1217:
jurisdiction remains under the authority of the presiding juvenile court system through the adjudicated delinquent juvenile's nineteenth year of age. At times, a juvenile offender who is initially charged in juvenile court will be waived to adult court, meaning that the offender may be tried and sentenced in the same manner as an adult. "Once an adult, always an adult" provisions state that juveniles who are convicted of a crime in adult court will thereafter always be tried in adult court, regardless of the seriousness of the offense.
1061:
1651:
addressing local social problems through generic, broad-spectrum solutions. Juvenile courts in the
Netherlands, for example, emphasize rehabilitation but often exhibit punitive tendencies in practice, exacerbating biases and exclusion for minority groups. This disparity underscores the need for nuanced consideration when implementing global practices in local communities, as globalization of youth justice may inadvertently perpetuate international scapegoating and complicate identity issues.
75:
1016:
1005:
34:
1643:, particularly regarding punishment guidelines. There has been a shift towards less punitive approaches, with the UN General Assembly proposing measures to protect children and young people from harsh or degrading punishment. However, many Western countries have faced criticism for failing to implement these policies effectively or differentiate between youth and adult offenders in legal proceedings or sentencing.
138:
1095:
Serious offenses, such as murder or rape, can be prosecuted through adult court in
England. However, as of 2007, no United States data reported any exact numbers of juvenile offenders prosecuted as adults. In contrast, countries such as Australia and Japan are in the early stages of developing and implementing youth-focused justice initiatives
1647:
more child-friendly. More recently, the restorative justice model has gained traction as a more effective means of processing and reintegrating youth offenders into society. However, challenges in implementing restorative justice arise from cultural differences and the model's applicability across diverse social contexts.
1495:(JRB). These committees can present a resolution that does not result in a juvenile criminal record. However, there are qualifying circumstances for a case to be accepted for review, such as the type of offense (often must be minor in nature) and prior court involvement (many JRBs only accept first-time offenses).
1152:. In the United States, there is an observable shift towards embracing a more restorative approach, particularly concerning juvenile offenders. Canada has long embraced a restorative model and continues to enhance its practices aimed at integrating youthful offenders into society, with a focus on preventing
1091:. In most modern legal systems, children who commit a crime are treated differently from legal adults who have committed the same offense. Juveniles have a lack of capacity for understanding their criminal acts, meaning they also have diminished criminal responsibility compared to their adult counterparts.
1529:
Mandatory minimum sentences found their way into the juvenile justice system in the late 1970s out of concern that some juveniles were committing very serious criminal offenses. Mandatory minimum sentences might be imposed in juvenile court for some very serious crimes, such as homicide, and apply to
1188:
Child soldiers often find themselves embroiled in armed conflict due to pervasive structural or systemic threats in their environments. Nevertheless, they bear responsibility for perpetrating numerous violent and egregious acts. This dual role as both victims of oppressive regimes and perpetrators of
1176:
In the realm of international law, the prosecution of children for crimes against the state stands as a contentious and multifaceted issue, particularly concerning child soldiers. A proposed remedy to this complex dilemma involves the establishment of specialized juvenile courts aimed at adjudicating
1131:
However, in cases involving serious or repeated offenses, juvenile offenders may face incarceration, potentially leading to transfer to a state correctional facility upon reaching legal adulthood. In situations where parental neglect or inability to control the minor is evident, the court may explore
1123:
Juvenile court, a specialized division within the judicial system, is tasked with adjudicating cases involving underage defendants who face charges ranging from criminal offenses to neglect, or are deemed to be beyond parental control. Typically, these defendants are under the age of 18, although the
1106:
has encouraged nations to reform their systems to fit with a model in which "entire society ensure the harmonious development of adolescence" despite the delinquent behavior that may be causing issues. The hope was to create a more "child-friendly justice". Despite all the changes made by the United
1538:
As part of China's ongoing legal reforms aimed at aiding juvenile offenders in reintegrating into society more effectively and swiftly, juvenile courts have been established with an emphasis on education. A distinctive feature of these juvenile courts is that trials often take the form of roundtable
1207:
Although the rules governing juvenile court vary significantly from state to state, the broad goal of U.S. juvenile courts is to provide a remedial or rehabilitative alternative to the adult criminal justice system. Although not always met, the ideal is to put a juvenile offender on the correct path
1184:
When juveniles are referred to these specialized courts, they receive treatment imbued with a heightened sense of respect, alongside a concerted effort towards rehabilitation and reintegration, acknowledging the tender age at which many child soldiers are coerced into conflict. The
