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are affected by wind shear. Vertical wind-speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel, and this, in turn, affects the turbine operation. The wind gradient can create a large bending moment in the shaft of a two
194:
was one of the most prominent contributors to the development of wind engineering. He is well known for developing the Alan
Davenport wind-loading chain or in short "wind-loading chain" that describes how different components contribute to the final load calculated on the structure.
892:
and all other types of towers and chimneys. The wind load is the dominant load in the analysis of many tall buildings, so wind engineering is essential for their analysis and design. Again, wind load is a dominant load in the analysis and design of all long-span
324:
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and studies the possible damage, inconvenience or benefits which may result from wind. In the field of engineering it includes strong winds, which may cause discomfort, as well as extreme winds, such as in a
573:
The vertical wind profile used in these studies varies according to the terrain in the vicinity of the buildings (which may differ by wind direction), and is often grouped in categories, such as:
203:
479:
to predict future extreme wind speeds. Wind speeds are generally calculated based on some regional design standard or standards. The design standards for building wind loads include:
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Typically, buildings are designed to resist a strong wind with a very long return period, such as 50 years or more. The design wind speed is determined from historical records using
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bladed turbine when the blades are vertical. The reduced wind gradient over water means shorter and less expensive wind turbine towers can be used in shallow seas.
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techniques has increased. The pedestrian level wind speeds for a given exceedance probability are calculated to allow for regional wind speeds statistics.
1192:
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Terrain with numerous large, high (10 to 30 m high) and closely spaced obstructions, such as large city centres and well-developed industrial complexes
612:
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Through-flow, also known as a passage jet, in any passage through a building or small gap between two buildings due to pressure short-circuiting
187:
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For more complex geometries, pedestrian wind comfort studies are required. These can use an appropriately scaled model in a boundary-layer
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A number of wind comfort and wind danger criteria were developed from 1971, based on different pedestrian activities, such as:
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Wind engineering as a separate discipline can be traced to the UK in the 1960s, when informal meetings were held at the
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it also includes low and moderate winds as these are relevant to electricity production and dispersion of contaminants.
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Water surfaces, open terrain, grassland with few, well-scattered obstructions having heights generally from 1.5 to 10 m
1014:
Cochran, Leighton; Derickson, Russ (April 2011). "A physical modeler's view of
Computational Wind Engineering".
515:
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113:
190:, the Building Research Establishment, and elsewhere. The term "wind engineering" was first coined in 1970.
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133:
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Building geometries consisting of one and two rectangular buildings have a number of well-known effects:
867:= Hellman exponent (aka power law exponent or shear exponent) (~= 1/7 in neutral flow, but can be >1)
525:
led to concerns regarding the wind nuisance caused by these buildings to pedestrians in their vicinity.
319:{\displaystyle \ v_{z}=v_{g}\cdot \left({\frac {z}{z_{g}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{\alpha }},0<z<z_{g}}
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Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions 3 to 5 m high, such as areas of suburban housing
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Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and water surfaces at serviceability wind speeds
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AIJ guidelines for practical applications of CFD to pedestrian wind environment around buildings
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are known for their strong, sometimes swirly winds, which affect the playing conditions.
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Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: comparison of wind comfort criteria. Figure 6
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Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: comparison of wind comfort criteria. Table 3
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Other criteria classified a wind environment as completely unacceptable or dangerous.
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Wind engineering may be considered by structural engineers to be closely related to
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Wind
Science and Engineering: Origins, Developments, Fundamentals and Advancements
19:
1045:. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
65:
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AS/NZS 1170.2:2011 Structural Design
Actions Part 2 – Wind actions. Section 4.2
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Computer simulation of the airflow downwind of a hangar which caused damage to
211:
The design of buildings must account for wind loads, and these are affected by
105:
1354:
1074:
Isyumov, Nicholas (May 2012). "Alan G. Davenport's mark on wind engineering".
1050:
974:
215:. For engineering purposes, a power law wind-speed profile may be defined as:
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701:{\displaystyle \ v_{w}(h)=v_{ref}\cdot \left({\frac {h}{h_{ref}}}\right)^{a}}
94:
606:, wind speed variation with height is often approximated using a power law:
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Corner streams, also known as corner jets, around the corners of buildings
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101:
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61:
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Guidelines for Design of Low-Rise
Buildings Subjected to Lateral Forces
212:
86:
1299:"50 years of Computational Wind Engineering: Past, present and future"
877:
109:
82:
876:
The knowledge of wind engineering is used to analyze and design all
1270:
Wind
Turbine Operation in Electric Power Systems: Advanced Modeling
502:
Wind baffles being installed to mitigate wind danger issues at the
1366:
932:
78:
116:, and a number of specialist engineering disciplines, including
16:
Study of the effects of wind on natural and built environments
34:
Wind engineering covers the aerodynamic effects of buildings
957:
Hewitt, Sam; Margetts, Lee; Revell, Alistair (2017-04-18).
