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327:"authentic state". At various points in history, these techniques may be considered “too much” manipulation, more than what a consumer would likely expect, and thus labeled as "fraud". However, as these techniques became more common place in the wine industry, they gained an air of acceptability and eventually became just another tool in the winemaker's tool box to help craft good-quality wine.
676:. Producers who are registered in each appellation must abide by the appellation's rules, including exact percentage of grapes (often 100%) that must come from that region. Producers who fraudulently use grapes outside the region they are proclaiming on their wine labels can be caught by the appellation's authorities.
723:. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rodenstock hosted a series of high-profile wine tasting events of old and rare wines from his collection, including many from the 18th and 19th centuries. He invited to these tastings dignitaries, celebrities and internationally acclaimed wine writers and critics such as Jancis Robinson,
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Some practices of manipulation and adulteration have gone through stages of being considered fraudulent and later accepted as common practice. One of these is the practice of blending other grape varieties in order to add a characteristic that is lacking in the original wine. This most often occurred
538:
The gray area between accepted practice and fraud is where water is added to the winemaking process as a means of "quality preservation". Water is often used during the winemaking process to help pump grapes through equipment and to "rehydrate" the grapes that have begun to shrivel from the extended
326:
in an uncontrolled environment creates a very crude style of wine that may not be palatable to many people, hence the development of various techniques and practices designed to improve the quality of the wine but which could be viewed as "manipulating" or "adulterating" the wine from its natural or
280:
c. 84). Several
European governments also enacted legislation defining what exactly constitutes "wine" so as to distinguish authentic winemaking from the workings of these wine counterfeiters. The French government first legally defined wine as the product of fermented grape juice in 1889, followed
743:, including a very rare bottle from the 1784 vintage. In addition to holding these extravagant tastings, Rodenstock also sold many bottles from his collection at auction houses, which supposedly regularly inspect and research wines for authenticity. One such lot that Rodenstock sold were the rare "
759:
bought four of these
Jefferson bottles which were later determined to be fake - the engravings on the bottle that purportedly linked them to Jefferson were determined to have been done with a high-speed electric drill similar to a dentist's drill; technology that did not exist until modern times.
192:
together so as to prevent the potential for mixing the wines or falsely representing them to the consumer. If a producer or merchant was found selling fraudulent or "corrupt wine", they were forced to drink all of it. In medieval
Germany, the penalty for selling fraudulent wine ranged from
886:
The gray area comes when inferior wine is being blended in with more expensive, higher quality wine in order to increase the total quantity of wine available to be sold at higher prices. This is a process known as "stretching" or "cutting in" the wine. During the 18th century,
75:
of wine by substances that are not related to grapes. In the retailing of wine, as wine is comparable with any other commodity, the term "wine fraud" can be used to describe the mis-selling of wine (either as an investment or in its deceitful misrepresentation) in general.
679:
As it became more difficult to fraudulently label wines with the wrong provenance, label fraud soon evolved to the pilfering of the identities of wine estates themselves. Merchants would take the bottles of lesser priced wines and label them with the names of the finest
703:, when short on stock, bought bottled but unlabeled wine from cooperatives or one of the big private-label producers in the region, then sold it as their own". A high-profile instance of alleged wine fraud was disclosed in early 2007, when it was reported that the
56:
industry. An example of this is when wines are offered to investors at excessively high prices by a company, who then go into planned liquidation. In some cases the wine is never bought for the investor. Losses in the UK have been high, prompting the
1184:
FT.Com - Four directors involved in the
International Wine Commodities Ltd and The Bordeaux Wine Trading Company are charged with conspiracy to defraud and money laundering. They sold Bordeaux en primeur but allegedly never bought any
619:
or (PDOs) that attempted to regulate wines labeled as coming from particular wine regions. Early attempts to protect the name of a wine region led to government declaration on the boundaries and wine permitted to carry the names of
456:
While some winemaking techniques once considered fraudulent are now generally accepted, a few practices have gone in the opposite direction. One of the most controversial is adding water to wine in a technique known today as
1304:"The DTI successfully wound up in the High Court - Boington & Fredericks of London Limited, City Vintners Limited and Goldman Williams Limited - (for the) mis-selling of fine wines, and there are more in the pipeline"
1044:, across the globe have set up laws and regulations of acceptable chemicals that can be added to wine in order to avoid some of the scandals that have plagued certain wine producing countries in the 20th century.
