174:"There were no bands; there was dead silence and the crowds watched the parade in the spirit of the marchers, with sympathy and approval. The President had also approved, for the organizers, in complete sympathy with his public statements of the early days of the conflict, had courteously asked him for his consent. He was especially pleased by the decision of the paraders to carry no flags except the peace flag and to have no set speeches at the conclusion of the parade, but brief informal addresses were made to all who would listed....
311:
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209:, was fixated upon the struggle for women's right to vote and did not see the peace march as a likely vehicle for a change of public sentiment or national policy. Still, Catt was won over to the idea that the American suffrage movement stood to gain in support and stature if women could gain a prominent role in the noble struggle for an end to the European bloodbath.
289:
Activities concluded with a mass meeting held in the ballroom of the New
Willard Hotel on Sunday, January 10, which was filled to capacity. An additional overflow meeting was held in another room but still some 500 interested people had to be turned away for lack of space. Speeches were delivered to
223:
in
Chicago, attempting to bring her into the forthcoming organization as its leader. Addams had long believed in a close interrelationship between international peace, domestic humanitarian reform, and women's right to vote and was won over to the idea of a national women's peace movement. The stage
110:
as "Edwin Ginn's
International School for Peace." This organization was launched with a $ 1 million endowment and carried on publishing activities, changing its name to the WPF in 1911. As with the Carnegie Foundation, the WPF limited its activities largely to research and publication, attempting to
396:
but was ultimately allowed to proceed to The Hague, which it arrived barely in time for the start of the three-day congress on the evening of April 28, 1915. Despite the decision of some combatant nations, such as Great
Britain, to deny its citizens passports which would have allowed them to
281:
The founding convention also approved a supplemental "Program for
Constructive Peace" which demanded that the American government to call a conference of neutral nations and declared that, failing that, "the party itself will call an unofficial conference of pacifists from the world over" to
183:
The Woman's Peace Parade marked a change of methods of the peace movement. Older
American peace organizations limited themselves to working behind the scenes, attempting to influence policy through regular political channels. The Peace Parade, on the other hand, made use of
192:
had historically fought for policies and settlements which were important to them. With this tactical shift, the Woman's Peace Parade and the organization which emerged from it, the Woman's Peace Party, effectively marked the beginning of the modern peace movement.
380:
declaring the women's mission "silly and base"" and calling the women cowards who sought peace "without regard to righteousness." The
American women were not dissuaded, sailing into danger with a homemade blue and white banner that bore the single word, "PEACE."
48:
tactics such as public demonstration. The Woman's Peace Party became the
American section of an international organization known as the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace later in 1915, a group which later changed its name to the
278:. The right of women to vote was seen by the female participants in the organization as part-and-parcel of the cause for peace, based on the presumption that women were inclined by nature to be oriented towards the nurturing of human life.
420:
Before adjourning, the congress established a new international organization called the
International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. The Woman's Peace Party came to regard itself as the American section of this organization.
196:
In the aftermath of the march, Fanny
Garrison Villard sought to transform the temporary organization constructed to coordinate the march into a permanent group. Villard called upon one of her old rivals in the women's movement,
416:
of disputes by a conference of neutral nations was passed, but ultimately failed to come to fruition. A delegation headed by Addams was dispatched to the capitals of the belligerent powers but it, too, proved ineffectual.
330:
in 1915. The cancellation of the German gathering provided an opportunity for the women's peace movement to hold an international gathering of their own, and a call was issued for a convention to be held in the neutral
282:
determine a course of action. To ensure that the current war was not merely a prelude for another, the program called for a peace based upon no transfers of territory without the will of the involved people, no
179:"The silence, the dignity, the black dresses of the marchers — those who did not have black dresses wore black arm bands — the solemnity of the crowds, all of these produced a profound effect on the beholders."
122:
of the various organizations, with a very few men and no women wielding decisive influence over the movement by virtue of the power of the pocketbook. The American peace movement was, in short, part of the
98:
in 1910 with a $ 10 million endowment. The Endowment became effectively a university publishing house for the peace movement, concentrating on academic research and the printed word rather than oratory.
