1213:
steamer accompanied by Mr. Pearce, to inspect it, when they expressed their decided approbation of the manner in which the work had been accomplished. The rock was at half tide; and the base of the beacon, which 18 feet in diameter, is about 7 feet above low water, spring tide. It is a cone composed of 10 courses of 2 feet 2 inches and an eleventh course of 3 feet, giving about 23 feet perpendicular height - This is surmounted by a strong oak mast of 34 feet, 11 of which are imbedded in the cone A ball of copper hoops, of 6 feet diameter, crowns the whole, giving a total elevation of 53 feet above low water and about 35 feet above high water at spring tides; and although nearly three leagues off, it is distinctly visible from the western land. The Beacon is painted read and white, in horizontal stripes.
720:; completed the following year, it greatly eased the challenge of getting keepers to and from the lighthouse in heavy seas. Nevertheless, fifteen years later the lighthouse became fully automated: the last keepers left Wolf Rock on 3 June 1987, after which the automation crew took over, remaining on the lighthouse until July the following year, whereupon the automation process was complete. During automation the red colour was removed from the light and the fourth-order optic was adapted so as to display one white flash every fifteen seconds. A more powerful lamp was fitted, which increased the range of the light to 23 nautical miles (43 km; 26 mi). Also, an electric emitter replaced the diaphone fog signal at this time, Fifteen years later the lighthouse was converted to solar power, with
608:(which displayed a red light) it was resolved that the Wolf Rock light should revolve and flash alternately red and white; in order to achieve the required characteristic it was planned to install 'ruby' coloured panes of glass over half the panels on the optic (with the intervening panels left clear). It was known, however, that the intensity of a light was reduced when shone through coloured glass, so Chance conducted experiments to measure the precise difference. It was concluded that the comparative intensity of clear glass to red was 21 to 9 (i.e. more than double); therefore the red-covered panels on the optic were made wider than the others by the same proportion, in order to maintain an even intensity across the colour-change.
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purpose that has yet been constructed"; it continued in use for the next eighty-five years. The optic was rotated by a clockwork drive, that required winding every four hours. A 7-cwt bell, hung from the lantern gallery, was sounded in fog; driven by a separate clockwork mechanism, it rang three times every fifteen seconds.
1212:
At the close of the proceedings, the
Commission having been informed by Mr. Pearce, agent to Lloyds that the exertions of the Trinity Board at the Wolf Rock had been crowned with success in the erection of a cast iron beacon, which had been completed only the preceding night, embarked on board the
696:
diesel motors, which were installed in what had been the coal store. The new optic maintained the same light characteristic as the old, flashing (alternately red and white) every fifteen seconds. It was a four-sided optic, made up of two wide lens panels and two narrow ones (the wider panels being
561:
was appointed as resident engineer, and in July 1861 he arrived (fresh from completing his work as resident engineer for the Smalls lighthouse) and surveyed the rock. The following March work began on excavating the foundations. In
October 1862, James Walker died (at the age of 81). James Douglass
616:
The light first shone on 1 January 1870; as planned, it displayed "alternate flashes of red and white of equal intensity every thirty seconds". The completed optic (which together with its pedestal stood 20 feet (6.1 m) high) was described by
Douglass as "probably the most perfect for the
529:
for funds to build a lighthouse on Wolf Rock. Approval was given and Walker, as engineer-in-chief, drew up designs for a 117 ft (36 m) masonry tower, tapering in diameter from 41 ft 8 in (12.70 m) at the base to 17 ft (5.2 m) at the top. Details of the design
327:
420:
conditions that can occur between the
Cornish mainland and the Isles. The light is visible from Land's End by day and night. It has a range of 23 nautical miles (43 km; 26 mi) and was automated in 1988. The lighthouse was the first in the world to be fitted with a
701:
was fitted, including an emergency battery lamp in case the generator sets should fail; but provision was also made for the substitution of a multi-wick oil burner in the event of a complete electrical failure, for which a pressurised paraffin supply system was retained.
