252:
discovering a regularly built vault, about six feet long and four wide. None of the men being injured, curiosity induced them to clear out the subterranean recess, when they discovered among the ruins a large stone, weighing about 500l . which is pronounced to be of the meteoric or semi-metallic kind. This stone must have lain here during the long series of ages since
Macbeth's reign. Besides it were also found two round tablets, of a composition resembling bronze. On one of these two lines are engraved, which a gentleman has thus deciphered.— 'The sconce (or shadow) of kingdom come, until Sylphs in air carry me again to Bethel.' These plates exhibit the figures of targets for the arms. The curious here, aware of such traditions, and who have viewed these venerable remains of antiquity, agree that Macbeth may, or rather must, have deposited the stone in question at the bottom of his Castle, on the hill of Dunsinane (from the trouble of the times), where it has been found by the workmen. This curious stone has been shipped for London for the inspection of the scientific amateur, in order to discover its real quality.
3291:
4988:
4004:
4998:
360:, who had some claim to knowledge, as the students asked him to act as an intermediary after the removal of the stone. Tranter later stated that Gray inserted a note inside the Westminster Stone, when repairing it, to the effect that it was 'a block of Old Red Sandstone of no value to anyone', although other reports state that Gray never revealed what the note said.
2760:
363:
However, in the 1940s, the
British Geological Survey, had carried out a survey of the Stone when the Coronation Chair was undergoing conservation work. The fault line had been noticed as well as the many marks and features of the Stone's surface. This allowed verification of the authenticity of the
251:
On the 19th of
November, as the servants belonging to the West Mains of Dunsinane-house, were employed in carrying away stones from the excavation made among the ruins that point out the site of Macbeth's castle here, part of the ground they stood on suddenly gave way, and sank down about six feet,
170:
According to the
Westminster Stone theory, the stone Edward removed was not the real Stone of Destiny, but a substitute. The English army was at the Scottish border in mid-March, 1296, and did not reach Scone until June. With three months to anticipate Edward's arrival, there was ample time and
230:
Edward I would not have been tricked by anything newly-hewn, but a piece long-since rejected by builders would look suitably ancient, especially if abandoned outside and consequently weathered. That the
Westminster Stone has a fault (weak point) is demonstrated by the fact it broke in half when
226:
The
Westminster Stone is a lump of roughly-dressed sandstone, of proportions appropriate for use in building. As such, it is not remarkable or unique, or impressive. The only unusual thing about it is the presence of an iron hoop inserted in each top end, suitable for carrying on a
2054:
4140:
3495:
2100:
345:
stonemason Robert Gray. However, Gray had made replicas of the Stone in the 1930s, and further fuelled speculation by declaring later that he did not know which stone had been sent back to London as "there were so many copies lying around".
241:
Early seals and documentary descriptions suggest a stone that is larger than the
Westminster Stone, darker in colour (possibly basalt or marble), with elaborate carvings. And it might have been retrieved because a letter to the editor of the
2088:
257:
There is no record to show the Scots ever requested the return of the
Westminster Stone in the century after its departure, which they would have done if it were an important relic. The absence of a request is quite marked in the
262:. The Scots had been harrying England for some years, and in 1328 the English sued for peace. The Treaty is drawn in Scotland's favour, for they were in the position to make demands. The Treaty stipulates the return of the
2485:
2727:
305:
On studying the Stone in 1996, after its return to
Scotland, nine periods of workmanship were identified on the Stone's faces, as well as recognisable erosion between the features, which proves it is an ancient
3490:
2076:
4209:
371:
in 1973 confirmed the presence of 'three metal rods and sockets, one being at right angles to the other two'. This also indicated that the repaired
Westminster Stone, not a replica, had been returned.
283:
If Edward I did not remove the true stone, yet claimed to have done so, the Scots' easiest refutation of his claims would be to produce the True Stone. However, there is no record of them doing so.
3646:
3286:
2755:
3686:
1873:
2862:
4704:
4079:
4091:
2071:
4135:
3804:
2857:
2490:
2049:
2772:
4289:
4265:
4233:
4123:
4277:
4172:
2876:
2473:
4336:
1841:
3605:
2182:
183:
There are many theories regarding the possible resting place of the 'True Stone' since, inspired by logical deduction and, in some cases, fantastical, wishful thinking.