239:
Jane Addams was elected President of the new organization by the convention and given the power to select a Secretary and Treasurer for the group, which was to be headquartered in Addams' home city of
243:. Membership in the new organization was open to all groups willing to repurpose themselves also as a "peace circle" and to any woman paying a $ 1 annual membership fee. Officers ultimately included
2209:
84:
and throughout its existence had remained small, impoverished, and ineffectual. By the time of World War I, it had been reduced in status to that of a veritable subsidiary of the
72:(BBC), established in 1828, was the oldest of the previously existing pacifist organizations and suffered from what one historian has called "over seven decades of accumulated
2184:
151:
Although the establishment of a permanent organization did not follow for more than four months, the roots of the Woman's Peace Party lay in a protest march of 1,500 women in
286:
to be assessed outside those in accordance with international law, and no treaties between nations to be established without ratification of representatives of the people.
1174:
1988:
155:
on August 29, 1914. This "Woman's Peace Parade" was organized less than a month after the outbreak of hostilities in World War I and featured a silent procession down
1169:
Tickner, J. Ann, and Jacqui True. "A century of international relations feminism: from World War I women's peace pragmatism to the women, peace and security agenda."
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2194:
338:
In April 1915, 47 women, including many members of the Woman's Peace Party along with representatives of other organizations, boarded the Dutch cruise ship the
335:. Jane Addams, President of the Woman's Peace Party and arguably the most respected and influential woman in America was invited to preside over the conclave.
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50:
2179:
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248:
1962:
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In 1921 the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace formally changed its name to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
212:
In the middle of December 1914, Catt was finally persuaded to give full effort for the launch of a national women's peace organization. She wrote to
2204:
397:
participate in the Congress, the gathering still proved to be a massive event, bringing together 1,136 delegates and more than 2,000 visitors.
236:
on January 9–10, 1915. The gathering was attended by more than 100 delegates representing women's organizations from around the United States.
880:
65:
enterprises, viewing the peace movement's mission as one of extending stability, order, and the expansion of venerable American institutions.
61:
Prior to the establishment of the Woman's Peace Party, the three leading American pacifist organizations of national stature were essentially
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Faith, Thomas I. (2014). "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom". In Wayne, Tiffany K; Banner, Lois W (eds.).
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and the removal of the profit motive through nationalizing the production of armaments, and asserting the benefits of
274:) in America, democratization of foreign policy, removal of the economic motivation for war, and the expansion of the
1973:
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1295:
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1657:
1425:
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870:
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Collection DG043, Swarthmore College Library, Swarthmore, PA.
2000:
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1290:
588:
2140:
2015:
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1667:
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1430:
1350:
1335:
1300:
1140:
Alonso, Harriet, and Melanie Gustafson. "Bibliography on the History of US Women in Movements for Peace."
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Kuhlman, Erika. " 'Women's Ways in War': The Feminist Pacifism of the New York City Woman's Peace Party."
1035:
Cook, Blanche Wiesen. "Democracy in wartime: antimilitarism in England and the United States, 1914-1918."
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1914:
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Van Wienen, Mark. "Women's Ways in War: The Poetry and Politics of the Woman's Peace Party, 1915-1917."
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2005:
1983:
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The trip was not without controversy, despite America's formally neutral status, with former President
127:, with dinner meetings of the New York Peace Society likened by one contemporary to "a banquet of the
102:
The third of the primary American peace organizations of the first decade of the 20th century was the
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2010:
1978:
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was set for a formal launch of the new organization — a group to be called the Woman's Peace Party.
1933:
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1736:
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The congress drafted a series of resolutions detailing plans for a just peace, calling for general
147:, chair of the August 1914 Woman's Peace Parade Committee, and initiator of the Woman's Peace Party
119:
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influence political decision-makers with ideas rather than to stir the fires of popular sentiment.