1372:
The chief difference between this lantern and all former ones is that the glass of it, being cylindrically curved, affords the greatest degree of optical accuracy, and the helical steel framing offers the least possible obstruction to the light, it being practically
512:, which was completed on 15 July 1840, and in November of that year was wrecked by storms when the pole and globe on its top were washed away and not replaced until 1842 but they were once more washed away in a storm on 9 October 1844. Trinity House engineer
1268:
TRINITY-HOUSE, London, October 25, 1844. INFORMATION has been received, that in the Storm on the 9th instant the BALLS and upper parts of the wrought IRON MASTS of the WOLF ROCK and RUNDLESTONE BEACONS were BROKEN AWAY. By Order, J. HERBERT,
566:, then became resident engineer at Wolf Rock. William himself laid the first stone of the new tower on 6 August 1864. Masonry construction was completed on 19 July 1869. The finished tower was topped by a lantern storey manufactured by
664:
In March 1941 the lantern was hit by aerial cannon fire, shattering the glass of the lenses. For a time afterwards the red flash was removed and it simply flashed white, every thirty seconds. The lighthouse was equipped with a
1193:
PENZANCE, July 16.— The beacon on the Wolf Rock was completed yesterday; it is a cone of 18 feet at the base, and is surmounted by a lantern of six feet in diameter; the total elevation above the surface of the rock Is 46
516:
constructed a 4.3 m (14 ft) high cone-shaped beacon, which took five years to build. Made of iron plates and filled with concrete rubble this was completed in 1848, it can still be seen next to the lighthouse.
1231:
The pole and globe of the beacon on this most dangerous rock, were carried away in the late storms. The conical part of the beacon remains visible above the level of high-water spring-tides; and is supposed to be
697:
fronted with ruby glass), so that the intensity of the red light would, as before, be equivalent to that of the white. The visible range of the light was 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi). An
497:
to build a lighthouse on Wolf Rock. The rights were leased to a Lt. Henry Smith; but (such were the technical challenges of the venture) the project was transferred to the less exposed location of the
736:
revolving optic, its solar-powered lamp has a range of 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi); it flashes once every 15 seconds and is remotely monitored from the
Trinity House Planning Centre in
1250:
Wolf Rock Beacon - The Pole and Globe of the beacon which were carried away from the beacon upon the Wolf Rock, off the Land's End of
Cornwall during the storm in November 1840, have been reinstated
1621:
Raby A. C., Antonini A., Pappas A., Dassanayake D. T., Brownjohn J. M. W. and D'Ayala D. 2019 "Wolf Rock lighthouse: past developments and future survivability under wave loading."
1287:
In 1848 this stone beacon was cased outside with thick iron plates (perforated), and a new iron mast and globe erected, with the centre ten feet higher than the former one
600:
for installation in the tower, 2.58 m (8 ft 6 in) high by 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) diameter. In order to differentiate the light from the nearby
1116:
1835:
501:, where construction of a lighthouse proceeded. On Wolf Rock, rather than a lighthouse, Lt. Smith went on to build a 6.1 m (20 ft) high wrought iron
657:
with a coke and coal-fired boiler; it remained in use until the 1960s. (The bell was initially retained for standby use, but was decommissioned in 1906.) The
756:
669:
in 1941, which greatly improved communications; it came with a petrol-driven generator for recharging its batteries. On 18 December 1944, German submarine
2794:
75:
1086:
505:, 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and supported by six stays. A metal effigy of a wolf was placed on top; but by 1795 the daymark was washed away.
1451:
2242:
1355:
On Monday last the last stone of the lighthouse which now surmounts the Wolf Rock was laid by Sir F. Arrow, the deputy master of the
Trinity House
585:
Engineering drawing of the 1869 optic and sectional view of it within the lantern, alongside a chart showing location in relation to other lights.
26:
578:
as an example of the latest in lantern technology, using curved rather than flat panes of glass and helical rather than straight glazing bars.
855:
1768:
661:
was changed in 1906, so that the flash (red or white, alternating as before) was displayed every fifteen seconds rather than every thirty.
2809:
1065:
1012:
1828:
1743:
828:
2727:
793:. The hull required extensive repairs on the port side aft in order to close up multiple hull perforations and replace deformed
684:
catadioptric optic (again made by Chance
Brothers); the optic was provided with a new clockwork-driven revolving pedestal. 100V
2799:
2582:
563:
554:(first achieved at Les Hanois at the suggestion of Nicholas Douglass, and likewise incorporated into the design of Wolf Rock).