4518:
2037:
279:
The Westminster Stone theory is not accepted by many historians, or those responsible for the care of the Stone. There are many strong arguments against the theory.
4564:
4331:
3749:
1371:
175:, who stood as custodian. The 'Stone of Destiny' could therefore have been transported to a place of safety, and Edward tricked with a different piece of sandstone.
552:
2497:
2387:
2095:
1887:
4546:
3269:
334:
On Christmas Day 1950, the Westminster Stone was taken from the abbey by four Scottish students. It remained hidden until April 1951, when a stone was left in
4341:
2454:
2305:
2288:
289:
Despite its importance as a symbol of Kingship, the stone was not used for subsequent coronations, which it surely would have if still in Scottish possession.
4838:
3404:
55:
3631:
35:
since that time, adherents to this theory have created the title 'Westminster Stone' to avoid confusion with the 'real' stone (sometimes referred to as the
2549:
1762:
154:
relic, but to confiscate an object so precious to the Scots, and so symbolic of their independence, would be a final humiliation. He carried it back to
4316:
3843:
3454:
3330:
1532:
2895:
204:
One legend records that after the True Stone was given into the keeping of Aonghus Óg, its keepership passed into the branch of the clan who settled in
2840:
2912:
341:
The stone left in Arbroath was damaged, for the Westminster Stone had broken in half when removed from the Coronation Chair, but had been repaired by
4832:
3120:
2900:
84:, who might have brought it from Ireland as a portable altar. In AD 574, the Stone was used as a coronation chair when Columba anointed and crowned
4844:
4321:
4214:
4177:
3978:
2767:
286:
Hiding the stone might have been a sensible precaution while the English remained a threat, but it was never produced once the threat was removed.
234:
The Westminster Stone is certainly not the stone of Iona mentioned in early documents and traditions. Geologists confirm that the Stone is 'lower
4157:
3892:
1113:
387:
162:, he had a potent symbol of his claim for overlordship. It is this stone which sat in Westminster until 1996, when it was returned to Scotland.
4476:
270:, but there is no mention of the Stone of Scone. Tranter states that the English offered to return the stone, but the Scots were not interested.
208:. A descendant of this line, C. Iain Alasdair MacDonald, wrote to Tranter, claiming he was now the custodian of the Stone, which was hidden on
4371:
3955:
3867:
2175:
4694:
4466:
4326:
4113:
3610:
2365:
295:
If there was warning enough of Edward's intention to remove the Stone, why were the other regalia, documents and Black Rood not hidden also?
3531:
2136:
4453:
4059:
3728:
3430:
2881:
2355:
4638:
4306:
4260:
3899:
3196:
2448:
1899:
4255:
4250:
3945:
2615:
4147:
1878:
4968:
3555:
3254:
1757:
627:
3809:
171:
incentive for a switch to be made, in order to protect the original relic. Such a substitution could have been instigated by the
4709:
4184:
3691:
3526:
3340:
3264:
2852:
1953:
95:, the traditional headquarters of the Scottish Celtic church, until Viking raiding caused them to move to the mainland, first to
3706:
2722:
319:, and this has historical associations with Macbeth, but no remains dating to the 11th century have been identified on the hill.
5028:
5023:
4608:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4238:
4152:
4128:
4096:
4084:
3785:
3767:
3718:
3372:
2660:
1963:
946:
4804:
4643:
4054:
3113:
2042:
4789:
4633:
4401:
3940:
3909:
3379:
3310:
3026:
2962:
2940:
2621:
1864:
1144:
523:
368:
1892:
3919:
3697:
3575:
3565:
3355:
3201:
3036:
2238:
1968:
1918:
660:
4245:
2478:
4799:
3874:
3636:
2999:
2781:
2320:
329:
116:
3274:
5048:
4481:
3384:
3350:
3335:
2330:
2170:
2165:
2153:
1616:
302:
only a few years earlier, and would have seen the true stone, but none of them told Edward that his stone was a fake.