188:, attempting to build popular support for peace through public demonstration in the same way that
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nations in the interest of an early peace," the limitation of armaments, organized opposition to
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957:
Women's Rights in the United States: a comprehensive encyclopedia of issues, events, and people
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The ongoing war in Europe forced the cancellation of the scheduled biennial convention of the
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The convention approved a platform calling for the immediate convocation of "a convention of
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Delegates to the April 1915 Women's International Congress for Peace and Freedom aboard the
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Peace As a Women's Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights
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943:
Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the US Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights.
8:
2100:
2074:
1814:
1799:
1794:
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1474:
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Peace as a Women's Issue: A History of the US Movement for World Peace and Women's Rights
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44:. The organization is remembered as the first American peace organization to make use of
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1152:
Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "One Woman's Journey into the World of Women's Peace History."
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366:
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73:
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1088:
Schott, Linda. "The Woman's Peace Party and the Moral Basis for Women's Pacifism."
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213:
206:
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behind a white banner bearing a dove in front of somber crowds lining the streets.
115:
437:
An archive of the records of the Woman's Peace Party from 1915 to 1920 resides at
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The Woman's Peace Party was established at an organizational convention held in
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1511:
1054:
Craig, John M. "The Woman's Peace Party and Questions of Gender Separatism."
185:
152:
92:
80:, the APS was dedicated to demonstrating the incompatibility between war and
45:
346:. Among those making the trip through mine-strewn waters were social worker
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1531:
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1405:
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347:
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81:
62:
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world of big business of the day, the peace movement was characterized by
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41:
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267:
220:
107:
77:
76:. Typified by the detached conservative nobility of corporate attorney
1819:
1305:
413:
343:
283:
868:"Woman's Peace Party, 1915-20 Finding Aid: Historical Introduction,"
1908:
1561:
291:
106:(WPF), a group established in 1909 by millionaire Boston publisher
33:
1162:
Alonso, Harriet Hyman. "Commentary: Why Women's Peace History?."
761:"Partial Chronology of the Metropolitan New York Branch of WILPF"
700:
The words are those of Frederick Lynch, 1911, cited in Marchand,
240:
40:
organization formally established in January 1915 in response to
16:
1829:
1779:
1526:
1456:
327:
1566:
1226:
Finding Aid for the Woman's Peace Party Collection, 1915-1920
1014:
Finding Aid for the Woman's Peace Party Collection, 1915-1920
1179:
Wittner, Lawrence S. "Blanche Wiesen Cook and World Peace."
1016:, Swarthmore College Peace Collection DG043, Swarthmore, PA.
881:"Examining the American peace movement prior to World War I"
906:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
820:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
802:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
789:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
747:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
718:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
702:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
689:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
676:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
660:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
644:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918,
630:
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972; pg. 182.
628:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918.
1081:
The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898-1918
166:, a 70-year-old veteran of the peace movement. Her son,
959:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–3.
305:
2210:
Women's political advocacy groups in the United States
945:
Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993; pg. 66.
412:
on the high seas. A resolution calling for continuous
2185:
Human rights organizations based in the United States
1107:
United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
930:
Mary Heaton Vorse: The Life of an American Insurgent.
1100:
932:
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989; pg. 88.
758:
205:
to help in this regard. Catt, a former associate of
162:
The chair of the Woman's Peace Parade committee was
1877:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
1210:
What young people ought to know about war and peace
1441:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
599:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
51:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
850:"A Woman's Peace Party Full Fledged for Action,"
733:New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1939; pg. 247.
2171:
854:vol. 33, no. 17 (January 23, 1915), pp. 433-434.
56:
1261:
1206:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
2195:Peace organizations based in the United States
814:
812:
810:
1892:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1247:
1228:, Swarthmore College Library, Swarthmore, PA.
996:
994:
992:
978:
976:
924:
922:
920:
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916:
914:
741:
739:
712:
710:
670:
668:
654:
652:
622:
620:
618:
1134:
1045:Cook, Blanche W. "The Woman’s Peace Party."