775:. He famously consigned several lots of Clos St. Denis from Domaine Ponsot from vintages long prior to any recorded production of Ponsot wines from that vineyard; the auction lots were withdrawn prior to bidding.
267:
echoed the alarm over the unchecked operations of these "wine doctors". Eventually the concern over wine fraud grew enough that provisions against the adulteration and misrepresentation of wine was included in
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was once driven insane after drinking wine that was not diluted with water. Today, few consumers dilute their wine as the Greeks did, but the use of water during the winemaking process is still prevalent.
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could not be assured that the wine they were pouring on their table was genuine. For the poor and middle class of Rome, local bar establishments seemed to have an unlimited supply of the prestigious
121:
noted as much as 5% of the wine sold in secondary markets could be counterfeit, and the DTI (UK) believes losses by investors to rogue wine investment firms amount to hundreds of millions of pounds.
1067:
into his low-alcohol wine to increase its alcohol content. Another 15 Italian people went blind weeks after drinking the tainted wine. Odore
Barbera and Fraris Dolcetto del Piedmonte were among the
817:
by the French government to detect and stamp out fraud among France's AOC wines. Some major producers are taking actions to prevent fraud of future vintages including marking bottles with engraved
273:
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found in the skin of the grapes. Fraudsters will use additives to artificially create these characteristics when they are lacking. Fraud in the selling of wine has seen much attention focused on
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and upgrade the dry wines to sweet wines; production of sweet wines is expensive and addition of sugar is easy to detect. In 1986, twenty-three people died because a fraudulent winemaker in
595:
One form of fraud involves affixing counterfeit labels of expensive wines to bottles of less expensive wine. This practice became particularly prominent following the devastation of the
1366:
1218:
1004:. The issue was confined to a small percentage of the wine produced by Duboeuf; the affected wines that were wrongly labeled as Cru Beaujolais were declassified to Beaujolais Villages.
813:
Federal governments and individual producers have taken many efforts in order to curb the prevalence of wine fraud. One of the earliest such preventive measures was the founding of the
1807:
599:
epidemic in the 19th century when the supply of expensive premium wine was scarce. At first, the label fraud mostly consisted of taking a wine from a region of lesser acclaim (such as
300:" cautioning people not to mix the contents of the brick, yeast, water, and sugar in a pot and then seal such pot for seven days, or else "an illegal alcoholic beverage will result".
535:
drops below the percentage threshold for these higher taxes. The deliberate act of diluting a wine with water in order to pay lower duties and taxes is illegal in several countries.
130:
939:, two low-yield grapes that give the wine finesse, strictly for the benefit of the government inspectors. Then, when the inspectors left, they grafted cheap, high-yield vines,
303:
The practice of adding grape spirits to wine was once considered manipulative and fraudulent, but today is accepted practice for the production of all fortified wines, like
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on the glass and taking more control of the distribution process of their wines. However, for older vintages, the threat of fraud persists, although new techniques, like
334:
that caused a wine to spoil quickly. Classical writings from the Greeks and Romans detailed recipes that could cure "sick wines". These include adding various items like
591:
Several
European countries developed appellation systems, with their own unique labels and seals, to try to combat label fraud that misrepresented a wine's true origins.
931:: 'If the law had been enforced in 1973 and 1974, at least a thousand producers would have been put out of business'". The same writer explained how growers "planted
689:
61:
and Police to act. In the US, investors have been duped by fraudulent investment wine firms. Independent guidelines to potential wine investors are now available.
861:) into a lighter wine could enhance the marketability of the wine. Today the practice of blending grape varieties together is commonly accepted (such as blending
1291:
in 1985, around 100 Austrian wine-makers were indicted with boosting the body and sweetness of their wines with diethylene glycol, a chemical used in antifreeze.
857:
in the case of a wine lacking color. A wine with a deep dark color is often associated with being of a higher quality, so blending a darker color variety (or a
559:. Despite being allowed limited legal use, the practice of adding water to wine is still shrouded in controversy, and few winemakers willingly admit to it. A "
468:
calls the act of adding water to "stretch out" or dilute wine "possibly the oldest form of wine fraud in the book." There is a long history of adding water to
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974:
1367:"Fine Wine Scam Which Has Cost Investors [Pounds Sterling]110m- "WINE investors are being duped out of millions of pounds by unscrupulous salesmen""
986:
216:, advancements in science ushered in a new occupation of "wine doctors" who could fashion examples of wines from obscure items and chemicals. Writers like
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to wine in order to increase sweetness. Some chemicals may be used to mask other wine faults and unpleasant aroma. Government authorities, such as the
915:
noted that some merchants believed this practice was necessary in order for the claret to be agreeable with
English tastes—a practice he describes as
58:
978:
551:
has developed guidelines that allow for the addition of a certain amount of water to compensate for the loss of natural water in the vineyard from
87:
at best, or less desirable additives at worst. Some varieties of wine have sought after characteristics. For example, some wines have a deep, dark
760:
This revelation cast a net of suspicion on the authenticity of all the rare bottles that
Rodenstock served at his tastings and sold at auctions.