Secretary General
1650:
Critics caution against the global adoption of juvenile court reforms, highlighting the limitations of applying uniform solutions to diverse social contexts. For instance, the experiences of
Moroccan youth and other ethnic minorities or migrant groups in the Netherlands illustrate the challenges of
1439:
Procedures in juvenile court, for juveniles charged with delinquent acts (acts that would be crimes if committed by adults) or status offenses (offenses that can only be committed by minors, such as running away from home, curfew violations and truancy) are typically less formal than proceedings in
1156:
and fostering their positive contribution to communities. Similarly, Austria has launched initiatives to implement victim-offender mediation programs, geared towards a restorative form of justice. New
Zealand has undergone significant systemic restructuring, drawing from the long-standing practices
1646:
The United
Nations advocates for less severe punishment for youths and emphasizes community-based support programs over punitive measures. In the mid-1900s, the UN promoted "informalism," advocating for diversion and alternatives to formal criminal proceedings for minors, making the justice system
1216:
Rules for jurisdiction of a juvenile court depend upon the state. In most states, juvenile court jurisdiction continues through the age of eighteen, but in some states it may end at age seventeen or younger. Some states, such as
Arizona, have recently adopted extended jurisdiction policies, where
1127:
Juvenile court operates distinctively from adult courts, lacking jurisdiction over cases where minors face charges as adults. While the proceedings within juvenile court may not always adhere to an adversarial format, minors are afforded the right to legal representation by counsel. Additionally,
1094:
Industrialized countries differ in whether juveniles should be charged as adults for serious crimes or considered separately. Since the 1970s, minors have been increasingly tried as adults in response to "increases in violent juvenile crime". Young offenders may still not be charged as adults.
1114:
has progressed in recent centuries, questions about justice, particularly concerning the protection of children's rights within juvenile courts, have come to the forefront. Global policies on this matter have garnered wider acceptance, and there has been a general cultural shift towards treating
1631:
made a case for radical reform within juvenile court systems. He contended that the current system often fails to effectively rehabilitate many young offenders, instead sending them to adult court prematurely or neglecting them altogether without adequate counseling, support, or accountability.
1547:
Within the 23 provinces of China, except for cases involving homicide, offenses committed by individuals under the age of 16, or children (if there are no individuals over the age of 16 charged in the case), are adjudicated by juvenile courts. Juvenile courts also have the authority to issue
1635:
Critics in the United States argue against maintaining a separate court system for youths and juvenile delinquents. They argue that societal perceptions of youth and adolescence are evolving, necessitating corresponding changes in the legal system. Childhood today differs significantly from
1107:
Nations, the rules in practice are less clear cut. Changes in a broad context cause issues of implementation locally, and international crimes committed by youth are causing additional questions regarding the benefit of separate proceedings for juveniles.
1603:
Whether other joint crime cases involving juvenile defendants or other criminal cases involving minors are to be tried by juvenile courts shall be determined by the
President of the People's Court based on the actual situation of juvenile court
1530:
juveniles in the same manner as adults if the juvenile is waived to adult court. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the use of mandatory life sentences without the possibility of parole for juvenile offenders is unconstitutional.
1539:
meetings, reducing the number of irrelevant personnel involved in the proceedings. This aims to alleviate the psychological burden of guilt on juvenile offenders and facilitate their smoother and quicker reintegration into society.
1161:
population. Their approach emphasizes family-centric solutions aimed at reducing youth incarceration rates. Globally, there is a growing trend of leveraging traditional values to positively influence juvenile court systems.
1269:
States vary in relation to the age at which a child may be subject to juvenile court proceedings for delinquent behavior. Most states do not specify a minimum age as a matter of law. Of states that set a minimum age, for
1378:
held that a juvenile must be afforded due process rights, specifically that a waiver of jurisdiction from a juvenile court to a district court must be voluntary and knowing. The U.S. Supreme Court held, in the case of
1135:
Juvenile court is multifaceted, addressing both delinquency—pertaining to criminal acts committed by minors—and dependency, encompassing scenarios where non-parental guardianship is required for the minor's welfare.
1600:
Cases where the defendant was under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged crime, under the age of 20 at the time of filing, and charged as the principal offender or co-principal in a joint crime;
728:
1448:
In an
American juvenile court, it is possible to avoid placing formal charges. Factors that may affect a court's treatment of a juvenile offender and the disposition of the case include:
1700:
688:
1189:
atrocities presents a formidable challenge that the United
Nations has endeavored to address, not only within Sierra Leone but also in other afflicted nations globally.