825:
2180:Feminist organizations in the United States
1181:Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism
898:
807:
638:
636:
1254:
1240:
989:
973:
911:
752:
736:
707:
665:
649:
615:
604:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
86:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1845:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1215:(distributed by the Woman's Peace Party)
935:
633:
318:with their blue and white "PEACE" banner
309:
227:
138:
20:A World War I-era female peace protester
15:
1067:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1939).
1065:The History of the Woman's Peace Party.
948:
862:
860:
134:
91:The Carnegie Endowment was launched by
2172:
1577:Soviet influence on the peace movement
2205:Political parties established in 1915
1764:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1235:
1090:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
1072:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
954:
324:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
203:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
1921:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1199:Year Book of the Woman's Peace Party
857:
448:
306:1915 International Congress of Women
143:Fanny Garrison Villard, daughter of
290:this gathering by Jane Addams, and
13:
2146:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2043:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1331:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1190:
1032:(Syracuse University Press, 1993).
1022:
14:
2226:
2215:History of women in New York City
1638:International Day of Non-Violence
1296:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1219:
1105:. In Anne Cipriano Venzon (ed.).
445:as part of its Peace Collection.
388:was held up for four days in the
2048:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1421:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
1171:International Studies Quarterly
1007:
873:
794:
781:
1341:List of pacifist organisations
1213:. Boston: New England Pub. Co.
1202:, 1916 – via Hathi Trust
723:
694:
681:
589:List of anti-war organizations
424:
1:
1101:Steinson, Barbara J. (1995).
767:. Syracuse University Press.
759:Harriet Hyman Alonso (1993).
342:for the dangerous journey to
276:electoral franchise for women
57:American Pacifist Forerunners
1747:World Peace Bell Association
1648:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1351:New Socialist Party of Japan
1336:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1301:Coalition of Women for Peace
609:
326:, which had been slated for
170:, later recalled the scene:
7:
1915:The whole world is watching
1683:Peace & Love (festival)
1633:Imagine Piano Peace Project
582:
10:
2231:
2038:2011 intervention in Libya
1658:List of places named Peace
1643:International Day of Peace
1361:Peace and conflict studies
1281:Anti-nuclear organizations
466:Sophonisba P. Breckenridge
365:, and academic and future
302:of Hungary, among others.
253:Sophonisba P. Breckinridge
2190:Opposition to World War I
2154:
2083:
1948:
1772:
1673:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
1668:Mother's Day Proclamation
1618:Dances of Universal Peace
1595:
1449:
1431:The Women's Peace Crusade
1273:
1154:Women's Studies Quarterly
1142:Women's Studies Quarterly
1135:Historiography and memory
731:Fighting Years: A Memoir.
729:Oswald Garrison Villard,
491:Elizabeth Glendower Evans
432:
361:, radical trade unionist
296:Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence
257:Elizabeth Glendower Evans
120:interlocking directorates
1934:Violence begets violence
1867:Non-aggression principle
1737:The Non-Violence Project
1717:Promoting Enduring Peace
1700:Promoting Enduring Peace
1356:Pacifist Socialist Party
1207:Lucia Ames Mead (1916).
1156:23.3/4 (1995): 170-182.
1109:. Taylor & Francis.
496:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
443:Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
251:as Executive Secretary,
2028:Military action in Iran
1663:Monuments and memorials
1613:Concert Yutel for Peace
1416:React, Include, Recycle
1346:List of peace activists
1311:Conscientious objectors
1028:Alonso, Harriet Hyman.
594:List of peace activists
357:, the labor journalist
259:as National Organizer.
247:as National Secretary,
168:Oswald Garrison Villard
125:political establishment
1949:Opposition to specific
1904:Swords to ploughshares
1898:Soldiers are murderers
1291:Anti-war organizations
1173:62.2 (2018): 221-233.
1127:38.3 (1992): 687-714.
