29:
134:
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297:, etc. but not by a private person or company acting on behalf of their own interests on either public or private property. For example, a person cannot lawfully be clamped on property such as a hospital site, private driveway, car park not operated by a local or government authority, etc. The only exception to this is if the clamping company are acting on behalf of a government agency e.g. contracted on behalf of the
49:
301:. To allow landowners to deal with unauthorised vehicles the same statute allows land owners to hold the registered keeper of a vehicle liable for any charges relating to breach of contract under certain circumstances. Landowners who seek to enforce 'Parking Charge Notices' (contractual payment terms) establish the contract through the use of onsite signage detailing the 'conditions'.
164:, where they were often vandalised. Those whose cars were damaged sued the city for losses and the police had to itemize everything in the cars. Dan Stills, head of the city's traffic division, thought an immobilizer would avoid the expensive towing problem and approached Marugg with an idea to improve on the device to keep the cars where they were parked.
322:
under the 1961 act are those specified in sections 35, 36, and 36A of the Road
Traffic Act 1994 as amended (respectively "Regulations for general control of traffic and pedestrians", "Parking of vehicles in parking places on public roads", and "Bye-laws for restriction on parking – specified events"). Regulations under the 1994 act are made by
176:
The best known wheel clamp in the UK is the 'London Wheel Clamp'. The designer, Trevor
Whitehouse filed the patent in 1991. He originally called the device the 'Preston', after his home town in Lancashire. Primarily used on private land, its notoriety grew once it was introduced to public roads under
152:
that owners could shackle onto one of the car's road wheels as a hobble, making it impossible to roll the vehicle unless the entire wheel was removed. Between 1914 and 1925 there were at least 25 patents related to wheel locks that attached on the tire and spoke wheel. These devices were available in
207:
or even clamping their own cars beforehand so that property owners will be unable to clamp an already-clamped vehicle and may think that another owner has clamped it. However, the practice of removing clamps is usually only done for those that were installed by private parties; the removal of clamps
172:
now has a copy of Marugg's boot on display in
Washington, D.C. By 1970 Marugg had sold 2,000 boots. Although the patent ran out in 1976 and modern car and truck wheels necessitated a redesign, Marugg's daughter kept up the business until 1986. Clancy Systems International later bought the rights to
321:
In the
Republic of Ireland, clamping in public places is legal under a 1988 amendment to the Road Traffic Act 1961. Clamping in private car parks is widespread but not regulated by statute, and the legality of the practice is unclear. The breaches for which an "immobilisation device" may be fitted
167:
The Denver police first used the wheel boot on 5 January 1955 and collected over US$ 18,000 (US$ 200,000 in 2023 dollars) in its first month of use. Although the wheel boot was first cast in steel, Marugg soon switched to a lighter aluminum-based alloy. Marugg later sold the device to parking lot
173:
the boot. The boot allowed Denver to maintain one of the largest collection rates for parking fines of any city in the US through its first fifty years. The Denver
Sheriff ran the "Boot Trucks" for many years until the detail was transferred to Denver Parking Management.
215:
There was a 2017/18 illegal boot operation around Los
Angeles where a scammer booted unsuspecting drivers and demanded a high release fee. People were instructed to call 911 and report the scam if they fell victim. It has since ceased, and the scammer was arrested.
211:
A New
Zealand wheel clamper made national headlines in 2013 after he secretly recorded a police officer allegedly threatening to not help if an aggrieved member of the public attacked him. It was not the first time the clamper involved had been in the news.
276:
criminalised certain wheel-clamping activity on private land without lawful authority from 1 October 2012. This prohibits clamping in many common locations such as supermarket car parks, but clamping is not entirely banned. For example, a
341:'s 2011 programme for government. The 2015 act regulates private as well as public clamping. It also seeks to improve and standardise the level of fines and the appeals process, which have been the focus of public dissatisfaction.
177:
the Road
Traffic Regulations Act of 1991 (commonly known as the de-criminalising of the yellow lines act). The first areas in the country to be decriminalised were the 33 London Boroughs during 1993/94, hence the name change.
1274:
264:
cited case law which said "every man has a right to dispute the demand of his creditor in a court of justice" and himself wrote "it is illegal for vehicles to be held to ransom in the manner described in these charges".
72:, is a device that is designed to prevent motor vehicles from being moved. In its most common form, it consists of a clamp that surrounds a vehicle wheel, designed to prevent removal of both itself and the wheel.