2302:
1821:
987:
2532:
2235:
1489:
1368:
Reports on the Paris
Universal Exhibition 1867: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. Volume IV
2607:
2024:
1332:
840:
873:
2382:
1156:
1128:
547:
477:
was wrecked on the Wolf Rock in 1394. Her cargo, worth £1000, was washed ashore in
Cornwall and collected as wreck.
2804:
2412:
1794:
1717:
1032:
2228:
940:
601:
2317:
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2039:
1989:
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was installed, which sounded a four-second blast every 30 seconds using compressed air produced by a small
531:
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68:
2637:
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1924:
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416:, on the mainland of Cornwall. It took eight years, from 1861 to 1869, to build due to the treacherous
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2132:
2004:
1939:
733:
681:
335:
311:
296:
273:
249:
181:
2097:
1807:
1390:
Raby, A. C.; Pappas, A.; Dassanayake, D. T.; Brownjohn, J. M. W.; D'Ayala, D.; Antonini, A. (2019).
222:
204:
166:
151:
136:
118:
2712:
2577:
2462:
2427:
2162:
2019:
1949:
713:
diesel compressor sets, it was one of the last diaphone systems to be installed by Trinity House.
593:
575:
2667:
1808:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXX, Session 1869–70, Part II
1396:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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130:
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2157:
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2049:
1954:
1884:
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1864:
710:
698:
285:
1st order catadioptric rotating (original), 4th order (250mm) catadioptric rotating (current)
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1984:
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In 1955 electrification came to Wolf Rock Lighthouse: in place of the oil lamp a 1 kW
658:
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8:
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2054:
2014:
1869:
550:, Walker introduced new innovations, not least the use of vertical as well as horizontal
498:
401:. The fissures in the rock are said to produce a howling sound in gales, hence the name.
55:
51:
1407:
60:
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2092:
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1959:
1944:
1934:
1899:
1894:
1799:
1429:
1392:"Wolf Rock lighthouse: past developments and future survivability under wave loading"
1152:
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983:
814:
677:
629:
539:
1044:
231:
2417:
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1919:
1419:
1411:
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448:
358:
2602:
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709:
fog signal was installed in place of the old reed fog horn; powered by a pair of
567:
562:
replaced him as engineer-in-chief to the Trinity House; James's younger brother,
1497:
761:
grounded near the lighthouse on 10 July 2023, while on a voyage from Ireland to
530:
followed closely that of other Walker-built lighthouses: the recently completed
2775:
1813:
1057:
1004:
774:
716:
In 1972 Wolf Rock became the first lighthouse in the world to be fitted with a
693:
666:
551:
526:
490:
398:
385:, Isles of Scilly and 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) southwest of
2788:
2687:
2457:
1848:
1810:—Douglass's detailed description of the design and building of the lighthouse
574:
to James Douglass's design. The lantern had previously been exhibited at the
474:
434:
386:
370:
216:
90:
77:
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Situated between Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, the Wolf Rock is a small
2287:
1433:
1415:
806:
782:
654:
597:
543:
1769:"To Prevent a Serious Grounding, Ro/Ro's Engineers Tried "Impossible" Fix"
1593:
All About Ships & Shipping: a Handbook of Popular Nautical Information
2747:
2437:
2432:
2220:
639:
509:
36:
906:
542:(which was then nearing completion). While his designs were inspired by
2757:
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1844:
786:
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being installed around the exterior of the helideck support structure.
650:
445:
405:
944:
673:
hit Wolf Rock and was subsequently scuttled with the loss of 9 lives.
2512:
2181:
1994:
762:
647:
571:
494:
438:
374:
1781:
Work available at Project Gutenberg Australia (retrieved 12/03/2014)
1147:
706:
685:
413:
390:
463:
Engineering drawing showing the structure of Wolf Rock Lighthouse.
