Southern Exposure Archives: Women and Lynching" 3808: 3806: 3793: 3791: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3149:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 150–151. 2575: 2573: 2571: 2386: 2290: 402:

Both black and white women were involved in creating the

5912:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from 5559: 5557: 5355: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4639: 4624: 3778: 3776: 2975: 947:. Other clubs helped set up health centers and clinics. 278:(NOW) was formed, and women's clubs again grew in size. 267:

broke out, women's clubs were involved in volunteering.

6909: 6265:. In Bakken, Gordon Morris; Farrington, Brenda (eds.). 5405: 4898: 4787: 4760: 4666: 4651: 4614: 4612: 4236: 4212: 3739: 3017: 2338: 2326: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 1671: 1659: 1647: 644:(ASWPL) did sometimes welcome bi-racial collaboration. 365:

helped the creation of African-American women's clubs.

224:

as a marketing venture in support of his publications,

5843: 5727: 5683: 5671: 5599: 5515: 5271:"Illinois Birth Control League is Vital Social Agency" 5077: 5062: 5017: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4799: 4772: 4731: 4597: 4585: 4516: 4363: 4268: 3861: 3803: 3788: 3754: 3310: 3007: 3005: 2883: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2789: 2787: 2568: 2389:"American Women's League Chapter House / Peck Library" 2198: 2076:"The Woman's Club of Maplewood – A Century of Service" 832:. GFWC had been active since 1890 in areas related to 7920:

General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina

7649:

Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs

5855: 5554: 5527: 5503: 5429: 5417: 5367: 5318: 5217:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 37. 4743: 4678: 4280: 3773: 3694:"This Is Why We Still Need Women's Networking Groups" 3377:"Women's clubs struggle to find new, younger members" 3204:"Faculty Wives Club of Kent State University records" 2963: 2941:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2838: 2667: 2665: 2585: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2410: 2186: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 1821: 1571:

Appleby, Joyce; Chang, Eileen; Goodwin, Neva (2015).

1400:

Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs

1252:, when women got together again for charitable work. 1028:

found clubwomen in his state to "be staunch allies".

931:

of New Mexico helped bring sanitation to their city.

737:"was a significant force behind the establishment of 7224:

California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs

6719:. University of Chicago: Loyola University Chicago. 4609: 4464:. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from 4347:. Texas Woman's University Libraries. Archived from 4200: 4151:. The Institute for Southern Studies. Archived from 4087:. Texas State Historical Association. Archived from 3595: 3176:"University of Washington Faculty Auxiliary History" 3143:

Wright, Sharon D. (1999). Springer, Kimberly (ed.).

2799: 2422: 2161: 2044: 2032: 1970: 1683: 1537:

Membership discrimination in California social clubs

512: 6870: 6153:

The Woman's Club of El Paso: Its First Thirty Years

6143:

The History of the Woman's Club Movement in America

5723:

on December 16, 2016 – via National Archives.

