Andrew Carnegie - Knowledge

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heads of students with inept, useless knowledge and exclude useful knowledge. Spencer stated that he trusted no organization of any kind, "political, religious, literary, philanthropic", and believed that as they expanded in influence so too did their regulations expand. In addition, Spencer thought that as all institutions grow they become ever more corrupted by the influence of power and money. The institution eventually loses its "original spirit, and sinks into a lifeless mechanism". Spencer insisted that all forms of philanthropy that uplift the poor and downtrodden were reckless and incompetent. Spencer thought any attempt to prevent "the really salutary sufferings" of the less fortunate "bequeath to posterity a continually increasing curse". Carnegie, a self-proclaimed devotee of Spencer, testified to Congress on February 5, 1915: "My business is to do as much good in the world as I can; I have retired from all other business."

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self-restraint" of those with too much power could lead to the ruin of their competitors. He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Spencer argued that individuals with superior resources who deliberately used investment schemes to put competitors out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder". Carnegie built his wealth in the steel industry by maintaining an extensively integrated operating system. Carnegie also bought out some regional competitors, and merged with others, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies. Over the course of twenty years, Carnegie's steel properties grew to include the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Lucy Furnace Works, the Union Iron Mills, the Homestead Works, the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many other industry-related assets.

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literary and technical, and, above all, the abolition of war. The expenditure the public most associates with Carnegie's name is that for public libraries. Carnegie himself frequently said that his favorite benefaction was the Hero Fund—among other reasons, because "it came up my ain back"; but probably deep in his own mind his library gifts took precedence over all others in importance. There was only one genuine remedy, he believed, for the ills that beset the human race, and that was enlightenment. "Let there be light" was the motto that, in the early days, he insisted on placing in all his library buildings. As to the greatest endowment of all, the Carnegie Corporation, that was merely Andrew Carnegie in permanently organized form; it was established to carry on, after Carnegie's death, the work to which he had given personal attention in his own lifetime.

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particular place in nature, so too had human society "spontaneously fallen into division of labour". Individuals who survived to this, the latest and highest stage of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select of their generation." Moreover, Spencer perceived governmental authority as borrowed from the people to perform the transitory aims of establishing social cohesion, insurance of rights, and security. Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to assist the weak, unskilled, poor and distressed to be an imprudent disservice to evolution. Spencer insisted people should resist for the benefit of collective humanity, as severe fate singles out the weak, debauched, and disabled.

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society in the form of parks, works of art, libraries and other endeavors that improve the community and contribute to the "lasting good". Carnegie also held a strong opinion against inherited wealth. Carnegie believed that the sons of prosperous businesspersons were rarely as talented as their fathers. By leaving large sums of money to their children, wealthy business leaders were wasting resources that could be used to benefit society. Most notably, Carnegie believed that the future leaders of society would rise from the ranks of the poor. Carnegie strongly believed in this because he had risen from the bottom. He believed the poor possessed an advantage over the wealthy because they receive greater attention from their parents and are taught better work ethics.

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benefactions to the English-speaking nations. His largest gifts were $ 125,000,000 to the Carnegie Corporation of New York (this same body also became his residuary legatee), $ 60,000,000 to public library buildings, $ 20,000,000 to colleges (usually the smaller ones), $ 6,000,000 to church organs, $ 29,000,000 to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, $ 22,000,000 to the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, $ 22,000,000 to the Carnegie Institution of Washington, $ 10,000,000 to Hero Funds, $ 10,000,000 to the Endowment for International Peace, $ 10,000,000 to the Scottish Universities Trust, $ 10,000,000 to the United Kingdom Trust, and $ 3,750,000 to the Dunfermline Trust.

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was essential for societal progress and should be encouraged. Carnegie was an ardent supporter of commercial "survival of the fittest" and sought to attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases of the steel manufacturing procedure. Carnegie's determination to lower costs included cutting labor expenses as well. In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress. Carnegie felt that unions represented the narrow interest of the few while his actions benefited the entire community.

476: 1181: 1847: 1755:. Frick was well known in industrial circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective bargaining agreement between the union and company expiring at the end of June, Frick and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase; the AA represented about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant. Frick immediately countered with an average 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. 2370: 1706:

spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million tons of water sweeping down the valley as the Johnstown Flood. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance to the flood victims as well as determining never to speak publicly about the club or the flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club's members.

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British Parliament the other day proposes to increase the death duties; and, most significant of all, the new tax is to be a graduated one. Of all forms of taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding great sums all their lives, the proper use of which for public ends would work good to the community from which it chiefly came, should be made to feel that the community, in the form of the State, cannot thus be deprived of its proper share. By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.

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springs from a combination of defective physical courage, of unmanly shrinking from pain and effort, and of hopelessly twisted ideals. All the suffering from Spanish war comes far short of the suffering, preventable and non-preventable, among the operators of the Carnegie steel works, and among the small investors, during the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It is as noxious folly to denounce war per se as it is to denounce business per se. Unrighteous war is a hideous evil; but I am not at all sure that it is worse evil than business unrighteousness.

33: 737:! No idol is more debasing than the worship of money! Whatever I engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be careful to choose that life which will be the most elevating in its character. To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and with most of my thoughts wholly upon the way to make more money in the shortest time, must degrade me beyond hope of permanent recovery. I will resign business at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I wish to spend the afternoons in receiving instruction and in reading systematically! 7316: 1657: 1337: 1448: 624: 1879: 1519: 1463:. It was created by a deed that he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift of $ 10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at the time, total government assistance to all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. The aim of the Trust was to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in the Scottish universities and to enable the deserving and qualified youth of Scotland to attend a university. He was subsequently elected 1549: 2714: 1356: 1504: 1283: 733:

education, making the acquaintance of literary men. I figure that this will take three years' active work. I shall pay especial attention to speaking in public. We can settle in London and I can purchase a controlling interest in some newspaper or live review and give the general management of it attention, taking part in public matters, especially those connected with education and improvement of the poorer classes. Man must have no idol and the amassing of wealth is one of the worst species of

7321: 6988: 261: 1596: 3071: 1318: 1815:, and met in person. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would turn the Philippines free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist and believer in warrior virtues than President McKinley had been. He saluted Roosevelt for forcing Germany and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming the mediator who negotiated an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1907–1908. Roosevelt relied on Carnegie for financing his expedition to 1697:

Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests, and eventually came to be owned by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881. Prior to the flood, speculators had purchased the abandoned reservoir, made less than well-engineered repairs to the old dam, raised the lake level, built cottages and a clubhouse, and created the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club. Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the dam sat the city of Johnstown.

2065:... I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works “The Data of Ethics,” “First Principles,” “Social Statics,” “The Descent of Man.” Reaching the pages which explain how man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, I remember that light came as in a flood and all was clear. Not only had I got rid of theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution. 3085: 1379: 752: 4997: 6876: 3057: 2227: 7340: 7016: 2574: 594:" in both his economic development and his intellectual and cultural development. He was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use of his library that he "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to the nobleman". His capacity, his willingness for hard work, his perseverance, and his alertness soon brought him opportunities. 2457: 1500:, a grant-making foundation. He transferred to the trust the charge of all his existing and future benefactions, other than university benefactions in the United Kingdom. He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches. 1135: 3099: 615:

superintendent, Carnegie made a salary of $ 1500 a year ($ 51,000 by 2023 inflation). His employment by the Pennsylvania Railroad would be vital to his later success. The railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest. Carnegie learned much about management and cost control during these years, and from Scott in particular.

3043: 702:. He also gave stock in his businesses to Scott and Thomson, and the Pennsylvania was his best customer. When he built his first steel plant, he made a point of naming it after Thomson. As well as having good business sense, Carnegie possessed charm and literary knowledge. He was invited to many important social functions, which Carnegie exploited to his advantage. 686:. In one year, the firm yielded over $ 1 million in cash dividends, and petroleum from oil wells on the property sold profitably. The demand for iron products, such as armor for gunboats, cannons, and shells, as well as a hundred other industrial products, made Pittsburgh a center of wartime production. Carnegie worked with others in establishing a steel 565:

fire the boiler in the cellar of the bobbin factory. It was too much for me. I found myself night after night, sitting up in bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the steam was too low and that the workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and at another time that the steam was too high and that the boiler might burst.

655:, he personally supervised the transportation of the defeated forces. Under his organization, the telegraph service rendered efficient service to the Union cause and significantly assisted in the eventual victory. Carnegie later joked that he was "the first casualty of the war" when he gained a scar on his cheek from freeing a trapped telegraph wire. 491:, Scotland, in a typical weaver's cottage with only one main room. It consisted of half the ground floor, which was shared with the neighboring weaver's family. The main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his paternal grandfather. William Carnegie had a successful weaving business and owned multiple looms. 1258:

called for designs that supported efficiency in administration and operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two.

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still and still plays the beast. My aspirations take a higher flight. Mine be it to have contributed to the enlightenment and the joys of the mind, to the things of the spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives of the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness and light. I hold this the noblest possible

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with the following suggestion to expedite the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Mount Wilson will be vigorously pushed, because I am so anxious to hear the expected results from it. I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to the old land some part of

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Carnegie spent his last years as a philanthropist. From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such a fortune, to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to using it on philanthropic projects. He had written about

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After the war, Carnegie left the railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Carnegie worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Bridge Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he had left the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, he remained connected to

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On the subject of charity Andrew Carnegie's actions diverged in the most significant and complex manner from Herbert Spencer's philosophies. In his 1854 essay "Manners and Fashion", Spencer referred to public education as "Old schemes". He went on to declare that public schools and colleges fill the

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The conditions of human society create for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital is a necessity for meeting the demands of our day, and as such should not be looked at askance, but be encouraged. There is nothing detrimental to human society in it, but much that is, or is bound soon

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Despite Carnegie's personal dedication to Herbert Spencer as a friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas is more contentious. In particular, it appears Carnegie either misunderstood or intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked upon his

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Andrew Carnegie's political and economic focus during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez-faire economics. Carnegie emphatically resisted government intrusion in commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the concentration of capital

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discharge pipes that previously allowed a controlled release of water. There had been some speculation as to the dam's integrity, and concerns had been raised by the head of the Cambria Iron Works downstream in Johnstown. Such repair work, a reduction in height, and unusually high snowmelt and heavy

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Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor of the steel industry. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned millions of dollars a year. Carnegie tried to keep this information

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His benefactions amounted to $ 350,000,000—for he gave away not only his annual income of something more than $ 12,500,000, but most of the principal as well. Of this sum, $ 62,000,000 was allotted to the British Empire and $ 288,000,000 to the United States, for Carnegie, in the main, confined his

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I do not see that it is wise to devote our efforts to creating another organization. Of course I may be wrong in believing that, but I am certainly not wrong that if it were dependent on any millionaire's money it would begin as an object of pity and end as one of derision. I wonder that you do not

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Despite his efforts towards international peace, Carnegie faced many dilemmas on his quest. These dilemmas are often regarded as conflicts between his view on international relations and his other loyalties. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, for example, Carnegie allowed his steel works to fill large

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Man does not live by bread alone. I have known millionaires starving for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all that is human in man, and I know workmen, and many so-called poor men, who revel in luxuries beyond the power of those millionaires to reach. It is the mind that makes the body

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tried hard to like Carnegie, but it is pretty difficult. There is no type of man for whom I feel a more contemptuous abhorrence than for the one who makes a God of mere money-making and at the same time is always yelling out that kind of utterly stupid condemnation of war which in almost every case

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Carnegie's share of this amounted to $ 225.64 million (in 2023, $ 8.26 billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, 50-year gold bonds. The letter agreeing to sell his share was signed on February 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed the organization and capitalization (at $

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employed him as a secretary/telegraph operator at a salary of $ 4.00 per week ($ 146 by 2023 inflation). Carnegie accepted the job with the railroad as he saw more prospects for career growth and experience there than with the telegraph company. When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott asked him if he

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Soon after this Mr. John Hay, a fellow Scotch manufacturer of bobbins in Allegheny City, needed a boy, and asked whether I would not go into his service. I went, and received two dollars per week; but at first the work was even more irksome than the factory. I had to run a small steam-engine and to

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When Carnegie was 12, his father had fallen on tough times as a handloom weaver. Making matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother and by selling potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner. Struggling to make

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In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, Carnegie founded the Church Peace Union (CPU), a group of leaders in religion, academia, and politics. Through the CPU, Carnegie hoped to mobilize the world's churches, religious organizations, and other spiritual and moral resources to join in promoting

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The growing disposition to tax more and more heavily large estates left at death is a cheering indication of the growth of a salutary change in public opinion. The State of Pennsylvania now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth of the property left by its citizens. The budget presented in the

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was a banker and America's most important financial deal maker. He had observed how efficiently Carnegie produced profits. He envisioned an integrated steel industry that would cut costs, lower prices to consumers, produce in greater quantities and raise wages to workers. To this end, he needed to

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In 1849, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $ 2.50 per week ($ 92 by 2023 inflation) following the recommendation of his uncle. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses and the faces of

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Witnessing sectarianism and strife in 19th century Scotland regarding religion and philosophy, Carnegie kept his distance from organized religion and theism. Carnegie instead preferred to see things through naturalistic and scientific terms stating, "Not only had I got rid of the theology and the

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As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last years of the 19th century, there was the increasing adoption of the idea that free libraries should be available to the American public. But the design of such libraries was the subject of prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, the library profession

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In the spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East. Carnegie helped open the rail lines into Washington D.C. that the

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in 1910 was regarded as a milestone on the road to the ultimate goal of abolition of war. Beyond a gift of $ 10 million for peace promotion, Carnegie also encouraged the "scientific" investigation of the various causes of war, and the adoption of judicial methods that should eventually eliminate

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Carnegie held that societal progress relied on individuals who maintained moral obligations to themselves and to society. Furthermore, he believed that charity supplied the means for those who wish to improve themselves to achieve their goals. Carnegie urged other wealthy people to contribute to

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Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian evolution held that those unfit to sustain themselves must be allowed to perish. Spencer believed that just as there were many varieties of beetles, respectively modified to existence in a

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Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in business in the form of regulatory limitations, taxes, and tariffs as well. Spencer saw tariffs as a form of taxation that levied against the majority in service to "the benefit of a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".