1470:
The parent's or guardian's apparent ability to control the minor. The greater the lack of parental control, the more likely the intake officer is to file a petition.
1484:
Whether the minor has family or community support. The more support the young person has, the more likely the intake officer is to deal with the case informally.
1481:
The minor's appearance. If the young person is polite, dressed well, and neatly groomed, then the intake personnel are more likely to handle the case informally.
1128:
parental figures, social workers, and probation officers may play integral roles in the proceedings, aiming to achieve positive outcomes and prevent recidivism.
2168:
1893:
698:
611:
566:
670:
1632:
Statistics show that while 57% of first-time juvenile offenders never reoffend, 27% commit one or two more crimes, and 16% commit four or more offenses.
622:
939:
1047:
944:
85:
1461:
The strength of the evidence that the minor committed a crime. Obviously, stronger evidence leads to a greater likelihood of formal charges.
261:
1367:
All states have laws that allow, and at times require, young offenders to be prosecuted or sentenced as adults for more serious offenses.
1639:
Globally, the United Nations has spearheaded reforms in juvenile courts and juvenile justice. Measures have been introduced to safeguard
934:
285:
234:
1507:
informal supervision, through which a court informally monitors a minor and dismisses a pending charge if the minor stays out of trouble
2050:
738:
1998:
1971:
1181:, there exists a strong societal demand for holding perpetrators fully accountable, regardless of their age or social circumstances.
2003:
1976:
1695:
1202:
1597:
Cases where the defendant was under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged crime and under the age of 20 at the time of filing;
1860:
1677:
2276:
1467:
The minor's social history. Petitions are more likely to be filed when children have a history of problems at home or school.
1231:
There is no uniform national age from which a child is accountable in the juvenile court system; this varies between states.
244:
1440:
adult courts. Proceedings may be closed to the public, and a juvenile offender's name may be kept out of the public record.
2304:
Pakes, Francis (2010). "Global forces and local effects in youth justice: The case of Moroccan youngsters in Netherlands".
1636:
historical norms, prompting some to question the necessity of a distinct juvenile court system and age deferment policies.
1452:
The severity of the offense. A serious crime is more likely to result in the filing of a petition than a less severe crime.
904:
803:
156:
148:
2346:
2125:
1040:
1458:
The minor's past record. Formal charges are more likely when a minor has been previously involved with juvenile court.
1929:
1683:
758:
743:
192:
174:
119:
61:
20:
1478:
The minor's attitude. Formal proceedings are less likely to occur when a child shows remorse for committing a crime.
2377:
1705:
1198:
899:
889:
793:
718:
1715:
1689:
652:
500:
47:
1742:
1661:
1564:
1487:
Whether the minor has an attorney. Disposing of a case informally may be less likely when a child has a lawyer.
510:
465:
223:
1171:
2372:
1033:
783:
1945:
723:
577:
537:
1375:
713:
273:
1826:
1731:
1671:
894:
798:
505:
229:
1617:
884:
778:
683:
377:
2251:
2075:
1387:
proceeding have the rights to due process, counsel, and against self-incrimination, essentially the
2382:
2025:
1403:
821:
475:
350:
249:
101:
2196:
1627:
In his 1997 book "No Matter How Loud I Shout," which delves into the Los Angeles Juvenile Courts,
2221:
1827:"Restorative Justice and Dialogue: Impact, Opportunities, and Challenges in the Global Community"
1607:
Cases of crimes committed by students who were under the age of twenty-two at the time of filing.
879:
748:
632:
1588:
may establish collegial panels for juvenile criminal cases within the criminal trial divisions.
1585:
1518:
1096:
768:
527:
397:
239:
2142:
1570:
In areas where the conditions are not yet in place, juvenile criminal cases may be heard by a
2367:
1492:
1415:
In some jurisdictions, in addition to delinquent cases, juvenile court hears cases involving
1008:
450:
19:"Juvenile justice", "Youth court", and "Children's court" redirect here. For other uses, see
1491:
In Connecticut, a referral can be made to a non-court associated committee referred to as a
1464:
The minor's sex. Formal charges are more likely to be filed against boys than against girls.
1640:
1552:
1384:
1239:
841:
836:
547:
485:
435:
345:
1567:
and grassroots people's courts in China may establish juvenile criminal trial divisions.