86:
While primarily associated with law enforcement and parking violations, a variety of wheel clamps are now available to consumers as theft deterrent devices for personal use as an alternative to the
160:, and a friend of many Denver politicians and police department officials. The police department needed a solution to a growing parking enforcement problem. The city towed ticketed cars to the
105:
To enforce unpaid fines previously applied to the vehicle; a certain number of nonpayments or time elapsed from the issuance of the most recent fine results in clamping upon the next violation
102:
To punish unauthorised or illegal parking, in lieu of towing the offending vehicle; in these cases, police or property owners who place the clamp may charge a high "release fee" to remove it
1251:
156:
A version of the modern wheel clamp, originally known as the auto immobiliser, was invented in 1944 and patented in 1958 by Frank Marugg. Marugg was a pattern maker, a violinist with the
248:, local authorities are permitted by statute to clamp, tow, or otherwise remove vehicles. Outside that statutory authority, clamping on private land was found to be unlawful in the case
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or police officer has jurisdiction over public roads, in many countries, the law allows landowners to clamp vehicles parking on their property without permission.
588:"Automobile Anti-Theft Deterrents, Criminal Countermeasures, and Technological Change, 1900-1970 at the Society of Automotive Historians biennial conference"
1000:
688:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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As the automobile was introduced and became popular, cars also became a target for thieves and for a new concept that became known as
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many sizes from a number of manufacturers (including several patented by Miller-Chapman), and became popular during the early 1920s.
334:
have delegated the clamping activity to private companies. This contrasts with traffic wardens, who are employees of the authority.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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28:
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Murdock, Linda (Autumn 2005). "The Man Who Invented the Denver Boot, Frank P. Marugg and His Infamous Auto Immobilizer".
261:
1789:
1624:
888:"Carmichael v. Black, High Court of Justiciary HCJ Appeal, The Lord Justice-General(Hope), Lords Allanbridge and Cowie"
44:
by the Victorian Sheriff; note the tire spikes and panel preventing the vehicle being driven or the wheel being removed
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655:
538:
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974:"Parking Enforcement Signs | Parking Problems | Parking Solution | No Parking | Fine | PCN"
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79:, Colorado, which was the first place in the country to employ them, mostly to force the payment of outstanding
1743:
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148:. A variety of after-market security devices were introduced. An early invention were locking wheel clamps or
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Existing statutory provisions are due to be replaced by the Vehicle Clamping Act 2015, passed as part of the
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owners, hotels and ski resorts, as well as a Jumbo version for farm equipment and larger vehicles. The
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956:"Nathaniel Cars :: What Are Parking Charge Notices & 2019 New Law on Private Parking Fees"
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Reporting Vehicle Immobilisers – in case one was illegally clamped or given no receipt, one can
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317:) in Ireland, with note on driver's side window warning the owner not to attempt to drive away.
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An early wheel clamp device offering a $ 100 reward for arrest of tamperers, mounted on a 1920
20:
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One British man became so annoyed at having his car clamped that he removed the clamp with an
1839:
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1081:
Joint Committee on the Environment, Transport, Culture and the Gaeltacht (31 January 2012).
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8:
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200:" called "Angle-Grinder Man", offering to remove clamps for free with his angle grinder.
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In the United States, the device became known as a "Denver boot" after the city of
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and theft. Writing in dismissal of parking contractor Alan Black's appeal to the
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Wheel-clamping is notoriously unpopular with unauthorised parkers. While a
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Stealing Cars: Technology and Society from the Model T to the Gran Torino
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To prevent driving by a suspended driver or moving of a disabled vehicle
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252:(1992) SCCR 709, which held that immobilising a vehicle constitutes
1030:"§101B: Immobilisation, removal etc. of unlawfully parked vehicles"
245:
52:
Wheel clamp as used by the Los Angeles Department of Transportation
1776:
1310:
1261:
1039:. Ireland: Law Reform Commission. 16 April 2013. pp. 206–208
353:, a device adhered to a windshield of an illegally parked vehicle
278:
1135:. Ireland: Law Reform Commission. 30 August 2016. pp. 28–51
721:
286:
282:
76:
19:"Clamping" redirects here. For other meanings of the word, see
48:
470:
281:
operator may clamp a vehicle under the provisions of Railway
208:
installed by authorities (chiefly the police) is an offence.