331:
1856:
794:
790:
778:
765:, Belgium following a loss of power. Managing to clear the rock,
737:
717:
502:
422:
417:
409:
394:
326:
1319:
Seashaken Houses: a Lighthouse History from Eddystone to Fastnet
770:
670:
1389:
2079:
241:
193:
tapered cylindrical tower with lantern and helipad on the top
1665:. Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 42–44.
1143:
1262:"NOTICE TO MARINERS.- WOLF ROCK and RUNDLESTONE BEACONS.",
441:
378:
1680:. Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts.: Thomas Reed. pp. 183–186.
1650:. Southampton, Hants.: B & T Publications. p. 36.
805:
The Wolf Rock Lighthouse features prominently in the 1925
1565:
London Gazette, Issue: 27883, Page: 880, 6 February 1906.
1478:
London Gazette, Issue: 23578, Page: 338, 18 January 1870.
451:
and is unlike any rock exposed on the Cornish mainland.
1744:"RNLI volunteer's 15-hour rescue operation of Mazarine"
1058:"Lighthouses of Southwest England (Devon and Cornwall)"
1005:"Lighthouses of Southwest England (Devon and Cornwall)"
1606:
Edmonds, E. W. A. (2004). "The Lizard Goes Electric".
1370:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 1868. p. 673.
732:
The lighthouse continues in operation. Set within the
635:
In 1904 a more powerful light-source was installed: a
1554:
London Gazette, Issue 27902, Page 2441, 6 April 1906
628:) fishery in the 1870s, especially by fishermen from
1093:. Corporation of Trinity House. 2014. Archived from
888:
1121:
West Cornwall. Geologists' Association Guide No. 19
965:
Admiralty Chart 1148: Isles of Scilly to Lands End.
1303:. Caithness, Scotland: Whittles. pp. 139–145.
408:is 116m in height and is constructed from Cornish
1045:https://cornishbirdblog.com/wolf-rock-lighthouse/
785:, where the ship underwent a dive survey and was
520:
2786:
1843:
1453:The Lighthouse Work of Sir James Chance, Baronet
1312:
1310:
1123:(Second ed.). The Geologists' Association.
1301:Rock Lighthouses of Britain: The End of an Era?
1174:Rock Lighthouses of Britain: The End of an Era?
1445:
1443:
1385:
1383:
1381:
2236:
1829:
1675:
1669:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1307:
1292:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1321:. London: Penguin Random House. p. 139.
1176:. Caithness, Scotland: Whittles. p. 68.
525:In April 1860, Trinity House applied to the
148:granite (tower), concrete (foundation)
1654:
1648:Lighthouses of England and Wales: Wolf Rock
1599:
1526:Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals
1440:
1378:
1066:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1013:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
941:"Cornish Language Partnership: Place names"
2250:
2243:
2229:
1836:
1822:
1710:
1512:
646:multi-wick oil burner. At the same time a
334:
310:
308:16 nmi (30 km; 18 mi)
295:
272:
248:
221:
203:
180:
165:
150:
135:
117:
59:
35:
2795:1870 establishments in the United Kingdom
1632:
1595:. London: Faber & Faber. p. 181.
1543:. No. 65. 9 October 1879. p. 5.
1423:
1316:
1298:
1171:
604:(which displayed a white light) and from
592:of Chance Brothers had designed a large (
580:
508:In the late 1830s John Thurburn built a
458:
201:unpainted (tower), black (lantern)
1676:Woodman, Richard; Wilson, Jane (2002).
1660:
1605:
1590:
973:
971:
2787:
1575:
1523:
1449:
1333:"LIFE OF WILLIAM DOUGLASS M.INST.C.E."
1049:
1035:Trinity House. Retrieved 24 April 2016
611:
2224:
1817:
1795:Wolf Rock Lighthouse at Trinity House
1645:
1608:The Journal of the Trevithick Society
1144:St Levan Local History Group (2004).
977:
1580:. London: Peter Davies. p. 111.
1482:
1325:
1115:
968:
444:formed during the early part of the
1741:
1055:
1002:
982:. Wellington, Somerset: Halsgrove.
632:with 400 employed in October 1879.
480:
13:
2810:Lighthouses of the English Channel
1299:Nicholson, Christopher P. (1995).
1264:Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser
1172:Nicholson, Christopher P. (1995).