1125:Modern Fiction Studies
941:Harriet Hyman Alonso,
561:Fanny Garrison Villard
319:
181:
164:Fanny Garrison Villard
148:
145:William Lloyd Garrison
104:World Peace Foundation
70:American Peace Society
21:
1951:wars or their aspects
1872:Nonviolent resistance
1722:Show of Peace Concert
1487:Anti-nuclear movement
1103:"Woman's Peace Party"
1083:(Princeton UP, 1972).
1079:Marchand, C. Roland.
1058:19.4 (1994): 373-398.
531:Rose Standish Nichols
501:Jessie Wallace Hughan
410:freedom of navigation
313:
272:military intervention
228:Foundation convention
172:
142:
19:
2033:Sri Lankan Civil War
1927:Turn the other cheek
1742:University for Peace
1653:List of peace prizes
1183:10.2 (2010): 86-95.
1144:12.2 (1984): 46-50.
1074:18.1 (1997): 80-100.
1063:Degen, Mary Louise.
1039:13.1 (1972): 51-68.
626:C. Roland Marchand,
506:Hannah Clothier Hull
135:Woman's Peace Parade
2075:Nuclear disarmament
2058:in Russian Far East
1815:Department of Peace
1800:Counter-recruitment
1795:Conflict resolution
1785:Central Park be-ins
1773:Slogans and tactics
1752:Japanese Peace Bell
1542:Non-interventionism
1537:Modern-war pacifism
1475:Christian anarchism
1166:20.1 (1995): 48-52.
481:Alice Lorraine Daly
471:Carrie Chapman Catt
461:Fannie Fern Andrews
201:, President of the
199:Carrie Chapman Catt
190:labor organizations
129:Chamber of Commerce
26:Woman's Peace Party
1969:American Civil War
1861:Make love, not war
1835:Economic sanctions
1790:Civil disobedience
1623:Festival for Peace
1596:Media and cultural
1582:Testimony of peace
1502:Christian pacifism
1164:Peace & Change
1056:Peace & Change
1049:1.1 (1972): 36-42.
1047:Peace & Change
1002:Mary Heaton Vorse,
984:Mary Heaton Vorse,
536:Alice Thacher Post
439:Swarthmore College
378:Theodore Roosevelt
320:
255:as Treasurer, and
149:
32:) was an American
22:
2200:Pacifist feminism
2167:
2166:
2070:Military taxation
1940:War tax resisters
1507:Deterrence theory
1286:Anti-war movement
1116:978-1-135-68453-2
966:978-1-61069-214-4
774:978-0-8156-0269-9
566:Mary Heaton Vorse
556:Harriet P. Thomas
546:Rose Schneiderman
449:Prominent members
367:Nobel Peace Prize
359:Mary Heaton Vorse
249:Harriet P. Thomas
214:settlement worker
2222:
1994:list of protests
1855:Lesson of Munich
1810:Demilitarisation
1688:Peace journalism
1482:Anti-imperialism
1465:Anarcho-pacifism
1401:Peace psychology
1381:Peace conference
1376:Peace commission
1321:Culture of Peace
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1214:
1203:
1120:
1037:American Studies
1017:
1011:
1005:
998:
987:
980:
971:
970:
952:
946:
939:
933:
926:
909:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:America Magazine
877:
871:
864:
855:
848:
823:
816:
805:
798:
792:
785:
779:
778:
756:
750:
743:
734:
727:
721:
714:
705:
698:
692:
685:
679:
672:
663:
656:
647:
640:
631:
624:
551:Anna Howard Shaw
541:Jeannette Rankin
521:Fola La Follette
363:Leonora O'Reilly
300:Rosika Schwimmer
207:Susan B. Anthony
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2150:
2079:
2023:Afghanistan War
1974:Second Boer War
1950:
1944:
1768:
1591:
1445:
1391:Peace education
1274:Peace advocates
1269:
1260:
1222:
1196:
1193:
1191:Primary sources
1137:
1117:
1092:(1985): 18-24.