1223:"Vehicle Clamping Bill 2014 [Seanad]: Second Stage"
298:
290:
16:
Device designed to prevent motor vehicles from being moved
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by the minister responsible for transport (currently the
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642:
Oddball Colorado: A Guide to Some Really Strange Places
196:. He subsequently received publicity as a self-styled "
995:
993:
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989:
987:
1210:
1083:"Regulation of Vehicle Clamping Industry: Discussion"
1007:. Ireland: Citizens Information Board. 20 April 2016
383:
The Transport Manager's and Operator's Handbook 2006
1076:
1074:
984:
915:. Department for Transport, GOV.UK. Archived from
639:
485:
484:Acton, Johnny; Adams, Tania; Packer, Matt (2006).
285:14(4). The act of clamping is still lawful by the
114:For security purposes, such as preventing a car,
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1275:KTTV: "Fox 11 Investigates: 'Getting the Boot'"
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1752:Commercial Driver's License Information System
527:Heitmann, John A.; Morale, Rebecca H. (2014).
526:
1800:Disabled parking permits of the United States
1295:
1192:"Vehicle Clamping Bill 2014 [Seanad]"
759:
533:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9.
203:Other motorists have cut the clamps off with
1115:
1107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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122:from being driven or towed away by a thief
1271:for wheel-clampers acting on private land
328:Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport
111:To preclude escape of a prosecuted person
1734:List of countries by minimum driving age
1252:'Boot Dispute Settled With Bolt Cutters'
701:
681:
615:"Wheel Clamp US patent number 2,844,954"
308:
223:
132:
47:
27:
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768:
724:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
98:Wheel clamps have five main functions:
1933:
863:"Attempt to remove wheel clamps fails"
860:
637:
612:
1283:
788:"UK Patent Application GB2251416 (A)"
722:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1229:. KildareStreet.com. 22 January 2015
1001:"Parking fines and vehicle clamping"
379:
262:the Lord Justice General (Lord Hope)
861:Batten, Yvette (15 December 2012).
386:. London: Kogan Page. p. 255.
13:
1790:Decriminalised parking enforcement
228:Several vehicles wheel-clamped at
14:
1962:
1597:Category: Speed limits by country
1401:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
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32:A modern wheel clamp placed on a
1126:"Part VI; Regulation of Traffic"
646:. Chicago Review Press. p.
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854:
824:
810:"'Superhero' takes on clampers"
802:
780:
737:
492:. Sterling Publishing. p.
446:"The Denver Boot Comes to Trin"
274:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
219:
1744:Traffic violations reciprocity
1264:(Security Industry Authority).
838:. 7 March 2013. Archived from
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1:
1767:Non-Resident Violator Compact
1709:Inter-American Driving Permit
978:www.parkingenforcement.online
775:article includes bibliography
613:Marugg, F.P. (29 July 1958).
367:
1714:International Driving Permit
1572:Assured clear distance ahead
1386:School bus traffic stop laws
1371:Left- and right-hand traffic
1336:Assured clear distance ahead
1258:report a vehicle immobiliser
942:"Appealing a parking ticket"
832:"Clamper: public enemy no 1"
716:American Antiquarian Society
696:American Antiquarian Society
592:Automobile and American Life
562:"Miller-Chapman wheel locks"
93:
7:
1729:Driving licences by country
1694:Commercial driver's license
1440:Rules of the Road (Ireland)
1178:"Vehicle Clamping Act 2015"
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10:
1967:
1704:Graduated driver licensing
1577:National Maximum Speed Law
419:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
339:Fine Gael–Labour coalition
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488:Origin of Everyday Things
230:University of North Texas
158:Denver Symphony Orchestra
1900:"How's my driving?" sign
1757:Driver License Agreement
1699:European driving licence
1429:The Highway Code (Malta)
890:. Scottish Court Service
812:. BBC. 16 September 2003
258:High Court of Justiciary
1795:Disabled parking permit
1592:Speed limits by country
1587:Speed limit enforcement
960:www.nathanielcars.co.uk
745:"Denver Boot Interview"
669:Dan Stills immobilizer.
638:Pohlen, Jerome (2002).
170:Smithsonian Institution
1878:Drivers' working hours
1850:Clunk Click Every Trip
1785:Alternate-side parking
1762:Driver License Compact
1471:Field sobriety testing
1250:KRQE News 13 Online –
515:origin of Denver Boot.