1110:
Issues of juvenile justice have gained global prominence in various cultural contexts. As
8:
1621:
1455:
The minor's age. Petitions are more likely to be filed in cases involving older children.
1145:
974:
959:
773:
753:
637:
592:
495:
291:
255:
97:
53:
93:
1578:
1389:
1226:
831:
733:
647:
602:
562:
382:
355:
267:
2349:
a review of the juvenile justice system in the United States, comparing it to Canada.
2334:
2121:
1925:
1807:
Peterson, Scott (Summer 2009). "Made in America: The Global Youth Justice Movement".
1736:
1514:, under which a juvenile meets with and is supervised by a juvenile probation officer
1362:
1352:
sets a minimum age of 12 except for murder or rape, which for there is no minimum age
1185:
has characterized the utilization of such tribunals as presenting a "moral dilemma".
763:
572:
402:
2313:
1786:
1574:
1309:
1149:
1144:
In the realm of juvenile justice, two predominant models are typically considered:
919:
708:
582:
542:
440:
340:
1158:
2115:
1919:
1710:
1407:(1971) decided that minors do not have the same rights in this regard as adults.
1177:
cases involving minors accused of international crimes. Notably, in regions like
1088:
826:
460:
455:
407:
325:
2317:
1790:
1397:
wrote, "Under our Constitution, the condition of being a boy does not justify a
1398:
1271:
1262:
1103:
1060:
1020:
954:
949:
924:
788:
642:
617:
480:
445:
412:
392:
1235:
In 44 states, the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction is age seventeen
2361:
1771:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1278:
1111:
909:
851:
675:
310:
279:
2026:"Kent v. United States, 383 US 541, 86 S. Ct. 1045, 16 L. Ed. 2d 84 (1966)"
1628:
1571:
1339:
1335:
1178:
964:
856:
693:
557:
532:
490:
470:
367:
335:
208:
1861:"Change In Law Raises Arizona's Juvenile Court Jurisdiction From 18 To 19"
2100:
1720:
1424:
1288:
1284:
914:
703:
607:
587:
522:
417:
387:
362:
1474:
Along with these seven, four "unofficial" factors can sway an official:
1725:
1394:
1349:
1153:
969:
861:
627:
1548:
supervision and protection orders for individuals aged 18 or younger.
2352:
2340:
1511:
1331:
1255:
984:
979:
330:
1701:
Gender responsive approach for girls in the juvenile justice system
1423:, and visitation as well as cases where children are alleged to be
1323:
1319:
1313:
1247:
1243:
1080:
929:
846:
729:
International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International
597:
372:
315:
1265:, has a maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction of age fifteen
1015:
1666:
1401:." However, most juvenile proceedings are held without a jury as
1343:
1294:
989:
1258:) the maximum age for juvenile court jurisdiction is age sixteen
1132:
placement in foster care, assuming guardianship over the child.
1894:"Juvenile Age of Jurisdiction and Transfer to Adult Court Laws"
1327:
1084:
517:
320:
1251:
2169:"Court: Required Minimum Juvenile Sentences Should Be Rare"
2120:(3 ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
2076:"In re Gault, 387 US 1, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 18 L. Ed. 2d 527"
1165:
1124:
legal threshold for adulthood varies by jurisdiction.
1772:"Towards a global 'child friendly' juvenile justice?"
1393:
rights. Writing for the majority, Associate Justice
699:
Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth
671:
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
1999:"California Welfare & Institutions Code § 602"
1972:"California Welfare & Institutions Code § 601"
680:Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions
2359:
2343:, formerly the National Juvenile Defender Center
1115:child offenders in accordance with this trend.
1087:committed by children who have not attained the
1083:having special authority to pass judgements for
2306:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
1831:Washington University Journal of Law and Policy
1779:International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice
1581:divisions or handled by designated personnel.
1524:
940:Legal status of tattooing in European countries
945:Legal status of tattooing in the United States
1824:
1769:
1041:
82:The examples and perspective in this article
2337:from the Penal Reform International website.
1139:
262:History of youth rights in the United States
2222:"2022年《中国儿童发展纲要（2021—2030年）》统计监测报告 - 国家统计局"
2114:Mays, G. Larry; Winfree, L. Thomas (2012).
2113:
1281:and North Carolina set a minimum age of six
935:French petition against age of consent laws
286:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
62:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2143:"Mandatory Minimums, Maximum Consequences"
1802:
1800:
1443:
1172:Military use of children § war crimes
1048:
1034:
1898:National Conference of State Legislatures
1555:courts have been established nationwide.