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I propose to take an income no greater than $ 50,000 per annum! Beyond this I need ever earn, make no effort to increase my fortune, but spend the surplus each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside business forever, except for others. Let us settle in Oxford and I shall get a thorough

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To some, Carnegie represents the idea of the American dream. He was an immigrant from Scotland who came to America and became successful. He is not only known for his successes but his huge amounts of philanthropic works, not only for charities but also to promote democracy and independence to

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These gifts fairly picture Carnegie's conception of the best ways to improve the status of the common man. They represent all his personal tastes—his love of books, art, music, and nature—and the reforms which he regarded as most essential to human progress—scientific research, education both

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with the elimination of Frick, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie." Afterwards, the company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place of the Homestead plant workers, and Carnegie returned to the United States. However, Carnegie's

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On December 1, 1859, Carnegie officially became superintendent of the Western Division. He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be his personal secretary and telegraph operator. Carnegie also hired his cousin, Maria Hogan, who became the first female telegraph operator in the country. As

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Although Cambria Iron and Steel's facilities were heavily damaged by the flood, they returned to full production within a year. After the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to replace the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood. The

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The amassing of wealth is one of the worse species of idolatry. No idol more debasing than the worship of money." In order to avoid degrading himself, he wrote in the same memo he would retire at age 35 to pursue the practice of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies thus rich dies

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for the United States and Canada (a few years later also established in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Germany) for the recognition of deeds of heroism. Carnegie contributed $ 1.5 million in 1903 for the erection of the

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Spencer wrote that in production the advantages of the superior individual are comparatively minor, and thus acceptable, yet the benefit that dominance provides those who control a large segment of production might be hazardous to competition. Spencer feared that an absence of "sympathetic

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moral leadership to put an end to war forever. For its inaugural international event, the CPU sponsored a conference to be held on August 1, 1914, on the shores of Lake Constance in southern Germany. As the delegates made their way to the conference by train, Germany was invading Belgium.

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was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown. With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the lake was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sold to the

1014:. Carnegie argued that the life of a wealthy industrialist should comprise two parts. The first part was the gathering and the accumulation of wealth. The second part was for the subsequent distribution of this wealth to benevolent causes. Philanthropy was key to making life worthwhile. 767:

Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry, controlling the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations ever owned by an individual in the United States. One of his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficient mass production of steel by adopting and adapting the

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His father soon quit his position at the cotton mill, returning to his loom, and was again removed as a substantial breadwinner. But Carnegie attracted the attention of John Hay, a Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $ 2.00 per week ($ 70 by 2023 inflation).

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Carnegie's success was also due to his relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied on steel for track, but were also making money from steel transport. The steel and railroad barons worked closely to negotiate prices instead of allowing free-market competition.

647:, which facilitated business travel at distances over 500 miles (800 km). The investment proved a success and a source of profit for Woodruff and Carnegie. The young Carnegie continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced several improvements in the service. 1770:" by management and not a "strike" by workers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and subsequent government action would have been a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal demonstration of the growing 583:

important men. He made many connections this way. He also paid close attention to his work and quickly learned to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals produced. He developed the ability to translate signals by ear, without using the paper slip.

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In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on a trip to the United Kingdom. They toured Scotland by coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid the foundation stone of a

866:), was the largest such industrial takeover in United States history to date. The holdings were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust organized by Morgan, and Carnegie retired from business. His steel enterprises were bought out for $ 303,450,000. 548:

In September 1848, Carnegie and his family arrived in Allegheny. Carnegie's father struggled to sell his product on his own. Eventually, the father and son both received job offers at Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job in 1848 was as a

2177:. While a child, his family led vigorous theological and political disputes. His mother avoided the topic of religion. His father left the Presbyterian church after a sermon on infant damnation, while, according to Carnegie, still remaining very religious on his own. 2333:

After he sold his steel company in 1901, Carnegie was able to get fully involved in the peace cause, both financially and personally. He gave away much of his fortunes to various peacekeeping agencies in order to keep them growing. When a friend, the British writer

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The dam was 72 feet (22 m) high and 931 feet (284 m) long. Between 1881, when the club was opened, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw. Additionally, a previous owner removed and sold for scrap the three

818:, the Union Iron Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Keystone Bridge Works, the Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines. Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the 2098:. The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for one another and maintained a correspondence until Spencer's death in 1903. There are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist practices. 2347:

Carnegie believed that it is the effort and will of the people, that maintains the peace in international relations. Money is just a push for the act. If world peace depended solely on financial support, it would not seem a goal, but more like an act of pity.

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According to David Nasaw, after 1898, when the United States entered a war with Spain, Carnegie increasingly devoted his energy to supporting pacifism. He strongly opposed the war and the subsequent imperialistic American takeover of the Philippines. When

2495:. Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" that he had casts made of the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton donated to several museums in Europe and South America. The original fossil skeleton is assembled and stands in the Hall of Dinosaurs at the 942:, he purchased numerous newspapers in Britain, all of which were to advocate the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, including Prime Minister 1049:

against McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange independence for the Philippines. As the conclusion of the Spanish–American War neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain for $ 20 million. To counter what he perceived as

1157:(1889). Carnegie devoted the rest of his life to providing capital for purposes of public interest and social and educational advancement. He saved letters of appreciation from those he helped in a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words." 1476:

and opened it to all members of the public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust to benefit the people of Dunfermline. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a commemoration for his creation of the park.

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The will of Andrew Carnegie, filed here yesterday and admitted to probate immediately by Surrogate Fowler, disposes of an estate estimated at between $ 25,000,000 and $ 30,000,000. The residuary estate of about $ 20,000,000 goes to the Carnegie

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in New York City; it opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music led him to fund the construction of 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no apparent preference for any religious denomination or sect.

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in December 1901, and formally installed as such in October 1902, serving until 1907. He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his birth. In addition to a library, Carnegie also bought the private estate which became

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Man was not created with an instinct for his own degradation, but from the lower he had risen to the higher forms. Nor is there any conceivable end to his march to perfection. His face is turned to the light; he stands in the sun and looks

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By the standards of 19th-century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money. "Maybe with the giving away of his money," commented biographer

2200:. He also prepared (but did not deliver) an address in which he professed a belief in "an Infinite and Eternal Energy from which all things proceed". Records exist of a short period of correspondence around 1912–1913 between Carnegie and 1683:

had formed the exclusive South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The sixty-odd club members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend,

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On July 6, the arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City and Chicago resulted in a fight in which 10 men — seven strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Governor

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opened in 1883 in Dunfermline. His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on the condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance.

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throughout the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly other English-speaking countries was especially prominent. In this special driving interest of his, Carnegie was inspired by meetings with philanthropist

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rich. There is no class so pitiably wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Money can only be the useful drudge of things immeasurably higher than itself. Exalted beyond this, as it sometimes is, it remains

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to withdraw American troops and allow the Filipinos to live with their independence. This act strongly impressed the other American anti-imperialists, who soon elected him vice-president of the Anti-Imperialist League.

360:. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away around $ 350 million (roughly $ 6.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of his fortune, to charities, foundations and universities. His 1889 article proclaiming " 870:

1.4 billion—4% of the U.S. gross domestic product at the time) of the United States Steel Corporation actually completed the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within two weeks to the Hudson Trust Company of

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would merge into one nation, telling him "We are heading straight to the Re-United States". Carnegie believed that the combined country's power would maintain world peace and disarmament. The creation of the

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for a free library. In total, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in 47 U.S. states, and also in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the

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them. He believed that the Endowment exists to promote information on the nations' rights and responsibilities under existing international law and to encourage other conferences to codify this law.

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Carnegie did not want to marry during his mother's lifetime, instead choosing to take care of her in her illness towards the end of her life. After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married

3311:. This approximation with the diphthong is further from the Scots pronunciation and so rare that it is not mentioned even as a variant in the Columbia Encyclopedia or the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2173:

believers, writing that "there was not one orthodox Presbyterian" in his family; various members of his family having somewhat distanced themselves from Calvinism, some of them leaning more towards

1913:. The building was completed in late 1902, and he lived there until his death in 1919. His wife Louise continued to live there until her death in 1946. The building has been used since 1976 as the 972:

and a broken scepter. The book created considerable controversy in the UK. The book made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S.

3484: 2697:(CFAT);The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs (CCEIA). These collections deal primarily with Carnegie philanthropy and have very little personal material related to Carnegie. 4451:"Carnegie Assaults the Spelling Book; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. Campaign About to Begin Board Named, with Headquarters Here – Local Societies Throughout the Country." 851:

buy out Carnegie and several other major producers and integrate them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. He concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the

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Industrial Cuba: Being a Study of Present Commercial and Industrial Conditions, with Suggestions as to the Opportunities Presented in the Island for American Capital, Enterprise, and Labour

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Manuscript Division. The Carnegie Collections of the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library consist of the archives of the following organizations founded by Carnegie: The

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and world peace had all failed, and the Carnegie Endowment had not fulfilled his expectations, his beliefs and ideas on international relations had helped build the foundation of the

1819:. In return he asked the ex-president to mediate the growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt started to do so but the scheme collapsed when king 8799: 7755: 5965: 3671: 1793:

shot at Frick in an attempted assassination, wounding him. While not directly connected to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the assassination attempt. According to Berkman, "...

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suddenly died. Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically deceived and manipulated Carnegie and held the elderly man in contempt. Nasaw quotes a private letter Roosevelt wrote to

8520: 6603: 7646: 4453: 5141: 2242:. His motto, "All is well since all grows better", served not only as a good rationalization of his successful business career, but also his view of international relations. 2016:", an article in which he stated his belief that the rich should use their wealth to help enrich society. In that article, Carnegie also expressed sympathy for the ideas of 1629:. The grave site is located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at the corner of Summit Avenue and Dingle Road. Carnegie is buried only a few yards away from union organizer 9237: 6581: 553:, changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory. His starting wage was $ 1.20 per week ($ 42 by 2023 inflation). 2115:

first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."

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In his final days, Carnegie had pneumonia. Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $ 350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:

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In 1901, Carnegie also established large pension funds for his former employees at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors. The latter fund evolved into

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disgraced." However, he did not begin his philanthropic work in all earnest until 1881, at age 46, with the gift of a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.

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In 1886, Carnegie's younger brother Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the most valuable of the iron ore fields around

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became president in 1901, Carnegie and Roosevelt were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through mutual friends such as Secretary of State

537:, where they heard there was a demand for workers. Carnegie's emigration to America was his second journey outside Dunfermline. The first was a family outing to 5510:. New York City Landmarks Preservation Committee. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg (Author of Foreword) (Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3883: 964:. Liberal in its use of statistics to make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American republican system of government was superior to the British 533:

ends meet, the Carnegies decided to borrow money from George Lauder, Sr. and move to the United States in 1848 for the prospect of a better life. They headed to

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was a bloody labor confrontation lasting 143 days in 1892, one of the most serious in U.S. history. The conflict was centered on Carnegie Steel's main plant in

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History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Volume Two: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism

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in Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing young men to share their talents to create harmony in the world.

2276:, formed in 1910 with a $ 10 million endowment. In 1913, at the dedication of the Peace Palace in The Hague, Carnegie predicted that the end of the war was 1946:

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, though he was said to be "a violent opponent of some of the most sacred doctrines" of the party.

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Carnegie left on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked. In doing so, Carnegie left mediation of the dispute in the hands of his associate and partner

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Jaarboek der Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen. 1913–1914. Promotiën Faculteit der Rechtgeleerdheid. Honoris Causa. Staatswetenschappen. 1914, 1 Juli, p. 91.