89:, which may cause widespread destruction. In the fields of
69:
1328:
Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
1303:
Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
1076:
Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
1016:
Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics
149:
Effects of wind on the ventilation system in a building
143:
Wind impact on structures (buildings, bridges, towers)
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Wind Tunnel Model of One Post Office Square, Boston
1220:Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems
1193:Pedestrian Wind Environment Around Buildings. p112
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1247:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 30.
1222:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 45.
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1122:Gupta, Ajaya Kumar and Peter James Moss (1993).
1013:
963:Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering
810:= velocity of the wind at some reference height
139:Wind engineering involves, among other topics:
1365:from the original on 2021-12-15 – via
1324:"Wind engineering—Past, present and future"
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1171:Wind Effects On Pedestrians. Figure 3
1128:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 49.
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26:of wind speed contours around a house
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416:= gradient wind at gradient height
13:
1355:"How Tall Buildings Tame the Wind"
1290:
535:Sitting for a short period of time
14:
1395:
1347:
753:= velocity of the wind at height
532:Sitting for a long period of time
1272:. Berlin: Springer. p. 17.
1101:. New York: Wiley. p. 272.
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362:= speed of the wind at height
114:geographic information systems
1:
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928:World Wind Energy Association
170:Some sports stadiums such as
128:, atmospheric boundary layer
68:that analyzes the effects of
42:Damaged wind turbines due to
568:computational fluid dynamics
566:, or more recently, use of
188:National Physical Laboratory
155:Air pollution near buildings
152:Wind climate for wind energy
134:computational fluid dynamics
100:Wind engineering draws upon
7:
1340:10.1016/j.jweia.2007.01.011
1315:10.1016/j.jweia.2014.03.008
1084:10.1016/j.jweia.2012.02.007
1028:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.01.015
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146:Wind comfort near buildings
10:
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1268:Lubosny, Zbigniew (2003).
746:{\displaystyle \ v_{w}(h)}
181:
1243:Harrison, Robert (2001).
1218:Heier, Siegfried (2005).
1097:Crawley, Stanley (1993).
1051:10.1007/978-3-030-18815-3
1041:Solari, Giovanni (2019).
975:10.1007/s11831-017-9222-7
803:{\displaystyle \ v_{ref}}
470:= exponential coefficient
463:{\displaystyle \ \alpha }
124:. The tools used include
890:telecommunication towers
604:wind turbine engineering
521:The advent of high-rise
836:{\displaystyle h_{ref}}
506:skyscraper in Leeds, UK
483:AS 1170.2 for Australia
439:{\displaystyle \ z_{g}}
409:{\displaystyle \ v_{g}}
355:{\displaystyle \ v_{z}}
199:Wind loads on buildings
72:in the natural and the
1361:. September 12, 2018.
1297:Blocken, Bert (2014).
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54:mechanical engineering
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176:Arthur Ashe Stadium
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1334:(9–11): 843–870.
1279:978-3-540-40340-1
1254:978-0-471-49456-0
1229:978-0-470-86899-7
1135:978-0-8493-8969-6
1108:978-0-471-84298-9
1060:978-3-030-18814-6
938:Alan G. Davenport
917:Vibration control
880:buildings, cable-
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102:meteorology
91:wind energy
87:heavy storm
62:meteorology
1309:: 69–102.
944:References
213:wind shear
983:1134-3060
878:high-rise
658:⋅
538:Strolling
458:α
286:α
252:⋅
110:mechanics
83:hurricane
1378:Category
1363:Archived
1001:30443152
901:See also
136:models.
1367:YouTube
1359:The B1M
992:6209038
933:Damping
924:testing
711:where:
329:where:
182:History
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979:ISSN
884:and
602:For
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650:e
647:r
643:v
639:=
636:)
633:h
630:(
625:w
621:v
432:g
428:z
402:g
398:v
373:z
348:z
344:v
312:g
308:z
301:z
295:0
292:,
283:1
277:)
270:g
266:z
262:z
257:(
247:g
243:v
239:=
234:z
230:v
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