Wilhelm Canaris - Knowledge

1009: 1311: 1193: 1448: 714: 1327: 1068: 1444:, who shared Canaris' anticommunism, praised Canaris' courage and bravery at the end of the war. In December 1940, Hitler sent Canaris to Spain to conclude an agreement, through strong coercion if necessary, with Franco for Spanish support in the war against the Allies, but instead of prompting him to acquiesce to Hitler's desire, Canaris reported that Franco would not commit Spanish forces until Britain had been defeated. Conversations from the period between Franco and Canaris remain unknown, since none were recorded, but the Spanish government expressed gratitude to Canaris's widow by paying her a pension. Franco remained "forever grateful" to Canaris for his advice to keep Spain out of the war. 33: 318: 305: 292: 268: 242: 1576: 842:

which he supported, and they were determined to throw off the shackles of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler proselytised a return to world-power status, which for Canaris implied constructing a super-fleet, by the preservation of a virtuous soldier-based society, a "community under arms". It is worth recalling that in the turmoil after the First World War in Germany, while the Weimar government was fledgling, Canaris helped establish home guard units in contravention of the treaty, sympathised with the

255: 903:, who was forced to resign. Patzig recommended Canaris as his replacement because of his outstanding service record and because he considered him best suited for the position from his previous experience in intelligence operations. His aspirations were quickly being realized, and in his zeal for his new job, Canaris paid "little heed" to the warnings from Patzig about the "fiendish" machinations of the party and its police organs. The admonitions principally concerned 1178:

offensive intended to achieve a "knock-out" blow against Britain by razing British cities to the ground. All of that information was false but was intended by Canaris to achieve a change in British foreign policy. Canaris was successful, and the "Dutch War Scare" played a major role in causing Chamberlain to make the "continental commitment" by pledging in February 1939 to send a British ground force to the defence of France in the event of war.

870: 804:. When that project was shelved by Vice Admiral Adolf Zenker in favour of a more co-operative relationship with the British, Canaris began making deals. Aided by the son of a powerful German shipping magnate, Captain Walter Lohmann, they negotiated with Spanish merchants, German industrialists, some Argentinian venture capitalists and the Spanish Navy so the Germans could continue their clandestine naval activities. 862:, Canaris "preached wholehearted cooperation with the new regime". Canaris once said, "we officers... should always recognize that without the Führer and his NSDAP, the restoration of German military greatness and military strength would not have been possible... the officer's duty is to be a living example of National Socialism and make the German 1498:

After 1942, Canaris visited Spain frequently and was probably in contact with British agents from Gibraltar. In 1943, in occupied France, Canaris is said to have made contact with British agents. In Paris, he was conducted blindfolded to the Convent of the Nuns of the Passion of Our Blessed Lord, 127

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called his FBI swoop on Duquesne's ring the greatest spy roundup in US history. In a 1942 memo to his superiors, Canaris reported on the importance of several of his captured spies by noting their valued contributions, and he wrote that Duquesne had "delivered valuable reports and important technical

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and Germany had declared war on the United States, the 33 members of the Duquesne Spy Ring were sentenced to serve a total of more than 300 years in prison. They were found guilty in what historian Peter Duffy said in 2014 is "still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United

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Detached from the previous government of Weimar, whose republican principles never appealed to Canaris, he looked to the Nazi Party to shape the future. Two things stood out for Canaris about the Nazis; they represented a return to state-centered authoritarian government led by a charismatic leader,

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Investigations dragged on inconclusively until April 1945, when orders were received to dispose of the various remaining prisoners of the plot. Canaris's personal diary was discovered and presented to Hitler in early April 1945, which implicated him in the conspiracy. Canaris was placed on trial by

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and also began formulating ways to forestall or prevent a European war. Among the first to arrive in Vienna, Canaris had a special team seize records from the Austrian archives since he feared possible references to his Spanish Civil War arms supplier connections in London. He also absorbed as much

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about Canaris's courage in opposing Hitler. Lahousen recalled a conversation between Canaris and General Wilhelm Keitel in which Canaris warned Keitel that the German military would be held responsible for the atrocities in Poland. Keitel responded that they had been ordered by Hitler. Keitel, who

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but accused Canaris of being its "spiritual instigator". No direct evidence of his involvement in the plot was discovered, but his close association with many of the plotters and certain documents written by him that were considered subversive led to the gradual assumption of his guilt. Two of the

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a large drawing of the bomb-sight and later went to Germany to work on and finish an improved version. In Germany, Lang debriefed with both Canaris and Göring. Ritter employed several other successful agents across the United States, but he also made the mistake of recruiting a man who would later

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staff from a mere 150 people to nearly 1,000. He met Heydrich again on 21 December 1936, and the two men signed a document, which came to be known in their orbit as the "Ten Commandments". The agreement clarified the respective areas of counterespionage responsibilities between the Gestapo and the

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material in the original, including U.S. gas masks, radio-controlled apparatus, leak proof fuel tanks, television instruments, small bombs for airplanes versus airplanes, air separator, and propeller-driving mechanisms. Items delivered were labeled 'valuable', and several 'good' and 'very good'".

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On 8 February 1940, Ritter sent Sebold to New York under the alias of Harry Sawyer and instructed him to set up a shortwave radio-transmitting station to establish contact with the German shortwave station abroad. Sebold was also instructed to use the codename TRAMP and to contact a fellow agent,

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In January 1939, Canaris manufactured the "Dutch War Scare", which gripped the British government. By 23 January 1939, the British government received information that Germany intended to invade the Netherlands in February 1939 with the aim of using Dutch airfields to launch a strategic bombing

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The high-ranking German military leaders believed that if Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia or any other country, Britain would declare war on Germany. MI6 was of the same opinion. The British declaration of war would have given the General Staff, it thought, both the pretext and the support for an

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Canaris was then given intelligence work as a result of having come to the attention of German naval intelligence, possibly because of his clever escape from Chile. German plans to establish intelligence operations in the Mediterranean were under way and Canaris seemed a good fit for that role.

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about the "extensive shootings... and that the nobility and clergy were to be exterminated" to which Keitel informed him that Hitler had already "decided" the matter. Keitel warned Canaris to go no further with his protest, as the detailed plan of atrocities came directly from Hitler.

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Lindgren, Henrik (1970). "Adam von Trotts Reisen nach Schweden 1942–1944. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Auslandsverbindungen des deutschen Widerstandes" [Adam von Trott's Travels to Sweden 1942–1944. A Contribution to the Question of Foreign Connections to the German Resistance].