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Frick's letter to Carnegie describing the plans and munitions that will be on the barges when the Pinkertons arrive to confront the strikers in Homestead

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system. It gave a highly favorable and idealized view of American progress and criticized the British royal family. The cover depicted an upended royal

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ordered two brigades of the state militia to the strike site. Then allegedly in response to the fight between the striking workers and the Pinkertons,

6670:. Retrieved September 24, 2008. "It is named for Andrew Carnegie, the famous Scottish immigrant who rose to become a steel tycoon and philanthropist." 6641: 6078: 7205: 4119: 2094:, often referring to himself as a disciple of Spencer. Conversely, Carnegie, a titan of industry, seems to embody all of the qualities of Spencerian 1741: 6116: 4450: 690:, and steel production and control of industry became the source of his fortune. Carnegie had some investments in the iron industry before the war. 9282: 9272: 9147: 8785: 5112: 5038: 2410:, "in testimony of his great zeal for the welfare of his fellow-men on both sides of the Atlantic", and in October 1902 the Freedom of the City of 2381: 2120:

to become, beneficial. It is an evolution from the heterogeneous to the homogeneous, and is clearly another step in the upward path of development.

4139: 717:, Missouri (completed 1874). This project was an important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a new steel market. 651:

rebels had cut; he rode the locomotive pulling the first brigade of Union troops to reach Washington D.C. Following the defeat of Union forces at

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Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, but he kept himself away from religious circles. He wanted to be identified by the world as a "

780:. Steel prices dropped as a result, and Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings and bridges. 9262: 9117: 8622: 7184:

Lorenzen, Michael. (1999). "Deconstructing the Carnegie Libraries: The Sociological Reasons Behind Carnegie's Millions to Public Libraries".

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Forty Years of Carnegie Giving: A Summary of the Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie and of the Work of the Philanthropic Trusts Which He Created

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which he funded. Carnegie's criticism of British society did not mean dislike; on the contrary, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a

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Rees, Jonathan. (1997). "Homestead in Context: Andrew Carnegie and the Decline of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers."

5477: 4095: 1045:. Carnegie strongly opposed the idea of American colonies. He opposed the annexation of the Philippines almost to the point of supporting 8677: 6611: 6589: 4061: 3415: 3366: 986:

Although actively involved in running his many businesses, Carnegie had become a regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably

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By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, and Carnegie owned a large part of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the

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VanSlyck, Abigail A. (1991). "'The Utmost Amount of Effective Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library."

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The outbreak of the First World War was clearly a shock to Carnegie and his optimistic view on world peace. Although his promotion of

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orders of armor plate for the building of an enlarged and modernized United States Navy, but he opposed American overseas expansion.

2197: 2169:, and religion as a whole, but reconciled with it later in his life. In his autobiography, Carnegie describes his family as moderate 1485: 274: 3340: 2343:

see this. There is nothing that robs a righteous cause of its strength more than a millionaire's money. Its life is tainted thereby.

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at Washington, D.C., to encourage research and discovery. He later contributed more to these and other schools. CIT is now known as

9297: 8903: 8567: 7720: 7656: 7453: 5148: 4956: 4785: 1914: 791:, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and a line of 498:, from which his father benefited. Carnegie was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, a gift to the town from philanthropist 5912:, 1897 (Chapter 22: "Political Rights-So-called"). (With Active Table of Contents) (Kindle Locations 24948–24956). Kindle Edition. 4215: 3207:

with the stress on the first syllable. American English speakers who stress the second syllable generally do not produce the long

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Diploma conferring on Mr. Carnegie the rank of Knight (Grand Cross) in the Order of Orange Nassau, The Hague-- 25th August, 1913

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its management, namely Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. He used his connection to the two men to acquire contracts for his

590:, who opened his personal library of 400 volumes to working boys each Saturday night. Carnegie was a consistent borrower and a " 8808: 8700: 7506: 7489: 7393: 7371:

Marguerite Martyn, "Andrew Carnegie on Prosperity, Income Tax, and the Blessings of Poverty," May 1, 1914, City Desk Publishing

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and James Hay Reed, as well as Frick's business partner, Carnegie. High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the

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Carnegie commemorated as an industrialist, philanthropist, and founder of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1960

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The union and company failed to come to an agreement, and management locked the union out. Workers considered the stoppage a "

759: 662:, railroads and telegraph lines to deliver the goods. The war demonstrated how integral the industries were to Union success. 9212: 9122: 8858: 8617: 7886: 7760: 7641: 7606: 7479: 6972: 6928: 6857: 6753: 6701: 5593: 5573: 5424: 5393: 5354: 4402: 4190: 4071: 4044: 3807: 3762: 3731: 3638: 3570: 2290:, an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, whose mission is to be the voice for ethics in international affairs. 1355: 8968: 8577: 8529: 7713: 7501: 7420: 7365: 6519: 4699: 3418:

No. National Edition. New York City: The New York Times Company. New York Times. p. 2; Section 14. Archived from

3137: 993: 399:. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman, raising money for American enterprise in Europe. He built Pittsburgh's 350: 7835: 1062:, in opposition to the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. Its membership included former presidents of the United States 1058:

could purchase their independence from the United States. However, nothing came of the offer. In 1898 Carnegie joined the

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In 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more heavy

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However although Carnegie claimed to be a disciple of Spencer, many of his actions went against the ideas he espoused.

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Carnegie continued his business career; some of his literary intentions were fulfilled. He befriended the English poet

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in 1911 "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding" and continue his program of giving.

1530:. One critical requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their religious connections to get his money. 8958: 8662: 8597: 7616: 6349: 5896: 5519: 5255: 5174: 4594:""The Utmost Amount of Effectiv [sic] Accommodation": Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library" 4534: 3973: 3302: 3247: 3199: 2218:

in full text, Carnegie is extolled as a "lover of the world of humanity and one of the founders of Universal Peace".

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The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy

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When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the

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A League of Peace: A Rectorial Address Delivered to the Students in the University of St. Andrews, October 17, 1905

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Ernsberger, Jr., Richard "A Fool for Peace". American History, (Oct 2018), Vol. 53, Issue 4. interview with Nasaw.

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McGormick, Blaine, and Burton W. Folsom Jr. "Survey of Business Historians on America's Greatest Entrepreneurs."

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Industrial Peace: Address at the Annual Dinner of the National Civic Federation, New York City, December 15, 1904

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Within a year he was promoted to an operator. Carnegie's education and passion for reading were given a boost by

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in the Scots pronunciation but instead approximate it by producing its short equivalent as in the word "dress":

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In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age and considering retirement. He reformed his enterprises into conventional

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Carnegie-donated library is now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and houses the Flood Museum.

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for a close association between English-speaking peoples. To this end, in the early 1880s in partnership with

9023: 8978: 8868: 8117: 7511: 4799: 4092:"Columbia Oil Farm of the Oil Creek Valley, Venago County, Pennsylvania : 150 Years of Petroleum Legacy" 3062: 2988:

The Negro in America: An Address Delivered Before the Philosophical Institution of Edinburg, October 16, 1907

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concealed, but legal documents released in 1900, during proceedings with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel,

9172: 9073: 8572: 7818: 7386: 6633: 2238:, Carnegie started his efforts in pursuit of world peace at a young age, and supported causes that opposed 1774:, strongly opposed by management. Frick brought in thousands of strikebreakers to work the steel mills and 1235: 911: 683: 4111: 2871: 2286:

Despite its inauspicious beginning, the CPU thrived. Today its focus is on ethics, and it is known as the

8913: 8848: 7922: 7651: 7361: 7138: 6377: 6113: 5101: 5027: 3672:"Andrew Carnegie: The railroad and steel magnate who played his more imperative role as a Philanthropist" 2608: 2338:, asked him to create a new organization for the goal of a peace and arbitration society, his reply was: 2325:. Carnegie believed that it involved a denial of the fundamental democratic principle, and he also urged 2322: 2165:, also known informally as the Northern Presbyterian Church. In his early life Carnegie was skeptical of 1579:

Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of

7167: 6883: 6682:"'His dirge our groans—his monument our praise': Official and Popular Commemoration of Nelson in 1805–6" 5016:. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 579. 3025: 2994: 2783: 1317: 269: 9292: 8252: 7469: 7160: 6552: 6147:", Arago: people, postage & the post, Smithsonian National Postal Museum, viewed September 27, 2014 4135: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2698: 2568: 1930: 1405: 1382: 1309: 1111: 919: 455: 145: 6306: 5412:

Skibo: The Story of the Scottish Estate of Andrew Carnegie, from Its Celtic Origins to the Present Day

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Mickelson, Peter (1975). "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie".

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in Pittsburgh was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as the Carnegie Technical Schools.

2483:(Hatcher) was named for Carnegie after he sponsored the expedition that discovered its remains in the 8192: 8187: 7572: 7555: 6557: 3208: 3112: 2968: 1863: 1851: 1468: 1440:

the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The telescope saw

1165: 803: 191: 6946: 3540: 2974: 9197: 9102: 8888: 8818: 8756: 8377: 8067: 7696: 6765: 5644: 4686: 2540: 2503: 2313:, Carnegie had always thought it is an unwise gesture for the United States. He did not oppose the 1867: 1855: 1584: 1432: 1373: 1251: 1231: 1208: 1026: 652: 218: 5000: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the 4332: 2842: 2824: 2506:, Carnegie offered to donate $ 20 million to the Philippines so they could buy their independence. 2184:

Later in life, Carnegie's firm opposition to religion softened. For many years he was a member of

8953: 8743: 8733: 8728: 8457: 8197: 8072: 7793: 7061:(PhD dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1982. 8209384). 4494: 4421: 4374: 3132: 2450: 2095: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1883: 1737: 1718: 1626: 1600: 1441: 943: 695: 670: 534: 418:

Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on

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Stained-glass window of Andrew Carnegie at the former Carnegie Library, St Albans, Hertfordshire

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On the surface, Andrew Carnegie appears to be a strict laissez-faire capitalist and follower of

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Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era."

5511: 5470: 5298: 4091: 3008: 2877: 2817: 2509: 2438: 2426: 2205: 1846: 1745: 1622: 1046: 819: 807: 795:. In the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and 640: 400: 121: 91: 6294: 5752:, Chapter 19 "The Right to Ignore the State"). (Kindle Locations 43303–43309). Kindle Edition. 4824: 3419: 3362: 2557:

At the height of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in the world, behind only

855:. It was the first corporation in the world with a market capitalization of over $ 1 billion. 728:

Carnegie believed in using his fortune for others and doing more than making money. He wrote:

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In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with this new job:

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Speech at the Annual Meeting of the Peace Society, at the Guildhall, London, EC, May 24, 1910

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jointly administer the Andrew Carnegie Collection of digitized archives on Carnegie's life.

2201: 9112: 9107: 8933: 8843: 8422: 8332: 8312: 8257: 8147: 7750: 6693: 5658: 4804:"View of Andrew Carnegie Statue, Pittencrieff Park, Dunfermline. From South East. (383697)" 4645: 3851: 3799: 3793: 3754: 3748: 3723: 3717: 2916: 2796: 2479: 2310: 2013: 1607: 1538: 1508: 1401: 1180: 1152: 1051: 784: 361: 79: 8777: 6681: 5739:, Chapter 23, "A More Active Year") (Kindle Location 5572). Peerless Press. Kindle Edition 2369: 2209: 8: 9222: 9018: 8863: 8828: 8557: 8437: 8407: 8317: 8292: 8232: 8172: 8122: 8107: 6942: 5625: 5054:

Andrew Carnegie died at Shadow Brook of bronchial pneumonia at 7:10 o'clock this morning.

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Edwin M. Stanton: An Address by Andrew Carnegie on Stanton Memorial Day at Kenyon College

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could handle being superintendent of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

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in 1901 for $ 303,450,000 (equal to $ 11,113,550,000 today); it formed the basis of the

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in the world, with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig iron per day.

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Certificate of membership, Commander of the Order of Legion of Honor, 19th March, 1910

5765:, "Chapter 21 The Duty of the State"). (Kindle Locations 44159–44168). Kindle Edition. 3388: 1656: 391:, United States with his parents in 1848 at the age of 12. Carnegie started work as a 9068: 9013: 8943: 8612: 8427: 8382: 8217: 8207: 8152: 8137: 8102: 7987: 7813: 7430: 7270: 7228: 7173: 7142: 7120: 7105: 7069: 7037: 7001: 6968: 6952: 6924: 6901: 6863: 6853: 6793: 6749: 6697: 5892: 5589: 5569: 5515: 5499: 5420: 5389: 5350: 5251: 5211: 5203: 4896: 4530: 4398: 4280: 4186: 4067: 4040: 3969: 3867: 3803: 3758: 3727: 3634: 3566: 3516: 2585: 2298: 1790: 1481: 1473: 1067: 863: 859: 710: 675: 529:, grew up with Carnegie and later became his business partner in the United States. 522: 506: 246: 7134:

The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy

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The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy

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in Scotland in 1903, prior to laying the foundation stone of Loanhead Public School.

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Carnegie turned over management of the library project by 1908 to his staff, led by

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Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the steel for and owned shares in the landmark

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for the best children's literature published in the UK was established in his name.

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The Washington, D.C. headquarters of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

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Carnegie claimed to be a champion of evolutionary thought—particularly the work of

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Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy.

