Flossenbürg concentration camp

283: 497: 1148: 1136: 1023:, where, on 19 or 20 April, about 750 of the Jewish prisoners were stranded after another aerial attack disabled the locomotive. The SS murdered any prisoners who were unable to continue the march on foot. After the liberation, 140 corpses were found in a nearby field; some of the victims had been killed in the air raid, while others had been murdered. One prisoner testified that "The SS men joked and laughed during the shooting ... the prisoners were led in groups of 15–20, they had to lie on the ground and were shot in the nape". The survivors were divided into columns 100-strong and marched through heavy rain and mud. Many were ill with fever, but anyone unable to keep up was shot on the spot. At 582: 1124: 988: 855:; the switch to armaments production in 1943 led to a decrease in the death rate. Prisoners also suffered from a shortage of fresh water, due to the elevation, and unusually cold and wet weather; their clothing was not adequate for these conditions. The main camp, situated in a narrow valley, had little room for expansion. Originally constructed for only 1,500 prisoners, the population of the main camp increased to between 10,000 and 11,000 before it was evacuated in April 1945. In order to increase productivity, the prisoners were forced to sleep and work in shifts. This also helped alleviate the chronic overcrowding in the barracks. 1000:

from the rest and ordered to assemble. Eight SS men guarded each column of 100 prisoners. When they reached the railway station, 4 miles (6.4 km) distant, they were loaded into closed and open freight cars, 60 to 75 each. The train was strafed by United States aircraft soon after setting out, causing the guards to flee temporarily. Many prisoners were injured or killed; others rummaged for food that the SS guards had left behind. After the raid, the guards returned and shot injured prisoners. The total number of deaths was several dozen, increasing in the next two days as the prisoners were not provided with food or water.

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which was suitable for architectural purposes. Production gradually increased during 1940, but remained constant in 1941. Initially all work was done by manual labor; prisoners worked alongside civilian laborers and performed the most arduous and dangerous tasks. Accidents led to many deaths. Beginning in 1940 and 1941, machines were introduced to increase efficiency. In mid-1939, the quarries became the main use of labor in the camp and the following year they consumed half of the total labor, which was valued at 367,000

1057:, who was involved in negotiations between Himmler and the Allies, visited Flossenbürg on 17 April and attempted to persuade Koegel not to evacuate the camp. A telegram from Himmler the next day repeated the order not to let any prisoner fall into enemy hands. On 19 April, some 25,000 to 30,000 remaining prisoners in Flossenbürg and its subcamps were ordered to evacuate to Dachau. About 16,000 prisoners actually set out, and only a few thousand reached their destination. The prisoners were transported by rail to 461:, who presided over an era in which the camp became an economically productive center for granite quarrying, and increasingly deadly for its prisoners. With the first barracks complete, in 1939 work began on an internal jail, guard towers, a washing facility, and a sewer system. In April 1939, the economic productivity of the camp led to Pohl ordering the camp to be expanded to fit 3,000 prisoners. To build additional barracks, terraces had to be cut into the hillsides, an arduous task that led to many injuries. 1215: 3488: 1035: 1170: 1253: 549:" who lacked the ability to manage the camp during its rapid expansion. Continuing influxes of political prisoners from occupied countries caused Germans to become a minority that same year. During 1944, Flossenbürg's population expanded almost eightfold, from 4,869 to 40,437, due to a high influx of mainly non-German prisoners. This was part of an expansion that applied over the entire Nazi concentration camp system. 3498: 3268: 45: 1194:

1947, all pleaded not guilty. Thirty-three of the defendants were low-ranking SS members, sixteen were former prisoner functionaries, and two were civilians. Charges against seven were dropped and five were found not guilty. Of the remainder of the defendants, fifteen received death sentences, eleven life sentences, and the remainder jail terms of varying length.

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had arrived. Because of its location near the border of the Protectorate, Flossenbürg was the destination for evacuation transports from Buchenwald concentration camp when the Allies neared the camp in mid-April. At least 6,000 prisoners from Buchenwald arrived at Flossenbürg between 16 and 20 April; many of the Jews were sent on to the

1233:. During the following decades, much of the camp was built over or repurposed. For example, the former prisoner laundry and kitchen were used commercially until the 1990s. The Flossenbürg camp quarry is on land owned by the Bavarian state government but is currently leased to a private company. The lease expires in 2024, and the 1040: 1039: 1036: 1041: 922:

The rate of executions increased during the final months of the camp. The SS liquidated prisoners who they suspected might try to escape or organize resistance; most of the victims were Russians. Some of them were high-profile prisoners who had been kept alive previously for interrogation. During the

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Due to increased mortality from the harsh conditions, the SS ordered the construction of an on-site crematorium, which was completed in May 1940. Executions by shooting began at Flossenbürg on 6 February 1941; the first victims were Polish political prisoners. Victims were separated after the evening

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in January 1940 that shut down work at the camp, and typhus epidemics in September 1944 and January 1945 claimed many lives. The total number of prisoners who passed through Flossenbürg and its subcamps has been estimated at 89,964 or over 100,000. About 30,000 of the prisoners died at Flossenbürg or

866:

The prisoners were chronically undernourished and disease was rampant. Conditions differed based on a prisoner's status and race. Polish and Soviet prisoners occupied the lowest rungs on the prisoner hierarchy, being put on the most physically demanding work details and allocated less food than other

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in April. In order to cope with the disorder, he founded a camp police force composed of ethnic German prisoners, mostly criminals. These prisoners mistreated non-German prisoners. During the last months of the camp's existence, many of the prisoners were idle because no raw materials for their work

429:, establishing the camp. More prisoners arrived from Dachau on 9 and 16 May; Himmler visited the camp on 16 May with Pohl, indicating that the SS considered it an important project. The SS attempted to segregate prisoners incarcerated for criminal offences at Flossenbürg because forced labor in the 859:

Many of the criminal functionaries sexually abused young male prisoners, causing the commandant to isolate teenage boys in separate barracks. The SS hierarchy was also known for corruption and brutality. Prisoners were mistreated in various ways, from being beaten or doused with cold water to being

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The first memorial on the site was set up in 1946, and the cemetery was added during the 1950s. A small exhibition was opened in 1985, and a permanent museum opened in what had been the laundry room in 2007. A second exhibition has existed since 2010 in the prisoner kitchen. A list of the names of

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of the charges against the defendants, but a War Crimes Board of Review found that the perjury had not affected the outcome of the trial. Two of the defendants who had received death sentences had their sentences reduced on appeal. The remaining death sentences were carried out on 3 and 15 October

858:

The prisoner functionaries at Flossenbürg were unusually brutal and corrupt because the positions had been taken by criminal prisoners even though overall only about 5% of prisoners had been classified as criminal. The final camp elder, Anton Uhl, was beaten to death by prisoners after liberation.