3438:
2421:
4381:
4007:
3723:
3399:
3362:
3235:
3106:
1936:
1931:
1590:
3560:
3506:
3367:
1926:
1767:
76:
The Stone of Destiny was the traditional Coronation Stone of the Kings of Scotland and, before that, the Kings of
5001:
4423:
3466:
3448:
3281:
2972:
1941:
1794:
1324:
942:
309:
Edward had followers from the Scottish nobility who would also have been able to verify the stone's authenticity.
2283:
4603:
4595:
4558:
4540:
4361:
4194:
4049:
3904:
3852:
3825:
3587:
3184:
2982:
2793:
2648:
2360:
2315:
2300:
1824:
59:
1376:
4699:
4667:
4590:
4396:
3423:
3315:
3189:
2310:
2233:
2187:
882:
189:
believed the True Stone was originally hidden by the Abbot of Scone, and eventually entrusted to the care of
4103:
3759:
5058:
4890:
4752:
4569:
4199:
4167:
3656:
2808:
1868:
699:
620:
3516:
2568:
4961:
4794:
4660:
4552:
4530:
3733:
3701:
3651:
3459:
3409:
3300:
3041:
2803:
2679:
2673:
2654:
1859:
1688:
1571:
1118:
579:
Erlend Clouston, 'Stone of Destiny proved genuine: Files reveal how in 1973 Scottish relic was X-rayed',
353:, which claims to mark the site of the 'Stone of Scone', given to them in 1972 by 'Baillie Robert Gray'.
3177:
2830:
190:
5033:
4881:
4758:
4735:
4620:
4523:
4461:
4433:
4069:
3882:
3615:
3389:
3046:
2977:
2632:
2502:
2431:
1576:
1410:
1400:
148:
3838:
2786:
2717:
2607:
23:
is the belief held by some historians and scholars that the stone which traditionally rests under the
5038:
4906:
4816:
4162:
2514:
1995:
1537:
1366:
1018:
426:
2905:
514:(Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph) Richard Welander, David J. Breeze, Thomas Owen Clancy
85:
4901:
3681:
3661:
3218:
3152:
2562:
2032:
1819:
1776:
1567:
1264:
3016:
5053:
4991:
4896:
4391:
3833:
3070:
3009:
2935:
2798:
2579:
2335:
2148:
2143:
2121:
2083:
2063:
1697:
1693:
1510:
1383:
1346:
1329:
1149:
613:
128:
3208:
3172:
4725:
4677:
4672:
3641:
3595:
3444:
2950:
2404:
2377:
2347:
2211:
2158:
1975:
1851:
1746:
1586:
1581:
1439:
1405:
1393:
1388:
1351:
1301:
1159:
1139:
825:
770:
421:
24:
4204:
2459:
4849:
4740:
4720:
4585:
4535:
4428:
4418:
4108:
4074:
3983:
2994:
2732:
2627:
2554:
2426:
1829:
1546:
1500:
1495:
1444:
1108:
1089:
905:
800:
259:
4653:
4064:
3600:
292:
Legends and theories abound, but no proof has been found to indicate there is another stone.
4936:
4413:
3754:
3471:
2826:
2666:
2399:
2275:
2246:
2017:
1679:
1653:
1600:
1434:
1361:
1206:
1171:
1125:
1093:
971:
685:
557:
2707:
8:
4730:
3476:
2890:
2597:
2293:
1505:
1417:
1176:
810:
775:
678:
356:
The apparent disrespect shown towards the Stone by Gray and the students is explained by
338:. Some speculate that this stone is not the one taken from the Abbey, but merely a copy.
120:
4228:
3798:
3213:
2917:
1525:
4956:
4951:
4886:
4769:
4682:
4513:
4189:
3521:
3305:
2370:
2325:
1684:
1640:
1595:
1218:
1164:
1085:
656:
124:
2226:
4774:
4628:
4376:
3673:
2684:
2523:
1948:
1707:
1646:
1605:
1422:
1307:
1243:
1154:
1131:
1075:
983:
716:
349:
This scenario receives support from a plaque placed in St Columba's Parish Church in
235:
155:
51:
32:
470:
4941:
4648:
4471:
4447:
4408:
3988:
3145:
2535:
2394:
2382:
1674:
1634:
1629:
1454:
1341:
1276:
1103:
1098:
1080:
938:
739:
692:
299:
267:
263:
194:
144:
132:
2263:
107:. Here it continued to be used in coronations, as a symbol of Scottish Kingship.