263:
noted that wine was one of the commodities most at risk for being fraudulently manipulated and misrepresented. In 1833, the
British wine writer
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1222:
318:" or "authentic wine" was most likely the result of crushed grapes being forgotten while stored in a container. The process of allowing wild
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1199:"APW Asset Management Ltd, which manages ÂŁ25m-worth of fine wine is the latest wine investment company to go into liquidation in the UK"
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shippers have been found guilty of blending inexpensive wine with red
Burgundies and exporting them at exorbitant prices. The Vins
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Reporter Doutrelant reported the comments of "a government inspector on the illegal use of sugar to boost the alcoholic content of
382:
that gave the wine a unique taste. This style of wine became very popular on the world wine market. Today the accepted way to make
1917:
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In March 2008, allegations were made against producers of Brunello di Montalcino that there were illegally blended other types of
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49:
Counterfeiting and the relabelling of inferior and cheaper wines to more expensive brands is another common type of wine fraud.
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In the early 19th century, several European writers wrote about the risk and prevalence of wine fraud. In 1820, German chemist
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and considered one of the world's foremost authorities on rare wine. At one such tasting, Rodenstock produced 125 vintages of
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Relabeling: The simplest way to counterfeit wine is to slap the label of a fine wine on to another, similar-looking bottle
393:
Other winemaking techniques that have been at various times considered fraudulent or too manipulative of the wine include
1704:
1897:
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and arrested a number of people including the group's salesperson, who was selling the fake wine out of the back of a
79:
Fraud in wine production refers to the use of additives in order to deceive. This may include coloring agents such as
2003:
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1903:
http://www.wineanorak.com/wineblog/uncategorized/watch-out-wine-investment-scam-cold-calling/comment-page-1#comments
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I was told the value was $ 30,000 but when I checked the prices I could have bought the same wine for $ 13,000 less.
767:; he was arrested on March 8, 2012 and indicted for fraud. Allegedly, Kurniwan was buying large stocks of negociant
1020:
in the wine making. Ancient Romans and others used to blend lead acetate into their wine in order to add sweetness.
285:
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1356:( January 31-February 28, 2007). "Counterfeit bottles multiply as global demand for collectible wine surges", p.14
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688:. Label fraud, to be done well, requires bottles, corks, and packaging to be similarly manipulated. Reporter
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414:
1912:
1219:"DTI investigators have succeeded in shutting down eight companies- "victims duped out of GBP110 million'"
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354:. Another example of early "manipulation" that became accepted, common practice was the process of adding
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are adulterated, usually with the addition of cheaper products (e.g. juices) and sometimes with harmful
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1162:"Millions of pounds have been pocketed by offering fine wines at two to three times their market value"
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240:, when true wine was scarce, wine fraud rose. Some merchants would take dried raisins grown from other
1879:
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for long sea voyages and, when added during the fermentation process, left the wine with a balance of
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in Italy) and then labeling the wine as if it came from more prestigious regions such as Bordeaux or
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519:(often over 15%). In many countries, such high alcohol levels qualify the wines for higher levels of
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96:
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172:, wines from questionable origins were often passed off as wines from more prestigious regions. In
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911:. While this practice would be frowned upon today by Bordeaux authorities, the French wine writer
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Today water is used to help balance extremely ripe grapes that would have a high concentration of
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1908:
https://thelondonwinecellar.com/wine-valuation/wine-investment/wine-investment-scams-cold-calling
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600:
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One of the most dangerous forms of wine fraud is when producers add hazardous materials such as
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1918:
https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/uk-police-uncover-million-pound-wine-investment-scam-374301/
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by the German government in 1892 (later expanded in 1909) and the Italian government in 1904.
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958:, allegedly to inflate production and increase profit, in a scandal termed "Brunellopoli".