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Three quarries were operational by the end of 1938, and a fourth opened in April 1941. All four quarries were located near the main camp, and the total planned output was 12,000 cubic metres (420,000 cu ft) annually. The stone was average quality blue-gray and yellow-gray granite, 90% of

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ordered all of the camps to be evacuated: "Not a single prisoner must fall alive into enemy hands". As soon as he received the order, Koegel sent some families of SS men away and prepared to evacuate the camp. At 5 am on 16 April, the 1,700 Jewish prisoners at Flossenbürg main camp were separated

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by hanging shortly after being captured by the Americans in 1946. After a year of pretrial investigation, the United States charged Becker and fifty other defendants on 14 May 1946. The defendants, who were tried before a United States military court at Dachau between 12 June 1946 and 22 January

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aircraft at Flossenbürg. Under the terms of the deal, Messerschmitt would provide skilled technicians, raw materials, and tools, paying DEST 3 Reichsmarks per day for a skilled laborer and 1.5 Reichsmarks per day for an unskilled prisoner. Thus, Messerschmitt could increase its profit margin by

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The new prisoners had to construct the camp themselves, beginning with the barbed wire fence; this was initially the main use of forced labor. While performing this heavy and dangerous work, the prisoners lived in makeshift structures. Simultaneously, hundreds of prisoners had to work in the

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liberated the main camp on 23 April and found 1,527 ill and weak prisoners in the camp hospital; more than 100 prisoners had died in the preceding three days. Despite the efforts of American medics, only 1,208 prisoners survived the immediate aftermath of liberation. Initially, the American

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The number of Polish prisoners increased sharply in 1941; on 23 January, 600 arrived from Auschwitz. In mid-October 1941, 1,700 to 2,000 Soviet prisoners of war arrived at Flossenbürg as part of a massive transfer of Soviet prisoners to the SS camp system. In poor condition due to their

520:. The vast majority of the new foreign prisoners were incarcerated due to their opposition to the Nazi regime; a few of them were Jews. Most of the Jewish political prisoners were executed or died shortly after arriving from mistreatment. The last twelve surviving Jews were deported to 819:". Seven hundred Soviet prisoners who had been working at the Regensburg factory were transferred to Flossenbürg to continue working on Bf 109 production. Increased production at Flossenbürg was essential to restoring production in the aftermath of the attack. Aircraft manufacturer 1038: 1327:, the "criminal" prisoners at concentration camps needed to be isolated from society because they had committed offenses of a sexual or violent nature. In fact, most of the criminal prisoners were working-class men who had resorted to petty theft to support their families. 872:

during its evacuation, the main causes of death were malnutrition and disease. Between 13,000 and 15,000 prisoners died at the main camp and more than 10,000 at the satellite camps. An estimated three-quarters of the deaths occurred in the nine months before liberation.

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Siegert, Toni (1979). "Das Konzentrationslager Flossenbürg: Gegründet für sogenannte Asoziale und Kriminelle" [Flossenbürg concentration camp: Founded for so-called anti-socials and criminals]. In Broszat, Martin; Fröhlich, Elke; Wiesemann, Falk (eds.).

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1947 or 1948. Between December 1950 and December 1951, the remaining twenty-six prisoners had their sentences reviewed. Most were commuted to time served or a shorter term. The last prisoner was paroled in 1957 and had his sentence remitted on 11 June 1958.

727:, DEST managed to secure permission to keep many of its quarries open into 1944. At Flossenbürg, the company maintained strong control over the economic enterprises of the camp, despite the fact that this aspect was supposed to be under the control of the 345:, for the establishment of a concentration camp due to the quarries of blue-gray granite located nearby. Unlike all other Nazi concentration camps to date, which were near rail junctions and population centers, the camp was to be located in the remote 562:

recruits after 1942. The number of guards increased sixfold during 1944 and reached 4,500 by the time the camp was evacuated. Due to manpower shortages, fit young guards were called up for front-line service and many older men, members of the

722:

The first quarry shut down in May 1943 and its workers were reassigned to arms production, but half of the prisoner labor was still going to the quarries. Although civilian production was being scaled back in order to reorient the economy to

707:. For example, it produced 2,898 cubic metres (102,300 cu ft) of stone in 1939, almost three-quarters of the total production that year. The largest buyer of Flossenbürg granite was Albert Speer's office for the reconstruction of 1625: 370:

Flossenbürg was a poor rural area, with about 1,200 inhabitants who mostly worked on the quarries, which had existed since the 19th century. The local economy, especially the stone industry, was negatively impacted by the new border with

2388: 516:. These prisoners, who were the first political prisoners at Flossenbürg, were moved back to Dachau in March 1940. The first foreign prisoners were transferred to the camp by the Gestapo in April, including Czech student protestors and 889:

roll call and read their sentences. After a night in the camp jail, they were shot at the firing range adjacent to the crematorium. After a mass execution of 80 Polish prisoners on 8 September, the execution method was changed to

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mass killings toured several concentration camps to select ill inmates to be transported to euthanasia centers; they visited Flossenbürg in March 1942. Thousands of prisoners who were worn out by forced labor were sent to

1077:. Many prisoners remained in the town from 20–22 April, when the SS guards deserted. The United States Army arrived in the area on 23 April and found 2,500 surviving prisoners. Many others were liberated on the road to 1094:

authorities ordered the bodies to be burned in the camp crematorium, but after protests from the survivors, held a funeral for 21 former prisoners on 3 May. Some of Flossenbürg's eastern subcamps, located east of the

784:, the conversion of Flossenbürg to armaments production was especially significant because it had been the most profitable DEST enterprise. The number of prisoners working for Messerschmitt increased greatly after the 1084:

At many of Flossenbürg's subcamps, the SS massacred sick Jewish prisoners before evacuating. Including these massacres, the death marches cost the lives of about 7,000 prisoners from Flossenbürg and its subcamps. The

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which produced aircraft wings, in January 1944. Despite strict regulations forbidding contact, the German civilian workers came into contact with prisoners and some helped by providing extra food or other assistance.

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in a specialized workshop; their numbers reached 1,200 by December 1942. The prisoners were instructed by civilian experts in a ten-week course covering both practical and theoretical topics but watched carefully by

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while non-Jewish prisoners remained at Flossenbürg. On 14 April, the population of Flossenbürg and its subcamps was 45,800, including 16,000 women. The main camp's population peaked at between 10,000 and 11,000.

682:. Those who failed to advance were sent to work in the quarries, while those whose productivity improved were given cigarettes and extra food. The stone that they cut was used for construction of the camp, the 4097: 957:

A total of 12,000 prisoners in seventeen transports arrived at Flossenbürg in late 1944 and early 1945, causing the camp to fall into a state of disarray. The first of these prisoners had been evacuated from

4058: 966:; of 3,000 on one transport, only 1,000 arrived alive. The influx of prisoners caused conditions to worsen and the death rate to increase dramatically: 3,370 prisoners died between mid-January and 13 April. 1188:

Friedrich Becker, the head of the labor department at Flossenbürg, had signed most of the transport lists and was considered the most important perpetrator by the American prosecutors; Koegel had committed

1037: 915:. One transport from Flossenbürg to Auschwitz arrived on 5 December 1943 with more than 250 of the 948 prisoners dead. By 18 February, only 393 survived. Women unable to work were often deported to 851:

Ten percent of the deaths at Flossenbürg occurred before 1943. The quarries caused the death rate to be higher at Flossenbürg than at camps with less physically demanding industries, such as

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Evacuation of non-Jewish prisoners began on 17 April, when 2,000 prisoners left on foot, arriving at Dachau on 23 April. This group consisted of longtime Flossenbürg prisoners, a group from

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reducing labor costs, while DEST could reduce its administrative costs by acting as a manpower agency. In mid-January 1943, DEST accepted the offer; production started in early February.