773:(Baltic Naval Station) command. Canaris procured materials and weapons from hidden warehouses to equip the new navy. To raise money, he arranged for surplus weapons and equipment to be sold through Denmark. Canaris was a liaison to the right-wing extremist terrorist organization 1055:

into action and personally oversaw deception operations, which were designed to give the Austrians the impression of what appeared to be substantial German military preparations for an impending act of aggression. However, the sham action did not move Austrian Chancellor

964:, and SD. It is clear from sources that Canaris was then a true devotee to Hitler according to a former Gestapo officer, Gerhard Fischer, who claimed that the Führer's gentlemanly relationship with Canaris converted the latter into "an extreme exponent of Hitlerism." 1382:

Canaris began working more actively to overthrow Hitler's regime but he co-operated with the SD to create a decoy. That made it possible for him to pose as a trusted man for some time. He was promoted to the rank of full admiral in January 1940. With his subordinate

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was thus a severe disappointment for Kleist and Canaris. It gave Hitler's reputation an important boost and his popularity soared, as he appeared to have brought peace. However, Hitler was scornful of his generals for resisting his plans since he had wanted war.

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From his new post, Canaris haplessly discovered that Lohmann's "investments" had cost upwards of 26 million marks in total losses. At some point in 1928, Canaris was removed from his intelligence post and began two years of conventional naval service aboard the

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fell out of favour with him for negotiating peace, but Hitler's drive for war remained unabated although the Western powers had granted him concessions. Canaris was relieved that war was averted and sought to re-establish contact with Hitler since many of the

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on 29 September 1934, Canaris seemed to be near the end of his career as he settled into a sort of "provincial exile" with his family. Then, in short order, Canaris caught wind of the dispute in the Reichswehr Ministry over the impending successor to the

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In May 1935, Canaris first donned the uniform of a rear admiral, a promotion that coincided with his responsibility for shielding Germany's burgeoning rearmament program from enemy counterintelligence agents, which meant a significant expansion of the

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since he believed that Germany's defeat during the First World War was attributable to military intelligence failures by the organization. Moreover, Heydrich had aspirations to oversee all aspects of political intelligence-gathering for Germany.

575:, a training ship on which sea cadets learned basic seamanship. He attained midshipman's rank in 1906, and beginning in April 1907 attended the academic course required of aspiring naval officers. In the autumn of 1908 he began service aboard 1391:

came to the attention of Canaris in mid-September 1941, he registered another complaint. Keitel reminded Canaris that he was thinking in terms of "chivalrous war", which did not apply, since it was "a matter of destroying a world ideology".

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On 28 June 1941, after a two-year investigation, the FBI arrested Duquesne and 32 other Nazi spies on charges of relaying secret information on US weaponry and shipping movements to Germany. On 2 January 1942, less than a month after the US

996:, Canaris subscribed to most of Hitler's views since Hitler's nationalism, his social-Darwinist beliefs, his opposition to the Versailles Treaty, his belief in rebuilding a Greater German Reich, and his anti-Semitic ideology appealed to the 781:, who was wanted for treason. The members of the OC received money from the illegal arms transactions as well as weapons and equipment. Even as the OC committed numerous political murders of German politicians, including Foreign Minister 759:. Canaris also helped one of those convicted in the murders, Kurt Vogel, escape from prison. Canaris himself was imprisoned for four days over this, but never prosecuted. Canaris was also appointed to the adjutancy of Defence Minister 944:

at least based on their behaviour toward each other. The two remained "friendly" rivals, but Canaris considered Heydrich a "brutal fanatic" and was likewise aware that Heydrich's SD constantly monitored the telephone traffic of the

1632:. He was released in June 1944 to take up a post in Berlin as the head of the Special Staff for Mercantile Warfare and Economic Combat Measures (HWK), which co-ordinated the resistance to the Allied economic blockade of Germany. 1091:

as were others, who feared another European war. That resulted in the formation of a conspiratorial group consisting of members of the German Foreign Office and ranking members of the military. The assemblage included General

1387:, he attempted in the autumn of 1940 to form a circle of like-minded Wehrmacht officers, but that had little success at the time. When the OKW decrees regarding the brutal treatment of Soviet prisoners of war related to the 853:

Another aspect of the Nazis that attracted Canaris was their anticommunism. Many of his friends joined the Nazi crusade, and Canaris "likewise came to be regarded as an enthusiastic National Socialist". A former SS general,

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in his dealings with Lohmann. Suddenly, the former involvement with the "Liebknecht affair" re-emerged and placed Canaris in an unfavourable light, which ended up costing him his position in Spain. Instead, he was sent to

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during the First World War). Back in 1931, Ritter had met Duquesne in New York, and both spies reconnected in New York on 3 December 1937. Ritter also met with Herman W. Lang, a spy who operated under the code name PAUL.

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A prisoner claimed to have heard Canaris tap out a coded message on the wall of his cell on the night before his execution in which he denied he was a traitor and said that he had acted out of duty to his country.

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to identify Jews in 1935 to 1936, which set them apart from German citizens within the Reich, heralded their isolation, presaged their compulsory resettlement and ultimately led to their physical annihilation.

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Unfortunately for Canaris, he made some enemies within Germany during the course of his secret business and intelligence negotiations, partially as a consequence of the bankruptcy incurred by the film-maker

683:. After being assigned to the Inspectorate of Submarines by the Naval Staff on 24 October 1916, he took up training for duty as a U-boat commander and graduated from Submarine School on 11 September 1917. 492:

Being the head of Nazi Germany's military-intelligence agency, he was in a key position to participate in resistance. As the war turned against Germany, Canaris and other military officers expanded their

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Herman Lang worked as a machinist, draftsman and assembly inspector for the Carl L. Norden Company in New York, which had been contracted to manufacture an advanced top-secret military bomber part, the

541:, he was given a portrait of the Greek hero, which he always kept in his office. However, according to Richard Bassett, a genealogical investigation in 1938 revealed that his family was actually of 1644:

men under suspicion as conspirators who were known in Canaris's circle shot themselves, which incited activity from the Gestapo to prove he was at the very least privy to the plan against Hitler.

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Canaris and his associates were not necessarily committed to the overthrow of Hitler's regime, but they were loosely allied to another more radical group: the "anti-Nazi" faction, led by Colonel

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commander from late 1917 in the Mediterranean and was credited with a number of sinkings and even came to the attention of the Kaiser. As a result of his exploits in Spain, he was awarded the

564:. The death of Carl Canaris in 1904 removed the only obstacle to Canaris pursuing a naval career, which he did a month after his March 1905 graduation. Accepted at the naval academy in 590:. The circumstances are not known, but may have included Canaris facilitating discussions between representatives of the German government and then-Vice President Gómez in early 1908. 858:, once described Canaris as an "inveterate nationalist" and correspondingly asserted that Canaris felt the Nazis were much better "than anything that had gone before". Even after the 529:, the son of Carl Canaris, a wealthy industrialist, and his wife, Auguste (née Popp). Canaris believed that his family was related to the 19th-century Greek admiral and politician 4268: 4258: 933:, a staunch navy man, was initially opposed to his appointment but caved when Patzig manipulated the situation by suggesting an army officer for the post if Canaris was rejected. 980:, who assisted him in establishing an extensive surveillance web over munitions factories, seaports, the armed forces and the media. Between 1935 and 1937, Canaris expanded the 1342:

in flames nearly brought him to tears and it was reported that he exclaimed, "our children's children will have to bear the blame for this". He also witnessed examples of the

4263: 4248: 4042: 4178: 4193: 4158: 1491:. All were found guilty and sentenced to death. Two others who co-operated with the FBI received sentences of life imprisonment instead. The others were executed by the 1338:

After the outbreak of war between Germany and Poland in September 1939, Canaris visited the front, where he saw the devastation rendered by the German military. Seeing

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of the Luftwaffe to be the chief of I. Luft (Chief of Air Intelligence). Ritter, who had lived in the United States for twelve years, was given primary authority over

1533:, by getting them out of harm's way. He was instrumental, for example, in getting 500 Dutch Jews to safety in May 1941. Many such people were given token training as 4223: 1507:. Canaris wanted to know the terms for peace if Germany got rid of Hitler. Churchill's reply, sent to him two weeks later, was simple: "Unconditional surrender". 4208: 1495:

in the District of Columbia jail. Because of the embarrassing failure of Operation Pastorius, there were no further sabotage attempts in the United States.