3322: 3002: 2990: 2811: 2784: 2715:"African American Women During the Progressive Era" 2648:(Reprint ed.). Mariner Books. pp. 62–63. 2350: 1859: 1707: 1570: 7925:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 6347:The Chicago Black Renaissance and Women's Activism 4111: 3702:, December 20, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2023. 3644:"The Most exclusive Women-Only Clubs In Manhattan" 3621:. The George Washington University. Archived from 2772: 2662: 2522: 2098: 1446:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 7450:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 7090:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America 6873:List of books for girls and women and their clubs 6759:. In Freeman, Robert S.; Hovde, David M. (eds.). 6111:American Feminism: Key Source Documents 1848–1920 5130:"Club Women To Defy Law and Preach Birth Control" 3684:, October 11, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2023. 2867:. National Women's History Museum. Archived from 1421:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America 1390:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 662:Women's groups, like the NACWC, began to support 461:These Faculty Wives clubs were formed during the 285: 8238:Women's organizations based in the United States 8219: 7492:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building 6894:Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2013. 6637:"The Women's Clubs in the Middle Western States" 6269:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 4110:Dykeman, Wilma; Stokely, James (November 1957). 3668:, January 7, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2023. 2222: 2020: 1695: 902:, began the process of restoring and preserving 167:Later, women also started to become involved in 6798: 6635:Sherman, Mrs. John Dickinson (September 1906). 6326:National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A History 5160:Newspaper & Current Periodical Reading Room 5036:Smith, Alfred Emanuel; Walton, Francis (1895). 2308: 2216: 783: 477:, and sewed regularly for the Red Cross during 336:". In 1868, black women's clubs were formed in 239:. Women in clubs raised money, worked with the 7020:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches 6761:Libraries to the People: Histories of Outreach 6107: 5385: 4390:Western New York Suffragists: Winning the Vote 4109: 3855: 2646:The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History 2548:"The Popularization of Voluntary Associations" 2320: 298:Even before African Americans were freed from 6972: 6507:"The Work of the Women's Clubs in California" 5335: 5333: 4304:"Woman's Club Members Shaped El Paso History" 3573:"Historic Colored Women's Club still growing" 36:Five women officers of the Women's League in 7847:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 6057:"Women's Suffrage and the Question of Color" 5185:Perry, Mrs. Richard B. (February 28, 1936). 3650:, May 8, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2023. 2387:Jennifer Eastman Attebery (April 29, 1986). 1542:History of antisemitism in the United States 1278:access would decrease "social ills" such as 840:Women's clubs helped in the creation of the 493:Decline of woman's clubs in the 20th century 5653:"The formation of a society having for its" 5035: 3289: 2901: 2640:. In Mankiller, Wilma P.; Mink, Gwendolyn; 2605:"A History of Slavery in the United States" 1766:"S.F. women's clubs aging, rolls declining" 1049:Texas State Library and Archives Commission 7576:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society 6979: 6965: 6374:. University of North Carolina Wilmington. 6267:Encyclopedia of Women in the American West 6172:"The Meaning of the Woman's Club Movement" 6150: 6128: 5771: 5330: 4327: 4078: 3912:"Mrs. Henrotin, the President of the Gen-" 3469: 2644:; Smith, Barbara; Steinem, Gloria (eds.). 1355:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society 808:Women's clubs were involved in protecting 312:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society 6835: 6350:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 6290:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6283: 6170:Decker, Sarah S. Platt (September 1906). 4050:"Racial Divisions in the Progressive Era" 3023: 2984: 2936: 1595: 1573:Encyclopedia of Women in American History 772:(CNDA) hosted well-known singers such as 386:(NACW) was founded. The NACW grew out of 100:The woman's club movement became part of 7764:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs 7612:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo 7471:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 7010:American Association of University Women 6438: 6231: 5906:"The Women's Rights Movement, 1848–1920" 5837: 5548: 5454:South Carolina Digital Newspaper Program 5268: 4973: 4907: 4847: 4793: 4766: 4440: 4262: 3748: 3296:. Oxford University Press. p. 628. 1677: 1665: 1653: 1303: 1262:Temperance movement in the United States 1200: 1002: 973:Many women's clubs were involved in the 883:In the 1930s, clubwomen involved in the 799: 787: 516: 393: 340:. Between 1880 and 1920, black women in 289: 125: 31: 7644:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs 6675: 6634: 6618: 6554:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 6552:Women's Rights: People and Perspectives 6483: 6343: 6322: 6304: 6155:. El Paso, Texas: Texas Western Press. 5933: 5931: 5900: 5898: 5849: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5608: 5521: 5509: 5478: 5411: 5237: 5094: 5092: 5083: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4781: 4737: 4709:"Carrizozo Woman's Club Has Deep Roots" 4702: 4700: 4698: 4672: 4660: 4603: 4591: 4522: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4455: 4372: 4297: 4295: 4274: 4245: 4218: 4172: 4170: 3797: 3767: 3710: 3708: 3470:Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 9, 2010). 3316: 2908:. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research. 2889: 2832: 2579: 2428: 1827: 1713: 1547:Racial segregation in the United States 718:school for boys in Glenwood, Illinois. 647:The Woman's Missionary Council for the 14: 8228:African-American women's organizations 8220: 6947:Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College 6842:. Buffalo, New York: Broadview Press. 6777: 6754: 6733: 6712: 6568: 6545: 6401: 6260: 6210: 6169: 6054: 5873: 5861: 5736: 5677: 5563: 5533: 5435: 5423: 5373: 5361: 5324: 5071: 5023: 4993:Blair, Karen J. (September 27, 2009). 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4955: 4805: 4754: 4689: 4645: 4633: 4451: 4449: 4301: 4286: 4230: 4079:Winegarten, Ruthe (February 4, 2017). 