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have some appellation system of protected origins. The most well known systems include the
544:
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hang time. This rehydration is used to help balance the wine and, it is hoped, to prevent "
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515:. This increased emphasis on ripeness has had the effect of producing wines with higher
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http://investdrinks-blog.blogspot.com/p/i-wouldnt-buy-wine-from-these-companies.html
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288:, when wine production was illegal, as grape merchants would sell "bricks" of grape
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complained that not even the nobility could be assured that their wine was genuine.
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555:. The addition of water has been argued by its proponents as necessary to prevent
133:
During the classical period, wine was so often adulterated and counterfeited that
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1652:(March 20, 2007). "Trophy Status and History Trump Taste in Fuss Over Old Wines"
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authorities uncovered a warehouse with nearly twenty thousand bottles of fake "
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1757:"Antinori, Argiano, and Frescobaldi named in "Brunellopoli" Brunello Scandal"
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Expensive and highly collectable wines such as the French Bordeaux wine from
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https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2008/08/fraudsters-hit-uk-wine-merchants/
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One of the most famous alleged purveyors of label fraud is wine collector
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1995:
1604:
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492:
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383:
331:
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169:
115:, and unregulated investment wine firms characterise this type of fraud.
108:
68:
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1922:
1369:. The London Evening Standard - Apple MacHome - DTI (UK). Archived from
869:), except where such blending is against the regulation of a particular
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https://www.yourmoney.com/investing/how-to-spot-a-wine-investment-scam/
1678:"Jancisrobinson.com, March 17, 2007: Flushing out wine fraud and fakes"
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relates to the commercial aspects of wine. The most prevalent type of
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Most techniques of manipulation arose from need. Early wine had many
304:
220:
wrote of this "fraternity of chymical operators (sic)" who would use
112:
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had opened an investigation into the counterfeiting of old and rare
244:
and make wine that they passed off as being from a more prestigious
236:
and then sell these wines fraudulently on the market. Following the
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176:, local authorities established laws for tavern owners prohibiting
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2018:
1639:(March 6, 2007). "U.S. Investigates Counterfeiting of Rare Wines"
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611:. To counter this type of fraud, governments developed extensive
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company was found guilty and fined in 2006 for illegally mixing
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1168:. Department of Trade and industry (Jim Budd) - LilacHomesite.
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Another well-publicized example of label fraud is the case of
145:, it has been manipulated, adulterated, and counterfeited. In
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Third Edition pg 4 & 26-27 Oxford University Press 2006
1987:
1943:
1120:"An Insider's Guide to Counterfeiting Wine - Apple MacHome"
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to blend and stretch out their wine which they sold to the
351:
335:
229:
39:
543:" flavors that may be unpalatable to the consumer. In the
507:. Modern winemaking has begun to promote higher levels of
852:
triggered an investigation into the potential wine fraud.
782:
were relabeled and sold as the acclaimed 1982 vintage in
1956:
1933:
https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/apr/21/foodanddrink
1482:
Third Edition pg 424-425 Oxford University Press 2006
771:
and re-labeling them as more expensive wines, such as
531:
can dilute the wine to such a degree that the overall
64:
In wine production, as wine is technically defined as
1836:
ITALY ACTING TO END THE SALE OF METHANOL-TAINTED WINE
1452:
1808:
Poisoning Scandal Rocks Italian Wine Export Business
1265:"Investing in Fine Wine: don't be a victim of fraud"
71:, the term "wine fraud" can be used to describe the
1244:"Wine Fraud: A great deal in wine: friend or faux?"
563:" for the practice in the wine industry is adding "
46:and sweeteners (compensating for color or flavor).
1531:Third Edition pg 762 Oxford University Press 2006
1432:
1348:
1346:
747:", reportedly rare Bordeaux wines bottled for the
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3007:
1868:Nine to be tried for 1986 'Wine Massacre' deaths
292:across the United States along with a packet of
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1343:
1187:. The Financial Times- (MachoMedia 2015 cited).
778:In 2002, bottles of the weaker 1991 vintage of
314:techniques have evolved. The first, primitive "
1784:"Georges Duboeuf's Company Convicted of Fraud"
1667:, The New Yorker pages 1-10, September 3, 2007
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
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1250:. Kathleen Buckley - StarTacHomeMedia - 2008.