5686: 609:. Initially, the subcamps were not involved in armaments production, which changed in the second half of 1944 due to a large influx of available prisoners and the activities of the 3661: 5713: 4107: 3423: 962:

in summer 1944. In early 1945, 2,000 prisoners were sent to Flossenbürg during the evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp. 9,500 prisoners arrived after the evacuation of

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due to complaints from local residents of blood and body parts washing up in nearby streams. The primary victims were Polish political prisoners and Soviet prisoners of war.

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was one of the most important armaments companies that demonstrated interest in acquiring the slave labor of concentration camp prisoners, opening negotiations with DEST via

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s dispersal of aircraft production spurred the expansion of the subcamp system in 1944 and resulted in the establishment of the two largest of the subcamps, at Hersbruck and

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Of the five prewar concentration camps where economic industries were prominent, Flossenbürg was the one that was most significant and consistent in producing income for

5348: 4148: 1135: 626:. In the second half of 1944, 45 new camps were created, compared to three camps in the previous six months. The staffing of these new camps was increasingly filled by 3137: 1147: 5886: 3281: 2803: 1635: 2398: 266:

in April 1945, 89,964 to 100,000 prisoners passed through Flossenbürg and its subcamps. Around 30,000 died from malnutrition, overwork, executions, or during the

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toured southern Germany, searching for a site for a new camp that would meet the SS' specifications. On 24 March 1938, they chose a site near the small town of

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production or repairing railways. Before the end of the war, about 18,000 prisoners at Flossenbürg and its subcamps were working on aviation-related projects.

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attacks in order to justify a German declaration of war. Several prisoners from Flossenbürg and other concentration camps were secretly transferred to a

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The Flossenbürg camp system had become a key supplier of Bf 109 parts by February 1944, when Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant was bombed again during "

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During 1942, the focus of the SS shifted towards war production, leading to negotiations with arms manufacturers to license their products to DEST.

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ordered the founding of new concentration camps to expand the SS economic empire. The SS intended to exploit the slave labor of prisoners to quarry

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was considered a particularly harsh punishment. Most of the prisoners at Flossenbürg were classified as criminal, with some "asocial" and a few

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As there was not enough space in the infirmary for all of the sick prisoners, commandant Max Koegel ordered hundreds of sick prisoners sent to

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on 17 August 1943. That month, 800 prisoners worked for Messerschmitt; a year later, 5,700 prisoners were employed in armaments production.

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last days of the camp's existence, the SS executed thirteen Allied secret agents and seven prominent German anti-Nazis, including former

5378: 4305: 4102: 3830: 1341: 728: 434: 220: 5866: 3685: 3491: 4053: 4601: 3680: 959: 556:. As with other concentration camps, guards initially consisted of SS men from Germany and Austria, whose ranks were augmented with 538:, they spent several months recovering before they were deemed fit to work. They were accommodated in a special, cordoned-off area. 5906: 5452: 4901: 3933: 3332: 541:

By February 1943, Flossenbürg had 4,004 prisoners, not including the Soviet prisoners of war. From April 1943, the commandant was

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at Flossenbürg went through on 31 March, SS guards arrived in April, and on 3 May 1938, a transport of 100 prisoners arrived from

282: 5800: 5321: 5049: 4444: 4395: 4213: 4063: 3737: 2923: 4625: 3732: 3527: 3027:

Skriebeleit, Jörg (2007). "Flossenbürg Hauptlager" [Flossenbürg Main Camp]. In Benz, Wolfgang; Distel, Barbara (eds.).

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Any man suspected of "lewd and lascivious" behavior with another man could be arrested and sent to a concentration camp under

3225: 3194: 3171: 3081: 3059: 3040: 2992: 2973: 2950: 2931: 2902: 1027:, the death march joined up with the larger one of non-Jewish prisoners. Another group of Jewish evacuees continued towards 270:. Some of those responsible for these deaths, including administrators, guards, and others, were tried and convicted in the 5901: 5005: 4423: 4263: 3974: 3887: 2536: 719:) project, beginning in 1940. Increasing amounts of stone were used for road building; 15% in 1939 but 60% the next year. 5810: 5643: 5288: 4751: 4491: 606: 586: 496: 3449: 4839: 4038: 2579: 785: 3766: 3615: 3400: 1310:

The asocial category was for people who did not "fit into the mythical national community", in the words of historian

576: 4620: 4365: 4173: 3897: 3778: 3720: 3579: 3520: 3249: 517: 4635: 3761: 1286: 916: 5406: 4863: 4640: 4581: 4556: 4345: 4273: 3825: 3773: 3634: 3574: 1276: 1266: 635: 446: 248: 4484: 4479: 3627: 3433: 3205: 1237:

is attempting to prevent the lease from being renewed so that the quarry can be incorporated into the memorial.

5301: 5114: 4576: 3756: 3749: 3713: 3622: 3591: 3557: 3472: 3418: 5276: 5773: 5613: 4776: 4630: 4611: 4591: 4561: 4454: 3942: 3744: 3725: 3704: 3656: 3586: 3567: 3428: 2868: 1281: 799:, a subcontractor of Messerschmitt, established Flossenbürg subcamps to support its production: a subcamp at 623: 450: 4683: 239:. The camp's initial purpose was to exploit the forced labor of prisoners for the production of granite for 5638: 5201: 4829: 4698: 4673: 4551: 3841: 3835: 3790: 3697: 3562: 3408: 1291: 1271: 704: 581: 521: 323: 255:, the camp's numbers swelled with political prisoners from outside Germany. It also developed an extensive 136: 5271: 3325: 638:, for the subcamps containing female prisoners. By April 1945, 80% of the prisoners were at the subcamps. 5891: 5820: 5805: 5706: 5552: 5476: 4688: 4645: 4606: 4506: 4340: 4206: 3986: 3785: 3692: 1201:

following a petition by the nephew of a defendant. One was convicted and the other acquitted, leading to

4798: 2589: 2549: 5871: 5678: 5557: 5527: 5446: 5363: 5196: 4834: 4732: 4693: 4650: 4586: 4459: 4335: 3797: 3644: 3603: 1050: 4112: 987: 256: 5316: 5131: 4678: 4655: 4566: 4428: 4280: 4268: 4255: 3991: 3809: 3673: 3598: 3206:"Kaddish in Flossenbürg. On the Genesis of the Memorials to Jewish Victims of the Concentration Camp" 509: 469: 426: 384: 267: 1568: 5795: 5750: 5296: 5076: 4615: 4596: 4543: 4527: 4474: 4469: 4380: 4370: 4360: 4312: 4295: 4285: 4250: 4245: 4240: 3708: 3668: 3543: 2816: 693: 5221: 4048: 843: 488:

where they were shot and hacked; photographs were taken as "proof" of a Polish attack on Germany.