3867: 3812: 3782: 3601: 3536: 3534: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3465: 3463: 3370: 3368: 3340: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3198: 3196: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3142: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2969: 2844: 2805: 2591: 2440: 2416: 2344: 2332: 2296: 2268: 2192: 2167: 2125: 2057: 1995: 1793: 1791: 1763: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1689: 1043:was created largely by members of the 1007:Willie Massey, head of the library in 595:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 428: 7581:New England Woman's Press Association 7135:Women's Joint Congressional Committee 7095:National Society of New England Women 7080:National Association of Colored Women 6960: 6740:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6589: 6504: 6139: 5989: 5961: 5939:"African American Women and Suffrage" 5748: 5706: 5447: 5184: 5162:. Library of Congress. Archived from 5052: 4995:"Women's Club Movement in Washington" 4992: 4618: 4491: 4408: 4206: 3986: 3938: 3824: 3714: 3678:"The High Price of Female Friendship" 3409:"The decline of Maynard Woman's Club" 3374: 3108: 3106: 3011: 2996: 2855: 2853: 2820: 2793: 2778: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2671: 2533: 2204: 2139:"General Federation of Women's Clubs" 2113: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2038: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1865: 1764:Bowles, Nellie (September 11, 2011). 1759: 1757: 1493:Women's Joint Congressional Committee 1488:Woman's Health Protective Association 1410:National Association of Colored Women 1197:Women's suffrage in the United States 1087:". Women-led organizations, like the 952:Ladies' Health Protective Association 605:Women's clubs, especially during the 384:National Association of Colored Women 179:organizations starting in the 1840s. 8233:Progressive Era in the United States 7513:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs 7045:Daughters of the American Revolution 6575:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Book. 6364: 5928: 5895: 5874:Squire, Belle (September 18, 1910). 5695: 5614: 5386:O'Loughlin, Kathy (March 16, 2012). 5262: 5231: 5210: 5122: 5100:"Causes: The Birth Control Movement" 5089: 4706: 4695: 4480: 4333: 4292: 4167: 4142: 4136: 4113:"The Plight of Southern White Women" 4103: 4081:"Texas Association of Women's Clubs" 3705: 3619:The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project 3570: 3433: 3328: 2895: 2635: 2356: 1701: 1619: 1617: 1360:Daughters of the American Revolution 1350:Colorado Federation of Women's Clubs 1079:Some women's clubs became active in 850:Colorado Federation of Women's Clubs 7550:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association 7145:Young Women's Christian Association 7115:United Daughters of the Confederacy 7060:General Federation of Women's Clubs 7040:Daughters of the American Colonists 6938:Women's Clubs Collection, 1812–1995 6378: 5620: 5350:Administrative Theory & Praxis, 5339:Watson, "Founding Mothers," p. 236. 4979: 4458:"Texas Federation of Women's Clubs" 4446: 4302:Weiser, Abbie (February 21, 2016). 3825:Jones, Cherisse R. (July 7, 2016). 3571:Bell, Natalie (February 25, 2016). 3531: 3509:"The Florida Women's Club Movement" 3496: 3472:"A Sanctuary for Women, Even Today" 3460: 3365: 3251: 3221: 3193: 3163: 3067: 3029: 2930: 2491:General Federation of Women's Clubs 2228: 2026: 1883:General Federation of Women's Clubs 1788: 1719: 1498:Young Women's Christian Association 1467:United Daughters of the Confederacy 1380:General Federation of Women's Clubs 1272:Florida Federation of Women's Clubs 1242:National Baptist Woman's Convention 1238:American Woman Suffrage Association 1234:National Woman Suffrage Association 792:Women in the Adirondacks, photo by 550:continues to be one of the top ten 158:General Federation of Women's Clubs 24: 8248:Women's clubs in the United States 7972:Texas Association of Women's Clubs 7967:Daughters of the Republic of Texas 7545:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore 7125:Women's Christian Temperance Union 6867:University of Chicago Press, 1997. 6857: 6836:Zackodnik, Teresa C., ed. (2010). 6505:Moore, Dorothea (September 1906). 6129:Bredbenner, Candice Lewis (1998). 6023: 5761:(2) – via National Archives. 5751:"Women and Naturalization, Part 2" 5709:"Women and Naturalization, Part 1" 5485:Stephen F. Austin State University 4536:"The Woman's Club of White Plains" 4492:Clark, Emily (February 17, 2016). 3375:Comas, Martin E. (April 6, 2016). 3103: 3079:Watson, Denise M. (June 6, 2016). 2850: 2737: 2613:. January 31, 2016. Archived from 2082:. November 1, 2010. Archived from 2063: 1982: 1954:. December 1, 1999. Archived from 1931: 1754: 1532:Woman's Christian Temperance Union 1472:Women's Christian Temperance Union 1457:Texas Association of Women's Clubs 1320:Association of Collegiate Alumnae 1144:Women's Christian Temperance Union 923:both worked on issues relating to 657:Texas Association of Women's Clubs 25: 8259: 7992:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association 7987:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs 7130:Women's National Republican Club 6953:, McLean County Museum of History 6898: 5627:Chicago Metropolitan History Fair 4143:Hall, Jacquelyn (March 8, 2013). 3879: 2750:"The Black Women's Club Movement" 1614: 1462:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs 999:Public libraries in North America 735:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs 724:Rochester Institute of Technology 715:Association of Collegiate Alumnae 525:Some clubs are still active. The 513:Woman's clubs in the 21st century 442:across the United States such as 257:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs 7982:Texas Equal Suffrage Association 7784:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn) 7085:National Council of Jewish Women 6734:Turner, Elizabeth Hayes (1997). 6211:Dunbar, Erica Armstrong (2008). 6146:. New York: H.G. Allen & Co. 6079: 6048: 6017: 5867: 5803: 5777: 5742: 5645: 5569: 5472: 5441: 5379: 5342: 5288: 5204: 5178: 5148: 5029: 4949: 4872: 4841: 4811: 4558: 4540:The Woman's Club of White Plains 4528: 4456:Seaholm, Megan (June 15, 2010). 4378: 4072: 4042: 4014: 3960: 3939:Field, Kate (January 12, 1895). 3932: 3904: 3873: 3818: 3042: 2861:"African American Reform Ethics" 2545: 2183:, vol. 64, no. 3 (1994), p. 235. 1416:National Council of Jewish Women 1405:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 1293: 1137: 900:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 891:in Colorado. In New Mexico, the 748: 7429:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club 7110:United States Daughters of 1812 6951:Margaret Fuller Club Collection 6592:The Journal of Southern History 6140:Croly, Jane Cunningham (1898). 5943:National Women's History Museum 5581:National Women's History Museum 5577:"The National Consumers League" 5448:Blair, Laura (March 27, 2013). 5269:De Young, Ruth (June 6, 1937). 5104:National Women's History Museum 4848:Janiskee, Bob (June 29, 2008). 