52:A third category of wine fraud relates to the
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1972:
1521:
1221:. The London Evening Standard. Archived from
1016:A dangerous form of wine fraud is the use of
731:who at the time was a director at the London
472:wine in order to make it more palatable. The
425:, the use of cultured instead of wild yeast,
153:complained about the abundance of fraudulent
1880:Poison Plonk: A deadly wine scandal in Italy
1754:
1626:. NY: St. Martin's Griffin, 2001. Pp. 23-25.
1049:diethylene glycol was added as an adulterant
284:Fraud of a different nature occurred during
1702:
1670:
1554:Wine Business International April 6th, 2007
1385:
1081:2018 Master Sommelier exam cheating scandal
16:Fraudulent activity in the commerce of wine
2742:
2728:
1979:
1965:
1655:
511:and longer "hang time" on the vine before
322:found on the surface of the grape conduct
1499:
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1495:
1328:. Taylor Brook winery Llc. Archived from
95:of spices due to the presence of various
1942:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1011:
836:
586:
128:
18:
2920:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1728:
1310:. The Department of trade and Industry.
891:producers would often import wine from
274:Adulteration of Food and Drink Act 1860
248:such as the more well known wines from
3008:
1748:
1492:
1462:pgs 1-7, 223-233 DBQA Publishing 2005
1055:producers of white wines to make them
1007:
2723:
1960:
1941:
1923:https://fruitsandvotes.wordpress.com/
1611:
848:were being used in the production of
1322:"Wine Lingo - Definitions and Terms"
815:Service de la RĂ©pression des Fraudes
649:Denominazione di origine controllata
579:where Jesus turned water into wine.
567:units" in a play on words about the
1571:The New York Times April 20th, 2008
1442:pg 630-631 Workman Publishing 2001
954:into wine stipulated to be of 100%
27:are often the target of wine fraud.
13:
1703:Steinberger, Michael (July 2012).
873:(such as the controversy over the
841:The rumors that grapes other than
829:are likely to grow in importance.
111:labelling of rare, expensive, and
14:
3047:
2004:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1891:
1852:How Italian Wine Was Contaminated
1781:
1729:Wallace, Benjamin (13 May 2012).
1605:"Counterfeits and Other Problems"
1593:#19, Accessed: December 8th, 2009
390:during the fermentation process.
157:which was so great that even the
2983:
2691:
1518:Purple Pages, December 31st 2002
832:
659:Denominação de Origem Controlada
386:is to "manipulate" it by adding
296:. The bricks would come with a "
286:prohibition in the United States
59:Department of Trade and Industry
1873:
1861:
1845:
1829:
1817:
1801:
1775:
1755:VinoWire.com (March 28, 2008).
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1314:
1296:
705:Federal Bureau of Investigation
639:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
617:Protected Designation of Origin
2749:
1529:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1480:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1420:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
1275:
1257:
1236:
1211:
1191:
1172:
1154:
1130:
1112:
808:
582:
83:juice, and flavorings such as
1:
2946:Glossary of viticulture terms
1826:Rupert Millar, 17 August 2011
1460:Understanding Wine Technology
1271:. The Metropolitan Police UK.
1106:
922:
484:. They further believed that
143:as long as wine has been made
2951:Glossary of winemaking terms
1042:Food and Drug Administration
699:"disclosed that many famous
632:. Today most major European
486:undiluted wine was unhealthy
415:clarification and filtration
405:, using oak chips, stirring
7:
1074:
773:Domaine de la Romanée-Conti
714:
682:classified Bordeaux estates
10:
3052:
2871:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
165:for unusually low prices.
124:
2979:
2961:History of the wine press
2928:
2912:
2884:
2851:Sparkling wine production
2836:
2818:
2785:
2757:
2685:
2624:
2586:
2481:
2458:
2341:
2228:
2216:
2109:
2037:
1994:
1954:
1180:"Watch out for the scams"
1071:involved in the scandal.
780:Château Lafite Rothschild
549:California Wine Institute
2956:Wine tasting descriptors
2677:Wine tasting descriptors
2606:Phenolic content in wine
2498:Alternative wine closure
2082:Great French Wine Blight
1986:
1550:Too much of a good thing
947:, back onto the vines".