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in February 1942 to provide forced labor to a mining company. Many of them were located in the

307: 5010: 763: 407: 355: 274:. The camp was repurposed for other uses before the opening of a memorial and museum in 2007. 5733: 5358: 5311: 4975: 4726: 4130: 4003: 2962:

The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy

1234: 1226: 1028: 975: 794: 346: 399:; it was the first occasion that economic considerations had determined the site of a camp. 5696: 5633: 5216: 5000: 4891: 4869: 4764: 4759: 4740: 4085: 3892: 2913: 769: 657: 438: 376: 364: 252: 244: 5562: 3004:"The U.S. War Crimes Tribunals at the Former Dachau Concentration Camp: Lessons for Today" 3003: 880: 8: 5783: 5691: 5537: 5124: 4168: 938: 820: 485: 380: 4919: 4909: 1184: 5163: 5158: 4665: 3118:"Antwort auf Grünen-Anfrage: KZ-Steinbruch Flossenbürg könnte weiter verpachtet werden" 3069: 2985:

Forced Confrontation: The Politics of Dead Bodies in Germany at the End of World War II

2945:. Vol. 1. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 560–565. 1311: 1178: 1090: 1024: 1004: 800: 745: 505: 445:

quarries. The camp's population had increased to 1,500 following arrivals from Dachau,

361: 263: 182: 1314:. Nazi raids targeted homeless people and the mentally ill, as well as the unemployed. 1241:

more than 21,000 prisoners who died at the camp is available on the museum's website.

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Subcamps shown with pre–World War II and current Czech borders in medium gray and the

5768: 5628: 5459: 5373: 5340: 5254: 5071: 5037: 4012: 3245: 3221: 3190: 3189:] (in German). Regensburg: Mittelbayerische Druckerei- und Verlags-Gesellschaft. 3167: 3077: 3055: 3036: 2988: 2969: 2946: 2927: 2898: 1173:

Father Lelere, a former prisoner, testifies at the Flossenbürg Trial on 21 June 1946.

934: 413: 319: 240: 224: 193: 1061:, where they split into two groups. One of these traveled by foot and in trucks via 688:, and various SS military projects, but later on it was destined for the monumental 5745: 5723: 5542: 5532: 5261: 5249: 5231: 5168: 4143: 3466: 3213: 3015: 1324: 996: 890: 754: 627: 552:

By the end of 1943, the number of guards had increased to about 450, including 140

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eventually became one of the primary users of slave labor at the subcamps for the

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Investigation of Nazi war criminals at Flossenbürg began on 6 May 1945, when the

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Flossenbürg Concentration Camp 1938–1945: Catalogue of the Permanent Exhibition

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Huebner, Todd (2009). "Flossenbürg Main Camp". In Megargee, Geoffrey P. (ed.).

2890: 1258: 1214: 1066: 731:(SS-WHVA). In early 1944, 1,000 prisoners were still employed in the quarries. 689: 484:, poisoned, and dressed in Polish uniforms. On 31 August 1939, the bodies were 372: 236: 5109: 4929: 4043: 3217: 831:

among other locations. Other prisoners in the subcamps were forced to work on

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and five hundred SS women were recruited into the guard force at Flossenbürg.

5860: 5618: 5547: 5438: 5306: 5136: 5093: 4939: 4924: 4222: 4138: 3997: 3957: 3902: 3371: 3296: 3283: 1337: 1164: 1078: 1058: 1020: 970: 860: 832: 712: 558: 334: 302: 251:. Although originally intended for "criminal" and "asocial" prisoners, after 104: 223:. Unlike other concentration camps, it was located in a remote area, in the 5830: 4980: 4965: 4960: 4934: 4887: 4819: 4781: 4531: 3967: 3918: 3512: 1070: 824: 781: 553: 465: 392: 286: 70: 3460: 740: 611: 391:

local support. The construction of the camp was funded by a contract with

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During the second half of March 1938, a high-ranking SS commission led by

5836: 5353: 4970: 4824: 3928: 3865: 1054: 963: 904: 602: 330: 5825: 5660: 5433: 5211: 3387: 2808: 2806: 852: 777: 711:. Within this project the largest and most significant orders were for 674: 667: 542: 473: 457:, unexpectedly died. He was replaced by a former SS officer at Dachau, 388: 120: 3244:] (in German). Vol. 2. Munich: Oldenbourg. pp. 429–493. 1169: 5665: 5471: 4179: 3979: 3379: 3029:

Flossenbürg: das Konzentrationslager Flossenbürg und seine Außenlager

3019: 2965: 912: 898: 868: 804: 724: 697: 564: 526: 513: 512:

in order to clear the latter camp to train the first regiment of the

310:" and "criminal" prisoners, to create a slave labor force. SS leader 112: 5326: 1053:, and the survivors of the death march from Buchenwald. SS official 941:. In all, the SS had executed at least 2,500 people at Flossenbürg. 808: 5191: 4991: 1099: 1074: 908: 828: 816: 684: 546: 422: 3052:

Arming the Luftwaffe: The German Aviation Industry in World War II

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on 19 October 1942, pursuant to Himmler's order to make the Reich

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After the trial, two of the prosecution witnesses were tried for

1190: 1016: 1012: 594: 481: 477: 315: 228: 4191: 2922:. Vol. 1. Translated by Pallavicini, Stephen. Bloomington: 1062: 468:

in September 1939. During mid-1939, Nazi authorities planned to

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Aircraft factory at Flossenbürg, photographed after liberation

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population expanded threefold due to increased arrests by the

44: 5066: 2822: 1971: 1843: 545:, described by American historian Todd Huebner as "a vicious 3033:

Flossenbürg: Flossenbürg Concentration Camp and its Subcamps

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Konzentrationslager Flossenbürg in Geschichte und Gegenwart

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Fritz, Ulrich (2009). "Flossenbürg Subcamp System". In

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Regensburg by the end of 1942 to produce parts for the

243:. In 1943, the bulk of prisoners switched to producing 16:

Nazi concentration camp in Bavaria, Germany (1938–1945)

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The expansion of the camp led to the establishment of

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Map of the concentration camp from 2022 Knowledge Map

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Flossenbürg concentration camp in history and memory

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After liberation, Flossenbürg was used to hold Axis

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German civilians exhume mass grave at Schwarzenfeld.

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SS men (ethnic Germans from outside the Reich), and

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German civilians remove corpses from the main camp.