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Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths for the people of his hometown in

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The Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Blast-Furnaces in Braddock, Pennsylvania (1891)

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Andrew Carnegie was born to Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in

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with the stress on the second syllable, but his name is now commonly pronounced

2067:"All is well since all grows better” became my motto, my true source of comfort. 1374:

Investing in education, science, pensions, civil heroism, music, and world peace

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Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in a book entitled

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in 1879. In the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment of a

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In 1864, Carnegie was one of the early investors in the Columbia Oil Company in

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Pullman sleeping car, where Carnegie made one of his most successful investments

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He became a leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the

9038: 9033: 8873: 8761: 8723: 8657: 8477: 8472: 8432: 8397: 8342: 8297: 8212: 8132: 8127: 8057: 8042: 7876: 6997: 6882: 5955:(With Active Table of Contents) (Kindle Locations 45395–45420). Kindle Edition. 5942:(With Active Table of Contents) (Kindle Locations 74639–74656). Kindle Edition. 5878:(With Active Table of Contents) (Kindle Locations 26500–26524). Kindle Edition. 3256:; if they try to lengthen this sound, they automatically produce the diphthong 2352: 1693: 1689: 1630: 1503: 1199: 888: 792: 636: 542: 357: 110: 7200:(2003), 77#4, pp. 703–716. Carnegie ranks #3 behind Ford and Rockefeller. 7068:. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas, eds. St. James, NY: Brandywine Press 4933:"Looking Back Into the Past" (PDF). The Diapason. 47 (2): 22. January 1, 1956. 4488: 2713: 1878: 337:; November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American 9096: 9078: 9048: 8667: 8602: 8322: 8282: 8272: 8242: 8237: 8182: 8142: 8112: 7997: 7891: 7850: 7788: 7550: 7438: 7413: 6867: 6826: 5001: 4900: 3965: 3871: 3104: 2551: 2189: 1926: 1824: 1660:

A contemporary rendition of the Johnstown Flood scene at the Stone Bridge by

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Cited in Bruno Tertrais "The Demise of Ares: The End of War as We Know It?"

4942:"Mr. Carnegie Gives To All" (PDF). The Diapason. 2 (3): 3. February 1, 1911. 4676:"History of Mount Wilson Observatory – Building the 100-Inch Telescope" 2437:

by the French government. Carnegie was awarded as Knight Grand Cross of the

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His largest and in the long run most influential peace organization was the

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Carnegie was a major patron of music. He was a founding financial backer of

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Ernsberger, Richard Jr. (February 2015). "Robber Baron Turned Robin Hood".

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The Big Cookie Proposition: Insights and Inspiration for a Generous New You

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The Carnegie Boys: The Lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie that Changed America

5781:, chapter 25 "poor-laws"). (Kindle Locations 45395–45420). Kindle Edition. 5182: 3631:

The Carnegie Boys: The Lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie That Changed America

1054:, Carnegie personally offered $ 20 million to the Philippines so that the 9043: 8998: 8718: 8682: 8452: 8357: 8277: 8037: 7992: 7896: 7798: 3713: 2547: 2374: 2318: 2249:

Despite that, Carnegie served as a major donor for the newly established

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As early as 1868, at age 33, he drafted a memo to himself. He wrote: "...

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To spend the first third of one's life getting all the education one can.

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his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in

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Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. He published three books on travel.

1001: 907: 796: 706: 488: 480: 422:, working for world peace, education, and scientific research. He funded 376: 56: 7064:

Goldin, Milton (1997). "Andrew Carnegie and the Robber Baron Myth". In:

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Patterson, David S. (1970). "Andrew Carnegie's Quest for World Peace."

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Patterson, David S. (1970). "Andrew Carnegie's Quest for World Peace".

4908: 4876: 2630: 2407: 1969: 1820: 1634: 1274: 1071: 899:, as well as being in correspondence and acquaintance with most of the 896: 852: 550: 408: 384: 7214: 6335: 6245: 4619: 2914:, vol. 148, no. 381 (Jun. 1889), pp. 653–64. Original version of 787:

of all suppliers of raw materials. In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival

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Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava

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Carnegie was a frequent contributor to periodicals on labor issues.

635:, Carnegie arranged a merger between Woodruff's company and that of 8162: 7334: 7330: 7010: 7006: 4610: 3163: 2891: 2828: 2600: 2589: 2488: 1812: 965: 935: 773: 734: 659: 380: 333: 7551:

H. John Heinz III College of Information Systems and Public Policy

4825:"PITTENCRIEFF PARK, STATUE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE (LB25970) (LB25970)" 2472:; considered the most famous single dinosaur skeleton in the world 2125:

Carnegie, Andrew 1901 The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays

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At the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's partner

960:. In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work to date, entitled 9258:

Presidents of the Saint Andrew's Society of the State of New York

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Carnegie Mellon University Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory

4877:"Jeannette Meyers Thurber and the National Conservatory of Music" 2623: 2573: 2520: 2400: 2039: 1964:

To spend the last third giving it all away for worthwhile causes.

1327: 396: 5849: 5847: 4953:"Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Registered Charity no. SC012799" 4822: 2456: 2033:

The following is taken from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

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Carnegie Institution administration building in Washington, D.C.

1134: 1004:. In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in the June issue of the 5951:

Spencer, Herbert; Eliot, Charles William (September 15, 2011).

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Documentary: "Andrew Carnegie: Rags to Riches, Power to Peace"

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David S. Patterson,"Andrew Carnegie's quest for world peace."

5536:""Veteran Ironmaster Wrought Marvels in Public Benefactions," 4762:. No. 36906. London, England. October 23, 1902. p. 9 4475: 3565:. New York, NY: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 27. 1901:

in Scotland, and made his home partly there and partly in his

1400:(CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to create the 7881: 5844: 4782:"Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, Registered Charity no. SC015710" 2991:. Inverness: R. Carruthers & Sons, Courier Office (1907). 2465: 969: 7102:

The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901

6172:"Examining the American peace movement prior to World War I" 5147:. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery Historic Fund. 2009. Archived from 4197:

Bessemer steel suffered from nitrogen embrittlement with age

3541:"Andrew Carnegie: Gold key gift celebrates theatre makeover" 3279: 3224: 3179: 2785:

Triumphant Democracy, or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic

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reputation was permanently damaged by the Homestead events.

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In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $ 10 million to establish the

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Carnegie Mellon University Computational Biology Department

7666: 7045: 5471:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination" 3294: 3288: 3262: 3239: 3233: 3191: 2492: 1247: 1198:

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of

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Hellenic American Center of the Arts (February 23, 2015).

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after his death, which took world peace to another level.

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John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair

8528: 7130: 6959:. Along with Nasaw the most detailed scholarly biography. 5102:"Carnegie's Estate, At Time Of Death, About $ 30,000,000" 4798: 3536: 3291: 3236: 3188: 3185: 3118:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

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Starting in 1853, when Carnegie was around 18 years old,

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as certain to come, and come soon, as day follows night.

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Influenced by his "favorite living hero in public life"

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To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $ 500,000 to

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The defeat of the Confederacy required vast supplies of

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on August 25, 1913. Carnegie received July 1, 1914, an

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Like Stead, he believed that the United States and the

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supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution."

1435:, and donated an additional ten million dollars to the 509:, deeply influenced him as a boy by introducing him to 4734:. No. 36632. London. December 7, 1901. p. 11 4300: 2425:

He received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the

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to be burnt away in a controlled and rapid way during

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Carnegie, age 16, with younger brother Thomas, c. 1851

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To spend the next third making all the money one can.

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In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to

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Captioned "Free Libraries", Carnegie caricatured by "

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Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political leader

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American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

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Henry Clay Frick: The life of the perfect capitalist

6442:. No. 36894. London. October 9, 1902. p. 4 6386:. No. 36532. London. August 13, 1901. p. 7 5172: 5028:"Andrew Carnegie Dies Of Pneumonia In His 84th Year" 4543: 4036:

Andrew Carnegie: Industrial Giant and Philanthropist

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List of colleges and universities named after people

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In July 1902 he received the Freedom of the city of

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Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

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He gave a further $ 10 million in 1913 to endow the

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Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs

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People associated with the University of Birmingham

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Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie with Illustrations

5492: 4700:"Carnegie Trust - for the Universities of Scotland" 4060:Wall, Joseph Frazier; Frazier, Wall Joseph (1970). 3987: 3985: 3282: 3270:(as in "face"), which they normally do not notice: 3227: 3173: 2695:

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

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Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

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Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