1503:Juvenile court sentences may range from:
1305:North Carolina sets a minimum age of six.
739:National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2347:Juveniles involved in the Justice System
2252:"最高人民法院 关于适用《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》的解释（20）-中国法院网"
2004:California Office of Legislative Counsel
1977:California Office of Legislative Counsel
1917:
1806:
1551:As of the end of 2022, a total of 2,181
1356:
1220:
1203:Youth incarceration in the United States
1059:
689:Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission
235:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
2140:
1858:
1825:Umbreit, Mark; Armour, Marilyn (2011).
1797:
1558:
2360:
2051:"Facts and Case Summary - In re Gault"
1891:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1346:and Wisconsin set a minimum age of ten
16:Court to try minors for legal offenses
2303:
2299:
2297:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2191:
2189:
1938:
1921:Juvenile Justice: Theory and Practice
1696:Children's Court of Western Australia
1510:formal supervision, similar to adult
245:Convention on the Rights of the Child
2166:
1854:
1852:
1820:
1818:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1166:International human rights tribunals
905:Ages of consent in the United States
804:World Federation of Democratic Youth
131:
68:
27:
1918:Roberson, Cliff (August 20, 2010).
1878:
1678:Children's Court of New South Wales
1383:(1967), that children accused in a
13:
2335:Information about Juvenile Justice
2294:
2239:
2186:
2141:Steiner, Emily (August 16, 2017).
1434:
1064:Youth Court Building in Camberwell
147:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2394:
2328:
1849:
1815:
1756:
1591:
1542:
1099:as a deferment from adult court.
759:Students for a Democratic Society
744:National Youth Rights Association
43:This article has multiple issues.
21:Juvenile justice (disambiguation)
1865:KJZZ Arizona Public Access Radio
1770:Goldson, B.; Muncie, J. (2012).
1706:Ghanaian juvenile justice system
1199:American juvenile justice system
1192:
1014:
1003:
900:Ages of consent in South America
890:Ages of consent in North America
794:Young Communist League of Canada
719:High School Democrats of America
157:guide to writing better articles
136:
73:
32:
2269:
2214:
2160:
2134:
2107:
2093:
2068:
2043:
2018:
1859:Jenkins, Jimmy (May 24, 2018).
1728:, aka youth court or peer court
1716:The Juvenile Court in Hong Kong
1211:
51:or discuss these issues on the
1991:
1964:
1911:
1892:Teigen, Ann (April 17, 2017).
1743:Youth justice (disambiguation)
1684:Children's Court of Queensland
1662:Age of criminal responsibility
1410:
466:Behavior modification facility
224:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
1:
2167:Pitt, David (June 16, 2017).
1809:Reclaiming Children and Youth
1749:
1498:
784:Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor
1952:. U.S. Department of Justice
1690:Children's Court of Victoria
1674:, New South Wales, Australia
1565:intermediate people's courts
1525:Mandatory minimum sentencing
1517:incarceration, usually in a
1297:sets a minimum age of eight.
724:Indian Youth Climate Network
538:Human rights and youth sport
7:
2353:Prevent Delinquency Project
2318:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2010.10.003
1946:"Jurisdictional Boundaries"
1791:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2011.09.004
1654:
1519:juvenile detention facility
1376:United States Supreme Court
1208:to be a law-abiding adult.