1073:, joining the earlier march of Jewish prisoners in 673:From November 1940, some prisoners were trained as 3340: 1665: 464:Fifty-five prisoners died before the outbreak of 158:Political prisoners, Jews, criminals, antisocials 5887:Monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism 5858: 1117:Former prisoners welcome the United States Army. 19:"Flossenbürg" redirects here. For the town, see 5359:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 1153:Funeral for prisoners who died after liberation 1081:, 34 kilometres (20 mi) to the southeast. 387:increased the demand for granite, earning the 320:monumental building projects in the Nazi style 5719:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 4207: 3528: 3326: 3210:Jewish Life and Culture in Germany after 1945 3074:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps 3542: 3115: 2943:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 2919:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 2852: 504:In September 1939, the SS transferred 1,000 5418:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 3212:. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 211–226. 3026: 2828: 2647: 2467: 2292: 2280: 2256: 2031: 1825: 1787: 1727: 1647: 1619: 1552: 1513: 803:, established in December 1943, to produce 786:bombing of Messerschmitt's Regensburg plant 4214: 4200: 3831:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 3535: 3521: 3333: 3319: 3180: 2399:1941 and After: Executions and Mass Murder 1636:1938: The Founding of the Flossenbürg Camp 1569:Before 1938: Flossenbürg — Site of Granite 1342:persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 847:Barracks at Flossenbürg concentration camp 729:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 221:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 3140:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3068: 2982: 2840: 2797: 2785: 2585: 2545: 2431: 2382: 2352: 2340: 2316: 2304: 2067: 1977: 1892: 1849: 1837: 1763: 1751: 1739: 1698: 1683: 1659: 1607: 1595: 1540: 1449: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1368: 734: 453:. In January 1939, the first commandant, 411:Gate of Flossenbürg with the Nazi slogan 326:(DEST), which had been founded in April. 3203: 1213: 1168: 1045:US Army newsreel filmed after liberation 1033: 986: 948: 879: 842: 744: 656: 597:, the first of which was established at 580: 495: 421:The order for the construction of eight 406: 281: 3234: 3181:Heigl, Peter; Omont, Bénédicte (1989). 2940: 2924:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2889: 2635: 2620: 2601: 2573: 2561: 2530: 2518: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2455: 2443: 2419: 2367: 2328: 2268: 2237: 2135: 2043: 1904: 1880: 1775: 1501: 1425: 807:for the Bf 109, and another subcamp at 259:that eventually outgrew the main camp. 247:fighter planes and other armaments for 5859: 3161: 3001: 2959: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2686: 2671: 2225: 2162: 2150: 2118: 2106: 2091: 2079: 2055: 2019: 2004: 1992: 1810: 1715: 1580: 1525: 1466: 1437: 437:; the criminals quickly took over the 271: 253:Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union 5583: 5404: 5035: 4526: 4525: 4195: 3516: 3314: 3136: 3116:Muggenthaler, Thomas (12 July 2018). 3049: 3008:Berkeley Journal of International Law 2911: 2897:. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 2659: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2177: 1965: 1953: 1936: 1919: 1671: 486:dumped at a border post in Hochlinden 5006:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 3497: 1158: 1003:The route proceeded by rail through 896:Doctors who had participated in the 867:prisoners. There was an epidemic of 5897:Nazi concentration camps in Germany 5811:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 607:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 587:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 296:During the first half of 1938, the 13: 5882:Monuments and memorials in Germany 5405: 3154: 2983:Mauriello, Christopher E. (2017). 14: 5918: 4221: 4174:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 3260: 960:Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp 5374:Polish leaders and intellectuals 4864:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 3826:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 3496: 3487: 3486: 3266: 1267:List of Nazi Concentration Camps 1251: 1221:(Valley of Death) with memorials 1209: 1181:appointed eleven investigators. 1146: 1134: 1122: 1110: 982: 863:during alleged escape attempts. 402: 235:and near the German border with 43: 5907:World War II museums in Germany 2817:A European Place of Remembrance 1330: 1129:Survivors suffering from typhus 944: 641: 577:List of subcamps of Flossenbürg 318:, which was in high demand for 262:Before it was liberated by the 5867:Flossenbürg concentration camp 5302:Attack on the twentieth convoy 5115:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 3473:The Men With the Pink Triangle 3342:Flossenbürg concentration camp 3273:Flossenbürg concentration camp 1317: 1304: 917:Ravensbrück concentration camp 1: 3103:. KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 1351: 875: 838: 277: 116:(September 1942 – April 1943) 5639:Jewish war conspiracy theory 4830:Extermination through labour 3842:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe 3836:German Earth and Stone Works 3138:"Persecution of Homosexuals" 1356: 995:On 14 April 1945, SS leader 605:or across the border in the 491: 385:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 324:German Earth and Stone Works 137:German Earth and Stone Works 7: 5902:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5821:Righteous Among the Nations 5036: 4507:Righteous Among the Nations 3987:Disciplinary and Penal Code 3383:(September 1942–April 1943) 2987:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 2865:KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 2813:KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 2395:KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 1632:KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 1565:KZ-Gedenkstätte Flossenbürg 1244: 884:The Flossenbürg crematorium 652: 570: 196:.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg 10: 5923: 5558:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 5528:Lithuanian Security Police 5447:Reich Security Main Office 4414:Evidence and documentation 2877: 1162: 1051:Ohrdruf concentration camp 738: 645: 574: 472:. It was decided to stage 231:, adjacent to the town of 150:3 May 1938 – 23 April 1945 100:(January 1939 – July 1942) 18: 5774:Books and other resources 5761: 5677: 5606: 5602: 5579: 5513: 5485: 5426: 5413: 5400: 5339: 5287: 5240: 5177: 5147: 5085: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5031: 4989: 4948: 4900: 4886: 4848: 4807: 4707: 4664: 4542: 4538: 4521: 4437: 4406: 4306:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 4233: 4229: 4161: 4081: 4074: 4031: 3939:Identification of inmates 3911: 3858: 3818: 3550: 3482: 3442: 3399: 3348: 3242:Bavaria in the Nazi State 3218:10.1515/9783110750812-014 1106:Liberation of Flossenbürg 1031:, arriving in early May. 518:Polish resistance members 219:built in May 1938 by the 188: 178: 170: 162: 154: 146: 132: 124:(April 1943 – April 1945) 92:(May 1938 – January 1939) 76: 66: 55: 49:The camp after liberation 42: 35: 30: 5364:People with disabilities 5297:Aid and Rescue Committee 3544:Nazi concentration camps 3367:(January 1939–July 1942) 3166:. Göttingen: Wallstein. 