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reports submitted on the Sudeten crisis had proven to be grossly inaccurate. To Hans Oster and his circle, Canaris suddenly appeared recommitted to Hitler.

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became Germany's new chancellor. Canaris was enthused by that development and was known to give lectures about the virtues of Nazism to his crew aboard the

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as prosecutor. He was charged with treason, convicted, and sentenced to death. Together with his deputy general, Hans Oster, the military jurist General

1639:. Schellenberg respected Canaris and was convinced of his loyalty to the Nazi regime even though he had been arrested. Hansen admitted his role in the 4233: 1395:

Meanwhile, the complaints and Canaris's apparent squeamishness were noted by Heydrich and added to his file on the "political unreliability" of the

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nations. He was a member of the military court that tried and in many cases acquitted those involved in the murders of the leftist revolutionaries

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The 33 convicted members of the Duquesne spy ring. Duquesne is pictured in the top, right; Lang is in the third row, fourth from left. (FBI print)

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and some high-ranking politicians. There, the name of Canaris became widely known as Kleist's executive hand in the event of an anti-Nazi plot.

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agents about several incidents of mass murder throughout Poland. Canaris visited Hitler's headquarters train on 12 September 1939, then in the

4273: 4168: 667:. With the help of some German merchants he was able to return to Germany in October 1915. On the way, he called at several ports, including 3588:

Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1985). "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940". In H.W. Koch (ed.).

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American economic targets and demoralise the US civilian population. However, two weeks later, all were arrested by the FBI thanks to two

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One German spymaster later commented that the ring's roundup delivered "the death blow" to their espionage efforts in the United States.

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under SD and SS control. Canaris appeared to retreat and handled the situation diplomatically, but there was no immediate effect on the

1060:, who was forced to resign when German troops marched into Austria, which was followed by its official annexation into Greater Germany ( 949:. Heydrich was suspicious of Canaris, referred to him as a "wily old fox", and cautioned his colleagues never to underestimate the man. 921:

On 1 January 1935, a little less than two years after Hitler had taken control of the German government, Canaris was made head of the

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and the other via Spain and Gibraltar. It is also possible that Vatican contacts provided a third route to his British counterparts.

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agents operating in the Americas and Britain. Canaris instructed Ritter to contact and reactivate a former German Naval Intelligence

1310: 1537:"agents" and then issued papers, which allowed them to leave Germany. One notable person he is said to have assisted was the then 1029: 679:, his task was to provide clandestine reconnaissance over enemy shipping movements and to establish a supply service for U-boats 4243: 3709: 1447: 1037: 3168:

Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War-Torn Europe in 1939–40

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the ship. Most of the crew was interned in Chile in March 1915, but in August 1915, Canaris escaped by using his fluency in

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overthrow of Hitler, which many of them were planning because of the prevailing "anti-war sentiment of the German people".

713: 1429:. A key piece of intelligence that passed from Canaris via Szymanska to the Allies was advance warning of the launch of 4163: 545:

descent, was originally Canarisi, and had lived in Germany since the 17th century. His grandfather had converted from

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Canaris was arrested on 23 July 1944 on the basis of the interrogation of his successor at Military Intelligence,

489:, however, Canaris turned against Hitler and committed acts of both passive and active resistance during the war. 4213: 1460: 1274: 560:. From an early age, he aspired to be an officer in the Imperial Navy, but his father encouraged him to join the 1668:, Canaris was humiliated before witnesses. Canaris was led to the gallows naked and executed on 9 April at the 633: 501:. By 1945, his acts of resistance and sabotage against the Nazi regime came to light and Canaris was hanged in 427: 936:

With the seemingly-amicable relationship between Heydrich and Canaris that then existed, according to former

925:, Germany's official military intelligence agency. Records suggest that Canaris was approved in his role as 582:, which cruised the Atlantic near Central and South America. In February 1909, Canaris received Venezuela's 1625: 4114: 1719: 1557: 1414:

has nothing to do with the persecution of Jews.... no concern of ours, we hold ourselves aloof from it".

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Canaris; the Biography of Admiral Canaris, Chief of German Military Intelligence in the Second World War

956:, Canaris met with Heydrich and some of his officials to parcel out intelligence operations between the 1686:

and Hans Bernd Gisevius, two of Canaris's main subordinates, survived the war and testified during the

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At a conference of senior officers in Berlin, in December 1941, Canaris is quoted as saying that "the

1132:. At that particular moment, Kleist visited Britain secretly and discussed the situation with British 940:

Secretary Inge Haag, it is possible that Heydrich supported the installment of Canaris as head of the

4198: 1514:, a serious incident put him and Canaris in open conflict. Heydrich requested for Canaris to put the 1124:

to overthrow the Nazi regime. The most audacious plan contemplated by Canaris, in collaboration with

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Müller, Klaus-Jürgen. "The German Military Opposition before the Second World War" pages 61–75 from

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walking in front of an honor guard during his visit to Berlin, to his left is Canaris, November 1938

640: 432: 4188: 1676:(SS-Gruppenführer), Canaris was hanged on a butcher's hook, a method deriving from medieval times. 859: 770: 1319: 1097: 167: 1290: 1226: 1040:. In fact, Germany provided aid to Franco's side, with Canaris using his contacts at England's 866:(Army) reflect the fulfillment of National Socialist ideology. That must be our grand design". 648: 583: 526: 139: 3669: 1499:

Rue de la Santé, where he met the local head of the British Intelligence Services, codenamed "

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In 1919, he married Erika Waag, the child of an industrialist, with whom he had two children.

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At that development, however, Canaris began spending more and more time in the company of

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for the time being. In fact, Canaris had established another two links with MI6, one via

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based in London and also put her at the disposal of the British and Americans, including

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chief as a compromise candidate since the commander-in-chief of the German Navy, Admiral

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Betrayal: The True Story of J. Edgar Hoover and the Nazi Saboteurs Captured During WWII

3339: 1683: 1128:, was to capture and to unseat Hitler and the entire Nazi Party before the invasion of 1041: 786: 740: 625: 610: 486: 143: 4037: 4025: 4015: 3996: 3976: 3947: 3916: 3889: 3874: 3869: 3835: 3816: 3777: 3758: 3751: 3735: 3729: 3694: 3675: 3654: 3635: 3616: 3609: 3593: 3574: 3553: 3512: 3493: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3432: 3405: 3386: 3367: 3361: 3346: 3323: 3317: 3302: 3283: 3247: 3228: 3209: 3190: 3171: 3154: 1538: 1529:

Canaris also intervened to save a number of victims from Nazi persecution, including

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with regard to internment. While in the bay, Royal Navy ships approached and shelled

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to which he had been assigned in December 1911. This was the only warship of Admiral

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The evidence that Canaris was playing a double game grew, and at the insistence of

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C: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill

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Breitman, Richard; Goda, Norman J.W.; Naftali, Timothy; Wolfe, Robert (2005).