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1642:Texting while driving
1562:85th percentile speed
1376:Bidirectional traffic
1361:New Zealand Road Code
1341:Australian Road Rules
1269:Conditions of License
1133:Road Traffic Act 1994
1037:Road Traffic Act 1961
312:
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51:
31:
1889:Epilepsy and driving
1567:Advisory speed limit
1492:Road traffic control
1005:Citizens Information
380:Lowe, David (2005).
324:statutory instrument
1941:American inventions
1915:Slow moving vehicle
1905:Old age and driving
1456:Parking enforcement
315:Volkswagen Polo Mk4
88:steering-wheel lock
1873:Digital tachograph
1845:Click It or Ticket
1671:Vehicular homicide
1632:Distracted driving
566:Model T Ford Forum
451:The Trinity Tripod
351:Barnacle (parking)
319:
250:Black v Carmichael
237:
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54:
46:
1928:
1927:
1832:Automotive safety
1817:Parking violation
1676:Wrong-way driving
1607:Moving violations
1323:Rules of the road
922:on 16 August 2014
910:"Railway Byelaws"
771:Colorado Heritage
503:978-1-4027-4302-3
425:on 21 August 2011
332:Local authorities
270:England and Wales
38:parking violation
1958:
1894:Hours of service
1719:Learner's permit
1686:Driver licensing
1649:Reckless driving
1615:Impaired driving
1461:Impaired driving
1434:Road Users' Code
1424:The Highway Code
1411:Road user guides
1351:Green Cross Code
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962:. 26 March 2019.
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60:, also known as
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747:. Expo1000.com
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1724:Point system
1534:Traffic stop
1482:State police
1466:Breathalyzer
1391:Traffic code
1381:Right-of-way
1331:All-way stop
1231:. Retrieved
1227:Dáil debates
1226:
1200:. Retrieved
1198:. Oireachtas
1195:
1181:. Retrieved
1137:. Retrieved
1132:
1091:. Retrieved
1089:. Oireachtas
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917:the original
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594:. April 2014
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469:– via
463:. Retrieved
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423:the original
418:
409:
397:. Retrieved
382:
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357:Bicycle lock
336:
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220:Legal issues
214:
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205:bolt cutters
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66:parking boot
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1951:Parking law
1920:Vision Zero
1860:Road safety
1822:Wheel clamp
1582:School zone
1554:Speed limit
1512:Enforcement
1449:Enforcement
1436:(Hong Kong)
1396:Turn on red
1311:Traffic law
1157:|work=
1061:|work=
867:Stuff.co.nz
790:. Espacenet
729:29 February
700:1700–1799:
680:1634–1699:
598:25 November
572:25 November
546:25 November
465:12 November
181:Controversy
70:Denver boot
58:wheel clamp
1935:Categories
1868:Tachograph
1666:Tailgating
1502:Textalyzer
1497:Terry stop
1366:Overtaking
623:1 February
368:References
62:wheel boot
1910:Road rage
1517:Red light
1159:ignored (
1149:cite book
1063:ignored (
1053:cite book
836:3 News NZ
794:1 October
773:: 40–47.
751:13 August
663:1 October
254:extortion
198:superhero
146:joyriding
94:Functions
42:Melbourne
1880:(Europe)
1103:cite web
705:(1992).
685:(1997).
509:21 March
456:Hartford
429:21 March
399:21 March
345:See also
246:Scotland
1777:Parking
1544:Warning
1260:to the
1233:6 April
1202:6 April
1183:6 April
1139:6 April
1093:6 April
1087:Debates
1043:6 April
1011:6 April
926:11 July
894:11 July
872:11 July
846:7 March
816:11 July
305:Ireland
279:railway
129:History
120:caravan
116:trailer
1620:Canada
1507:Camera
1315:safety
654:
568:. 2009
537:
500:
390:
287:police
283:Byelaw
272:, The
150:chocks
139:Hudson
77:Denver
36:for a
1196:Bills
1129:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
692:(PDF)
618:(PDF)
471:JSTOR
162:pound
118:, or
68:, or
21:Clamp
1896:(US)
1313:and
1267:SIA
1235:2017
1204:2017
1185:2017
1161:help
1141:2017
1109:link
1095:2017
1065:help
1045:2017
1013:2017
928:2014
896:2014
874:2014
848:2013
818:2014
796:2019
753:2010
731:2024
665:2019
652:ISBN
625:2011
600:2015
574:2015
548:2015
535:ISBN
511:2011
498:ISBN
467:2022
431:2011
401:2011
388:ISBN
299:DVLA
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