8949:Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell 7539:Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences 7262:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 7183: 6916: 6722:Burton J. Hendrick, "Carnegie, Andrew, 1835–1919" 6545: 6212:"The Hague Peace Palace Keeps Tsar's Vision Alive" 6035: 6033: 6005: 6003: 5866: 5864: 5503: 5363: 5321: 4598:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 3957: 3440:listed at 372 billion 2014 USD by Jacob Davidson, 2418:. Also in 1902, he was elected as a member to the 2212:. In these letters, one of which was published in 513:' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as 7206:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6891:. New York: The Press Association Compilers, Inc. 6686:History, Commemoration and National Preoccupation 6324:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6242:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 5528: 5342: 3610: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3563:Andrew Carnegie: Industrialist and Philanthropist 2646:Andrew Carnegie's cartoon throwing money in air, 2629:Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Burgh of 1742:Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 1172:, which was written wholly in reformed spelling. 9094: 5381: 4490:Ghoti and the Ministry of Helth: Spelling Reform 4330: 4086:Story Farm, Columbia Farm, Columbia Oil Company 3982: 2539:The Carnegie Faculty of Sport and Education, at 2382:American Library Association Honorary Membership 1668:Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the 1444:on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive. 1396:In 1900, Carnegie gave $ 2 million to start the 1160:He provided $ 25,000 a year to the movement for 926:laboratory, now called the Carnegie Laboratory. 618: 7306:"Archival material relating to Andrew Carnegie" 7282:Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 7066:Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II 6030: 6000: 5872:The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence 5861: 5415:. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 4279:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 29. 3508:John D. The Founding Father of the Rockefellers 3128:List of Carnegie libraries in the United States 2837:The Secret of Business is the Management of Men 1461:Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland 1100:Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland 834:, revealed how favorable the tariffs had been. 448:Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland 349:in the late 19th century and became one of the 150:Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland 7468: 6664:School Histories: the Stories Behind the Names 6547:"Mr. Carnegie Will Receive Freedom of Belfast" 5806: 5804: 5789: 5787: 5773: 5771: 4178:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics 3694: 3579: 2196:, while his wife and daughter belonged to the 1972:". He was highly influenced in public life by 1921:. The surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's 1740:, and grew out of a labor dispute between the 1633:, another important figure of industry in the 1599:Carnegie's grave at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in 8793: 8514: 7955: 7454: 6631: 5498: 5276:. Mother Earth Publishing Association. p. 67. 3161:Andrew Carnegie used the Scots pronunciation 1522:The Peace Palace in the Hague, opened in 1913 1488:in 1885. He built the music performing venue 1250:. He also donated £50,000 to help set up the 411:. After selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed 9253:People of the American Industrial Revolution 8829:Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet 7578:Margaret Morrison Carnegie College (defunct) 7169:Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business 6203: 5641:The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays 5622:The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays 5388:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 40–. 4466:, March 12, 1906. Retrieved August 28, 2008. 3628: 3500: 3498: 2805:The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays 1077: 6304: 5801: 5784: 5768: 5661:. Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture. 4529:. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. 4444: 4112:"Andrew Carnegie and the Columbia Oil Farm" 4059: 3605:The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Review, 1870:, whom they named after Carnegie's mother. 1511:(front row, center) in 1906 while visiting 1029:, the United States seemed poised to annex 772:, which allowed the high carbon content of 9228:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees 9218:English-language spelling reform advocates 9193:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 8884:John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute 8800: 8786: 8521: 8507: 7962: 7948: 7726:Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation 7461: 7447: 7314: 7059:Andrew Carnegie: A Psychohistorical Sketch 6849:Andrew Carnegie: Industrial Philanthropist 6298: 5445:National Historic Landmark summary listing 3442:time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time 2691:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2358:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2274:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2138: 2081: 2047: 1092:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 914:in Scotland. In 1884, he gave $ 50,000 to 746: 665: 440:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 142:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 31: 8834:Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet 7358:Newspaper clippings about Andrew Carnegie 5645:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 4609: 4564: 4208:"Andrew Carnegie | Biography & Facts" 4174: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3837: 3495: 2860:Problems of Today: Wealth–Labor–Socialism 2156: 1949: 1713: 1486:National Conservatory of Music of America 1175: 1142:magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903 372:, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy. 8904:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery 6825: 5697: 5638: 5619: 5065:Krass (2002), Ch. "The Carnegie Legacy". 5005: 4957:Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator 4786:Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator 4591: 4552: 4522: 4089: 4020: 3822: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3633:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 22. 2748:Our Coaching Trip, Brighton to Inverness 2712: 2641: 2572: 2455: 2368: 2263: 2225: 2161:Carnegie and his family belonged to the 2129: 1991: 1983: 1915:Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum 1877: 1845: 1757: 1717: 1655: 1645: 1594: 1547: 1517: 1502: 1446: 1412:. Carnegie also served on the Boards of 1387: 1377: 1179: 1133: 974: 758: 750: 719: 669: 622: 573: 474: 268: 9283:Scottish emigrants to the United States 9273:Rectors of the University of St Andrews 9148:American librarianship and human rights 8974:David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir 8810:Rectors of the University of St Andrews 7809:Mellon Institute of Industrial Research 7030:Andrew Carnegie: An Economic Biography. 6962: 6735:Hendrick, "Carnegie, Andrew, 1835–1919" 5665:from the original on September 26, 2011 5476:. National Park Service. May 30, 1975. 5463: 4497:from the original on November 22, 2021. 4397:, p. 117, Transaction Publishers, 2008 4395:Health, Politics and Revolution in Cuba 4318: 4306: 3477: 2101: 2061:, even declaring Spencer his teacher. 1583:fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the 1533:Carnegie was a large benefactor of the 1410:Mellon Institute of Industrial Research 877: 9208:Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts 9168:American steel industry businesspeople 9095: 7394:Rector of the University of St Andrews 6898:Little Boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie 6880: 6178:from the original on December 18, 2019 5433: 5385:Andrew Carnegie and the Steel Industry 5082:from the original on December 31, 2023 4989: 4977:from the original on December 28, 2010 4343:from the original on December 20, 2005 4032: 4003: 3955: 3886:from the original on November 10, 2018 3682:from the original on November 15, 2019 3560: 3413: 3407: 3343:from the original on September 7, 2016 3162: 2681:Carnegie's personal papers are at the 2584:Lauder College (named after his uncle 2435:National Order of the Legion of Honour 2433:and was made as well Commander of the 1552:Dutch medal of the Carnegie Hero Fund. 678:, opened in 1874 using Carnegie steel 332: 204: 9268:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen 9153:20th-century American philanthropists 8859:Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne 8781: 8531:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen 8502: 7943: 7761:Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center 7442: 6679: 6644:from the original on February 4, 2021 5546:from the original on February 7, 2019 5243: 5059: 4915:from the original on October 28, 2022 4874: 4507: 4486: 4476:Simplified spelling board, New York . 4272: 4138:. Petroleum History Institute. 2001. 3791: 3746: 3712: 3647: 3556: 3554: 3504: 2053:Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought 1801: 1606:Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in 415:as the richest American of the time. 9263:Progressive Era in the United States 9118:20th-century American businesspeople 8969:David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford 7721:Human Computer Interaction Institute 7714:National Robotics Engineering Center 7421:Rector of the University of Aberdeen 6889:The Cyclopædia of American Biography 6845: 6694:10.5871/bacad/9780197264065.003.0003 6114:"Carnegie exalted by Bahaist leader" 5408: 5369: 5346:Andrew Carnegie: Captain of Industry 5330: 5118:from the original on October 9, 2022 5044:from the original on October 9, 2022 4218:from the original on August 23, 2017 3616: 3155: 3138:List of richest Americans in history 2380:In 1899 Andrew Carnegie was awarded 2364: 1507:Carnegie with Black American leader 345:. Carnegie led the expansion of the 8964:David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter 7804:Main Building, U.S. Bureau of Mines 7741:Pittsburgh Life Sciences Greenhouse 7054:. 49#6 pp. 32–41, cover story. 6668:Houston Independent School District 6209: 6198:An American Four-in-Hand in Britain 6079:"Bagpipe Tunes at Carnegie Wedding" 5540:August 12, 1919, page 10, column 5" 4846:"Andrew Carnegie statue vandalised" 4626:from the original on April 14, 2021 4142:from the original on March 16, 2019 4122:from the original on March 15, 2019 3960:The Library: An Illustrated History 3798:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 3753:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 3722:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 3535: 2999:. London: The Peace Society (1910). 2773:An American Four-in-Hand in Britain 2754:An American Four-in-hand in Britain 2676: 2148:Charity to enable people to develop 1670:South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club 1537:for Black American education under 1020: 958:An American Four-in-hand in Britain 858:The buyout, secretly negotiated by 837: 13: 7917:Swartz Center for Entrepreneurship 7300:Carnegie Birthplace Museum website 7131:Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe (1992). 7022: 6748:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 6746:The Battle for Homestead 1880–1892 6526:from the original on July 26, 2020 6311:. Horace Markley. pp. 406–12. 5480:from the original on July 26, 2020 5210:. Simon & Schuster, New York. 5175:"The Cause of the Johnstown Flood" 4856:from the original on April 3, 2018 4523:Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe (1992). 4375:Andrew Carnegie timeline of events 4098:from the original on July 26, 2020 3840:"Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie" 3785: 3551: 3395:from the original on June 30, 2020 3369:from the original on June 30, 2020 3363:"Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia" 3123:History of public library advocacy 2708: 2497:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2470:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2429:in 1906. In 1910, he received the 2315:annexation of the Hawaiian islands 2251:International Court of Arbitration 2186:Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church 1929:. The mansion was designated as a 1676:that killed 2,209 people in 1889. 1541:. He helped Washington create the 920:New York University Medical Center 903:, statesmen, and notable writers. 14: 9309: 9203:Carnegie Mellon University people 9183:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery 9133:American Civil War industrialists 7322:Works by or about Andrew Carnegie 7288: 6989:Works by or about Andrew Carnegie 6634:"Town names carry bit of history" 6500:from the original on May 19, 2021 6293:, Vol.2, p. 337. Garden City, NY 6289:Quoted in Hendrick, B. J. (1932) 6210:Gay, Mark H (November 10, 2013). 5173:Frank, Walter Smoter (May 1988). 4656:from the original on June 6, 2016 4033:Gillam, Scott (January 1, 2009). 3465:from the original on July 5, 2018 3414:Pollak, Michael (June 20, 2004). 1585:New England Conservatory of Music 916:Bellevue Hospital Medical College 479:Birthplace of Andrew Carnegie in 9248:People from Lenox, Massachusetts 8588:Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal 7971:Hall of Fame for Great Americans 7771:Carnegie Mellon University Press 7687:Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 7586: 7495:Information Networking Institute 7338: 7014: 6874: 6803: 6782: 6759: 6738: 6729: 6724:Dictionary of American Biography 6716: 6673: 6625: 6616: 6594: 6572: 6538: 6512: 6482: 6454: 6426: 6398: 6370: 6342: 6315: 6308:The Americanization of the World 6283: 6270: 6257: 6234: 6190: 6164: 6150: 6130: 6107: 6095: 6072: 6058: 6047: 6017: 5988: 5976: 5958: 5945: 5928: 5915: 5902: 5881: 5830: 5816: 5755: 5742: 5729: 5716: 5691: 5677: 5651: 5632: 5506:Guide to New York City Landmarks 4995: 4414:Porter, Robert Percival (1899). 3825:Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie 3272: 3258: 3217: 3169: 3097: 3083: 3069: 3055: 3041: 2952:, vol. 148, no. 377 (Feb. 1889). 2931:, vol. 148, no. 377 (Feb. 1889). 2873:Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie 2687:Carnegie Corporation of New York 2592:area of Dunfermline was renamed 2305:United States colonial expansion 2188:, pastored from 1905 to 1926 by 1836: 1672:, which has been blamed for the 1640: 1574:Carnegie Corporation of New York 1398:Carnegie Institute of Technology 1354: 1335: 1316: 1299: 1281: 1263: 1138:Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy. 1096:Carnegie Institution for Science 1088:Carnegie Corporation of New York 1060:American Anti-Imperialist League 741: 444:Carnegie Institution for Science 436:Carnegie Corporation of New York 383:. He immigrated to what is now 289: 259: 138:Carnegie Corporation of New York 134:Carnegie Institution for Science 9298:University and college founders 8899:John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury 7766:Integrated Innovation Institute 7736:Language Technologies Institute 7566:Masters in Software Engineering 7532:Entertainment Technology Center 7180:. Short biography by a scholar. 