800:
769:was initially unable to start the
14:
2821:
1788:
943:. cornwall.gov.uk. Archived from
680:lamp was installed, within a new
2769:
1678:The Lighthouses of Trinity House
1663:Lighthouses of England and Wales
1528:. Caithness, Scotland: Whittles.
1450:Chance, James Frederick (1902).
905:
891:
872:
854:
839:
827:
620:The Wolf Rock was the site of a
325:
25:
1775:
1761:
1735:
1684:
1614:
1584:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1532:
1471:
1459:. London: Smith, Elder & co
1360:
1342:
1274:
1255:
1237:
1229:, p. 2, 27 November 1840,
1218:
1199:
1180:
1165:
1137:
1266:, p. 4, 28 October 1844,
1119:(1994). J T Greensmith (ed.).
1109:
1079:
1038:
1026:
996:
959:
933:
921:List of lighthouses in England
879:Wolf Rock seen from Land's End
743:
727:
688:for the light was provided by
521:Construction of the lighthouse
1:
2800:Lighthouses completed in 1869
980:Lighthouses of the South West
926:
862:
270:34 m (112 ft)
178:41 m (135 ft)
1285:, p. 6, 11 April 1862,
1281:"THE WOLF-ROCK LIGHTHOUSE",
1248:, p. 4, 5 August 1842,
834:Wolf Rock Lighthouse in 1875
487:Corporation of Trinity House
369:), a single rock located 18
7:
1402:(2155). The Royal Society.
1353:, p. 4, 23 July 1869,
1210:, p. 2, 24 July 1840,
1191:, p. 3, 18 July 1840,
884:
849:, 1884, by E. Price Edwards
10:
2826:
2658:South Foreland Lighthouses
2328:Burnham-on-Sea Round Tower
1591:Harnack, Edwin P. (1952).
1490:"The Wolf Rock Lighthouse"
820:
777:. At around 16:00 hours a
454:
428:
2766:
2258:
2176:
2078:
1855:
1661:Jackson, Derrick (1975).
1087:"Trinity House Wolf Rock"
705:In the early 1960s a new
642:oil burner replacing the
344:
319:
304:
289:
281:
266:
261:
257:
240:
230:
212:
197:
189:
174:
159:
144:
126:
111:
106:
67:
47:
43:
34:
1578:A History of Lighthouses
1576:Beaver, Patrick (1971).
1062:The Lighthouse Directory
1009:The Lighthouse Directory
576:Paris Exhibition of 1867
2805:Lighthouses in Cornwall
1623:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.
1349:"THE GREAT WOLF ROCK",
1317:Nancollas, Tom (2018).
1189:London Evening Standard
1151:. Tiverton: Halsgrove.
596:) rotating multi-panel
2252:Lighthouses in England
1803:at Gutenberg Australia
1801:The Shadow of the Wolf
1718:"Wolf Rock Lighthouse"
1646:Boyle, Martin (1997).
1494:Lighthouses of England
1416:10.1098/rsta.2019.0027
1283:Royal Cornwall Gazette
1244:"Notice to Mariners",
1227:Royal Cornwall Gazette
1208:Royal Cornwall Gazette
1091:www.trinityhouse.co.uk
811:The Shadow of the Wolf
699:automatic lamp changer
692:generators, driven by
586:
464:
362:
1524:Renton, Alan (2001).
978:Jones, Robin (2011).
626:Merluccius merluccius
606:Les Hanois Lighthouse
584:
462:
1698:(20): 9. Winter 2013
1500:on 24 September 2015
1033:Wolf Rock Lighthouse
773:and drifted towards
659:light characteristic
548:Eddystone Lighthouse
351:Wolf Rock Lighthouse
293:17,100 candela
91:49.94694°N 5.80722°W
22:Wolf Rock Lighthouse
2583:Portland Breakwater
2568:Plymouth Breakwater
2318:Burnham-on-Sea High
1408:2019RSPTA.37790027R
861:A keeper arriving,
612:Operational summary
602:St Agnes lighthouse
87: /
52:Wolf Rock, Cornwall
31:
2776:England portal
2373:Fleetwood (Pharos)
2323:Burnham-on-Sea Low
1246:Caledonian Mercury
1225:"The Wolfe-Rock",
913:Engineering portal
781:provided a tow to
722:photovoltaic cells
690:Crompton Parkinson
587:
465:
236:1 blast every 30s.