4416:"Real Help for the Unfortunate" 4054:National Women's History Museum 3687: 3671: 3653: 3637: 3615:"Women's City Club of New York" 3607: 3564: 3427: 3401: 3334: 3283: 3208:Kent State University Libraries 3136: 2719:National Women's History Museum 2707: 2677: 2629: 2597: 2539: 2497: 2479: 2465: 2434: 2380: 2362: 2262: 2234: 2173: 2131: 1909:"Woman's Club of Redondo Beach" 1901: 1871: 1833: 1738:. June 12, 2014. Archived from 1629:National Women's History Museum 1375:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club 1099:Women's clubs helped establish 1094: 989:sponsored by the Woman's Club. 893:Valley of Fires Recreation Area 612: 423:National Council of Negro Women 276:National Organization for Women 52:that took place throughout the 7977:Texas Equal Rights Association 7161:Alabama's Colored Women's Club 6261:Hansen, Debra L. Gold (2003). 6234:The American Historical Review 4184:. July 1, 2014. Archived from 4022:"Against Race and Color Lines" 2865:African American Reform Ethics 1589: 1564: 1240:(AWSA). Women involved in the 943:created what later became the 919:The Woman's City Club and the 286:African-American club movement 13: 1: 6713:Tolson, Claudette L. (2008). 6388:West River History Conference 6323:Kaufman, Polly Welts (2006). 6263:"Clubs (Women's) in the West" 5479:Burkett, Deborah (May 2013). 5352:vol. 24, no 3 (2002), p. 525. 5240:"Rachelle Slobodinsky Yarros" 5042:. Outlook publishing Company. 4707:Maue, Lisa (March 15, 2016). 3434:Dove, Lindsay Scovil (2013). 3114:"Black Women's Club Movement" 2443:"The Woman's Club of Spokane" 2269:Bodine, W.L. (May 24, 1905). 1913:Woman's Club of Redondo Beach 1552: 1517:Feminism in the United States 1482:Women's City Club of New York 1255: 1226:would help promote suffrage. 1218:, helped set up a chapter of 985:was a sponsored speaker on a 979:Illinois Birth Control League 914: 794:Katherine Elizabeth McClellan 617:Women's clubs helped promote 270:In 1964, Congress passed the 261:Works Progress Administration 135: 7789:Newswomen's Club of New York 7264:Hollywood Women's Press Club 7070:Ladies' Memorial Association 6871:Augusta H. Leypoldt (1895), 6550:. In DeLuzio, Crista (ed.). 6404:The Journal of Negro History 6284:Hendricks, Wanda A. (1998). 6151:Cunningham, Mary S. (1978). 4567:The American Magazine of Art 4565:"Art in the Women's Clubs". 3972:Harrisburg Daily Independent 3882:"Fannie Jackson Coppin Club" 3856:Beer, Ford & Joslin 2003 3234:"Faculty Wives Club Records" 2937:Hendricks, Wanda A. (2013). 2905:Notable Black American Women 2638:"Black Clubwomen's Movement" 2505:"Women's Trade Union League" 2487:"Impact and Accomplishments" 2321:Beer, Ford & Joslin 2003 2271:"The Value of Woman's Clubs" 1557: 1385:Houston Heights Woman's Club 1152:Free Speech Movement of 1909 1022:American Library Association 1020:Endowment. According to the 992: 868:which became the nucleus of 816:, and dedicate and maintain 784:Environment and conservation 677: 527:Houston Heights Woman's Club 216:In 1907, magazine publisher 7: 7050:Daughters of the Cincinnati 7030:Colonial Dames XVII Century 6344:Knupfer, Anna Meis (2006). 6026:"Women's Suffrage Movement" 6013:– via Newspapers.com. 5985:– via Newspapers.com. 5910:History, Art & Archives 5799:– via Newspapers.com. 5667:– via Newspapers.com. 4038:– via Newspapers.com. 4010:– via Newspapers.com. 3982:– via Newspapers.com. 3956:– via Newspapers.com. 3941:"Color Versus Intelligence" 3928:– via Newspapers.com. 3880:Moore, Shirley Ann Wilson. 3831:South Carolina Encyclopedia 3347:Oklahoma Historical Society 2636:Shaw, Stephanie J. (1999). 2610:National Geographic Society 2309:Wood & Pennybacker 1914 2217:Wood & Pennybacker 1914 2002:Oklahoma Historical Society 1803:The Woman's Club of El Paso 1625:"Introduction to Clubwomen" 1505: 1190: 1053:Texas Historical Commission 945:Seattle Children's Hospital 562:, founded in 1903, and the 376:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 10: 8264: 8076:University Club of Seattle 8031:Daughters of Utah Pioneers 7362:Atlanta Neighborhood Union 7140:Women's Trade Union League 7105:Queen Isabella Association 6935:Digital Library of Georgia 6927:Digital Library of Georgia 6922:Digital Library of Georgia 6813:10.1177/000271621405600110 6690:10.1177/002205740806702004 6653:10.1177/000271620602800203 6546:Parker, Alison M. (2010). 6523:10.1177/000271620602800205 6365:Lang, Jennifer R. (2005). 6305:Johnson, Kimberly (n.d.). 6188:10.1177/000271620602800201 6101: 5238:Haslett, Diane C. (2001). 5211:Hajo, Cathy Moran (2010). 3449:(3): 20–21. Archived from 1841:"Los Angeles Woman's Club" 1600:. LSU Press. p. 140. 1575:. Routledge. p. 455. 1330:Atlanta Neighborhood Union 1297: 1259: 1194: 1161: 1157: 996: 655:. Women's clubs, like the 555:for elderly black people. 507:extracurricular activities 372:Mary Jane Richardson Jones 304:African Benevolent Society 121: 8198: 8191: 8174: 8167: 8148: 8141: 8116: 8100: 8084: 8053: 8037: 8025: 7959: 7933: 7912: 7891: 7860: 7839: 7823: 7807: 7756: 7725: 7689: 7673: 7657: 7636: 7620: 7604: 7558: 7537: 7521: 7505: 7484: 7463: 7442: 7406: 7390: 7354: 7323: 7302: 7216: 7185: 7169: 7153: 7035:Colonial Dames of America 7002: 6995: 6780:The North American Review 6755:Watson, Paula D. (2003). 6217:. Yale University Press. 6087:"Sulgrave Club Home Page" 5997:"Susan B. Has Had Enough" 5749:Smith, Marian L. (1998). 5707:Smith, Marian L. (1998). 4819:"People Behind the Parks" 3341:Wilson, Linda D. (2009). 2276:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1996:Wilson, Linda D. (2009). 1879:"GFWC Clubwoman Magazine" 1596:Goldfield, David (2013). 1345:Colonial Dames of America 1244:also supported suffrage. 1089:National Consumers League 1058: 934: 844:. Under the direction of 672:Woman's Political Council 649:southern Methodist church 600: 544:Ebell Club in Los Angeles 7586:New England Women's Club 6678:The Journal of Education 6569:Rabaka, Reiland (2012). 6487:Organizing Black America 6030:Encyclopedia of Arkansas 3443:Houston History Magazine 3238:Emporia State University 3180:University of Washington 2754:DeColonizing Our History 2143:Women Working, 1800–1930 1426:New England Women's Club 1063: 1009:Van Wyck, South Carolina 870:Everglades National Park 842:Mesa Verde National Park 739:Texas Woman's University 552:non-profit organizations 452:Emporia State University 444:University of Washington 150:New England Women's Club 95: 7015:American Woman's League 6890:Jayne Morris-Crowther, 6619:Seaholm, Megan (1998). 5191:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 4886:. National Park Service 4880:"Royal Palm State Park" 4854:National Parks Traveler 4341:"Historical Background" 4182:Women's History Matters 3721:Jewish Women's Archives 3343:"Women's Club Movement" 2509:Encyclopedia Britannica 1998:"Women's Club Movement" 1952:Encyclopedia Britannica 1736:Women's History Matters 1477:Women's Club of El Paso 1045:Woman's Club of El Paso 960:The Pure Foods Movement 699:Woman's Club of El Paso 638:Fannie Barrier Williams 625:during the late 1900s. 532:Des Moines Women's Club 222:American Woman's League 27:Women's social movement 7571:College Club of Boston 7497:Woman's Club of Topeka 7424:Fortnightly of Chicago 7075:League of Women Voters 6943:March 6, 2015, at the 6484:Mjagkij, Nona (2001). 4956:Stover, Kayla (2017). 