634:wine producing countries
2846:Malolactic fermentation
1637:The Wall Street Journal
1584:Why It Matters Glossary
1287:world-news-research.com
823:stable isotope analysis
755:. American businessman
690:Pierre-Marie Doutrelant
3016:Alcohol-related crimes
1326:taylorbrookewinery.com
1142:The London Wine Cellar
1138:"Fine Wine Investment"
1021:
917:"travail Ă l'anglaise"
881:Brunello di Montalcino
853:
850:Brunello di Montalcino
686:Grand crus of Burgundy
669:DenominaciĂłn de Origen
592:
433:, and the addition of
138:
28:
3031:Wine-related scandals
2647:Wine and food pairing
1664:The Jefferson Bottles
1283:"World News Research"
1015:
840:
590:
449:that may be used to "
242:species of grapevines
132:
22:
2298:Muscat of Alexandria
1870:UPI, August 20, 1991
1824:TOP 10 WINE SCANDALS
1607:. Wine-searcher.com.
1507:Adding water to wine
1289:. My World Journal.
725:Robert M. Parker Jr.
672:(DO) system used in
358:to wine made in the
214:Age of Enlightenment
2876:Yeast in winemaking
2828:Carbonic maceration
1028:("sugar of lead"),
1018:hazardous materials
1008:Hazardous materials
975:Beaujolais Villages
929:Beaujolais-Villages
557:stuck fermentations
238:Phylloxera epidemic
3036:Trade by commodity
2866:Traditional method
2667:Wine personalities
2371:Cabernet Sauvignon
1589:2011-07-17 at the
1512:2011-03-21 at the
1308:jancisrobinson.com
1166:jancisrobinson.com
1022:
863:Cabernet Sauvignon
854:
749:American president
593:
527:. Adding water to
505:phenolic compounds
372:chemical stability
366:. This process of
270:British Parliament
139:
97:phenolic compounds
29:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2767:Late harvest wine
2717:
2716:
2454:
2453:
2351:Alicante Bouschet
2099:Judgment of Paris
1856:Los Angeles Times
1705:"A Vintage Crime"
1622:Prial, Frank. J,
1527:J. Robinson (ed)
1478:J. Robinson (ed)
1418:J. Robinson (ed)
1040:and the American
1030:diethylene glycol
745:Jefferson bottles
729:Michael Broadbent
575:performed at the
533:alcohol by volume
431:micro-oxygenation
397:, fermenting and
278:23 & 24 Vict.
3043:
3021:Wine terminology
2988:
2987:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2696:
2695:
2611:Proteins in wine
2278:GrĂĽner Veltliner
2226:
2225:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1938:
1886:
1885:, April 07, 1986
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1854:DANIEL P. PUZO,
1849:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:on June 25, 2008
1759:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1731:"Château Sucker"
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1680:. Archived from
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1578:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1525:
1519:
1501:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1116:
1101:Hardy Rodenstock
1026:lead(II) acetate
995:
987:CĂ´te-de-brouilly
753:Thomas Jefferson
721:Hardy Rodenstock
701:Champagne houses
698:
601:Southwest France
577:Marriage at Cana
476:thought it was "
310:Over the years,
3051:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2990:Wine portal
2982:
2975:
2966:History of wine
2924:
2908:
2880:
2832:
2814:
2795:Deacidification
2781:
2753:
2748:
2718:
2713:
2698:Wine portal
2690:
2681:
2620:
2582:
2487:
2477:
2450:
2337:
2318:Sauvignon blanc
2253:Cayetana blanca
2221:
2219:grape varieties
2212:
2105:
2033:
1990:
1985:
1950:
1894:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1842:, April 9, 1986
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:, April 9, 1986
1812:Washington Post
1810:Loren Jenkins,
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1684:on June 9, 2011
1676:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:Wayback Machine
1579:
1575:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1526:
1522:
1514:Wayback Machine
1502:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1417:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:. Chris Mercer.
1197:
1196:
1192:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1086:Investment wine
1077:
1010:
989:
967:Georges Duboeuf
952:grape varieties
925:
835:
811:
741:Château d'Yquem
717:
692:
585:
466:Jancis Robinson
427:cryo-extraction
419:reverse osmosis
380:alcohol content
261:Friedrich Accum
151:Pliny the Elder
135:Pliny the Elder
127:
105:investment wine
54:investment wine
17:
12:
11:
5:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3001:
3000:
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2980:
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2968:
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2923:
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2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Sugars in wine
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2805:Chaptalization
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
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2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Classification
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2616:Sugars in wine
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2588:Wine chemistry
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Wine dispenser
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
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2470:
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2456:
2455:
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2443:
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2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2366:Cabernet Franc
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2333:Welschriesling
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:MĂĽller-Thurgau
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
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2140:
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2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
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2103:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Ancient Greece
2052:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1892:External links
1890:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1860:
1858:, May 29, 1986
1844:
1840:New York Times
1838:ROBERTO SURO,
1828:
1816:
1800:
1788:Wine Spectator
1782:Frank, Mitch.