5043:
4366:
3973:
3547:
3223:
2587:
2409:
2194:
1958:
1784:
1429:
744:
136:
104:
16:
Belief that the stone under the Coronation Chair is not the true Stone of Destiny
2467:
4747:
4438:
3857:
3485:
3481:
3132:
2750:
2689:
2529:
2000:
1834:
1622:
1610:
1296:
1181:
857:
842:
832:
734:
636:
416:
335:
312:
172:
71:
62:
in the mid-twentieth century. Richardson produced a monograph on the subject.
36:
28:
4687:
5017:
4827:
4779:
4221:
3847:
2010:
1334:
1315:
1259:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1045:
1040:
917:
910:
357:
186:
43:
2945:
2592:
2414:
2257:
2113:
1562:
1520:
1449:
1186:
1071:
1025:
1013:
956:
922:
454:
209:
553:"Gavin Vernon Engineer who helped return the Stone of Destiny to Scotland"
77:
4946:
3228:
2870:
2846:
2216:
2204:
2126:
1702:
1515:
1319:
1055:
1003:
978:
961:
900:
140:
47:
42:
One of the most vocal proponents of this theory was writer and historian
4118:
4784:
3791:
3434:
3004:
1666:
1254:
1008:
966:
952:
820:
805:
596:
151:
3711:
2835:
2712:
2542:
2025:
1356:
1035:
1030:
993:
988:
852:
795:
780:
649:
316:
31:
but a 13th-century substitute. Since the chair has been located in
4386:
3129:
1050:
998:
198:
837:
815:
765:
669:
605:
342:
159:
96:
81:
1270:
847:
760:
350:
100:
1905:
1802:
1663:
785:
205:
298:
A number of English knights attended the coronation of King
139:, intending to take the Stone of Destiny, which was kept at
790:
92:
3253:
4547:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
534:
532:
323:
46:, who consistently presented the theory throughout his
4839:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
3687:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
529:
367:A scanray examination conducted by the Home Office
274:
54:. Other historians have held this view, including
3647:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
3505:
1287:
65:
4305:
123:invaded in 1296 at the head of an army. Sacking
5015:
4871:
1114:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
220:
91:The Stone of Destiny was kept by the monks of
4695:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
4565:Western European colonialism and colonization
3114:
621:
3025:
526:, ancientmonuments.uk, accessed 10 June 2022
238:' and was quarried in the vicinity of Scone.
3128:
3121:
3107:
628:
614:
507:
505:
178:
3750:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
450:
448:
110:
4969:Historical geographic information system
1735:
512:The Stone of Destiny: Artefact and Icon
502:
231:removed from Westminster Abbey in 1950.
5016:
4609:English historical school of economics
2661:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
715:
445:
315:has the remains of a late prehistoric
158:. By placing it within the throne of
4925:
4870:
4805:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
4644:Historical reliability of the Gospels
4502:
4029:
3102:
3091:
1734:
1477:
1241:
880:
714:
609:
540:Nigel Tranter: Scotland's Storyteller
477:. www.englishmonarcs.co.uk. 2004–2005
440:Nigel Tranter: Scotland's Storyteller
392:Nigel Tranter: Scotland's Storyteller
4997:
3092:
2622:More Irish than the Irish themselves
369:Police Scientific Development Branch
324:Second theory: the 1950 substitution
201:, where the stone probably remains.