3054:. Jefferson: McFarland. 3002:Riedel, Durwood (2006). 2960:Jaskot, Paul B. (2002). 1297: 1098:, were liberated by the 694:Nazi party rally grounds 397:reconstruction of Berlin 5505:Order Police battalions 4149:Soviet prisoners of war 3881:SS construction brigade 3391:(April 1943–April 1945) 3359:(May 1938–January 1939) 3204:Saalmann, Timo (2022). 3162:Fritz, Ulrich (2009b). 1009:Weiden in der Oberpfalz 827:jet bomber project, at 298:Nazi concentration camp 217:Nazi concentration camp 37:Nazi concentration camp 5354:Soviet urban residents 4445:International response 4419:Contemporary knowledge 3050:Uziel, Daniel (2011). 2964:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 2094:, pp. 41, 69, 75. 2058:, pp. 28, 41, 75. 1323:According to SS chief 1231:displaced persons camp 1222: 1174: 1087:90th Infantry Division 1046: 992: 954: 885: 848: 750: 735:Aircraft and armaments 662: 590: 501: 418: 417:("Work sets you free") 293: 5801:Memorials and museums 5739:Reparations Agreement 5734:Holocaust restitution 5312:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 4835:Human experimentation 4674:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 4131:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft 4049:Schutzhaftlagerführer 3434:Neurohlau (Nová Role) 3375:(July–September 1942) 3297:49.73556°N 12.35583°E 3238:Bayern in der NS-Zeit 3076:. London: Macmillan. 2914:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 1227:Disarmed Enemy Forces 1217: 1172: 1163:Further information: 1044: 990: 976:Theresienstadt Ghetto 952: 883: 846: 748: 661:Quarry at Flossenbürg 660: 584: 554:Ukrainian auxiliaries 536:previous mistreatment 499: 410: 347:Upper Palatine Forest 285: 108:(July–September 1942) 5001:Jewish Ghetto Police 4870:Politische Abteilung 4765:Risiera di San Sabba 4626:Natzweiler-Struthof 4086:Prisoner functionary 3893:Politische Abteilung 3848:SS-Totenkopfverbände 3275:at Wikimedia Commons 3122:Bayerischer Rundfunk 2926:. pp. 567–569. 2716:, pp. 585, 588. 1980:, pp. 296, 373. 1852:, pp. 497, 504. 1452:, pp. 179, 292. 770:Messerschmitt Bf 109 508:to Flossenbürg from 439:prisoner functionary 435:homosexual prisoners 395:'s ministry for the 381:1930s economic slump 377:Treaty of Versailles 365:Friedrich Barbarossa 360:, formerly owned by 249:Germany's war effort 245:Messerschmitt Bf 109 60:Flossenbürg, Bavaria 21:Flossenbürg, Bavaria 5779:Days of remembrance 5692:Holocaust survivors 5687:Depopulated shtetls 5538:Rollkommando Hamann 5384:Jehovah's Witnesses 5202:Kamianets-Podilskyi 4264:Bohemia and Moravia 4169:Der Ort des Terrors 4118:Political prisoners 4108:Jehovah's Witnesses 3733:Natzweiler-Struthof 3293: / 3070:Wachsmann, Nikolaus 2533:, pp. 174–175. 2494:, pp. 151–152. 2482:, pp. 172–173. 2343:, pp. 755–756. 2307:, pp. 476–477. 2240:, pp. 562–563. 2192:, pp. 56, 180. 2121:, pp. 108–109. 2070:, pp. 373–374. 2046:, pp. 561–562. 1778:, pp. 560–561. 1754:, pp. 342–343. 1395:, pp. 295–296. 1383:, pp. 253–254. 939:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 506:political prisoners 5892:Museums in Bavaria 5762:History and memory 5666:Forced euthanasia 5614:Nazi racial policy 5317:Danish underground 5164:Operation Reinhard 5159:Wannsee Conference 3302:49.73556; 12.35583 2007:, pp. 27, 30. 1312:Nikolaus Wachsmann 1223: 1179:United States Army 1175: 1091:United States Army 1047: 1025:Neukirchen-Balbini 1005:Neunburg vorm Wald 993: 955: 886: 849: 809:Mülsen-St. Micheln 801:Johanngeorgenstadt 790:Erla Maschinenwerk 751: 715:' Soldiers' Hall ( 663: 628:Luftwaffe soldiers 591: 502: 419: 362:Holy Roman Emperor 351:Flossenbürg Castle 294: 264:United States Army 183:United States Army 133:Companies involved 5872:Holocaust museums 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5697:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 5644:Jewish emigration 5634:Hitler's prophecy 5629:Haavara Agreement 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5563:Ypatingasis būrys 5460:Sicherheitsdienst 5396: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5335: 5334: 5255:Bielski partisans 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 4858:Totenkopfverbände 4517: 4516: 4189: 4188: 4157: 4156: 4013:Arbeit macht frei 3510: 3509: 3450:List of prisoners 3392: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3360: 3271:Media related to 3227:978-3-11-075081-2 3196:978-3-921114-29-2 3173:978-3-8353-0584-7 3083:978-0-374-11825-9 3061:978-0-7864-8879-7 3042:978-3-406-56229-7 2994:978-1-4985-4806-9 2975:978-1-134-59461-0 2952:978-0-253-35328-3 2933:978-0-253-35328-3 2904:978-0-674-05919-1 2895:The Death Marches 2853:Muggenthaler 2018 2831:, pp. 53–54. 2470:, pp. 50–51. 2295:, pp. 27–28. 2034:, pp. 17–18. 1440:, pp. 1, 12. 1159:Flossenbürg Trial 1042: 953:Flossenbürg fence 935:Confessing Church 414:Arbeit macht frei 272:Flossenbürg trial 241:Nazi architecture 225:Fichtel Mountains 210: 209: 163:Number of inmates 125: 117: 109: 101: 93: 5914: 5746:Holocaust denial 5724:Nuremberg trials 5714:Postwar violence 5669: 5604: 5603: 5581: 5580: 5543:Special Brigades 5533:Nederlandsche SS 5500:Police Regiments 5424: 5423: 5402: 5401: 5262:Ghetto uprisings 5250:Jewish partisans 5197:Harvest Festival 5169:Holocaust trains 5055: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5032: 4898: 4897: 4794: 4772: 4754: 4735: 4717: 4540: 4539: 4523: 4522: 4231: 4230: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4079: 4078: 4064:Luftwaffe guards 3537: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3467:Messerschmitt AG 3390: 3382: 3374: 3366: 3358: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3290: 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1952: 1943: 1935: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1705: 1697: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1473: 1465: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1229:and later as a 1212: 1203:judicial review 1167: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1142: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1118: 1115: 1034: 985: 947: 931:Wilhelm Canaris 878: 841: 792: 761: 743: 737: 655: 650: 644: 619: 579: 573: 494: 455:Jakob Weiseborn 405: 353: 291:plan for Berlin 280: 192: 128: 89:Jakob Weiseborn 85: 84: 51: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5751:trivialization 5743: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5729:Eichmann trial 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624:Nuremberg Laws 5621: 5616: 5610: 5608: 5607:Early elements 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5588:Early elements 5585: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5523:Arajs Kommando 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5494:Einsatzgruppen 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407:Responsibility 5398: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5186:Einsatzgruppen 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5150:Final Solution 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5011:Ústredňa Židov 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4976:Theresienstadt 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4895: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4815:Einsatzgruppen 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Mittelbau-Dora 4618: 4609: 4604: 4602:Kraków-Płaszów 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4492:Rescue of Jews 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4162:Historiography 4159: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4144:Roma and Sinti 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3721:Mittelbau-Dora 3718: 3717: 3716: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3681:Kraków-Płaszów 3678: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3377: 3369: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3277: 3276: 3262: 3261:External links 3259: 3257: 3256: 3250: 3232: 3226: 3201: 3195: 3178: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3134: 3113: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3060: 3047: 3041: 3024: 3014:(2): 554–609. 