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94:, and of which the Russian–Circassian War became a part. Both came to an end with the signing of the loyalty oaths to Russia, and with the total occupation of the region by Russian forces, which involved the mass migration of millions of indigenous Circassians to areas of the
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or Adiga, along with a number of smaller ethnic groups and tribes. The
Russian–Circassian conflict began with the initial arrival of Russian occupation forces in 1763, and ended with the signing of several Russian loyalty oaths by Circassian leaders on
90:). While the Russian–Circassian War began as an isolated conflict, Russian expansion through the entire region soon brought it into conflict with a number of other nations in what later became known as the
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118:), with some Circassian historians citing that up to 4,000,000 civilians perished during the exodus. (
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during the
Russian invasion and occupation of the Circassian region. Circassia was a region in
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which consisted of the coastline and most of the interior of the current territory of
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A Scene from the
Caucasian War, by Franz Roubaud (1856–1928)
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42:was the period of hostilities between the
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