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was more cautious. At a meeting with Hitler in Munich, British Prime Minister

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armaments manufacturing company to help supply the Nationalists with weapons.

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mission brought Canaris into contact with "counterespionage virtuoso" Major

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and became captain of the vessel on 1 December 1932. Just two months later,

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German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net

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revolutionary movements, which were attempting to spread the ideals of the

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The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War

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survived the war, was found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg and hanged.

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Canaris had a sexual relationship with a Polish spy based in Switzerland,

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and had been falsely credited for the death of British Army Field Marshal

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Canaris is portrayed by Denholm Elliott in "Voyage of the Damned" (1974).

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Canaris (left) at the reception for Hitler's 50th birthday, 21 April 1939

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chief. Prompted by anti-Semitism, Canaris first suggested the use of the

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Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion

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Canaris during a visit to the Eastern Front, near Smolensk, October 1941

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People from North Rhine-Westphalia executed in Nazi concentration camps

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Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with a Star

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Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present

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Canaris (second row, second from right) with other officers of the

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5th Chief of the Abwehr, Anti-Nazi German Naval Officer (1887-1945)

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How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939

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The reaction of the British government to Hitler's demands on the

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Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front

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In 1937, Canaris created a new office of air intelligence in the

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service) from 1935 to 1944. Canaris was initially a supporter of

357: 3427:; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.). 1360:

with 200 Polish Jews inside. Moreover, he received reports from

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agents were arrested in civilian clothes, they were subject to

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On 20 July 1920, Canaris became admiral's staff officer at the

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Wilhelm Canaris: Lehrjahre eines Geheimdienstchefs (1905–1934)

3003: 1672:, just weeks before the end of the European war. According to 1120:, which wanted to use the crisis as an excuse for executing a 1047:

One month before Hitler's annexation of Austria, known as the

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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

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Execution Site of 20 July 1944 Plot (Nazi Germany Resistance)

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and Mass Executions of Soviet Russian Prisoners of War". In

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In August 1910, he received his commission as a lieutenant.

3909:"A.k.a. "Dr. Rantzau": The Enigma of Major Nikolaus Ritter" 3535:(3). Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH: 274–291. 3078: 2907: 2462: 1530: 1233:

who had escaped from a prisoner-of-war camp in the British

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and Schellenberg. Some weeks later, Canaris was put under

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of the Austrian intelligence service as he could into the

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The Secret War: Spies, Ciphers, and Guerrillas, 1939–1945

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Wilhelm Canaris is portrayed in the Czechoslovakian film

1618:. Previous areas that had been the responsibility of the 1583:

to the German resistance members executed on 9 April 1945

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Canaris graduated from the Steinbart-Real High School in

3691:

D-Day Through German Eyes: How the Wehrmacht Lost France

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as the Allied forces advanced through Southern Germany.

4269:

Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps

4259:

Military personnel who died in Nazi concentration camps

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Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

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The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS

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in February 1944. Its functions were taken over by the

1084:

while he avoided those who were already Nazi converts.

907:, the head of the SS intelligence service known as the 3208:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 2883: 2820: 2796: 2772: 2745: 2661: 2618: 2510: 2450: 2411: 2339: 2144: 2018: 2006: 1958: 1946: 1087:

Canaris was disturbed by Hitler's intention to absorb

3653:. Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland & Company. 3166:

Altein, Rachel (2002). Eliezer Y. Zaklikovsky (ed.).

3063: 3027: 2955: 2709: 2399: 2279: 2267: 2093: 2069: 1970: 1934: 1898: 1322:, the former Vice-Chancellor of Austria, January 1941 4264:

Nazi-era German officials who resisted the Holocaust

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Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class

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The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement

3469:

Hitler's Spies: German Intelligence in World War II

2847: 2649: 2606: 2570: 2426: 2291: 2120: 2108: 2045: 1994: 1922: 4194:German military personnel who were court-martialed 4159:Military personnel from the Province of Westphalia 3830:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). 3750: 3608: 3466: 3338: 2967: 2673: 1886: 1874: 4179:People who died in Flossenbürg concentration camp 3710:"Chabad: Make Nazi Commander a Righteous Gentile" 3570:Canaris: The Life and Death of Hitler's Spymaster 2630: 1796: 4125: 3829: 3552:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3187:Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Betrayal 2249: 1782:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075406/fullcredits 1107: 4224:Executed conservatives in the German Resistance 3993:: German Military Intelligence in World War Two 3771: 3363:The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 3009: 1314:Canaris with the Hungarian Minister of Defence 881:Taking a position as the fortress commander at 705:, despite the rivalry between the two nations. 697:Canaris was fluent in six languages, including 4040:(1996). "The double life of Admiral Canaris". 1770:https://www.csfd.cz/film/8301-atentat/prehled/ 1768:See the following webpage in Czech/Slovakian: 952:Just a few weeks into his role as head of the 4209:Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I 3913:Center for the Study of Intelligence Bulletin 1591:, Hitler dismissed Canaris and abolished the 1475:agents who betrayed the mission. Because the 1399:. Canaris also worked to thwart the proposed 1028:to embargo arms to the warring factions, the 3915:(11). Center for the Study of Intelligence. 3674:(in German). Wachholtz Verlag. p. 216. 1619: 1608: 1598: 1592: 1356:, including the burning of the synagogue in 1225:whom Canaris knew from the First World War, 675:Eventually, he was sent to Spain, where, in 4012:Snow: the Double Life of a World War II Spy 3592:. New York and London: Palgrave Macmillan. 1433:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. 1374:(OKW, Supreme Command of the Armed Forces) 913:(SD) who was not well-disposed towards the 792:In the spring of 1924, Canaris was sent to 729:, Canaris helped organise the formation of 568:, Canaris began his naval education aboard 467:(1 January 1887 – 9 April 1945) was a 4279:People executed by Nazi Germany by hanging 3547: 3336: 2901: 2877: 2468: 64:1 January 1935 – 12 February 1944 31: 4111:Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Canaris 1570: 1421:, who passed information from him to the 4234:U-boat commanders (Imperial German Navy) 4093:"WWI U-boat commanders: Wilhelm Canaris" 3888:, 1987, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 3810: 3790: 3615:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3573:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3525: 3511:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3492:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3418: 3359: 3319:The Second World War: A Complete History 3301:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3296: 3222: 3148: 3132: 3120: 2913: 2829: 2790: 2492: 2237: 2153: 2039: 1574: 1446: 1325: 1309: 1191: 1066: 1007: 868: 712: 4204:Abwehr personnel killed in World War II 3791:Wichmann, Manfred (14 September 2014). 3648: 3566: 3506: 3487: 3445: 3315: 3184: 3096: 3084: 2937: 2925: 2889: 2802: 2778: 2766: 2751: 2715: 2552: 2540: 2516: 2456: 2420: 2405: 2345: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2102: 2087: 2075: 2063: 1988: 1976: 1940: 1916: 1868: 1851: 1834: 1817: 1096:, the Foreign Office's state secretary 4174:Extrajudicial killings in World War II 4126: 3861:(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1974) 3727: 3707: 3629: 3587: 3299:Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich 3165: 3108: 2973: 2961: 2528: 2480: 1648:an SS summary court, presided over by 789:, Canaris continued to work together. 517:Canaris was born on 1 January 1887 in 3688: 3399: 3380: 3341:The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 3277: 3260: 3241: 3225:A Spy at the Heart of the Third Reich 3072: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2997: 2985: 2949: 2865: 2739: 2727: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2624: 2612: 2564: 2504: 2444: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2225: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2138: 2114: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1964: 1952: 1928: 1904: 1880: 1805: 1556:to campaign for his recognition as a 1250:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener 4274:Protestants in the German Resistance 4169:Executed members of the 20 July plot 4090: 4010:Roberts, Madoc; West, Nigel (2011). 3748: 3667: 3632:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 3606: 3529:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 3464: 2853: 2841: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2432: 2357: 2297: 2213: 2126: 2051: 1892: 3873:, (New York, Harper and Row, 1975, 3832:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 3776:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 1624:were divided between Gestapo chief 1305: 735:paramilitary units to suppress the 485:and the Nazi regime. Following the 13: 3850: 3834:. New York: MacMillan Publishing. 3419:Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1968). "The 1694: 1172: 1012:South African Minister of Defence 632:for a prolonged period during the 605:in 1914, Canaris was serving as a 14: 4300: 4084: 4070:. Federal Bureau of Investigation 3772:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980). 3708:Wagner, Matthew (4 August 2009). 1991:, pp. 35, 38, 40, 42, 67–68. 1455:In June 1942, Canaris sent eight 1291:attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor 1026:signed an international agreement 846:movement and participated in the 708: 487:German invasion of Poland in 1939 4219:German people of Italian descent 4184:20th-century Freikorps personnel 4154:Military personnel from Dortmund 3431:. New York: Walker and Company. 1774: 1762: 1713:Wilhelm Canaris is portrayed by 1285:codenamed DUNN, Fritz Duquesne. 1181: 785:and the former Finance Minister 586:(Knight's Class) from President 316: 303: 290: 266: 253: 240: 3903:, 1951, Victor Gollanz, London. 3797:Lebendiges Museum Online (LEMO) 3206:U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis 3141: 1461:East Coast of the United States 1275:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3450:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 3261:Evans, Leslie (1 April 2014). 1670:Flossenbürg concentration camp 1581:Flossenbürg concentration camp 1273:become a double agent for the 1155:chose diplomacy over war. The 634:Battle of the Falkland Islands 596: 503:Flossenbürg concentration camp 428:Battle of the Falkland Islands 164:Flossenbürg concentration camp 1: 4244:World War I spies for Germany 3749:Watt, Donald Cameron (1989). 3149:Abshagen, Karl Heinz (1956). 