7089:Hendrick, Burton Jesse (1933). 6923:. New York: The Penguin Press. 6819: 5613: 5599: 5578: 5558: 5402: 5375: 5336: 5308: 5305:, (Oct 2018), Vol. 53, Issue 4. 5292: 5279: 5264: 5237: 5197: 5166: 5134: 5094: 5068: 5020: 4963: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4868: 4838: 4823:Historic Environment Scotland. 4816: 4792: 4774: 4746: 4718: 4692: 4668: 4638: 4585: 4558: 4516: 4501: 4480: 4469: 4428: 4407: 4387: 4368: 4355: 4324: 4266: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4200: 4168: 4156: 4094:. Petroleum History Institute. 4080: 4053: 4026: 3994: 3949: 3935: 3921: 3907: 3898: 3831: 3816: 3771: 3740: 3706: 3664: 3622: 3598: 3529: 2637: 2395:in June 1901, and received the 2387:Carnegie received the honorary 1886:, located on 5th Avenue in the 1418:Stevens Institute of Technology 1170:Handbook of Simplified Spelling 981:James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce 853:United States Steel Corporation 200: 9188:Businesspeople from Pittsburgh 9158:American railway entrepreneurs 8673:Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor 7902:Center for PostNatural History 7692:Software Engineering Institute 7349:interview with Peter Krass on 6881:Homans, James E., ed. (1918). 6680:White, Colin (June 14, 2007), 6632:Ackerman, Jan (May 10, 1984). 6520:"Quatercentenary Celebrations" 6278:Americanism Versus Imperialism 6157: 6065: 5953:The Collected Works of 6 Books 5940:The Collected Works of 6 Books 5876:The Collected Works of 6 Books 5606: 5273:Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist 5244:Foner, Philip Sheldon (1975). 5230: 5078:. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 4702:. May 13, 2008. Archived from 4420:. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 4331:Carnegie, Andrew (June 1889). 3942: 3928: 3914: 3778: 3629:Skrabec, Jr., Quentin (2012). 3447: 3434: 3381: 3355: 2703:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 2431:Freedom of the City of Belfast 2420:American Philosophical Society 2221: 1988:Carnegie at Skibo Castle, 1914 1850:Andrew Carnegie with his wife 1543:National Negro Business League 1271:Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh 1116:Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh 698:and the rails produced by his 460:Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh 273:Carnegie as he appears in the 166:Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh 1: 8979:Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby 8869:Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay 7086:(2011) 53#3 pp. 425–450. 5502:; Postal, Matthew A. (2004). 5409:Wall, Joseph Frazier (1984). 5006:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). " 4800:Historic Environment Scotland 4592:VanSlyck, Abigail A. (1991). 3956:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). 3505:Hawke, David Freeman (1980). 3318: 3063:Business and economics portal 2620:Carnegie Vanguard High School 2578:Carnegie Vanguard High School 2443:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 2323:annexation of the Philippines 1936: 1873: 1498:Carnegie United Kingdom Trust 1104:Carnegie United Kingdom Trust 1070:and literary figures such as 619:1860–1865: American Civil War 470: 154:Carnegie United Kingdom Trust 9213:Deaths from bronchopneumonia 9123:Activists from Massachusetts 7819:Pittsburgh Technology Center 7544:Social and Decision Sciences 7284:(2010) 9#3 pp. 365–394. 6406:"The Freedom of St. Andrews" 6350:"Glasgow University Jubilee" 6200:(New York, 1883), pp. 14–15. 5724:The Principles of Psychology 5643:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 5142:"Sleepy Hollow Cemetery Map" 4487:Scott, Tom (June 28, 2013). 3511:. Harper & Row. p. 3389:"Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 2499:in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2257:—brainchild of Russian tsar 1979: 1236:Allegheny City, Pennsylvania 912:Dunfermline Carnegie Library 895:, and the American humorist 882: 804:J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works 684:Venango County, Pennsylvania 597: 569: 465: 7: 8914:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 8849:Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves 7923:Waffle Shop: A Reality Show 7362:20th Century Press Archives 7337:(public domain audiobooks) 7166:Livesay, Harold C. (1999). 7139:University of Chicago Press 7100:Josephson, Matthew (1938). 7091:The Life of Andrew Carnegie 7013:(public domain audiobooks) 6895: 6852:. Lerner Publishing Group. 6846:Edge, Laura Bufano (2004). 6478:– via Newspapers.com. 6450:– via Newspapers.com. 6422:– via Newspapers.com. 6394:– via Newspapers.com. 6366:– via Newspapers.com. 6291:The Life of Andrew Carnegie 6040: 6024: 6010: 5887:Morris, Charles R. (2005). 5854: 5837: 5823: 5794: 5684: 4770:– via Newspapers.com. 4742:– via Newspapers.com. 4066:. Oxford University Press. 3700: 3592: 3034: 2626:, Texas, is named after him 2609:Belgrade University Library 2311:American colonial expansion 2000:, Edinburgh Central Library 1941: 525:. Lauder's son, also named 10: 9314: 8628:Viscount Cecil of Chelwood 8253:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 7561:School of Computer Science 7471:Carnegie Mellon University 7155:Lester, Robert M. (1941). 6914: 6771:December 22, 2016, at the 6606:December 12, 2021, at the 6584:December 12, 2021, at the 6553:Evening Telegraph (Dundee) 6101: 6053: 5994: 5982: 5810: 5584:Burlingame, Dwight (2004) 5349:. Capstone. pp. 72–. 5343:Meachen Rau, Dana (2005). 5270:Berkman, Alexander (1912) 5076:"CPI Inflation Calculator" 4971:"Home – Carnegie UK Trust" 4567:Journal of Library History 4380:November 24, 2016, at the 4260: 4248: 4236: 4175:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). 4162: 3838:Lankester, E. Ray (1921). 3658: 3485:"Andrew Carnegie's Legacy" 3455:"CPI Inflation Calculator" 3027:The Andrew Carnegie Reader 2699:Carnegie Mellon University 2569:Carnegie Mellon University 2523:cactus's scientific name, 2516:, were named in his honor. 1931:National Historic Landmark 1778:agents to safeguard them. 1725: 1649: 1406:Carnegie Mellon University 1383:Carnegie Mellon University 1188:" for the London magazine 1119: 1112:Carnegie Mellon University 1081: 992:, under the editorship of 891:, the English philosopher 456:Carnegie Mellon University 230:Margaret Morrison Carnegie 146:Carnegie Mellon University 9233:Massachusetts Republicans 9138:American company founders 8817: 8538: 8193:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 8188:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 7978: 7864: 7834: 7779: 7675: 7630: 7595: 7584: 7573:Tepper School of Business 7556:Mellon College of Science 7478: 7427: 7418: 7410: 7400: 7391: 7383: 7378: 6963:Winkler, John K. (2006). 6558:British Newspaper Archive 5698:Carnegie, Andrew (1920). 5639:Carnegie, Andrew (1962). 5620:Carnegie, Andrew (1900). 5382:Parker, Lewis K. (2003). 4754:"University Intelligence" 4726:"University Intelligence" 4681:February 8, 2009, at the 3823:Carnegie, Andrew (1919). 3113:Carnegie (disambiguation) 2969:National Civic Federation 2618:An American high school, 2543:, UK, is named after him. 2198:Brick Presbyterian Church 1852:Louise Whitfield Carnegie 1841: 1469:University of St. Andrews 1408:after it merged with the 1166:Simplified Spelling Board 1078:1901–1919: Philanthropist 846:as preparation for this. 275:National Portrait Gallery 258: 253: 234: 224: 214: 185: 175: 120:Founding and leading the 116: 102: 87: 68: 42: 30: 23: 8820:University of St Andrews 8648:Admiral Sir Edward Evans 8378:William Tecumseh Sherman 8068:George Washington Carver 7697:CERT Coordination Center 7331:Works by Andrew Carnegie 7248:Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. 7238:Skrabec, Quentin R. Jr. 7079:Harvey, Charles, et al. 7028:Bostaph, Samuel (2015). 7007:Works by Andrew Carnegie 6998:Works by Andrew Carnegie 6884:"Carnegie, Andrew" 6832:"Carnegie, Andrew" 6788:Swetnam, George (1980). 6462:"Mr. Carnegie at Dundee" 6265:The Washington Quarterly 6251:October 7, 2018, at the 5934:Spencer, Herbert. 1854 ( 5777:Spencer, Herbert, 1851 ( 5761:Spencer, Herbert, 1851 ( 5748:Spencer, Herbert, 1851 ( 5735:Spencer, Herbert 1904. ( 5722:Spencer, Herbert, 1855 ( 4687:Mount Wilson Observatory 4118:. petroleumhistory.org. 3561:Scirri, Kaitlin (2019). 3148: 2924:"The Bugaboo of Trusts." 2733: 2654:According to biographer 2615:, is named in his honor. 2541:Leeds Beckett University 1856:Margaret Carnegie Miller 1590: 1556:In 1904, he founded the 1275:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1252:University of Birmingham 1232:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1209:Enoch Pratt Free Library 1164:. His organization, the 1025:In the aftermath of the 844:joint stock corporations 420:building local libraries 219:Margaret Carnegie Miller 9243:People from Dunfermline 9143:American industrialists 8744:Clarissa Dickson Wright 8688:Brigadier Sir John Hunt 8593:Charles Thomson Ritchie 8458:John Greenleaf Whittier 8073:William Ellery Channing 7794:Bellefield Boiler Plant 7209:114#5 (1970): 371–383. 7198:Business History Review 7161:Charles Scribner's Sons 6838:Encyclopædia Britannica 6777:The American Experience 6638:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 6434:"Mr. Carnegie at Perth" 6244:114.5 (1970): 371–383. 6143:April 22, 2009, at the 6084:March 26, 2014, at the 5870:Spencer, Herbert 1887 ( 5586:Philanthropy in America 5299:Richard Ernsberger, Jr. 5181:: 63–66. Archived from 5013:Encyclopædia Britannica 4875:Rubin, Emanuel (1990). 4393:Hirschfeld, Katherine. 4361:Swetnam, George (1980) 4212:Encyclopedia Britannica 3133:List of peace activists 2981:Doubleday, Page and Co. 2866:Doubleday, Page and Co. 2853:Doubleday, Page and Co. 2790:Charles Scribner's Sons 2778:Charles Scribner's Sons 2766:Charles Scribner's Sons 2451:University of Groningen 2139:Charitable institutions 2096:survival of the fittest 2082:Laissez-faire economics 2048:Intellectual influences 1919:Smithsonian Institution 1884:Andrew Carnegie Mansion 1738:Homestead, Pennsylvania 1627:Sleepy Hollow, New York 1601:Sleepy Hollow, New York 1222:(1874–1934). The first 944:William Ewart Gladstone 747:1875–1900: Steel empire 696:Keystone Bridge Company 674:Eads Bridge across the 666:Keystone Bridge Company 535:Allegheny, Pennsylvania 347:American steel industry 96:Sleepy Hollow, New York 9288:Scottish spiritualists 9178:Lauder Greenway Family 9163:American spiritualists 8854:Arthur Penrhyn Stanley 8767:Martina Chukwuma-Ezike 8443:James McNeill Whistler 8373:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 8288:Matthew Fontaine Maury 7490:College of Engineering 7127:. Scholarly biography. 7057:Farrah, Margaret Ann. 6896:MacKay, J. A. (1997). 6267:, 35/3, (2012): p. 17. 4674:Simmons, Mike (1984). 4456:April 4, 2016, at the 4090:Randolph, Amy (2001). 3964:. New York, New York: 3904:Edge (2004) pp. 21–22. 3539:(September 18, 2023). 3009:New York Peace Society 2818:The Empire of Business 2718: 2667:Hendrick argues that: 2651: 2580: 2510:Carnegie, Pennsylvania 2473: 2439:Order of Orange-Nassau 2427:University of Aberdeen 2377: 2345: 2269: 2231: 2157:Religion and worldview 2135: 2128: 2072: 2045: 2031: 2001: 1989: 1950:Andrew Carnegie Dictum 1925:has come to be called 1894: 1859: 1834: 1763: 1746:Carnegie Steel Company 1723: 1714:1892: Homestead Strike 1665: 1623:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery 1603: 1553: 1523: 1515: 1456: 1393: 1385: 1195: 1176:3,000 public libraries 1143: 1047:William Jennings Bryan 996:, and the influential 989:The Nineteenth Century 983: 979:Carnegie, right, with 820:Carnegie Steel Company 783:The second was in his 764: 756: 739: 725: 679: 639:, the inventor of the 628: 588:Colonel James Anderson 579: 567: 484: 426:in New York City, the 409:U.S. Steel Corporation 401:Carnegie Steel Company 278: 122:Carnegie Steel Company 92:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery 9278:Scottish billionaires 9128:American billionaires 8959:Sir George Cunningham 8393:Harriet Beecher Stowe 8363:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8093:James Fenimore Cooper 8053:William Cullen Bryant 8028:Alexander Graham Bell 7865:Projects and legacies 7704:Carnegie Mellon CyLab 7652:Scotch'n'Soda Theatre 7414:Herbert Henry Asquith 7115:Krass, Peter (2002). 6915:Nasaw, David (2006). 6792:. Twayne Publishers. 6744:Krause, Paul (1992). 6138:Andrew Carnegie Issue 5301:, "A Fool for Peace" 5250:. International Pub. 4337:North American Review 4273:Krass, Peter (2002). 3792:Nasaw, David (2006). 3747:Nasaw, David (2006). 3678:. February 22, 2017. 3365:. November 25, 1835. 2949:North American Review 2943:The Bugaboo of Trusts 2928:North American Review 2911:North American Review 2730:colonized countries. 2716: 2645: 2576: 2546:The concert halls in 2529:, is named after him. 2459: 2393:University of Glasgow 2372: 2340: 2321:, but he opposed the 2267: 2240:military intervention 2229: 2133: 2117: 2063: 2035: 2026: 1995: 1987: 1881: 1849: 1829: 1772:labor rights movement 1761: 1721: 1659: 1646:1889: Johnstown Flood 1598: 1581:Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia 1551: 1521: 1506: 1450: 1391: 1381: 1183: 1137: 1011:The Pall Mall Gazette 1006:North American Review 998:North American Review 978: 789:Homestead Steel Works 762: 754: 730: 723: 673: 626: 608:Pennsylvania Railroad 577: 562: 478: 375:Carnegie was born in 272: 8989:Sir John Rothenstein 8844:James Anthony Froude 8692:Frank George Thomson 8598:Sir Frederick Treves 8423:Booker T. Washington 8333:Alice Freeman Palmer 8313:William T. G. Morton 8258:James Russell Lowell 7751:Ames Research Center 7502:College of Fine Arts 7353:, November 24, 2002. 7310:UK National Archives 7222:Pennsylvania History 6943:Wall, Joseph Frazier 6560:. September 26, 1910 6494:search.amphilsoc.org 6490:"APS Member History" 6305:Stead, W.T. (1901). 6161:, Ch. 21, pp. 282–83 6127:. September 5, 1917. 6119:May 7, 2020, at the 5921:Joseph Frazer Wall, 5910:Principles of Ethics 5659:"Carnegie Libraries" 5568:, p. 57, Macmillan. 5564:Klein, Maury (2004) 5289:pp 650–652, 729–738. 4508:Pensinger, Dr. Kim. 4441:(1970), pp. 891–893. 4365:. Twayne Publishers. 4136:"William Story Farm" 3491:on October 16, 2012. 3022:Wall, Joseph Frazier 2917:The Gospel of Wealth 2797:The Gospel of Wealth 2611:which is one of the 2554:are named after him. 2504:Spanish–American War 2480:Diplodocus carnegiei 2204:, the eldest son of 2102:Market concentration 2018:progressive taxation 2014:The Gospel of Wealth 1722:The Homestead Strike 1608:Lenox, Massachusetts 1539:Booker T. Washington 1509:Booker T. Washington 1437:Carnegie Institution 1402:Carnegie Institution 1342:Carnegie Library at 1149:Triumphant Democracy 1052:American imperialism 1027:Spanish–American War 1000:, led by the editor 962:Triumphant Democracy 878:Scholar and activist 848:John Pierpont Morgan 785:vertical integration 366:progressive taxation 362:The Gospel of Wealth 80:Lenox, Massachusetts 9173:Bessemer Gold Medal 9019:Katharine Whitehorn 8864:Sir Theodore Martin 8653:Sir Stafford Cripps 8558:Thomas Henry Huxley 8438:George Westinghouse 8408:Henry David Thoreau 8318:John Lothrop Motley 8293:Albert A. Michelson 8173:Nathaniel Hawthorne 8123:Ralph Waldo Emerson 8108:James Buchanan Eads 7780:Location, Buildings 7242:(McFarland, 2010). 