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smaller rafts in low volume rivers to help them maintain an advantageous upstream position while anglers cast from the raft. When a raft utilizes oars it is called "rowing" though many people typically incorrectly refer to this as "oaring" or "oar framing", however, these terms are incorrect and often suggest inexperience when used in conversation with members of the rafting community. Oars typically use one of 2 systems to attach to the boat, but in either case, they interface with the boat through a large metallic frame strapped to the boat called an "oar frame". Oars connect to the frame by either a pin and clip system or a system called
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560:, submersion/environmental injuries, and non-environmental injuries due to undisclosed medical conditions (such as heart problems). Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low, though they may be skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents. Fatalities are rare in both commercial and do-it-yourself rafting. Meta-analyses have calculated that fatalities ranged between 0.55 â 0.86 per 100,000 user days. A
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area, safety regulations covering rafting, both for the general do-it-yourself public as well as commercial operators, may exist in legislation. These range from the mandatory wearing of lifejackets, carrying certain equipment such as whistles and throwable flotation devices, to certification of commercial outfitters and their employees.
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Rafting companies generally require customers to sign waiver forms indicating understanding and acceptance of potential serious risks. Both do-it-yourself and commercial rafting trips often begin with safety presentations to educate rafting participants about problems that may arise. Depending on the
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in
Wyoming was planned. With no training, experience, or proper equipment, the river was found to be too difficult and dangerous. Hence, it was given the nickname "Mad River". On June 9, 1940, Clyde Smith led a successful trip through the Snake River Canyon. In 1843 lieutenant John Fremont introduced
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Pins are referred to as "thole pins" or "oar pins". A large metal clip attaches to the oar and clips onto the pin. The top of the pin has a rubber or plastic stopper that prevents the oar from slipping over the top of the pin. The bottom of the pin connects to an oar tower designed to hold the pin in
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Paddles are a combination of layered wood, plastic, aluminium, carbon fiber, or other advanced composites. There are many types and combinations of these materials with lower-end entry-level paddles being composed of cheap aluminum and plastic. Higher-end models are constructed of high-end composites
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Rafting equipment has continuously evolved and developed significantly from old rubber WW II era military surplus rafts. Modern whitewater rafts are typically made with advanced nylon or Kevlar infused plastics like PVC or urethane; though many of the more entry-level low-cost manufacturers still use
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Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis. Rafters can expect to encounter substantial whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that will impart severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and
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Paddles are typically utilized by rafters in smaller and lower volume rivers where rocks and other hazards can damage larger oars. Paddles are typically used by guests on commercial trips as well since it is seen as a more engaging way to enjoy the river trip. When paddles are used in a raft it is
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Risks in white water rafting stem from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior. Certain features on rivers are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so. These would include âkeeper hydraulicsâ, âstrainersâ (e.g. fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to
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Oarlocks or locks are a more common form of attachment for oars as they allow the rower to "feather" the oar back and forth as they row making it easier on the person using the oars to continue downstream. Oarlocks look like a pin topped with a U-shaped metal flange. The oars slide into the gap
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All of these parts are interchangeable and can be upgraded and altered in many ways to make rowing more enjoyable. Oars are generally used on wider flatter rivers of higher volume to facilitate moving more efficiently across long slow-moving pools, though anglers will often use shorter oars on
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Oars are commonly made from the same materials as paddles. Wood, plastic, aluminum, and carbon fiber. Oars are designed for several different rivers with slightly different blade shapes built to handle varying river conditions. Wooden oars are typically built as one solid piece to help retain
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Like most outdoor sports, rafting, in general, has become safer over the years. Expertise in the sport has increased, and equipment has become more specialized and improved in quality. As a result, the difficulty rating of most river runs has changed. A classic example is the
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impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment. Traversing a Class 6 rapid has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting, and even then it may not be safe)
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the first rubber raft in US. Later on in 1844 the further enhancements were made by Peter
Halkett. These vessels greatly facilitated whitewater navigation. It lasted for many years, with improvements in craftsmanship and safety over time.
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and can be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult. Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations. The
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and general environmental behavior. Studies suggest that environmental efficacy increases when there is an increase in the length of the trip, daily immersion, and the amount of resource education by trip participants.
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Otherwise known as the
International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white water rafting. They range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.
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It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a commercial rafting operator before signing on for that type of trip. The required equipment needed is essential information to be considered.