1750: 1510:During Heydrich's posting in 1108:Munich Agreement and intrigue 755:for their involvement in the 512: 4229:Admirals of the Kriegsmarine 3548:MacDonnell, Francis (1995). 3446:Johnson, David Alan (2007). 3383:Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy 3366:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2483:, pp. 162–163, 166–167. 2250:Zentner & Bedürftig 1991 1790: 992:According to the biographer 727:German Revolution of 1918–19 721:(Naval Command Office), 1923 681:serving in the Mediterranean 647:anchored in Cumberland Bay, 7: 4115:20th Century Press Archives 3793:"Wilhelm Canaris 1887–1945" 3404:. New York: Penguin Press. 3189:. New York: Pegasus Books. 1403:, the German plan to seize 10: 4305: 3907:Fischer, Benjamin (2000). 3734:. New York: Random House. 3590:Aspects of the Third Reich 3490:Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis 3337:Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). 1710:is based on his biography. 1605:Reich Security Main Office 1550:Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn 1423:Polish government-in-exile 1371:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 1185: 1151:and French Prime Minister 1126:Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin 823:pre-Dreadnought battleship 628:that managed to evade the 4164:Executed military leaders 4056:10.1080/08850609608435318 3964:. New York: Harper, 2016. 3813:Who's Who in Nazi Germany 3811:Wistrich, Robert (1995). 3649:Stewart, William (2009). 3567:Mueller, Michael (2007). 3297:Gerwarth, Robert (2012). 3227:. New York: Grove Press. 3185:Bassett, Richard (2011). 972:. The enlargement of the 458: 443: 413: 350: 340: 332: 282: 232: 227: 217: 153: 118: 113: 109: 97: 78: 68: 57: 46: 42: 30: 23: 4239:Kapp Putsch participants 3946:, 2000, Goldman Verlag, 3689:Trigg, Jonathan (2019). 3630:Shirer, William (1990). 3360:Hoffmann, Peter (1977). 3322:. New York: Henry Holt. 3316:Gilbert, Martin (2004). 3280:The Third Reich in Power 3223:Delattre, Lucas (2006). 1755: 1736:Canaris is portrayed in 860:Night of the Long Knives 771:Marinestation der Ostsee 218:Cause of death 4149:Antisemitism in Germany 3815:. New York: Routledge. 3634:. New York: MJF Books. 3473:. New York: MacMillan. 3429:Anatomy of the SS State 3385:. New York: Doubleday. 3278:Evans, Richard (2006). 1780:View the cast on IMDB: 1664:, and military officer 601:By the outbreak of the 4214:German torture victims 3987:Paine, Lauran (1984). 3757:. New York: Pantheon. 3246:. New York: Scribner. 3153:. London: Hutchinson. 1620: 1609: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1571:Downfall and execution 1503:", who was in reality 1452: 1335: 1323: 1227:Fritz Joubert Duquesne 1197: 1072: 1017: 878: 722: 686:He ended the war as a 649:Robinson Crusoe Island 641:Battle of Más a Tierra 584:Order of the Liberator 495:clandestine opposition 433:Battle of Más a Tierra 194:49.734958°N 12.35577°E 140:Province of Westphalia 138:, Landkreis Dortmund, 4091:Helgason, Guðmundur. 3901:Chief of Intelligence 3884:Brown, Anthony Cave. 3728:Waller, John (1996). 3607:Rich, Norman (1973). 3507:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 3488:Kershaw, Ian (2001). 3400:Höhne, Heinz (2001). 3381:Höhne, Heinz (1979). 3282:. New York: Penguin. 3242:Duffy, Peter (2014). 1739:The Man Who Never Was 1578: 1467:. The mission was to 1450: 1334:'s funeral, June 1941 1329: 1313: 1195: 1104:and Admiral Canaris. 1070: 1024:(1936–1939), Germany 1011: 872: 716: 497:to the leadership of 479:military-intelligence 471:and the chief of the 465:Wilhelm Franz Canaris 333:Years of service 123:Wilhelm Franz Canaris 4014:. London: Biteback. 3668:Suhr, Heiko (2020). 3465:Kahn, David (1978). 3010:Wheeler-Bennett 1980 2815:Breitman et al. 2005 1720:The Eagle Has Landed 1431:Operation Barbarossa 1098:Ernst von Weizsäcker 1064:) on 13 March 1938. 802:Treaty of Versailles 777:, which was led by 535:Imperial German Navy 531:Konstantinos Kanaris 298:Imperial German Navy 222:Execution by hanging 4064:"Duquesne Spy Ring" 3865:Brown, Anthony Cave 3509:Hitler: A Biography 3170:. New York: Kehot. 3123:, pp. 252–255. 3087:, pp. 288–289. 3060:, pp. 486–487. 3048:, pp. 559–570. 3000:, pp. 553–554. 2940:, pp. 231–236. 2928:, pp. 226–231. 2916:, pp. 279–281. 2880:, pp. 131–133. 2868:, pp. 300–301. 2844:, pp. 173–174. 2730:, pp. 363–365. 2603:, pp. 102–103. 2591:, pp. 103–104. 2567:, pp. 311–312. 2555:, pp. 123–126. 2543:, pp. 160–162. 2507:, pp. 668–670. 2447:, pp. 646–653. 2396:, pp. 216–217. 2360:, pp. 231–232. 2324:, pp. 186–187. 2216:, pp. 228–229. 2204:, pp. 135–136. 2168:, pp. 131–132. 2141:, pp. 130–131. 1662:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 1654:Walter Huppenkothen 1616:Walter Schellenberg 1465:Operation Pastorius 1366:Province of Silesia 1149:Neville Chamberlain 1118:Hans Bernd Gisevius 1102:Erwin von Witzleben 775:Organisation Consul 757:Spartacist uprising 622:Maximilian von Spee 400:Swinemünde Fortress 199:49.734958; 12.35577 189: / 3714:The Jerusalem Post 1742:(1956), played by 1684:Erwin von Lahousen 1585: 1453: 1336: 1330:Canaris (left) at 1324: 1268:. He provided the 1252:in the sinking of 1229:. Duquesne was an 1198: 1073: 1051:, Canaris put the 1018: 879: 787:Matthias Erzberger 741:Russian Revolution 723: 671:in Great Britain. 643:, the immobilized 636:in December 1914. 626:East Asia Squadron 607:naval intelligence 588:Juan Vicente Gómez 144:Kingdom of Prussia 3870:Bodyguard of Lies 3857:Brissaud, André. 3822:978-0-41511-888-0 3764:978-0-67973-093-4 3741:978-0-67944-826-6 3700:978-1-4456-8931-9 3681:978-3-529-09551-1 3660:978-0-78643-809-9 3641:978-1-56731-163-1 3599:978-0-33335-273-1 3580:978-1-5911-4101-3 3559:978-0-19509-268-4 3518:978-0-393-06757-6 3499:978-0-39332-252-1 3457:978-0-78181-173-6 3438:978-0-00211-026-6 3425:Krausnick, Helmut 3411:978-0-14139-012-3 3373:978-0-26208-088-0 3329:978-0-80507-623-3 3308:978-0-30018-772-4 3289:978-0-14303-790-3 3253:978-1-4516-6795-0 3234:978-0-80214-231-3 3215:978-0-52161-794-9 3196:978-1-60598-450-6 3177:978-0-82660-683-9 2670:, pp. 44–45. 2627:, pp. 13–15. 2531:, pp. 56–58. 2495:, pp. 60–63. 2471:, pp. 70–71. 2264:, pp. 97–98. 2240:, pp. 84–85. 2090:, pp. 83–88. 2066:, pp. 55–65. 2027:, pp. 58–59. 2015:, pp. 56–87. 1967:, pp. 44–45. 1955:, pp. 37–38. 1907:, pp. 31–35. 1820:, pp. 63–65. 1728:The Assassination 1717:in the 1976 film 1660:, the theologian 1558:Righteous Gentile 1539:Lubavitcher Rebbe 1485:military tribunal 1346:committed by the 1266:Norden bomb-sight 1235:Imperial fortress 1188:Duquesne Spy Ring 1022:Spanish Civil War 910:Sicherheitsdienst 905:Reinhard Heydrich 719:Marinekommandoamt 609:officer on board 462: 461: 423:Battle of Coronel 4296: 4199:German Lutherans 4107: 4105: 4103: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4059: 4033: 4006: 3973:Wolfgang Mommsen 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927:on 17 April 2001 3923:. 