2999: 2993: 2980: 2974: 2957: 2951: 2938: 2932: 2909: 2903: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2857: 2845: 2841:Wachsmann 2015 2833: 2821: 2802: 2798:Wachsmann 2015 2790: 2786:Wachsmann 2015 2778: 2776:, p. 598. 2766: 2764:, p. 597. 2754: 2752:, p. 596. 2742: 2740:, p. 595. 2730: 2728:, p. 588. 2718: 2706: 2704:, p. 583. 2691: 2689:, p. 587. 2676: 2674:, p. 586. 2664: 2662:, p. 234. 2652: 2640: 2638:, p. 178. 2625: 2623:, p. 174. 2606: 2604:, p. 177. 2594: 2586:Mauriello 2017 2578: 2576:, p. 176. 2566: 2564:, p. 175. 2554: 2546:Mauriello 2017 2535: 2523: 2521:, p. 173. 2508: 2506:, p. 154. 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2434:, p. 969. 2432:Wachsmann 2015 2424: 2422:, p. 172. 2403: 2387: 2383:Wachsmann 2015 2372: 2370:, p. 131. 2357: 2355:, p. 847. 2353:Wachsmann 2015 2345: 2341:Wachsmann 2015 2333: 2321: 2319:, p. 440. 2317:Wachsmann 2015 2309: 2305:Wachsmann 2015 2297: 2285: 2273: 2271:, p. 564. 2261: 2242: 2230: 2218: 2216:, p. 185. 2206: 2204:, p. 222. 2194: 2182: 2180:, p. 180. 2167: 2155: 2140: 2138:, p. 562. 2123: 2111: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2068:Wachsmann 2015 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2009: 1997: 1982: 1978:Wachsmann 2015 1970: 1968:, p. 569. 1958: 1956:, p. 568. 1941: 1939:, p. 182. 1924: 1922:, p. 567. 1909: 1897: 1895:, p. 809. 1893:Wachsmann 2015 1885: 1883:, p. 563. 1854: 1850:Wachsmann 2015 1842: 1840:, p. 504. 1838:Wachsmann 2015 1830: 1815: 1792: 1780: 1768: 1766:, p. 346. 1764:Wachsmann 2015 1756: 1752:Wachsmann 2015 1744: 1742:, p. 297. 1740:Wachsmann 2015 1732: 1720: 1703: 1701:, p. 214. 1699:Wachsmann 2015 1688: 1686:, p. 296. 1684:Wachsmann 2015 1676: 1664: 1662:, p. 294. 1660:Wachsmann 2015 1652: 1640: 1624: 1612: 1610:, p. 182. 1608:Wachsmann 2015 1600: 1598:, p. 293. 1596:Wachsmann 2015 1585: 1573: 1557: 1545: 1543:, p. 292. 1541:Wachsmann 2015 1530: 1518: 1506: 1504:, p. 561. 1471: 1454: 1450:Wachsmann 2015 1442: 1430: 1428:, p. 560. 1409: 1407:, p. 250. 1405:Wachsmann 2015 1397: 1393:Wachsmann 2015 1385: 1381:Wachsmann 2015 1373: 1371:, p. 252. 1369:Wachsmann 2015 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1329: 1316: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259:Germany portal 1246: 1243: 1211: 1208: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1067:Dieterskirchen 1029:Theresienstadt 984: 981: 946: 943: 877: 874: 861:shot by guards 840: 837: 736: 733: 690:German Stadium 654: 651: 643: 640: 575:Main article: 572: 569: 493: 490: 404: 401: 373:Czechoslovakia 279: 276: 257:subcamp system 237:Czechoslovakia 208: 207: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 118: 110: 102: 94: 82: 81: 80: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 57: 53: 52: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5919: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:Messerschmitt 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619:Nazi eugenics 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Topf and Sons 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5515:Collaborators 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5453:Referat IV B4 5451: 5450: 5449: (RSHA) 5448: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5440:Schutzstaffel 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427:Organizations 5425: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5369:Romani people 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Working Group 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Kastner train 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5094:Kristallnacht 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4877:Sanitätswesen 4874: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4840:Death marches 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4666:Extermination 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:Sachsenhausen 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Herzogenbusch 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Bergen-Belsen 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4544:Concentration 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4480:United States 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320:and colonies 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223:The Holocaust 4217: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:Female guards 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3998:Postenpflicht 3995: 3993: 3992:Death marches 3990: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3903:Strafkompanie 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Camp brothels 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Sanitätswesen 3869: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3774:Sachsenhausen 3772: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3635:Herzogenbusch 3633: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575:Bergen-Belsen 3573: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3503: 3495: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3372:Karl Fritzsch 3370: 3365: 3364:Karl Künstler 3362: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3251:9783486483611 3247: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2883:Print sources 2882: 2881: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2650:, p. 49. 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2458:, p. 99. 2457: 2452: 2446:, p. 97. 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2331:, p. 49. 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2283:, p. 24. 2282: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2259:, p. 51. 2258: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2228:, p. 45. 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2165:, p. 32. 2164: 2159: 2153:, p. 33. 2152: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2120: 2115: 2109:, p. 41. 2108: 2103: 2101: 2093: 2088: 2082:, p. 75. 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2022:, p. 39. 2021: 2016: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1995:, p. 35. 1994: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1907:, p. 31. 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1834: 1828:, p. 27. 1827: 1822: 1820: 1813:, p. 40. 1812: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1790:, p. 25. 1789: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1730:, p. 20. 1729: 1724: 1718:, p. 38. 1717: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1685: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1650:, p. 16. 1649: 1644: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1622:, p. 13. 1621: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1583:, p. 25. 