6965:Incredible Carnegie 6726:(1929) v. 3 p. 505. 6688:, British Academy, 5936:Manners and Fashion 5626:The Century Company 5451:on November 6, 2007 5208:The Johnstown Flood 5154:on February 9, 2011 5111:. August 29, 1919. 5037:. August 12, 1919. 4689:Association (MWOA). 4435:Joseph Frazier Wall 4023:, pp. 364–365. 4000:Edge (2004), p. 37. 3991:Edge (2004), p. 35. 3856:1921Natur.107....2L 3661:, pp. 54–59, 64–65. 3164:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi] 3077:Pennsylvania portal 2849:Famous Scots Series 2683:Library of Congress 2559:John D. Rockefeller 2468:") skeleton at the 2397:Freedom of the City 2194:Henry Sloane Coffin 1996:Andrew Carnegie by 1892:Manhattan, New York 1854:and their daughter 1616:Bronchial Pneumonia 1451:Pittencrieff Park, 1344:Syracuse University 1213:Baltimore, Maryland 872:Hoboken, New Jersey 709:project across the 413:John D. Rockefeller 403:, which he sold to 334:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi] 277:in Washington, D.C. 8994:Learie Constantine 8633:Earl of Birkenhead 8583:Marquess of Huntly 8368:Theodore Roosevelt 8308:Samuel F. B. Morse 8168:Alexander Hamilton 8113:Thomas Alva Edison 8023:Henry Ward Beecher 8008:John James Audubon 7912:Robot Hall of Fame 7856:Alumni and faculty 7825:Walking to the Sky 7709:Robotics Institute 7252:(McFarland, 2012) 7186:Illinois Libraries 6811:"Andrew Carnegie." 6125:The New York Times 6090:The New York Times 5908:Spencer, Herbert. 5109:The New York Times 5035:The New York Times 4463:The New York Times 4263:, pp. 10653–10657. 2719: 2656:Burton J. Hendrick 2652: 2613:Carnegie libraries 2581: 2526:Carnegiea gigantea 2514:Carnegie, Oklahoma 2485:Morrison Formation 2474: 2447:honorary doctorate 2378: 2270: 2232: 2215:The New York Times 2136: 2002: 1990: 1905:located at 2 East 1895: 1860: 1809:Theodore Roosevelt 1802:Theodore Roosevelt 1764: 1724: 1666: 1604: 1558:Carnegie Hero Fund 1554: 1535:Tuskegee Institute 1524: 1516: 1513:Tuskegee Institute 1457: 1425:George Ellery Hale 1414:Cornell University 1394: 1386: 1361:Carnegie Library, 1196: 1144: 1126:Tuskegee Institute 1108:Carnegie Hero Fund 984: 812:John Edgar Thomson 765: 757: 755:Bessemer converter 726: 680: 645:first-class travel 633:American Civil War 629: 580: 485: 452:Carnegie Hero Fund 279: 239:Thomas M. Carnegie 170:Carnegie Hero Fund 9293:U.S. Steel people 9090: 9089: 9069:Catherine Stihler 9049:Sir Clement Freud 9014:Tim Brooke-Taylor 8944:Guglielmo Marconi 8775: 8774: 8753:Stephen Robertson 8715:Robert Perryment 8613:Winston Churchill 8496: 8495: 8428:George Washington 8383:John Philip Sousa 8218:Thomas J. Jackson 8208:Washington Irving 8153:William C. Gorgas 8138:Benjamin Franklin 8103:Charlotte Cushman 7988:John Quincy Adams 7937: 7936: 7814:Newell Simon Hall 7437: 7436: 7431:Winston Churchill 7428:Succeeded by 7401:Succeeded by 7379:Academic offices 7002:Project Gutenberg 6974:978-1-4067-2946-7 6930:978-1-59420-104-2 6859:978-0-8225-4965-9 6766:"Andrew Carnegie" 6754:978-0-8229-5466-8 6703:978-0-19-726406-5 6222:on August 8, 2016 6174:. April 6, 2017. 6092:. April 23, 1919. 5713:Chapter XXV, p339 5647:. pp. 21–22. 5594:978-1-57607-860-0 5574:978-0-8050-7518-2 5566:The Change Makers 5500:Dolkart, Andrew S 5426:978-0-1950-3450-9 5395:978-0-8239-6896-1 5356:978-0-7565-1853-0 5204:McCullough, David 5179:Civil Engineering 4852:. April 3, 2018. 4850:Dunfermline Press 4403:978-1-4128-0863-7 4192:978-0-521-27367-1 4073:978-0-19-501282-8 4046:978-1-60453-521-1 3809:978-1-59420-104-2 3764:978-1-59420-104-2 3733:978-1-59420-104-2 3640:978-0-7864-6455-5 3572:978-1-5026-4890-7 3422:on April 21, 2019 3333:"Andrew Carnegie" 2946:. Reprinted from 2586:George Lauder Sr. 2453:the Netherlands. 2373:Carnegie statue, 2365:Legacy and honors 2309:On the matter of 2299:League of Nations 2208:, founder of the 1791:Alexander Berkman 1621:He was buried at 1482:Jeannette Thurber 1474:Pittencrieff Park 1207:(1808–1896). The 1068:Benjamin Harrison 864:Charles R. Schwab 860:Charles M. Schwab 724:Carnegie, c. 1878 711:Mississippi River 676:Mississippi River 507:George Lauder Sr. 351:richest Americans 267: 266: 247:George Lauder Sr. 53:November 25, 1835 9305: 9029:Nicholas Parsons 8934:Wilfred Grenfell 8919:Sir J. M. Barrie 8839:John Stuart Mill 8821: 8811: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8779: 8778: 8706:Iain Cuthbertson 8663:Baron Tweedsmuir 8638:Sir Arthur Keith 8623:Sir Robert Horne 8618:Viscount Cowdray 8578:Viscount Goschen 8568:Earl of Rosebery 8553:M. E. Grant Duff 8532: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8500: 8499: 8268:Edward MacDowell 8223:Thomas Jefferson 8158:Ulysses S. Grant 8118:Jonathan Edwards 8088:Grover Cleveland 8003:Susan B. Anthony 7964: 7957: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7907:Conflict Kitchen 7838: 7679: 7634: 7599: 7590: 7482: 7472: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7440: 7439: 7411:Preceded by 7404:The Lord Avebury 7384:Preceded by 7376: 7375: 7342: 7341: 7326:Internet Archive 7318: 7313: 7193: 7152: 7084:Business History 7052:American History 7018: 7017: 6993:Internet Archive 6978: 6934: 6922: 6911: 6892: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6842: 6834: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6786: 6780: 6763: 6757: 6742: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6677: 6671: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6610:– online portal 6598: 6592: 6588:– online portal 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6378:"Court circular" 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6296: 6287: 6281: 6280:, esp. pp. 12–13 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6218:. Archived from 6216:The Moscow Times 6207: 6201: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6134: 6128: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6076: 6070: 6062: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6007: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5962: 5956: 5949: 5943: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5885: 5879: 5868: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5799: 5791: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5746: 5740: 5737:An Autobiography 5733: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5597: 5582: 5576: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5509: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5475: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5303:American History 5296: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5218: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5185:on April 6, 2019 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5032: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5008:Carnegie, Andrew 4999: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4696: 4690: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4613: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4411: 4405: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4251:, pp. 7114–7119. 4246: 4240: 4239:, pp. 3264–3278. 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3963: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3864:10.1038/107002a0 3835: 3829: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3487:. 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Stead 2327:William McKinley 2295:anti-imperialism 2175:Swedenborgianism 2126: 2012:Carnegie wrote " 2007: 1903:New York mansion 1897:Carnegie bought 1864:Louise Whitfield 1796: 1753:Henry Clay Frick 1734:Homestead Strike 1728:Homestead Strike 1688:, his attorneys 1681:Henry Clay Frick 1662:Kurz and Allison 1429:Hooker Telescope 1358: 1339: 1320: 1303: 1293:Macomb, Illinois 1289:Carnegie library 1285: 1267: 1224:Carnegie Library 1200:public libraries 1154:Gospel of Wealth 1130:Hooker telescope 1084:Carnegie library 1064:Grover Cleveland 1021:Anti-imperialism 932:Carnegie Library 862:(no relation to 838:1901: U.S. Steel 832:Henry Clay Frick 778:steel production 770:Bessemer process 515:Robert the Bruce 462:, among others. 336: 331: 324: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 288: 263: 228:William Carnegie 208: 206: 202: 192:Louise Whitfield 126:Carnegie Library 75: 52: 50: 37:Carnegie in 1913 35: 21: 20: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9198:Carnegie family 9103:Andrew Carnegie 9093: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9064:Alistair Moffat 8954:Sir David Munro 8929:Fridtjof Nansen 8924:Rudyard Kipling 8894:Andrew Carnegie 8819: 8813: 8809: 8806: 8776: 8771: 8757:Maitland Mackie 8739:Allan Macartney 8701:Michael Barratt 8608:Andrew Carnegie 8543:Edward Maitland 8534: 8530: 8527: 8497: 8492: 8468:Frances Willard 8403:Sylvanus Thayer 8353:Edgar Allan Poe 8338:Francis Parkman 8248:Abraham Lincoln 8228:John Paul Jones 8148:Josiah W. Gibbs 8063:Andrew Carnegie 8048:Phillips Brooks 8013:George Bancroft 7974: 7968: 7938: 7933: 7860: 7846:Andrew Carnegie 7836: 7830: 7781: 7775: 7746:Carnegie School 7677: 7671: 7632: 7626: 7598:Branch campuses 7597: 7591: 7582: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7433: 7424: 7416: 7406: 7397: 7389: 7339: 7304: 7291: 7149: 7034:Lexington Books 7025: 7023:Further reading 7015: 6975: 6948:Andrew Carnegie 6931: 6919:Andrew Carnegie 6908: 6875: 6860: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6790:Andrew Carnegie 6787: 6783: 6773:Wayback Machine 6764: 6760: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6678: 6674: 6661: 6657: 6647: 6645: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6608:Wayback Machine 6599: 6595: 6586:Wayback Machine 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6320: 6316: 6303: 6299: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6253:Wayback Machine 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6204: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6151: 6145:Wayback Machine 6135: 6131: 6121:Wayback Machine 6112: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6086:Wayback Machine 6077: 6073: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6001: 5997:, pp. 11529–36. 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5933: 5929: 5923:Andrew Carnegie 5920: 5916: 5907: 5903: 5891:. 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Scott 600: 572: 519:William Wallace 473: 468: 329: 322: 292: 286: 285: 282:Andrew Carnegie 245:(first cousin) 229: 210: 198: 194: 176:Political party 83: 77: 73: 72:August 11, 1919 64: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 25:Andrew Carnegie 17: 12: 11: 5: 9311: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9039:Donald Findlay 9036: 9034:Nicky Campbell 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:Arthur Balfour 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8823: 8815: 8814: 8805: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8762:Maggie Chapman 8759: 8754: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8724:Willis Pickard 8721: 8716: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8678:John Bannerman 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8658:Eric Linklater 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8573:Alexander Bain 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8526: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8483:Orville Wright 8480: 8478:Woodrow Wilson 8475: 8473:Roger Williams 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8433:Daniel Webster 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Gilbert Stuart 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8343:George Peabody 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8298:Maria Mitchell 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8213:Andrew Jackson 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8133:Stephen Foster 8130: 8128:David Farragut 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8058:Luther Burbank 8055: 8050: 8045: 8043:Louis Brandeis 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7944: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7877:Andrew Project 7874: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7782:and Structures 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7622:Silicon Valley 7619: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7593: 7592: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7486: 7484: 7476: 7475: 7466: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7426: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7399: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7355: 7343: 7328: 7319: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7289:External links 7287: 7286: 7285: 7278: 7269:(4): 359–383. 7257: 7246: 7236: 7227:(4): 509–533. 7218: 7201: 7194: 7181: 7164: 7153: 7148:978-0226467801 7147: 7128: 7113: 7098: 7087: 7077: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7042:978-0739189832 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7004: 6995: 6980: 6979: 6973: 6967:. 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(1911). 6827:Chisholm, Hugh 6821: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6802: 6781: 6758: 6737: 6728: 6715: 6702: 6672: 6655: 6624: 6615: 6593: 6571: 6537: 6511: 6481: 6453: 6425: 6397: 6369: 6341: 6314: 6297: 6282: 6269: 6256: 6233: 6202: 6189: 6163: 6149: 6129: 6106: 6094: 6071: 6057: 6046: 6044:, pp. 682–689. 6029: 6016: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5957: 5944: 5927: 5925:(1989) p. 386. 5914: 5901: 5880: 5860: 5843: 5841:, pp. 1188–95. 5829: 5815: 5800: 5798:, pp. 947–954. 5783: 5779:Social Statics 5767: 5763:Social Statics 5754: 5750:Social Statics 5741: 5728: 5715: 5690: 5676: 5650: 5631: 5612: 5598: 5577: 5557: 5527: 5520: 5491: 5462: 5432: 5425: 5401: 5394: 5374: 5362: 5355: 5335: 5320: 5307: 5291: 5278: 5263: 5256: 5236: 5219: 5196: 5165: 5133: 5093: 5067: 5058: 5019: 4988: 4962: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4887:(3): 294–325. 4881:American Music 4867: 4837: 4815: 4791: 4773: 4745: 4717: 4691: 4667: 4637: 4611:10.2307/990662 4604:(4): 359–383. 4584: 4573:(2): 117–138. 4557: 4542: 4535: 4515: 4500: 4479: 4468: 4443: 4427: 4406: 4386: 4367: 4354: 4323: 4319:Winkler (2006) 4311: 4309:, p. 172. 4307:Winkler (2006) 4299: 4285: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4199: 4191: 4167: 4165:, pp. 105–107. 4155: 4153: 4152: 4132: 4108: 4079: 4072: 4052: 4045: 4025: 4002: 3993: 3981: 3974: 3948: 3934: 3920: 3906: 3897: 3830: 3815: 3808: 3784: 3770: 3763: 3739: 3732: 3705: 3693: 3663: 3646: 3639: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3578: 3571: 3550: 3528: 3522:978-0060118136 3521: 3494: 3476: 3446: 3433: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3094: 3080: 3066: 3052: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3013: 3012: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2972: 2954: 2953: 2933: 2932: 2921: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2869: 2856: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2814: 2801: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2751: 2735: 2732: 2710: 2707: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2616: 2597: 2582: 2566: 2555: 2544: 2537: 2534:Carnegie Medal 2530: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2389:Doctor of Laws 2366: 2363: 2353:British Empire 2306: 2303: 2223: 2220: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2122: 2103: 2100: 2083: 2080: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2043:use of wealth. 