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That has led 1442:Stewart Menzies 1401:Operation Felix 1389:Commissar Order 1308: 1299:J. Edgar Hoover 1246:Second Boer War 1211:Nikolaus Ritter 1190: 1184: 1175: 1173:Dutch War Scare 1110: 896: 749:Karl Liebknecht 711: 659:, and the crew 603:First World War 599: 521:(now a part of 515: 451: 409: 328: 317: 315: 304: 302: 291: 289: 278: 267: 265: 261:Weimar Republic 254: 252: 241: 239: 204: 202: 198: 196: 192: 191: 188: 183: 180: 178: 176: 175: 174: 162: 158: 134: 128: 126: 125: 124: 98: 87: 79: 63: 58: 38: 37:Canaris in 1940 26: 25:Wilhelm Canaris 17: 12: 11: 5: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4122: 4121: 4108: 4086: 4085:External links 4083: 4081: 4080: 4060: 4050:(3): 271–289. 4034: 4020: 4007: 4001: 3984: 3965: 3955: 3937: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3862: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3788: 3782: 3769: 3763: 3746: 3740: 3725: 3705: 3699: 3686: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3627: 3621: 3604: 3598: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3523: 3517: 3504: 3498: 3485: 3479: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3357: 3351: 3334: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3265:. Boryanabooks 3258: 3252: 3239: 3233: 3220: 3214: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3135:, p. 137. 3125: 3113: 3101: 3099:, p. 289. 3089: 3077: 3075:, p. 570. 3062: 3050: 3038: 3036:, p. 561. 3026: 3024:, p. 556. 3014: 3012:, p. 596. 3002: 2990: 2988:, p. 486. 2978: 2966: 2964:, p. 160. 2954: 2952:, p. 489. 2942: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2904:, p. 133. 2894: 2892:, p. 204. 2882: 2870: 2858: 2856:, p. 174. 2846: 2834: 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 224. 2795: 2793:, p. 526. 2783: 2781:, p. 542. 2771: 2756: 2754:, p. 520. 2744: 2742:, p. 364. 2732: 2720: 2708: 2706:, p. 361. 2696: 2694:, p. 224. 2684: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 101. 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2519:, p. 159. 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 148. 2449: 2437: 2435:, p. 234. 2425: 2423:, p. 149. 2410: 2398: 2386: 2384:, p. 216. 2374: 2372:, p. 215. 2362: 2350: 2348:, p. 114. 2338: 2336:, p. 187. 2326: 2314: 2312:, p. 213. 2302: 2300:, p. 231. 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2252:, p. 125. 2242: 2230: 2228:, p. 136. 2218: 2206: 2194: 2192:, p. 134. 2182: 2180:, p. 132. 2170: 2158: 2143: 2131: 2129:, p. 229. 2119: 2107: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2054:, p. 216. 2044: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1895:, p. 227. 1885: 1873: 1856: 1839: 1822: 1810: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1773: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1734: 1731: 1724: 1715:Anthony Quayle 1711: 1700:The 1954 film 1696: 1693: 1607:and led by SS- 1603:, part of the 1572: 1569: 1493:electric chair 1489:Washington, DC 1459:agents to the 1385:Erwin Lahousen 1376:Wilhelm Keitel 1349:Einsatzgruppen 1307: 1304: 1279:William Sebold 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1162:Hermann Göring 1130:Czechoslovakia 1109: 1106: 1089:Czechoslovakia 892:chief Captain 753:Rosa Luxemburg 710: 709:Interwar years 707: 651:and contacted 598: 595: 514: 511: 469:German admiral 460: 459: 456: 455: 445: 441: 440: 436: 435: 430: 425: 415: 411: 410: 408: 407: 402: 397: 390: 383: 376: 369: 362: 354: 352: 348: 347: 342: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 327: 326: 313: 300: 286: 284: 283:Branch/service 280: 279: 277: 276: 263: 250: 236: 234: 230: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 161:(aged 58) 155: 151: 150: 133:1 January 1887 122: 120: 116: 115: 111: 110: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 82: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 55: 54: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4301: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038:Waller, J. H. 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4021:9781849540933 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4002:0-7091-9628-8 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3981:0-04-940068-1 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3958:Hastings, Max 3956: 3953: 3952:3-442-15045-0 3949: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3899:Colvin, Ian. 3898: 3895: 3894:0-02-517390-1 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3879:1-58574-692-4 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3843: 3841:0-02-897500-6 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3783:0-333-06864-5 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3622:0-393-05454-3 3618: 3613: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3531:(in German). 3530: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3480:0-02-560610-7 3476: 3471: 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2724: 2718:, p. 58. 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2664: 2658:, p. 26. 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2615:, p. 13. 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2493:Hoffmann 1977 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2408:, p. 82. 2407: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2288:, p. 99. 2287: 2282: 2276:, p. 98. 2275: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2238:Gerwarth 2012 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2156:, p. 29. 2155: 2154:Wistrich 1995 2150: 2148: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2117:, p. 11. 2116: 2111: 2105:, p. 89. 2104: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2084: 2078:, p. 83. 2077: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2040:Wichmann 2014 2036: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2014: 2009: 2003:, p. 16. 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1979:, p. 59. 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1943:, p. 49. 1942: 1937: 1931:, p. 36. 1930: 1925: 1919:, p. 43. 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1883:, p. 17. 1882: 1877: 1871:, p. 23. 1870: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1854:, p. 21. 1853: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1837:, p. 20. 1836: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1674:Jürgen Stroop 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:Otto Thorbeck 1645: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1611:Brigadeführer 1606: 1601: 1595: 1590: 1582: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:court martial 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1377: 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Retrieved 3244:Double Agent 3243: 3224: 3205: 3186: 3167: 3150: 3142:Bibliography 3128: 3116: 3104: 3097:Bassett 2011 3092: 3085:Bassett 2011 3080: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2938:Bassett 2011 2933: 2926:Bassett 2011 2921: 2909: 2897: 2890:Johnson 2007 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2810: 2803:Bassett 2011 2798: 2786: 2779:Kershaw 2008 2774: 2769:, p. 8. 2767:Gilbert 2004 2752:Kershaw 2008 2747: 2735: 2723: 2716:Stewart 2009 2711: 2699: 2687: 2682:, p. 2. 