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Ham, S., Kellert, S., & Powell, R. (2009). Interactional theory and the sustainable nature-based tourism experience. Society & Natural
Resources, 22(8), 761â776. doi:10.1080/08941920802017560
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between the U-shaped metal pieces and can be held in place with a plastic stopper called an oarlock. The oarlock allows the oar to maintain its position on the oar at a correct length for rowing.
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This activity as an adventure sport has become popular since the 1950s, if not earlier, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) to 14 feet (4.3 m) rafts with double-bladed
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Myers, Thomas, Becker, Christopher, and
Stevens, Lawrence, (1999). Fateful Journey: Injury and Death on Colorado River Trips in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Red Lake Books, pp. 110â111,
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place. This system is an older system though it is useful for certain types of river running namely big, dangerous Class 5 rivers that require your oars to stay in place as much as possible.
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Martin, Tom, and Whitis, Duwain, (2016). Guide to the
Colorado & Green Rivers in the Canyonlands of Utah & Colorado. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pg. 12â13,
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Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering. (Skill level: Full mastery of rafting)
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Ingram, Jeff, (2003). Hijacking a River: A Political
History of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Vishnu Temple Press, pp. 134â137,
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and other events. Another conflict involves the distribution of scarce river permits to either the do-it-yourself public or commercial rafting companies.
533:, which historically had a reputation far exceeding its actual safety statistics. Today the Grand Canyon sees hundreds of safe rafting trips by both
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Rafting by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies contributes to the economy of many regions which in turn may contribute to the
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Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed. (Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)
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Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable danger. May require significant maneuvering. (Skill level: Some experience in rafting)
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Paddles and oars are the typical means of propulsion for rafts and come in many sizes and varieties with specific river conditions in mind.
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Costello, Ben. "A Clear and
Thorough Safety Talk Is One of the Most Important Elements of Any Competent, Professionally Run River Trip."
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The overall risk level on a rafting trip using proper precautions is low. Thousands of people safely enjoy rafting trips every year.
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strength and resilience of the oar while it is strained under a load. Composite or metallic oars typically are made in three parts:
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are mandatory and often imposed by law at least on tours of commercial operators, due to the constant risk of falling off the boat
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a glued rubber. Plastic is generally more durable, longer-lasting, and just as easy to repair compared to older rubber rafts.
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Ghiglieri, Michael, and Myers, Thomas (2001). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon. Flagstaff, Arizona, Puma Press, p. 212,
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or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at the stern, or by the use of
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Hunter, Roy (July 2, 2007). "An analysis of whitewater rafting safety data: risk management for programme organizers".
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Mason, Maggie (1998-08-23). "Whitewater rafting Booms in West
Virginia". Thurmond, WV. Associated Press.
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Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering. (Skill level: Basic paddling skill)
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178:, often referred to as the IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.
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10.1580/1080-6032(2003)14[255:IAWWRA]2.0.CO;2
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The basic paddle design for rafting consists of 3 parts:
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Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an
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Epidemiology of Injury in
Adventure and Extreme Sports
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Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning
887:"4 Things to Expect From Your First Rafting Trip"
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217:referred to as "paddling" or "paddle guiding".
537:rafters and commercial river concessionaires.
151:or other body of water. This is often done on
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1056:Heggie, Travis W.; Dennis John Caine (2012).
839:"Whitewater Raft Materials and Manufacturers"
665:argue that this may have negative impacts to
1203:Bosnia & Herzegovina Rafting Association
1060:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
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1087:"Injuries in commercial whitewater rafting"
362:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
287:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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382:Learn how and when to remove this message
307:Learn how and when to remove this message
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821:"International Rafting Federation (IRF)"
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698:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
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1147:"Whitewater Is Safer Than You Think"
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435:Rafting on the Neitikoski Rapids in
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285:adding citations to reliable sources
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1091:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
562:rare accident with five fatalities
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1198:United States Rafting Association
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128:Rafting on the Tara river, Bosnia
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1193:International Rafting Federation
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1145:Wittmann, Laura (2006-02-05).
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71:Whitewater rafting along the
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1015:Fiore, David C. (2003).
863:"Basic Paddle Selection"
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281:improve this section
73:Cagayan de Oro River
30:For other uses, see
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1975:Activities on water
1918:Activities in water
1633:Powered paragliding
1460:Whitewater kayaking
1455:Whitewater canoeing
1151:American Whitewater
965:Mountain WhiteWater
745:Whitewater canoeing
686:hydroelectric power
18:White water rafting
2285:Outdoor recreation
2155:Dragon boat racing
1764:Ski mountaineering
1527:Free solo climbing
1465:Whitewater rafting
944:"What is rafting?"