4573:(5): 209. March 1918. 4132:– via EBSCOhost. 3120:. 2006. Archived from 2689:Women in Texas History 1436:San Pedro Woman's Club 1395:League of Women Voters 1335:Charlotte Woman's Club 1309: 1268:prohibition of alcohol 1206: 1148:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn 1120:United States Congress 1041:El Paso Public Library 1012: 975:birth control movement 970:in their communities. 964:Pure Food and Drug Act 929:Carrizozo Woman's Club 805: 797: 745:for higher education. 668:Montgomery bus boycott 522: 399: 359:in their communities. 349:Northern United States 295: 251:for soldiers and sold 141: 107:municipal housekeeping 41: 8203:List of women's clubs 8192:List of women's clubs 7873:Colored Women's Clubs 7769:Brooklyn Woman's Club 7596:Saturday Morning Club 7120:United Order of Tents 7100:Phillis Wheatley Club 6114:. London: Routledge. 6024:Taylor, Paula Kyzer. 5974:Chicago Daily Tribune 5789:Chicago Daily Tribune 5621:Schultz, Rima Lunin. 4976:, pp. 1038–1039. 4498:Wicked Local Kingston 4462:Texas Handbook Online 4085:Texas Handbook Online 4027:Chicago Daily Tribune 3999:The Salt Lake Tribune 3946:Chicago Daily Tribune 3717:"Rose Haas Alschuler" 3715:Bornstein, Sandra K. 3456:on February 23, 2017. 3270:Ball State University 2564:on February 26, 2017. 2393:National Park Service 2247:The Los Angeles Times 1845:The Los Angeles Times 1512:List of women's clubs 1431:Phillis Wheatley Club 1307: 1300:List of women's clubs 1204: 1006: 908:environmental justice 878:National Park Service 866:Royal Palm State Park 803: 791: 778:The Negro in Art Week 704:Crockett State School 520: 456:Ball State University 448:Kent State University 397: 342:Indianapolis, Indiana 308:Newport, Rhode Island 293: 274:, then, in 1966, the 154:Jane Cunningham Croly 129: 46:women's club movement 38:Newport, Rhode Island 35: 7946:Country Woman's Club 7419:Chicago Woman's Club 7367:Atlanta Woman's Club 7239:College Women's Club 6990:in the United States 6441:Environmental Review 6379:Lee, Shebby (2009). 6091:www.sulgraveclub.org 6067:on February 23, 2017 6036:on December 21, 2016 6002:The Saint Paul Globe 5587:on December 30, 2016 5136:. September 29, 1916 5110:on December 30, 2016 5005:on February 28, 2017 4860:on February 28, 2017 4829:on February 28, 2017 4719:on February 14, 2017 4546:on February 23, 2017 4060:on December 30, 2016 3968:"The Color Question" 3892:on February 23, 2017 3837:on February 23, 2017 3625:on November 19, 2016 3583:on February 23, 2017 3577:The Mississippi Link 3552:on November 19, 2016 3484:on February 23, 2017 3413:Wicked Local Maynard 3124:on February 23, 2017 3091:on February 23, 2017 2871:on December 30, 2016 2725:on December 30, 2016 2617:on November 25, 2017 2546:Hall, Peter Dobkin. 2453:on February 28, 2017 2149:on February 23, 2017 1919:on February 23, 2017 1889:on November 19, 2016 1809:on February 23, 2017 1340:Chicago Woman's Club 1224:Chicago Woman's Club 1180:in women's fashion. 1178:use of bird feathers 921:City Club of Chicago 711:Chicago Woman's Club 338:Harris County, Texas 230:Woman's Farm Journal 218:Edward Gardner Lewis 7398:Daughters of Hawaii 6863:Anne Ruggles Gere. 6055:McGoldrick, Neale. 5719:(2). Archived from 5633:on January 16, 2017 5250:on January 16, 2017 4960:. New York: Oxford. 4396:on November 7, 2016 4351:on February 5, 2017 4233:, pp. 201–202. 4091:on February 5, 2017 3920:. December 23, 1894 3085:The Virginian-Pilot 2760:on February 2, 2017 2557:: 1. Archived from 2441:Oesterheld, Frank. 2376:on October 3, 2006. 2299:, pp. 199–200. 1776:on February 5, 2017 1315:Alpha Suffrage Club 1212:Kate Newell Doggett 1124:Married Women's Act 1034:traveling libraries 764:as the state song. 634:Oakland, California 571:business networking 542:, president of the 429:Faculty Wives clubs 380:Mary Church Terrell 7229:Berkeley City Club 5977:. October 20, 1883 5819:. January 29, 1879 5816:Los Angeles Herald 5811:"The Woman's Club" 5785:"The County Board" 4030:. January 24, 1895 4002:. January 24, 1896 3994:"Black Bats White" 3974:. February 5, 1896 3917:The New York Times 3682:Town & Country 3477:The New York Times 2447:Spokane Historical 1847:. February 1, 1885 1310: 1207: 1074:working conditions 1013: 806: 798: 651:spoke out against 536:Hoyt Sherman Place 523: 400: 391:"call to action". 296: 142: 42: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8187: 8186: 8163: 8162: 8137: 8136: 8129:Women's City Club 7941:19th Century Club 7899:Cosmopolitan Club 7799:Women's City Club 7779:Cosmopolitan Club 7681:20th Century Club 7284:Metropolitan Club 6849:978-1-55111-917-5 6770:978-0-7864-1359-1 6747:978-0-19-802805-5 6582:978-0-7391-7492-0 6561:978-1-59884-114-5 6497:978-1-135-58123-7 6336:978-0-8263-3994-2 6315:Delta Kappa Gamma 6276:978-1-4522-6526-1 6224:978-0-300-12591-7 6061:SocialStudies.org 5969:"Women's Kingdom" 5949:on March 26, 2017 5916:on March 30, 2017 5840:, pp. 69–70. 5774:, pp. 86–87. 5755:Prologue Magazine 5713:Prologue Magazine 5623:"Women's History" 5491:on March 31, 2017 5460:on March 31, 2017 5364:, pp. 87–88. 5224:978-0-252-03536-4 4648:, pp. 60–61. 4636:, pp. 59–60. 4504:on March 31, 2017 4468:on March 22, 2016 4422:. January 2, 1911 4188:on March 31, 2017 3727:on August 5, 2016 3303:978-0-19-517055-9 3055:on March 27, 2017 2948:978-0-252-09587-0 2695:on March 23, 2017 2655:978-0-618-00182-8 2347:, pp. 44–45. 2335:, pp. 10–11. 2250:. January 9, 1885 2207:, pp. 12–13. 2181:Library Quarterly 2086:on March 31, 2017 1958:on April 20, 2016 1742:on March 30, 2017 1635:on March 30, 2017 1522:Gentlemen's clubs 1288:domestic violence 862:May Mann Jennings 810:natural resources 757:Old Folks at Home 720:Hester C. Jeffrey 627:Settlement houses 564:Cosmopolitan Club 111:Alice Ames Winter 18:Woman's club 16:(Redirected from 8255: 8196: 8195: 8172: 8171: 8146: 8145: 7591:Woman's Era Club 7000: 6999: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6887: 6853: 6832: 6795: 6786:(792): 636–640. 6774: 6751: 6730: 6709: 6672: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6586: 6565: 6542: 6501: 6480: 6435: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6385: 6375: 6373: 6361: 6340: 6319: 6311: 6301: 6280: 6257: 6240:(4): 1032–1050. 