1582: 1577: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1555:, p. 11. 1554: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1528:, p. 12. 1527: 1522: 1516:, p. 12. 1515: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1343: 1339: 1338:Paragraph 175 1333: 1326: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1277:Bergen-Belsen 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1219:Tal des Todes 1216: 1210:Commemoration 1207: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1171: 1166: 1165:Dachau trials 1149: 1144: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Oberviechtach 1056: 1052: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Schwarzenfeld 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 998: 989: 983:Death marches 980: 977: 972: 971:Bergen-Belsen 967: 965: 961: 951: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 901: 900: 894: 892: 882: 873: 870: 864: 862: 856: 854: 845: 836: 834: 833:synthetic oil 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 810: 806: 802: 796: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776:According to 774: 771: 765: 760: 756: 747: 742: 732: 730: 726: 720: 718: 717:Soldatenhalle 714: 713:Wilhelm Kreis 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 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2006 2726:Riedel 2006 2714:Riedel 2006 2702:Riedel 2006 2687:Riedel 2006 2672:Riedel 2006 2548:, pp. 2226:Jaskot 2002 2163:Jaskot 2002 2151:Jaskot 2002 2119:Jaskot 2002 2107:Jaskot 2002 2092:Jaskot 2002 2080:Jaskot 2002 2056:Jaskot 2002 2020:Jaskot 2002 2005:Jaskot 2002 1993:Jaskot 2002 1811:Jaskot 2002 1716:Jaskot 2002 1581:Jaskot 2002 1526:Jaskot 2002 1467:Jaskot 2002 1438:Jaskot 2002 1287:Ravensbrück 1235:Green Party 1055:Kurt Becher 964:Gross-Rosen 937:theologian 905:death camps 793: [ 762: [ 675:stonemasons 668:Reichsmarks 603:Sudetenland 441:positions. 354: [ 339:Flossenbürg 331:Oswald Pohl 233:Flossenbürg 213:Flossenbürg 147:Operational 67:Operated by 31:Flossenbürg 5861:Categories 5826:Yad Vashem 5806:Uniqueness 5661:Nisko Plan 5434:Nazi Party 5242:Resistance 5212:Ninth Fort 5077:Vel' d'Hiv 4849:Nazi units 4787:Westerbork 4777:Amersfoort 4631:Neuengamme 4612:Mauthausen 4592:Kaiserwald 4562:Buchenwald 4341:Luxembourg 4098:"Asocials" 4039:Commandant 3745:Neuengamme 3705:Mauthausen 3657:Kaiserwald 3587:Buchenwald 3551:Main camps 3429:Leitmeritz 3388:Max Koegel 3288:12°21′21″E 3144:19 January 3128:12 January 3107:12 January 2660:Uziel 2011 2588:, p. 2214:Uziel 2011 2202:Uziel 2011 2190:Uziel 2011 2178:Uziel 2011 1966:Fritz 2009 1954:Fritz 2009 1937:Uziel 2011 1920:Fritz 2009 1672:USHMM 2019 1352:References 1282:Buchenwald 876:Executions 853:brickworks 839:Conditions 805:tailplanes 780:historian 778:Yad Vashem 739:See also: 646:See also: 624:Leitmeritz 543:Max Koegel 480:prison in 474:false flag 451:Buchenwald 389:Nazi Party 375:after the 278:Background 121:Max Koegel 77:Commandant 5784:Education 5679:Aftermath 5591:Aftermath 5553:Trawnikis 5477:Wehrmacht 5472:Waffen-SS 5272:Białystok 5100:Bucharest 5072:Marseille 4949:Elsewhere 4910:Białystok 4722:Breendonk 4699:Treblinka 4552:Auschwitz 4336:Lithuania 4075:Prisoners 4059:Wehrmacht 4032:Personnel 4004:Selection 3980:Muselmann 3851:(Camp SS) 3563:Auschwitz 3461:Jägerstab 3424:Hersbruck 3409:Hainichen 3380:Egon Zill 3285:49°44′8″N 3101:"History" 2966:Routledge 1357:Citations 1292:Treblinka 1272:Auschwitz 913:Auschwitz 899:Aktion T4 869:dysentery 741:Jägerstab 725:total war 698:Nuremberg 617:Jägerstab 612:Jägerstab 565:Wehrmacht 527:Judenrein 522:Auschwitz 514:Waffen-SS 492:Expansion 341:, in the 174:c. 30,000 113:Egon Zill 62:, Germany 5769:Academia 5222:Piaśnica 5192:Babi Yar 5120:Jedwabne 5059:Roundups 4992:Judenrat 4956:Budapest 4727:Mechelen 4689:Majdanek 4646:Stutthof 4607:Majdanek 4502:by Poles 4460:Portugal 4438:Response 4429:Timeline 4407:Overview 4269:Slovakia 4256:Bulgaria 4008:Slogans 3975:Language 3819:Agencies 3803:subcamps 3791:subcamps 3786:Stutthof 3779:subcamps 3767:subcamps 3750:subcamps 3738:subcamps 3726:subcamps 3714:subcamps 3698:subcamps 3693:Majdanek 3686:subcamps 3674:subcamps 3662:subcamps 3650:subcamps 3639:subcamps 3628:subcamps 3616:subcamps 3604:subcamps 3592:subcamps 3580:subcamps 3568:subcamps 3492:Category 3401:Subcamps 3072:(2015). 2893:(2011). 1245:See also 1100:Red Army 1075:Neunburg 933:and the 909:Majdanek 907:such as 829:Freiberg 817:Big Week 685:Autobahn 653:Quarries 636:SS women 595:subcamps 571:Subcamps 547:martinet 431:quarries 423:barracks 379:and the 56:Location 5796:Lessons 5232:Rumbula 5105:Dorohoi 5086:Pogroms 5038:Victims 4888:Ghettos 4820:Gas van 4808:Methods 4782:Schoorl 4760:Bolzano 4708:Transit 4694:Sobibor 4684:Chełmno 4651:Vaivara 4587:Hinzert 4532:ghettos 4485:Vatican 4391:Croatia 4381:Ukraine 4371:Belarus 4361:Romania 4313:Hungary 4296:Germany 4286:Estonia 4281:Denmark 4251:Belgium 4246:Austria 4241:Albania 3876:Subcamp 3798:Vaivara 3645:Hinzert 3502:Commons 3414:Happurg 2916:(ed.). 2878:Sources 1199:perjury 1191:suicide 1089:of the 1017:Nabburg 1013:Pfreimd 482:Breslau 478:Gestapo 316:granite 308:asocial 229:Bavaria 189:Website 155:Inmates 5702:Bricha 5468:(Orpo) 5341:Others 5327:Żegota 5289:Rescue 5267:Warsaw 5227:Ponary 5137:Kaunas 4940:Warsaw 4925:Lublin 4915:Kraków 4902:Poland 4746:Drancy 4679:Belzec 4656:Warsaw 4567:Dachau 4475:Turkey 4470:Sweden 4396:Serbia 4376:Russia 4356:Poland 4351:Norway 4331:Latvia 4301:Greece 4291:France 3968:Yellow 3963:Purple 3943:Badges 3912:Topics 3898:Revier 3838:(DEST) 3810:Warsaw 3599:Dachau 3443:Topics 3248: 3224: 3193: 3170: 3080: 3058: 3039: 2991: 2972: 2949: 2930: 2901: 1340:; see 1069:, and 1019:, and 926:Abwehr 709:Berlin 599:Stulln 510:Dachau 449:, and 427:Dachau 215:was a 171:Killed 166:89,974 5816:Humor 5789:Films 5486:Units 5217:Odesa 5067:Izieu 4981:Vilna 4966:Minsk 4961:Kovno 4935:Radom 4799:Sereď 4616:Gusen 4597:Kauen 4528:Camps 4465:Spain 4450:Japan 4324:Libya 4318:Italy 3948:Black 3709:Gusen 3669:Kauen 3240:[ 3185:[ 3031:[ 2550:87–88 1298:Notes 929:head 821:Arado 797:] 766:] 680:kapos 620:' 358:] 349:near 202:/home 5707:List 5462:(SD) 5442:(SS) 5125:Lviv 5110:Iași 5050:Jews 4971:Riga 4930:Lwów 4920:Łódź 4892:list 4741:Gurs 4614:and 4530:and 4113:Jews 4091:Kapo 3958:Pink 3941:and 3707:and 3455:DEST 3246:ISBN 3222:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3168:ISBN 3146:2019 3130:2019 3109:2019 3078:ISBN 3056:ISBN 3037:ISBN 2989:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2947:ISBN 2928:ISBN 2899:ISBN 1183:SS- 1079:Cham 1063:Külz 911:and 705:DEST 648:DEST 333:and 83:List 4856:SS- 3214:doi 3016:doi 696:in 289:'s 227:of 200:/en 198:.de 194:www 5863:: 4793:sk 4771:nl 4753:it 4734:fr 4716:be 4180:KL 3220:. 3208:. 3120:. 3012:24 3010:. 3006:. 2968:. 2867:, 2815:, 2805:^ 2694:^ 2679:^ 2628:^ 2609:^ 2590:87 2538:^ 2511:^ 2406:^ 2397:, 2375:^ 2360:^ 2245:^ 2170:^ 2143:^ 2126:^ 2099:^ 2012:^ 1985:^ 1944:^ 1927:^ 1912:^ 1857:^ 1818:^ 1795:^ 1706:^ 1691:^ 1634:, 1588:^ 1567:, 1533:^ 1474:^ 1457:^ 1412:^ 1102:. 1065:, 1015:, 1011:, 1007:, 919:. 795:de 764:de 700:. 670:. 630:, 530:. 383:. 367:. 356:de 139:, 5839:" 5835:" 5152:" 5148:" 4894:) 4890:( 4215:e 4208:t 4201:v 3953:P 3536:e 3529:t 3522:v 3334:e 3327:t 3320:v 3254:. 3230:. 3216:: 3199:. 3176:. 3148:. 3132:. 3111:. 3086:. 3064:. 3045:. 3022:. 3018:: 2997:. 2978:. 2955:. 2936:. 2907:. 2871:. 2855:. 2819:. 2592:. 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