1774:
1747:
1721:
1695:
1669:
1654:
1641:
1628:
1610:
1596:
1573:
1556:
1540:
1520:
1491:
1471:
1451:
1440:The Wine Bible
1431:
1384:
1358:
1354:Wine Spectator
1342:
1313:
1295:
1274:
1256:
1235:
1210:
1190:
1171:
1153:
1129:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:Rudy Kurniawan
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1065:methyl alcohol
1063:blended toxic
1038:European Union
1009:
1006:
979:Beaujolais Cru
924:
921:
834:
831:
819:serial numbers
810:
807:
765:Rudy Kurniawan
716:
713:
662:(DOC) used in
652:(DOC) used in
642:(AOC) used in
584:
581:
517:alcohol levels
482:undiluted wine
474:ancient Greeks
463:Master of wine
459:humidification
395:chaptalization
376:residual sugar
370:gave the wine
218:Joseph Addison
163:Falernian wine
126:
123:
118:Wine Spectator
25:Château Pétrus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3048:
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3027:
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2630:
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2627:
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2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Acids in wine
2599:
2597:
2596:Aroma of wine
2594:
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2579:
2576:
2574:
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2493:
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2471:
2469:
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2465:
2463:
2461:
2460:Major regions
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Montepulciano
2414:
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2402:
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2100:
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2020:
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2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2002:
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1997:
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1989:
1982:
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1968:
1963:
1962:
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1940:
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1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1899:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1883:TIME magazine
1881:
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1651:
1650:Bloomberg.com
1648:McCoy, Elin,
1645:
1638:
1635:Wilke, John,
1632:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1580:The Uncorker
1577:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1551:
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1537:0-19-860990-6
1534:
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1500:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1488:0-19-860990-6
1485:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1468:1-891267-91-4
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:1-56305-434-5
1445:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1428:0-19-860990-6
1425:
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1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1373:on 2015-07-15
1372:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1332:on 2015-09-05
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1299:
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1288:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1269:met.police.uk
1266:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1225:on 2015-07-15
1224:
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1200:
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833:Wine blending
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2981:
2838:Fermentation
2689:
2672:Wine tasting
2656:
2293:Muscat blanc
2263:Chenin blanc
2060:Ancient Rome
1875:
1863:
1847:
1831:
1819:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:November 24,
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1750:
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1734:
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1688:December 10,
1686:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1672:
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1624:Decantations
1623:
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1371:the original
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1330:the original
1325:
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1223:the original
1213:
1204:Decanter.com
1202:
1193:
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1141:
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1023:
1000:in the 2005
981:grapes from
960:
949:
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876:Brunellopoli
874:
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792:Super Tuscan