2675: 2663: 2651: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2553:Kershaw 2001 2548: 2541:Bassett 2011 2536: 2524: 2517:Bassett 2011 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2457:Bassett 2011 2452: 2440: 2428: 2421:Bassett 2011 2406:Bassett 2011 2401: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2353: 2346:Bassett 2011 2341: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2293: 2286:Bassett 2011 2281: 2274:Bassett 2011 2269: 2262:Bassett 2011 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2103:Bassett 2011 2088:Bassett 2011 2083: 2076:Bassett 2011 2071: 2064:Mueller 2007 2059: 2047: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1989:Bassett 2011 1984: 1977:Bassett 2011 1972: 1960: 1948: 1941:Bassett 2011 1936: 1924: 1917:Bassett 2011 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1869:Mueller 2007 1852:Mueller 2007 1835:Mueller 2007 1818:Bassett 2011 1813: 1808:, p. 4. 1776: 1764: 1737: 1727: 1718: 1701: 1682: 1678: 1666:Ludwig Gehre 1646: 1641:20 July plot 1637:Georg Hansen 1634: 1630:house arrest 1586: 1579:Memorial at 1534: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1509: 1497: 1476: 1472: 1456: 1454: 1436:The head of 1435: 1427:Allen Dulles 1416: 1411: 1409: 1396: 1394: 1381: 1369: 1361: 1347: 1337: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1214: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1176: 1166: 1142: 1138: 1121: 1111: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1030:Nationalists 1019: 1014:Oswald Pirow 997: 991: 986: 981: 973: 969: 966: 957: 953: 951: 946: 941: 937: 935: 931:Erich Raeder 926: 922: 920: 914: 908: 887: 880: 852: 843: 840: 835: 832:Adolf Hitler 826: 819: 810:Phoebus Film 806: 791: 768: 765: 761:Gustav Noske 730: 724: 718: 696: 685: 673: 656: 644: 638: 612: 600: 592: 578: 571: 555: 516: 507:high treason 499:Nazi Germany 491: 483:Adolf Hitler 477:(the German 472: 464: 463: 438:World War II 414:Battles/wars 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 324:Kriegsmarine 311:Reichsmarine 274:Nazi Germany 172:Nazi Germany 159:(1945-04-09) 157:9 April 1945 104:Georg Hansen 99:Succeeded by 59: 50: 18: 4139:1945 deaths 4134:1887 births 3109:Shirer 1990 2974:Wagner 2009 2962:Altein 2002 2529:Waller 1996 2481:Müller 1985 1708:O. E. Hasse 1501:Jade Amicol 1463:as part of 1244:during the 1145:Sudetenland 1094:Ludwig Beck 1058:Schuschnigg 1038:Republicans 1020:During the 994:Heinz Höhne 897: [ 856:Werner Best 848:Kapp Putsch 725:During the 597:World War I 551:Lutheranism 547:Catholicism 418:World War I 197: / 168:Flossenbürg 88: [ 80:Preceded by 4128:Categories 3971:edited by 3159:B001CD7LTW 3073:Höhne 1979 3058:Höhne 2001 3046:Höhne 1979 3034:Höhne 1979 3022:Höhne 1979 2998:Höhne 1979 2986:Höhne 2001 2950:Höhne 1979 2866:Trigg 2019 2740:Höhne 1979 2728:Höhne 1979 2704:Höhne 1979 2692:Duffy 2014 2680:Duffy 2014 2668:Duffy 2014 2656:Duffy 2014 2644:Evans 2014 2625:Duffy 2014 2613:Duffy 2014 2565:Höhne 1979 2505:Evans 2006 2445:Evans 2006 2394:Höhne 1979 2382:Höhne 1979 2370:Höhne 1979 2334:Höhne 1979 2322:Höhne 1979 2310:Höhne 1979 2226:Höhne 1979 2202:Höhne 1979 2190:Höhne 1979 2178:Höhne 1979 2166:Höhne 1979 2139:Höhne 1979 2115:Evans 2006 2025:Höhne 1979 2013:Höhne 1979 2001:Höhne 1979 1965:Höhne 1979 1953:Höhne 1979 1929:Höhne 1979 1905:Höhne 1979 1881:Höhne 1979 1806:Höhne 1979 1751:References 1744:Wolf Frees 1600:Ausland-SD 1567:memorial. 1562:Yad Vashem 1344:war crimes 1332:Wilhelm II 1221:living in 1114:Hans Oster 1100:, General 1077:Hans Oster 1036:, and the 883:Swinemünde 703:Royal Navy 692:Iron Cross 639:After the 630:Royal Navy 527:Westphalia 513:Early life 448:Iron Cross 233:Allegiance 203: ( 184:12°21′21″E 181:49°44′06″N 129:1887-01-01 73:Hans Oster 4289:War scare 4102:18 August 4030:751861321 3921:606543265 2854:Rich 1973 2842:Rich 1973 2601:Watt 1989 2589:Watt 1989 2577:Watt 1989 2433:Kahn 1978 2358:Kahn 1978 2298:Kahn 1978 2214:Kahn 1978 2127:Kahn 1978 2052:Suhr 2020 1893:Kahn 1978 1791:Citations 1706:starring 1658:Karl Sack 1565:Holocaust 1405:Gibraltar 1294:States". 1256:Hampshire 1254:HMS 1231:Afrikaner 1219:spymaster 1207:Hauptmann 1049:Anschluss 1032:, led by 877:, 1924–31 864:Wehrmacht 844:Freikorps 836:Schlesien 827:Schlesien 737:communist 732:Freikorps 611:SMS 577:SMS 570:SMS 519:Aplerbeck 394:Schlesien 336:1905–1944 136:Aplerbeck 60:In office 3541:30197746 1469:sabotage 669:Plymouth 661:scuttled 558:Duisburg 523:Dortmund 351:Commands 47:5th 4117:of the 4113:in the 4068:History 3802:21 July 3719:22 July 3151:Canaris 1730:(1964). 1703:Canaris 1560:by the 1352:of the 1277:(FBI), 1242:Bermuda 1042:Vickers 962:Gestapo 699:English 665:Spanish 657:Dresden 645:Dresden 613:Dresden 345:Admiral 4028: 4018: 3999: 3991:Abwehr 3979: 3950: 3919: 3892: 3877: 3838: 3819: 3780: 3761: 3738: 3697: 3678: 3657: 3638: 3619: 3596: 3577: 3556: 3539: 3515: 3496: 3477: 3454: 3435: 3408: 3389: 3370: 3349: 3326: 3305: 3286: 3250: 3231: 3212: 3193: 3174: 3157: 1621:Abwehr 1594:Abwehr 1543:Warsaw 1535:Abwehr 1524:Zürich 1520:Abwehr 1516:Abwehr 1512:Prague 1477:Abwehr 1473:Abwehr 1457:Abwehr 1412:Abwehr 1397:Abwehr 1362:Abwehr 1358:Będzin 1340:Warsaw 1270:Abwehr 1238:colony 1215:Abwehr 1202:Abwehr 1167:Abwehr 1122:putsch 1082:Abwehr 1053:Abwehr 998:Abwehr 987:Abwehr 982:Abwehr 974:Abwehr 970:Abwehr 958:Abwehr 954:Abwehr 947:Abwehr 942:Abwehr 938:Abwehr 927:Abwehr 923:Abwehr 915:Abwehr 889:Abwehr 688:U-boat 677:Madrid 579:Bremen 474:Abwehr 444:Awards 405:Abwehr 387:UB-128 321: 308: 295: 271: 258: 245: 69:Deputy 51:Abwehr 3537:JSTOR 1756:Notes 1652:with 1547:Rabbi 1483:by a 901:] 798:Japan 794:Osaka 743:into 653:Chile 572:Stein 539:Corfu 525:) in 366:UC-27 92:] 4104:2016 4076:2016 4026:OCLC 4016:ISBN 3997:ISBN 3989:The 3977:ISBN 3948:ISBN 3933:2016 3917:OCLC 3890:ISBN 3875:ISBN 3836:ISBN 3817:ISBN 3804:2016 3778:ISBN 3759:ISBN 3736:ISBN 3721:2016 3695:ISBN 3676:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3636:ISBN 3617:ISBN 3594:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3554:ISBN 3513:ISBN 3494:ISBN 3475:ISBN 3452:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3406:ISBN 3387:ISBN 3368:ISBN 3347:ISBN 3324:ISBN 3303:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3271:2016 3248:ISBN 3229:ISBN 3210:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3172:ISBN 3155:ASIN 1531:Jews 1318:and 1116:and 751:and 616:, a 566:Kiel 505:for 380:U-34 373:U-47 359:U-38 341:Rank 154:Died 119:Born 4119:ZBW 4052:doi 1541:in 1487:in 1438:MI6 1240:of 1134:MI6 624:'s 549:to 4130:: 4095:. 4066:. 4046:. 4024:. 3960:. 3942:, 3911:. 3881:.) 3867:. 3795:. 3712:. 3533:18 3065:^ 2822:^ 2759:^ 2632:^ 2413:^ 2146:^ 2095:^ 2032:^ 1859:^ 1842:^ 1825:^ 1798:^ 1545:, 1440:, 1407:. 1354:SS 1281:. 989:. 960:, 899:de 850:. 838:. 817:. 796:, 763:. 553:. 170:, 166:, 146:, 142:, 90:de 4106:. 4078:. 4058:. 4054:: 4048:9 4032:. 4005:. 3983:. 3954:. 3935:. 3896:. 3844:. 3825:. 3806:. 3786:. 3767:. 3744:. 3723:. 3703:. 3684:. 3663:. 3644:. 3625:. 3602:. 3583:. 3562:. 3543:. 3521:. 3502:. 3483:. 3460:. 3441:. 3414:. 3395:. 3376:. 3355:. 3332:. 3311:. 3292:. 3273:. 3256:. 3237:. 3218:. 3199:. 3180:. 3161:. 2976:. 2646:. 2042:. 1746:. 1723:. 207:) 131:) 127:(

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