714:Global Youth Action Network
623:Underage drinking in the US
96:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2399:
1950:Office of Justice Programs
1732:Youth Court of New Zealand
1615:
1360:
1316:set a minimum age of seven
1291:set a minimum age of seven
1224:
1196:
1169:
895:Ages of consent in Oceania
799:Young Democrats of America
230:Child Labor Deterrence Act
18:
1618:School-to-prison pipeline
1611:
1140:Restorative justice model
1118:
885:Ages of consent in Europe
779:Youth International Party
684:Canadian Youth for Choice
378:Taking Children Seriously
1533:
1404:McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
476:Children in the military
351:Intergenerational equity
274:Newsboys' strike of 1899
250:Fair Labor Standards Act
2378:Juvenile justice system
1672:Children's Court Clinic
1444:Avoiding formal charges
880:Ages of consent in Asia
749:One World Youth Project
633:Youth-adult partnership
1586:higher people's courts
1097:positive youth justice
1073:young offender's court
1065:
528:Emancipation of minors
398:Youth detention center
240:Kids Online Safety Act
1493:Juvenile Review Board
1372:Kent v. United States
1357:Waiver to adult court
1301:And for delinquency:
1225:Further information:
1221:Age of responsibility
1170:Further information:
1063:
451:Age of consent reform
2373:Juvenile delinquency
2055:United States Courts
1559:Courts Establishment
1385:juvenile delinquency
548:Juvenile delinquency
486:Compulsory education
436:Adolescent sexuality
346:Free-range parenting
102:create a new article
94:improve this article
84:may not represent a
2147:Juvenile Law Center
1622:Restorative justice
1146:restorative justice
975:Liberation theology
960:Youth Olympic Games
774:UK Youth Parliament
769:Three O'Clock Lobby
754:Queer Youth Network
638:Youth participation
593:Minors and abortion
578:Minimum driving age
496:Corporal punishment
292:Wild in the Streets
256:Hammer v. Dagenhart
2277:"中华人民共和国司法部政府信息公开"
2256:www.chinacourt.org
1227:Defense of infancy
1157:of its indigenous
1066:
1021:Society portal
648:Youth unemployment
603:School leaving age
563:Legal drinking age
383:Universal suffrage
356:Future generations
268:Morse v. Frederick
2104:, 387 U.S. 1, 28.
1737:Youth Koori Court
1641:children's rights
1363:Trial as an adult
1058:
1057:
764:Freechild Project
573:Legal working age
403:Youth empowerment
203:
202:
195:
185:
184:
177:
151:used on Knowledge
149:encyclopedic tone
130:
129:
122:
104:, as appropriate.
66:
2390:
2341:The Gault Center
2322:
2321:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:www.stats.gov.cn
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2117:Juvenile Justice
2111:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1968:
1962:
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2368:Juvenile law
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2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
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1966:
1956:September 8,
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
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1903:September 8,
1901:. Retrieved
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1839:. Retrieved
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612:U.S. history
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45:Please help
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2101:In re Gault
2010:February 1,
1983:February 1,
1841:October 30,
1739:(Australia)
1721:Minor (law)
1692:, Australia
1686:, Australia
1680:, Australia
1577:within the
1411:Other cases
1381:In re Gault
1289:Mississippi
1285:Connecticut
1261:One state,
915:Anti-racism
704:DoSomething
608:Smoking age
588:Minor (law)
523:Child abuse
418:Youth voice
388:Unschooling
363:Paternalism
2362:Categories
2197:"昌平-北京政法网"
1837:(1): 65–89
1750:References
1726:Teen court
1616:See also:
1499:Sentencing
1395:Abe Fortas
1350:California
1197:See also:
1154:recidivism
970:Youth wing
628:Voting age
217:Activities
48:improve it
2286:March 24,
2261:March 24,
2231:March 24,
2206:March 24,
2173:U.S. News
1785:: 47–64.
1572:collegial
1512:probation
1429:neglected
1342:, Texas,
1332:Louisiana
1256:Wisconsin
985:Socialism
980:Communism
506:at school
331:Democracy
98:talk page
54:talk page
1870:April 8,
1655:See also
1553:juvenile
1324:Colorado
1320:Arkansas
1314:Maryland
1310:New York
1248:Missouri
1244:Michigan
1081:tribunal
930:Feminism
822:Fletcher
734:Mermaids
598:Restavec
373:Suffrage
316:Adultism
92:You may
1667:Borstal
1390:Miranda
1344:Vermont
1295:Arizona
1240:Georgia
1079:, is a
990:Marxism
874:Related
857:Postman
501:at home
2124:
1928:
1612:Reform
1425:abused
1328:Kansas
1312:, and
1119:Models
1085:crimes
827:Hanson
816:People
518:Curfew
511:in law
430:Issues
321:Ageism
1775:(PDF)
1604:work.
1575:panel
1534:China
1252:Texas
1159:Māori
852:Males
832:Henry
100:, or
2288:2024
2263:2024
2233:2024
2208:2024
2180:2017
2154:2017
2122:ISBN
2087:2017
2062:2017
2037:2017
2012:2019
1985:2019
1958:2017
1926:ISBN
1905:2017
1872:2020
1843:2015
1620:and
1584:The
1563:The
1287:and
1254:and
1201:and
1148:and
862:Yaco
847:Duff
837:Holt
280:Prez
2314:doi
1787:doi
1427:or
1370:In
1075:or
676:Akt
2364::
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