777:
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718:
678:
667:
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647:
637:
615:systems and
594:
537:
498:
490:Spartan king
455:
453:" the wine.
439:anti-oxidant
392:
356:grape spirit
329:
324:fermentation
316:natural wine
309:
302:
283:
258:
211:
186:German wines
167:
147:ancient Rome
140:
116:
93:flavor notes
78:
73:adulteration
63:
51:
48:
31:
30:
2941:Wine bottle
2913:Other steps
2904:Wine cellar
2861:SĂĽssreserve
2553:Wine cellar
2543:Wine bottle
2484:accessories
2482:Packaging,
2441:Tempranillo
2070:Noah's wine
2050:Phoenicians
1996:Viticulture
1793:30 December
1735:NY Magazine
1709:Vanity Fair
1567:Sere Grapes
1438:K. MacNeil
1248:Winemag.com
1069:wine labels
990: [
879:scandal in
871:appellation
809:Preventions
786:. In 2000,
693: [
613:appellation
583:Label fraud
553:dehydration
541:dried fruit
493:Cleomenes I
480:" to drink
403:oak barrels
332:wine faults
294:dried yeast
290:concentrate
212:During the
188:from being
170:Middle Ages
168:During the
109:Counterfeit
101:label fraud
69:grape juice
3010:Categories
2820:Maceration
2810:Wine press
2800:Destemming
2751:Winemaking
2657:Wine fraud
2652:Wine fault
2637:Oenophilia
2573:Wine label
2568:Wine glass
2533:Port tongs
2431:Sangiovese
2426:Pinot noir
2386:Douce noir
2313:Rkatsiteli
2258:Chardonnay
2248:Catarratto
2222:by acreage
2196:Biodynamic
2159:Aromatized
1948:winemaking
1563:B. Hewitt
1377:2015-08-02
1352:M. Frank,
1336:2015-08-02
1229:2015-08-02
1147:2015-12-05
1107:References
956:Sangiovese
859:teinturier
846:(pictured)
843:Sangiovese
737:Christie's
666:, and the
597:phylloxera
529:grape must
513:harvesting
423:maceration
362:region of
312:winemaking
246:provenance
155:Roman wine
113:cult wines
81:elderberry
32:Wine fraud
2772:Noble rot
2662:Winemaker
2642:Sommelier
2578:Wine rack
2558:Wine cork
2548:Wine cave
2538:Screw cap
2508:Corkscrew
2473:New World
2468:Old World
2446:Zinfandel
2421:Mourvèdre
2328:Trebbiano
2268:Colombard
2169:Noble rot
2149:Fortified
2127:Sparkling
2094:New World
1661:P. Keefe
1547:J. Googe
1047:In 1985,
933:Mourvèdre
901:Languedoc
827:isoscapes
803:hatchback
796:Sassicaia
757:Bill Koch
561:code word
445:or other
338:, ground
226:Champagne
66:fermented
44:chemicals
2787:Pressing
2709:Glossary
2625:Industry
2518:Jug wine
2513:Decanter
2503:Box wine
2401:Isabella
2396:Grenache
2376:Carignan
2323:SĂ©millon
2308:Riesling
2303:Palomino
2046:Ancient
2029:Vineyard
2024:Veraison
2009:Oenology
1587:Archived
1510:Archived
1458:D. Bird
1075:See also
1053:Austrian
1051:by some
1034:methanol
983:Brouilly
945:Carignan
941:Grenache
923:Examples
769:Burgundy
715:Examples
709:vintages
664:Portugal
605:Calabria
569:Biblical
509:ripeness
478:barbaric
441:agents,
364:Portugal
234:Bordeaux
232:to make
224:to make
195:branding
190:cellared
159:nobility
107:market.
103:and the
85:cinnamon
2971:Terroir
2929:Related
2777:Vintage
2759:Harvest
2704:Outline
2528:Muselet
2490:storage
2381:Cinsaut
2356:Barbera
2283:Macabeo
2243:Aligoté
2201:Organic
2191:Natural
2144:Dessert
2089:Georgia
2039:History
2019:Terroir
2014:Species
1057:sweeter
1002:vintage
905:English
899:or the
800:Peugeot
794:" 1995
788:Italian
733:auction
622:Chianti
609:Tuscany
573:miracle
451:balance
435:enzymes
421:, cold
411:racking
348:nettles
340:mustard
207:hanging
199:beating
182:Spanish
125:History
2936:Winery
2899:Solera
2523:Kvevri
2411:Merlot
2406:Malbec
2206:Kosher
2182:Other
2137:Orange
2110:Styles
2077:France
1740:2 July
1714:2 July
1535:
1486:
1466:
1446:
1426:
1032:, and
909:claret
867:Merlot
735:house
656:, the
646:, the
644:France
630:Tokaji
626:Oporto
547:, the
521:duties
501:sugars
470:dilute
447:sugars
388:brandy
350:, and
250:France
222:apples
184:, and
178:French
174:London
3026:Fraud
2886:Aging
2436:Syrah
2391:Gamay
2361:Bobal
2273:Glera
2238:Airén
2230:White
2186:Table
2174:Straw
2164:Fruit
2122:White
2065:China
1944:Wines
1061:Italy
994:]
977:with
973:from
971:Gamay
961:Many
937:Syrah
897:Rhone
893:Spain
784:China
697:]
674:Spain
654:Italy
565:Jesus
525:taxes
443:acids
399:aging
360:Douro
344:ashes
320:yeast
254:Italy
203:death
89:color
40:wines
36:fraud
2488:and
2217:Top
2132:Rosé
1988:Wine
1946:and
1795:2012
1769:2008
1742:2012
1716:2012
1690:2009
1533:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1185:wine
996:and
943:and
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825:and
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503:and
407:lees
384:Port
378:and
352:lead
336:milk
305:Port
230:sloe
228:and
141:For
91:and
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2343:Red
2154:Ice
2117:Red
907:as
883:).
684:or
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272:'s
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