6228: 6207: 6166: 6147: 6136: 6125: 6095: 6094: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6063:. Archived from 6052: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6032:. Archived from 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5945:. Archived from 5935: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5791:. April 16, 1884 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5704: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5659:. March 27, 1886 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5629:. Archived from 5618: 5612: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5583:. Archived from 5573: 5567: 5561: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5487:. Archived from 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456:. Archived from 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5302:. Archived from 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5246:. Archived from 5235: 5229: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5166:on April 7, 2016 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5106:. Archived from 5096: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5060: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5001:. Archived from 4990: 4977: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4856:. Archived from 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4825:. Archived from 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4715:. Archived from 4704: 4693: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4542:. Archived from 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4500:. Archived from 4489: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4453: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4392:. Archived from 4386:"Hester Jeffrey" 4382: 4376: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4337: 4331: 4330:, pp. 8–10. 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4155:on March 9, 2016 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4115: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4056:. Archived from 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3888:. Archived from 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3833:. Archived from 3822: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3723:. Archived from 3712: 3703: 3691: 3685: 3680:Marisa Meltzer, 3675: 3669: 3657: 3651: 3648:Guest of a Guest 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579:. Archived from 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3548:. Archived from 3538: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3519:on April 5, 2017 3515:. Archived from 3505: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3480:. Archived from 3467: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3389:on March 1, 2017 3385:. Archived from 3382:Orlando Sentinel 3372: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3353:on March 1, 2017 3349:. Archived from 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3262: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3172: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3118:Encyclopedia.com 3110: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3087:. Archived from 3076: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3051:. Archived from 3040: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2756:. Archived from 2746: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2721:. Archived from 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2691:. Archived from 2681: 2675: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2449:. Archived from 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2372:. Archived from 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2242:"A Woman's Club" 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2145:. Archived from 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2008:on March 1, 2017 2004:. Archived from 1993: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1944: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1915:. Archived from 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1885:. Archived from 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1805:. Archived from 1795: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1772:. Archived from 1761: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1728: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1631:. Archived from 1621: 1612: 1611: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1568: 1527:Women-only space 1250:Great Depression 1112:Expatriation Act 1018:Carnegie Library 889:Great Sand Dunes 887:, protected the 858:Hetch Hetchy Dam 846:Virginia McClurg 830:national forests 670:in 1955 was the 419:Great Depression 272:Civil Rights Act 255:. In Texas, the 226:Woman's Magazine 181:African-American 177:women's suffrage 140: 137: 82:women's suffrage 78:juvenile justice 21: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8207: 8183: 8159: 8154:The Woman's Era 8133: 8117:Washington D.C. 8112: 8096: 8080: 8049: 8033: 8021: 8007:Houston Heights 7955: 7929: 7908: 7887: 7856: 7835: 7819: 7803: 7752: 7721: 7717:Upper Montclair 7685: 7669: 7653: 7632: 7616: 7600: 7554: 7533: 7517: 7501: 7480: 7459: 7438: 7434:Three Arts Club 7402: 7386: 7350: 7341:Fort Lauderdale 7319: 7298: 7279:LA Nurses' Club 7212: 7181: 7165: 7149: 6991: 6985: 6945:Wayback Machine 6912:(official site) 6901: 6860: 6858:Further reading 6850: 6771: 6748: 6727: 6684:(20): 536–538. 6628:Rice University 6623: 6604:10.2307/2210662 6583: 6562: 6498: 6453:10.2307/3984521 6416:10.2307/2717327 6392: 6390: 6383: 6371: 6358: 6337: 6309: 6298: 6277: 6246:10.2307/2163477 6225: 6163: 6122: 6104: 6099: 6098: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6005:. June 28, 1888 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5881:Chicago Tribune 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5772:Bredbenner 1998 5770: 5766: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5728: 5705: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5657:The Inter Ocean 5651: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5551:, p. 1043. 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5392:Main Line Times 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5275:Chicago Tribune 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5134:The Denver Post 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5051: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4991: 4980: 4972: 4965: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4705: 4696: 4688: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4490: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4447: 4443:, p. 1040. 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4420:The Inter Ocean 4414: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4328:Cunningham 1978 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265:, p. 1041. 4261: 4252: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3827:"Women's Clubs" 3823: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3755: 3747: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3706: 3696:Robin Buckley, 3692: 3688: 3676: 3672: 3662:Kristen Hicks, 3658: 3654: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3415:. July 23, 2017 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3373: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3331:, pp. 8–9. 3327: 3323: 3319:, pp. 2–3. 3315: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3077: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3041: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2949: 2935: 2931: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2642:Navarro, Marysa 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2569: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2406:photo from 1986 2397: 2395: 2385: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2359:, pp. 5–6. 