671:aquatic ecosystems
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595:. You can help by
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1270:Kite landboarding
1169:978-0-967459-53-0
1001:978-0-970097-30-9
985:978-1-884546-02-0
809:978-0-9913896-3-6
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735:Swiftwater rescue
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2226:Yacht racing
2199:Competitions
2110:Water skiing
2095:Wakeboarding
2070:Skimboarding
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2028:Kneeboarding
2018:Kiteboarding
1998:Cable skiing
1988:Bodyboarding
1958:synchronized
1943:Scuba diving
1936:synchronized
1853:Powerbocking
1848:Orienteering
1838:Fell running
1833:Extreme Pogo
1759:Speed skiing
1721:Vert skating
1645:Speed flying
1623:Hang gliding
1577:Cliff-diving
1555:BASE jumping
1493:Ice climbing
1464:
1450:Water skiing
1428:Scuba diving
1400:Water sports
1342:Wakeboarding
1315:Snowboarding
1305:Skimboarding
1295:Sandboarding
1280:Longboarding
1275:Kiteboarding
1260:Bodyboarding
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566:Chilko River
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43:Grand Canyon
2206:Boat racing
2137:Team sports
2122:Windsurfing
2105:Wakesurfing
2100:Wakeskating
2045:Parasailing
2023:Kiteboating
1993:Bodysurfing
1926:Aquajogging
1858:Slacklining
1640:Parasailing
1628:Paragliding
1587:Tombstoning
1433:Cave diving
1418:High diving
1408:Coasteering
1357:Motorsports
1347:Windsurfing
1320:Snowskating
1265:Dirtsurfing
1247:Boardsports
619:Rafting in
405:Snake River
105:Rafting in
77:Philippines
56:Rafting in
41:Rafting in
2269:Categories
2185:Water polo
2145:Canoe polo
1948:Snorkeling
1868:Zip-lining
1749:Freeriding
1671:BMX racing
1613:Air racing
1608:Aerobatics
1539:Skyrunning
1445:Snorkeling
1423:Jet Skiing
1413:Freediving
1385:Rally raid
1375:Rallycross
1310:Skysurfing
950:2024-02-01
920:2019-11-26
896:2019-11-26
872:2019-11-26
848:2019-11-26
756:References
730:Raft Guide
690:irrigation
682:protection
621:Montenegro
572:, Canada.
426:Costa Rica
153:whitewater
2221:Triathlon
1782:Bobsleigh
1560:Free BASE
1483:Canyoning
1370:Motocross
1113:1050-642X
791:145373626
343:does not
268:does not
182:Equipment
2244:Category
2127:Yachting
2115:barefoot
2075:Skurfing
2013:Kayaking
2003:Canoeing
1953:Swimming
1797:Skeleton
1774:Sledding
1688:Downhill
1475:Climbing
1390:Snocross
1380:Rallying
1365:Drifting
1121:10336047
1085:(1999).
1043:14719861
725:Paddling
715:Packraft
709:See also
667:riparian
659:blasting
655:dredging
651:riverbed
507:Wetsuits
491:Class 6:
485:Class 5:
479:Class 4:
473:Class 3:
467:Class 2:
461:Class 1:
372:May 2023
324:Oarlocks
297:May 2023
243:oarlocks
92:Colorado
2275:Rafting
2254:Commons
2085:Surfing
2065:Sailing
2050:Rafting
2038:standup
2008:Fishing
1983:Boating
1699:Rolling
1659:Cycling
1618:Gliding
1548:Falling
1330:Surfing
720:Liloing
657:and/or
647:tourism
636:habitat
529:in the
515:helmets
445:Finland
399:History
364:removed
349:sources
289:removed
274:sources
194:Paddles
160:paddles
133:Rafting
2175:Waboba
2090:Tubing
2060:Rowing
1931:Diving
1818:Caving
1806:Others
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740:Tubing
675:floods
498:Safety
437:Lieksa
212:T-grip
107:Ladakh
787:S2CID
233:Shaft
230:Blade
209:Shaft
149:river
111:India
62:India
1792:Luge
1165:ISBN
1117:PMID
1109:ISSN
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1039:PMID
997:ISBN
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805:ISBN
669:and
645:and
634:and
347:any
345:cite
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236:Grip
221:Oars
164:oars
145:raft
135:and
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96:USA
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