1025:
1023:Further reading
1020:
1012:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
974:
967:
953:
949:
940:
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1396:Peace movement
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1371:Peace churches
1368:
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1326:ECOPEACE Party
1323:
1318:
1316:Counterculture
1313:
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352:epidemiologist
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114:Much like the
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2001:War on Terror
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186:direct action
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153:New York City
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93:industrialist
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47:
46:direct action
43:
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35:
31:
27:
18:
1984:World War II
1840:Flower power
1692:
1532:Isolationism
1406:Peace treaty
1209:
1198:
1180:
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889:. Retrieved
887:. 2017-04-06
884:
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791:pp. 189-190.
788:
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730:
725:
717:
701:
696:
691:pp. 100-101.
688:
683:
675:
659:
643:
627:
576:Anna Walling
571:Lillian Wald
436:
428:
419:
399:
385:
383:
375:
348:Grace Abbott
339:
337:
321:
315:
298:of England,
288:
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261:
238:
231:
211:
195:
182:
178:
173:
161:
157:Fifth Avenue
150:
113:
101:
90:
82:Christianity
74:Victorianism
67:
63:conservative
60:
29:
25:
23:
2131:Switzerland
2116:Netherlands
1989:Vietnam War
1979:World War I
1850:Human Be-In
1587:World peace
1552:Nonviolence
1517:Finvenkismo
1497:Appeasement
1411:Peaceworker
852:The Survey,
456:Jane Addams
425:Name change
402:disarmament
371:Emily Balch
333:Netherlands
284:indemnities
217:Jane Addams
42:World War I
2174:Categories
2096:Costa Rica
1882:Peace walk
1694:Peace News
1572:Satyagraha
1557:Pacificism
1547:Nonkilling
1461:Anarchism
1450:Ideologies
1366:Peace camp
1000:Garrison,
982:Garrison,
904:Marchand,
891:2019-05-31
818:Marchand,
800:Marchand,
787:Marchand,
745:Marchand,
716:Marchand,
687:Marchand,
674:Marchand,
658:Marchand,
642:Marchand,
476:Laura Clay
406:free trade
394:Royal Navy
340:MS Noordam
316:MS Noordam
294:activists
268:militarism
221:Hull House
116:trustified
108:Edwin Ginn
78:Elihu Root
2084:Countries
2065:Landmines
2053:in Russia
2011:Criticism
1820:Desertion
1306:Code Pink
610:Footnotes
414:mediation
344:The Hague
2159:Category
2016:Protests
2006:Iraq War
1909:Teach-in
1562:Pacifism
1263:Anti-war
908:pg. 186.
822:pg. 193.
804:pg. 191.
749:pg. 183.
720:pg. 189.
678:pg. 102.
662:pg. 101.
583:See also
292:feminist
38:feminist
34:pacifist
2101:Germany
1732:Symbols
1678:Museums
1004:pg. 92.
986:pg. 91.
704:pg. 99.
392:by the
386:Noordam
369:winner
264:neutral
241:Chicago
2106:Israel
2091:Canada
1830:Die-in
1780:Bed-in
1527:Hippie
1457:Ahimsa
1185:online
1175:online
1158:online
1146:online
1129:online
1113:
1094:online
1041:online
963:
771:
646:pg. 5.
433:Legacy
328:Berlin
2126:Sudan
2121:Spain
2111:Japan
1727:Songs
1712:Plays
1628:Films
1608:Books
1567:Peace
1426:Unity
1265:and
1111:ISBN
961:ISBN
769:ISBN
408:and
384:The
270:(or
68:The
36:and
24:The
1603:Art
441:in
219:of
131:."
53:.
30:WPP
2176::
1963:US
1961:;
1959:UK
991:^
975:^
913:^
883:.
859:^
827:^
809:^
763:.
738:^
709:^
667:^
651:^
635:^
617:^
373:.
350:,
88:.
1965:)
1936:"
1932:"
1929:"
1925:"
1917:"
1913:"
1900:"
1896:"
1863:"
1859:"
1255:e
1248:t
1241:v
1119:.
969:.
894:.
777:.
28:(
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