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2074: 2073: 2064: 2056: 2045: 2041:, pp. 8–9. 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 1994: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1948:"Club movement" 1946: 1945: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1762: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1730: 1729: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1680:, p. 1050. 1676: 1672: 1668:, p. 1048. 1664: 1660: 1656:, p. 1046. 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1608: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1508: 1503: 1302: 1296: 1264: 1258: 1236:(NWSA) and the 1199: 1193: 1166: 1160: 1140: 1101:juvenile courts 1097: 1066: 1061: 1001: 995: 983:Margaret Sanger 941:Anna Herr Clise 937: 917: 874:Monument Valley 786: 751: 695:nursery schools 680: 674:of Montgomery. 615: 607:Progressive era 603: 540:Shirlee Haizlip 515: 495: 463:Progressive era 431: 382:. In 1896, the 357:social standing 288: 138: 124: 102:Progressive era 98: 90:family planning 58:Progressive era 50:social movement 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8261: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7914: 7913:South Carolina 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7808:North Carolina 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7294:Wilfandel Club 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259:Francisca Club 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6948: 6932: 6924: 6913: 6907: 6900: 6899:External links 6897: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6877:Library Bureau 6868: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6833: 6796: 6775: 6769: 6752: 6746: 6731: 6725: 6710: 6673: 6632: 6616: 6587: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6543: 6502: 6496: 6481: 6436: 6410:(2): 158–167. 6399: 6376: 6362: 6356: 6341: 6335: 6320: 6302: 6296: 6281: 6275: 6258: 6229: 6223: 6208: 6167: 6161: 6148: 6137: 6126: 6120: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6078: 6047: 6016: 5988: 5960: 5927: 5894: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5802: 5776: 5764: 5741: 5739:, p. 638. 5726: 5694: 5682: 5680:, p. 203. 5670: 5644: 5613: 5598: 5568: 5553: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5502: 5471: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5414:, p. 538. 5404: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5306:on May 7, 2016 5287: 5261: 5230: 5223: 5203: 5177: 5147: 5121: 5088: 5076: 5074:, p. 202. 5061: 5045: 5028: 5026:, p. 164. 5016: 4978: 4963: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4897: 4871: 4840: 4810: 4808:, p. 201. 4798: 4786: 4771: 4759: 4742: 4730: 4694: 4677: 4675:, p. 104. 4665: 4663:, p. 102. 4650: 4638: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4557: 4527: 4515: 4479: 4445: 4433: 4407: 4377: 4362: 4332: 4320: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4250: 4248:, p. 537. 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 536. 4211: 4199: 4166: 4135: 4102: 4071: 4041: 4013: 3985: 3959: 3931: 3903: 3872: 3870:, p. 124. 3860: 3848: 3817: 3815:, p. 636. 3802: 3787: 3772: 3753: 3738: 3704: 3686: 3670: 3652: 3636: 3606: 3594: 3563: 3530: 3495: 3459: 3426: 3400: 3364: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3302: 3282: 3250: 3220: 3192: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3102: 3066: 3043:Wada, Kayomi. 3028: 3024:Hendricks 1998 3016: 3001: 2989: 2987:, p. 232. 2985:Zackodnik 2010 2974: 2972:, p. 161. 2962: 2947: 2929: 2914: 2894: 2892:, p. 229. 2882: 2849: 2847:, p. 160. 2837: 2835:, p. 492. 2825: 2810: 2798: 2783: 2771: 2736: 2706: 2676: 2661: 2654: 2628: 2596: 2594:, p. 101. 2584: 2582:, p. 235. 2567: 2538: 2521: 2496: 2478: 2464: 2433: 2421: 2419:, p. 129. 2409: 2379: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2261: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 152. 2185: 2172: 2160: 2130: 2128:, p. 119. 2118: 2097: 2062: 2043: 2031: 2019: 1981: 1979:, p. 3–4. 1969: 1930: 1900: 1870: 1858: 1832: 1820: 1787: 1753: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1692:, p. 637. 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1613: 1606: 1588: 1581: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1370:Francisca Club 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1192: 1189: 1185:Savoy Ballroom 1174:tight clothing 1170:around corsets 1159: 1156: 1139: 1136: 1132:age of consent 1096: 1093: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 994: 991: 968:drinking water 936: 933: 925:waste disposal 916: 913: 885:PEO Sisterhood 785: 782: 762:Stephen Foster 750: 747: 679: 676: 614: 611: 602: 599: 579:Belizean Grove 514: 511: 494: 491: 430: 427: 363:Black colleges 351:and into more 325:13th Amendment 317:The North Star 287: 284: 247:socks, rolled 123: 120: 97: 94: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8260: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Women's clubs 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8124:Sulgrave Club 8122: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7951:Ossoli Circle 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559:Massachusetts 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7249:Ebell Society 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234:Beverly Hills 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Junior League 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6988:Women's clubs 6982: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6726:9780549840275 6722: 6718: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490:. Routledge. 6489: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6357:9780252072932 6353: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6297:0-253-33447-0 6293: 6289: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6162:0-87404-061-2 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6121:0-415-21945-0 6117: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5864:, p. 26. 5863: 5858: 5852:, p. 31. 5851: 5846: 5839: 5838:Merchant 1984 5834: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5692:, p. 39. 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5611:, p. 40. 5610: 5605: 5603: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5566:, p. 36. 5565: 5560: 5558: 5550: 5549:Flanagan 1990 5545: 5543: 5536:, p. 77. 5535: 5530: 5524:, p. 49. 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5438:, p. 80. 5437: 5432: 5426:, p. 76. 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5376:, p. 74. 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5327:, p. 82. 5326: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5207: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5086:, p. 38. 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4974:Flanagan 1990 4970: 4968: 4959: 4952: 4946:, p. 45. 4945: 4940: 4934:, p. 36. 4933: 4928: 4922:, p. 32. 4921: 4916: 4910:, p. 63. 4909: 4908:Merchant 1984 4904: 4902: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4796:, p. 59. 