96:49.94694; -5.80722
58:, United Kingdom
21:
2782:
2781:
2503:Lynmouth Foreland
2368:Fleetwood (Beach)
2218:
2217:
1990:Lynmouth Foreland
1351:Liverpool Mercury
989:978-0-85704-107-4
815:R. Austin Freeman
809:detective novel,
678:tungsten filament
348:
347:
2817:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2573:Portishead Point
2393:Guile Point East
2363:Flamborough Head
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2221:
1935:Guile Point East
1838:
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1496:. Archived from
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564:William Douglass
481:Earlier seamarks
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2673:Southsea Castle
2648:Smeaton's Tower
2613:Royal Sovereign
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2017:
2012:
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2005:North Foreland
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1789:External links
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947:on 1 June 2017
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559:James Douglass
527:Board of Trade
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399:United Kingdom
371:nautical miles
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321:Characteristic
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2020:Portland Bill
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1981:
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1187:"Ship News",
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1168:
1160:
1158:1-84114-328-6
1154:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1130:0-900717-57-2
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Hall, Anthony
1112:
1097:on 3 May 2014
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485:In 1790, the
478:
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475:Milford Haven
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57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
28:
16:
2752:
2708:Trevose Head
2653:Souter Point
2643:Seaton Carew
2618:St Anthony's
2608:Round Island
2593:Portland Low
2523:New Brighton
2463:Killingholme
2288:Bidston Hill
2200:Europa Point
2153:South Bishop
2069:
2060:Trevose Head
2030:St Anthony's
2025:Round Island
1800:
1777:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1692:"Photograph"
1686:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1493:
1484:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1452:
1399:
1395:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1338:. uslhs.org.
1327:
1318:
1300:
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1267:
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1249:
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1226:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1206:"Penzance",
1201:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1146:The Book of
1145:
1139:
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
1040:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
979:
961:
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
935:
846:
810:
807:Dr Thorndyke
804:
783:Falmouth Bay
766:
757:
750:
745:
734:fourth-order
731:
715:
704:
682:fourth-order
675:
663:
655:steam engine
640:incandescent
634:
625:
619:
615:
590:James Chance
588:
556:
538:lights, and
524:
514:James Walker
507:
484:
469:
468:
466:
432:
412:prepared at
403:
366:
354:
350:
349:
267:Focal height
145:Construction
131:James Walker
15:
2693:Start Point
2638:Scarborough
2563:Plover Scar
2498:Lundy South
2493:Lundy North
2458:Inner Farne
2448:Hurst Point
2403:Happisburgh
2293:Bishop Rock
2273:Beachy Head
2263:Anvil Point
2158:South Stack
2133:St Tudwal's
2123:Point Lynas
2050:Start Point
1985:Lundy South
1980:Lundy North
1955:Hurst Point
1925:Flamborough
1885:Bishop Rock
1875:Beachy Head
1865:Anvil Point
1845:Lighthouses
1727:11 February
1628:: 2019.0027
1610:(31): 3–28.
1539:"St Ives".
1463:24 February
866: 1913
775:Mount's Bay
728:Present day
594:first-order
532:Bishop Rock
489:received a
112:Constructed
94: /
69:Coordinates
2789:Categories
2733:Withernsea
2683:Spurn Head
2663:South Gare
2603:Roker Pier
2538:Orfordness
2453:Ilfracombe
2443:Hunstanton
2423:Heugh Hill
2343:Crow Point
2313:Bull Point
2298:Black Nore
2283:Berry Head
2278:Belle Tout
2205:Les Hanois
2118:Nash Point
1945:Heugh Hill
1905:Crow Point
1890:Bull Point
1880:Berry Head
1269:Secretary.
1232:uninjured.