1981: 1978: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1917:, part of the 1875: 1872: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1817:Africa in 1909 1803: 1800: 1726:Main article: 1715: 1712: 1694:South Fork Dam 1690:Philander Knox 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1631:Samuel Gompers 1592: 1589: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1322: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1269: 1262: 1177: 1174: 1168:, created the 1079: 1076: 1022: 1019: 922:) to create a 889:Matthew Arnold 884: 881: 879: 876: 839: 836: 748: 745: 743: 740: 667: 664: 637:George Pullman 620: 617: 599: 596: 571: 568: 543:Queen Victoria 472: 469: 467: 464: 434:, founded the 358:British Empire 343:philanthropist 265: 264: 256: 255: 251: 250: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 196: 190: 189: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 118: 117:Known for 114: 113: 111:Philanthropist 104: 100: 99: 89: 85: 84: 78: 76:(aged 83) 70: 66: 65: 55: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9310: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9082: 9080: 9079:Leyla Hussein 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9024:Stanley Adams 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8803: 8798: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8668:Jimmy Edwards 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8643:Walter Elliot 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:H. H. Asquith 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:W. E. Forster 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8524: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8489: 8488:Wilbur Wright 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8323:Simon Newcomb 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8283:John Marshall 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8273:James Madison 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Robert E. Lee 8241: 8239: 8238:Sidney Lanier 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8183:Patrick Henry 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143:Robert Fulton 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Louis Agassiz 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Mellon family 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Squirrel Hill 7787: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7589: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7473: 7464: 7459: 7457: 7452: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7388: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7095:Vol. 2 online 7092: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7046:online review 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6812: 6806: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6732: 6725: 6719: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6643: 6640:. p. 1. 6639: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6612:Power_Library 6609: 6605: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6590:Power_Library 6587: 6583: 6580: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6330:(5): 371–83. 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6159: 6158:Autobiography 6153: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6067: 6066:Autobiography 6061: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5897:0-8050-7599-2 5894: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5813:, pp. 4762–67 5812: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5719: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5628:. p. 11. 5627: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5607:Autobiography 5602: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5545: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5521:9780471369004 5517: 5513: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5378: 5372:, p. 93. 5371: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5333:, p. 78. 5332: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5257:9780717803880 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5232: 5231:Autobiography 5226: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5150: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5002:public domain 4992: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4660:September 29, 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4553:Chisholm 1911 4549: 4547: 4538: 4536:9780226467801 4532: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4512:. p. 31. 4511: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4472: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4321:, p. 13. 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4159: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4021:Chisholm 1911 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3975:9781602397064 3971: 3968:p. 197. 3967: 3966:Skyhorse Pub. 3962: 3961: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3943:Autobiography 3938: 3932:, pp. 56, 59. 3931: 3930: 3929:Autobiography 3924: 3917: 3916: 3915:Autobiography 3910: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3827:. p. 42. 3826: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3781: 3780: 3779:Autobiography 3774: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3244: 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New York: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2477:The dinosaur 2476: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:Social Gospel 2187: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2145: 2132: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2044: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 1999: 1994: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1947: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1927:Carnegie Hill 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1837:Personal life 1833: 1828: 1826: 1825:Whitelaw Reid 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1744:(AA) and the 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:Andrew Mellon 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1641:Controversies 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1490:Carnegie Hall 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220:James Bertram 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:Carnegie Hall 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:James Knowles 991: 990: 982: 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 952: 951:Lake Superior 947: 945: 941: 940:Samuel Storey 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 918:(now part of 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 875: 873: 867: 865: 861: 856: 854: 849: 845: 835: 833: 827: 823: 821: 817: 816:Lucy Furnaces 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 761: 753: 742:Industrialist 738: 736: 729: 722: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 691: 689: 685: 677: 672: 663: 661: 656: 654: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 625: 616: 612: 609: 605: 595: 593: 592:self-made man 589: 584: 576: 566: 561: 558: 554: 552: 546: 544: 540: 536: 530: 528: 527:George Lauder 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 492: 490: 482: 477: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:Carnegie Hall 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 353:in history. 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:industrialist 335: 327: 326: 316: 283: 276: 271: 262: 257: 252: 248: 244: 243:George Lauder 240: 237: 233: 227: 223: 220: 217: 213: 193: 188: 184: 181: 178: 174: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:Carnegie Hall 127: 124:Founding the 123: 119: 115: 112: 108: 107:Industrialist 105: 103:Occupation(s) 101: 97: 93: 90: 88:Resting place 86: 81: 71: 67: 62: 58: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 9083:Stella Maris 9074:Srđa Popović 9059:Kevin Dunion 9054:Simon Pepper 8893: 8889:James Stuart 8749:Robin Harper 8734:Ian Hamilton 8607: 8548:Earl Russell 8463:Emma Willard 8448:Walt Whitman 8418:Lillian Wald 8388:Joseph Story 8348:William Penn 8328:Thomas Paine 8303:James Monroe 8198:Mark Hopkins 8178:Joseph Henry 8098:Peter Cooper 8078:Rufus Choate 8062: 8033:Daniel Boone 8018:Clara Barton 7921: 7845: 7823: 7633:Student life 7507:Architecture 7419: 7392: 7387:James Stuart 7350: 7346: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7249: 7239: 7224: 7221: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7168: 7159:. New York: 7156: 7133: 7116: 7101: 7090: 7083: 7080: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7032:Lanham, MD: 7029: 6982: 6981: 6964: 6947: 6918: 6897: 6888: 6848: 6836: 6820:Bibliography 6805: 6789: 6784: 6776: 6761: 6745: 6740: 6731: 6723: 6718: 6707:, retrieved 6685: 6675: 6658: 6646:. Retrieved 6637: 6627: 6618: 6596: 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6551: 6540: 6528:. Retrieved 6514: 6502:. Retrieved 6493: 6484: 6472:. Retrieved 6465: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6437: 6428: 6416:. Retrieved 6409: 6400: 6388:. Retrieved 6381: 6372: 6360:. Retrieved 6353: 6344: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6307: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6264: 6259: 6241: 6236: 6224:. Retrieved 6220:the original 6215: 6205: 6197: 6192: 6180:. 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Retrieved 3676:Vintage News 3675: 3666: 3630: 3624: 3619:, p. 4. 3612: 3604: 3600: 3595:, pp. 23–24. 3562: 3544: 3531: 3507: 3489:the original 3479: 3467:. Retrieved 3458: 3449: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3420:the original 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3383: 3371:. Retrieved 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3336: 3327: 3157: 3026: 3015: 3014: 3007:. New York: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2979:. New York: 2975: 2963: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2872: 2859: 2843: 2836: 2816: 2804: 2795: 2788:. New York: 2784: 2776:. New York: 2772: 2764:. New York: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2728: 2720: 2693:(CEIP); the 2689:(CCNY); The 2680: 2666: 2653: 2647: 2638:Benefactions 2599:A street in 2563:Standard Oil 2524: 2478: 2461: 2424: 2405: 2386: 2379: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2332: 2308: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2255:Peace Palace 2248: 2244: 2233: 2213: 2210:Baháʼí Faith 2202:'Abdu'l-Bahá 2183: 2179: 2171:Presbyterian 2160: 2151: 2142: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2011: 2003: 1967: 1953: 1945: 1911:Fifth Avenue 1899:Skibo Castle 1896: 1861: 1830: 1805: 1780: 1765: 1750: 1731: 1708: 1699: 1678: 1667: 1620: 1612:Shadow Brook 1605: 1578: 1571: 1563:Peace Palace 1555: 1532: 1525: 1495: 1479: 1458: 1433:Mount Wilson 1422: 1395: 1367:South Africa 1363:Moorreesburg 1256: 1229: 1217: 1197: 1189: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1024: 1016: 1009: 1005: 997: 987: 985: 961: 957: 955: 948: 928: 924:histological 905: 886: 868: 857: 841: 828: 824: 801: 782: 766: 731: 727: 704: 692: 688:rolling mill 681: 657: 649: 641:sleeping car 630: 613: 601: 585: 581: 563: 559: 555: 547: 531: 511:Robert Burns 504: 500:Adam Rolland 493: 486: 428:Peace Palace 417: 405:J. P. Morgan 389:Pennsylvania 374: 355: 281: 280: 74:(1919-08-11) 18: 9113:1919 deaths 9108:1835 births 9044:Andrew Neil 8999:John Cleese 8719:Hamish Watt 8683:Peter Scott 8453:Eli Whitney 8358:Walter Reed 8278:Horace Mann 8038:Edwin Booth 7993:Jane Addams 7897:3M computer 7799:Kraus Campo 7192:(2): 75–78. 6983:Collections 6648:October 31, 5970:www.pbs.org 5550:February 5, 5370:Edge (2004) 5331:Edge (2004) 4919:October 28, 4292:December 3, 4116:Oil History 3890:January 13, 3850:(2679): 2. 3686:February 1, 3617:Edge (2004) 3469:October 15, 3459:www.bls.gov 3426:October 22, 2880:). Boston: 2724:Joseph Wall 2548:Dunfermline 2462:D. carnegii 2375:Dunfermline 2319:Puerto Rico 2259:Nicholas II 2236:John Bright 2222:World peace 2206:Bahá'u'lláh 1974:John Bright 1907:91st Street 1614:estate, of 1465:Lord Rector 1453:Dunfermline 1442:first light 1244:West Indies 1205:Enoch Pratt 1191:Vanity Fair 1151:(1886) and 1043:Philippines 1039:Puerto Rico 1002:Lloyd Bryce 966:monarchical 908:Dunfermline 810:(named for 707:Eads Bridge 631:Before the 489:Dunfermline 481:Dunfermline 393:telegrapher 377:Dunfermline 57:Dunfermline 9223:Gilded Age 9097:Categories 9009:Frank Muir 9004:Alan Coren 8984:C. P. Snow 8729:Colin Bell 8711:Sandy Gall 8696:Jo Grimond 8413:Mark Twain 8233:James Kent 8203:Elias Howe 8083:Henry Clay 7983:John Adams 7662:The Tartan 7657:Miller ICA 7647:Greek Life 7642:Traditions 7425:1911–1914 7398:1901–1907 7178:0321432878 7125:0471386308 7110:9991847995 7093:(2 vol.). 7074:1881089975 6957:0822959046 6798:0805772391 6709:August 10, 6474:January 5, 6446:January 5, 6418:January 5, 6390:January 5, 6362:January 5, 6276:Carnegie, 6196:Carnegie, 5216:0671207148 4830:August 10, 4766:January 5, 4738:January 5, 4286:0471386308 4222:August 23, 3319:References 2878:posthumous 2864:New York: 2844:James Watt 2809:New York: 2717:April 1905 2631:Kilmarnock 2502:After the 2408:St Andrews 2022:estate tax 1970:positivist 1937:Philosophy 1874:Residences 1821:Edward VII 1635:Gilded Age 1455:, Scotland 1211:(1886) of 1120:See also: 1072:Mark Twain 897:Mark Twain 551:bobbin boy 483:, Scotland 471:Early life 458:, and the 385:Pittsburgh 370:estate tax 241:(brother) 180:Republican 168:, and the 63:, Scotland 49:1835-11-25 8939:Jan Smuts 8263:Mary Lyon 7973:inductees 7607:Australia 7481:Academics 7347:Booknotes 7275:0037-9808 7233:0031-4528 7171:, 2nd ed. 7119:. 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ABDO. 3946:, p. 45. 3918:, p. 37. 3884:Archived 3782:, p. 34. 3716:(2006). 3680:Archived 3545:BBC News 3463:Archived 3416:"F.Y.I." 3399:June 29, 3393:Archived 3373:June 29, 3367:Archived 3341:Archived 3035:See also 2901:Articles 2892:Librivox 2884:(1920). 2829:LibriVox 2821:(1902). 2701:and the 2601:Belgrade 2596:in 2007. 2590:Halbeath 2552:New York 2489:Jurassic 2460:Mounted 2123:— 1942:Politics 1868:Margaret 1813:John Hay 1348:New York 1041:and the 936:catalyst 808:Braddock 774:pig iron 735:idolatry 653:Bull Run 397:derricks 381:Scotland 215:Children 7929:YinzCam 7364:of the 7360:in the 7324:at the 6991:at the 6504:May 19, 5707:July 4, 5596:. p. 60 5514:, 175. 5318:p. 675. 5314:Nasaw, 5285:Nasaw, 5206:(1987) 5004:: 4909:3052098 4809:Canmore 3880:4114721 3852:Bibcode 3204:-nig-ee 3030:(1992). 3011:(1911). 2983:(1906). 2971:(1904). 2868:(1907). 2855:(1905). 2839:(1903). 2813:(1901). 2800:(1889). 2792:(1886). 2780:(1886). 2768:(1884). 2756:(1883). 2750:(1882). 2624:Houston 2521:Saguaro 2401:Glasgow 2070:upward. 2040:Caliban 2020:and an 1858:in 1910 1768:lockout 1328:Ontario 606:of the 541:to see 523:Rob Roy 368:and an 249:(uncle) 209: 197: 7837:People 7617:Rwanda 7517:Design 7273: 7254:online 7244:online 7231: 7215:985802 7213: 7176: 7145: 7123: 7108: 7072: 7040: 6971: 6955: 6927: 6904: 6879: 6866: 6856: 6796: 6779:. 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