4795: 4794:Merchant 1984 4790: 4784:, p. 33. 4783: 4778: 4776: 4769:, p. 62. 4768: 4767:Merchant 1984 4763: 4757:, p. 59. 4756: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4740:, p. 48. 4739: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4692:, p. 58. 4691: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4621:, p. 59. 4620: 4615: 4613: 4606:, p. 46. 4605: 4600: 4594:, p. 33. 4593: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4525:, p. 12. 4524: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4442: 4441:Flanagan 1990 4437: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4375:, p. 34. 4374: 4369: 4367: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4309: 4308:El Paso Times 4305: 4298: 4296: 4289:, p. 59. 4288: 4283: 4277:, p. 35. 4276: 4271: 4264: 4263:Flanagan 1990 4259: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4209:, p. 22. 4208: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4106: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3886:BlackPast.org 3883: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3800:, p. 37. 3799: 3794: 3792: 3785:, p. 81. 3784: 3779: 3777: 3770:, p. 44. 3769: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3751:, p. 61. 3750: 3749:Merchant 1984 3745: 3743: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3604:, p. 62. 3603: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:"Croly Award" 3537: 3535: 3518: 3514: 3513:Visit Florida 3510: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3156:0-8147-8124-1 3152: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3054: 3050: 3049:BlackPast.org 3046: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3026:, p. 22. 3025: 3020: 3014:, p. 17. 3013: 3008: 3006: 2999:, p. 16. 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915:0-8103-4749-0 2911: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2823:, p. 19. 2822: 2817: 2815: 2808:, p. 45. 2807: 2802: 2796:, p. 15. 2795: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2407: 2398:September 27, 2394: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2311:, p. 80. 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2225: 2219:, p. 79. 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2176: 2170:, p. 57. 2169: 2164: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2085: 2081: 2080:Durand-Hedden 2077: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2060:, p. 56. 2059: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1868:, p. 62. 1867: 1862: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1830:, p. 32. 1829: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1792: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1678:Flanagan 1990 1674: 1667: 1666:Flanagan 1990 1662: 1655: 1654:Flanagan 1990 1650: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1609: 1607:9780807152171 1603: 1599: 1592: 1584: 1582:9781317471622 1578: 1574: 1567: 1563: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1452:Sulgrave Club 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365:Ebell Society 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1301: 1294:Notable clubs 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138:Prison reform 1135: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:labor strikes 1077: 1075: 1071: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1010: 1005: 1000: 990: 988: 987:radio program 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 932: 930: 926: 922: 912: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 802: 795: 790: 781: 779: 775: 771: 768:century. The 765: 763: 759: 758: 749:Art and music 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 727: 725: 721: 716: 712: 707: 705: 700: 696: 692: 691:Kindergartens 688: 685: 684:school boards 675: 673: 669: 665: 664:desegregation 660: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 610: 608: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 556: 553: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 519: 510: 508: 503: 499: 490: 488: 482: 480: 476: 472: 467: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 396: 392: 389: 388:anti-lynching 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 321: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 301: 292: 283: 279: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 211: 205: 202: 196: 194: 189: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 133: 128: 119: 115: 112: 108: 103: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 65: 63: 59: 55: 54:United States 51: 47: 39: 34: 30: 19: 8152: 8142:Publications 8045:Mount Vernon 7904:Plastic Club 7892:Pennsylvania 7665:East Glacier 6916: 6891: 6872: 6864: 6838: 6804: 6800: 6783: 6779: 6760: 6736: 6715: 6681: 6677: 6647:(2): 29–49. 6644: 6640: 6627: 6595: 6591: 6571: 6551: 6517:(2): 59–62. 6514: 6510: 6486: 6447:(1): 57–85. 6444: 6440: 6407: 6403: 6391:. Retrieved 6387: 6367: 6346: 6325: 6313: 6286: 6266: 6237: 6233: 6213: 6179: 6175: 6152: 6142: 6131: 6110: 6090: 6081: 6071:February 13, 6069:. Retrieved 6065:the original 6060: 6050: 6040:February 13, 6038:. Retrieved 6034:the original 6029: 6019: 6009:February 13, 6007:. Retrieved 6000: 5991: 5981:February 13, 5979:. Retrieved 5972: 5963: 5953:February 13, 5951:. Retrieved 5947:the original 5942: 5920:February 11, 5918:. Retrieved 5914:the original 5909: 5885:. Retrieved 5879: 5869: 5857: 5850:Sherman 1906 5845: 5833: 5823:February 13, 5821:. Retrieved 5814: 5805: 5793:. Retrieved 5788: 5779: 5767: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5721:the original 5716: 5712: 5690:Sherman 1906 5685: 5673: 5661:. Retrieved 5656: 5647: 5635:. Retrieved 5631:the original 5626: 5616: 5609:Sherman 1906 5591:February 19, 5589:. Retrieved 5585:the original 5580: 5571: 5529: 5522:Sherman 1906 5517: 5512:, p. 5. 5510:Johnson n.d. 5505: 5493:. Retrieved 5489:the original 5484: 5474: 5464:February 19, 5462:. 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Retrieved 4717:the original 4713:Ruidoso News 4712: 4673:Knupfer 2006 4668: 4661:Knupfer 2006 4641: 4604:Sherman 1906 4599: 4592:Sherman 1906 4587: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4550:February 10, 4548:. Retrieved 4544:the original 4539: 4530: 4523:Johnson n.d. 4518: 4508:February 13, 4506:. Retrieved 4502:the original 4497: 4470:. Retrieved 4466:the original 4461: 4436: 4426:February 13, 4424:. Retrieved 4419: 4410: 4400:February 11, 4398:. Retrieved 4394:the original 4389: 4380: 4373:Sherman 1906 4353:. Retrieved 4349:the original 4345:TAWC History 4344: 4335: 4323: 4311:. Retrieved 4307: 4282: 4275:Sherman 1906 4270: 4246:Stewart 1908 4226: 4219:Stewart 1908 4214: 4202: 4192:February 11, 4190:. Retrieved 4186:the original 4181: 4159:February 19, 4157:. Retrieved 4153:the original 4149:Facing South 4148: 4138: 4128:February 19, 4126:. Retrieved 4121: 4117: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4089:the original 4084: 4074: 4064:February 19, 4062:. Retrieved 4058:the original 4053: 4044: 4032:. 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