927:References
651:fog signal
540:the Smalls
446:Cretaceous
439:phonolitic
406:lighthouse
387:Land's End
381:) east of
377:; 21
365:, meaning
353:is on the
232:Fog signal
163:1988
115:1869
79:49°56′49″N
18:Lighthouse
2753:Wolf Rock
2738:Winterton
2713:Tynemouth
2678:Southwold
2633:St Mary's
2543:Pakefield
2513:Nab Tower
2488:Lowestoft
2483:Longstone
2478:Longships
2433:Hodbarrow
2418:The Heugh
2398:Hale Head
2383:Gorleston
2353:Eddystone
2348:Dungeness
2308:Bow Creek
2182:Gibraltar
2108:Monkstone
2070:Wolf Rock
2045:Southwold
1995:Nab Tower
1975:Lowestoft
1970:Longstone
1965:Longships
1915:Eddystone
1910:Dungeness
787:drydocked
763:Zeebrugge
740:, Essex.
572:Smethwick
544:Smeaton's
499:Longships
495:the Crown
470:Gabrielle
383:St Mary's
373:(33
355:Wolf Rock
290:Intensity
160:Automated
82:5°48′26″W
56:Wolf Rock
2728:Whitgift
2703:Tater Du
2598:Rampside
2558:Peninnis
2508:Maryport
2388:Gunfleet
2268:Bamburgh
2195:Casquets
2190:Alderney
2168:Trwyn Du
2143:Skokholm
2138:Skerries
2103:Holyhead
2098:Flatholm
2055:Tater Du
2015:Peninnis
1870:Bamburgh
1702:21 March
1434:31424349
1148:St Levan
1101:27 March
1018:24 April
885:See also
767:Mazarine
758:Mazarine
746:Mazarine
707:diaphone
686:DC power
644:Douglass
637:Matthews
414:Penzance
391:Cornwall
213:Operator
198:Markings
127:Built by
48:Location
2623:St Bees
2553:Pendeen
2518:Needles
2468:Leasowe
2438:Hoylake
2413:Harwich
2378:Godrevy
2113:Mumbles
2088:Bardsey
2035:St Bees
2010:Pendeen
2000:Needles
1930:Godrevy
1857:England
1753:11 July
1504:5 March
1425:6710467
1404:Bibcode
951:10 July
821:Gallery
795:plating
791:repairs
771:engines
755:vessel
738:Harwich
718:helipad
630:St Ives
503:daymark
455:History
429:Geology
423:helipad
418:weather
410:granite
395:England
367:the lip
363:An Welv
359:Cornish
246:T
2743:Whitby
2718:Walney
2473:Lizard
2338:Cromer
2333:Coquet
2180:&
2148:Smalls
2065:Whitby
1960:Lizard
1900:Cromer
1895:Coquet
1432:
1422:
1155:
1127:
1071:6 July
986:
813:, by
711:Lister
671:U-1209
546:third
536:Hanois
510:beacon
491:patent
449:period
219:
175:Height
133:
2548:Paull
2358:Farne
2303:Blyth
2080:Wales
1920:Farne
1696:Flash
1457:(PDF)
1336:(PDF)
1194:feet.
753:ro-ro
598:optic
389:, in
330:
305:Range
262:Light
242:Racon
190:Shape
107:Tower
24:
2758:Wyre
2210:Sark
1755:2023
1729:2020
1704:2019
1506:2019
1465:2019
1430:PMID
1373:nil.
1153:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1103:2014
1073:2015
1020:2016
984:ISBN
953:2019
789:for
751:The
648:reed
622:hake
534:and
467:The
442:lava
435:plug
404:The
282:Lens
1847:of
1626:377
1420:PMC
1412:doi
1400:377
779:tug
744:MV
570:of
493:of
473:of
437:of
2791::
1746:.
1720:.
1694:.
1634:^
1514:^
1492:.
1442:^
1428:.
1418:.
1410:.
1398:.
1394:.
1380:^
1309:^
1089:.
1064:.
1060:.
1011:.
1007:.
970:^
863:c.
817:.
797:.
425:.
397:,
393:,
379:mi
375:km
361::
54:,
2244:e
2237:t
2230:v
1837:e
1830:t
1823:v
1771:.
1757:.
1731:.
1706:.
1508:.
1467:.
1436:.
1414::
1406::
1161:.
1133:.
1105:.
1075:.
1022:.
992:.
955:.
624:(
357:(
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