3692:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
881:
197:. Aonghus Óg hid it in his native
13:
4705:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
2649:Fourth Italian War of Independence
635:
463:
330:1950 removal of the Stone of Scone
14:
5070:
590:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4503:
4003:
4002:
3844:Palestinian expulsion and flight
2356:5000-year civilization assertion
1932:Nadir of American race relations
275:Arguments against a substitution
4833:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
3707:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
3642:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
3449:Causes of the Armenian genocide
1758:Pyramid construction techniques
1325:Comparative historical research
1242:
943:Library and information science
573:
545:
246:, dated 2 January 1819, states:
165:
147:from Edinburgh, which included
66:History of the Stone of Destiny
4845:Gunpowder and gun transmission
4795:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
4604:Historical school of economics
4541:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
3979:Gunpowder and gun transmission
3853:Zionism as settler colonialism
2858:Limpieza de sangre controversy
1825:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
517:
489:
432:
410:
397:
381:
60:Inspector of Ancient Monuments
1:
5029:Wars of Scottish Independence
5024:Political history of Scotland
4654:Opposition to Papal supremacy
4030:
1842:Indigenous population history
374:
80:. Legends associate it with
4570:Desacralization of knowledge
2841:Carlism in the Francoist era
2809:Holodomor in modern politics
1478:
221:Arguments for a substitution
7:
4962:Historiographic metafiction
4926:
4872:Organizations, publications
4661:Proto-orthodox Christianity
3611:German resistance to Nazism
3467:Persian famine of 1917–1919
2877:Islamic revolution of Spain
2804:Holodomor genocide question
2680:Revisionism of Risorgimento
2674:Rerum italicarum scriptores
2655:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
2422:Self-Strengthening Movement
1572:decolonization of knowledge
215:
143:. He had already taken the
135:, Edward then proceeded to
10:
5075:
4759:Wissenschaft des Judentums
4736:Criticism of Protestantism
3616:Nazi foreign policy debate
3047:Second colonial occupation
2794:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
2432:Tibetan sovereignty debate
1976:Progressive-era historians
1411:Nationalization of history
1362:Historical-critical method
427:Routledge & Kegan Paul
327:
88:as the King of Dál Riata.
69:
4981:
4932:
4921:
4877:
4866:
4815:
4619:
4578:
4509:
4498:
4354:
4040:
4036:
4025:
3997:
3966:
3930:
3824:
3778:
3764:Second Sino-Japanese War
3742:
3672:
3624:
3586:
3546:
3422:
3244:
3163:
3139:
3098:
3087:
3063:
2961:
2928:
2819:
2743:
2700:
2641:
2606:
2578:
2569:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2513:
2440:
2346:
2274:
1988:
1917:
1850:
1812:
1745:
1741:
1730:
1555:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1250:
1237:
1064:
931:
893:
889:
876:
753:
727:
723:
710:
643:
5049:13th century in Scotland
4519:Crisis of historiography
3682:Auschwitz bombing debate
3368:Indian Rebellion of 1857
3219:Late Bronze Age collapse
3153:List of military museums
2756:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
2728:Polish People's Republic
2563:Sybel-Ficker controversy
1927:African-American history
1900:Colonial Spanish America
1689:Second Thirty Years' War
191:Aonghus Óg Mac Domhnaill
21:Westminster Stone theory
3632:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
3491:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
3042:Porter–MacKenzie debate
2799:Causes of the Holodomor
2336:Problem of two emperors
2284:Catilinarian conspiracy
1511:Historical significance
1372:Indiscipline of history
1347:Historical anthropology
179:Hiding the 'True Stone'
127:, beating the Scots at
4726:Protestant Reformation
4700:Second Vatican Council
4678:Succession to Muhammad
4673:Criticism of the Quran
4424:Religious perspectives
4158:Klemens von Metternich
3755:"Battle for Australia"
3637:Soviet offensive plans
3606:Broad vs. narrow front
3445:Late Ottoman genocides
2378:Century of humiliation
2159:Goguryeo controversies
2137:2,500-year celebration
1795:Double genocide theory
1582:Historical negationism
1406:Ancestral civilisation
1394:Historical materialism
1352:Historical determinism
1302:History of mentalities
471:"The stone of Destiny"
254:
131:, and laying siege to
111:Edward I and the Stone
4850:Torsion mangonel myth
4753:Modern Jewish history
4748:Jesuit historiography
4741:Protestant work ethic
4721:Hesychast controversy
4586:Industrial Revolution
4536:Library of Alexandria
4454:The Lord of the Rings
4104:Constantine the Great
3984:Torsion mangonel myth
3916:Sri Lankan Civil War
2995:Storm over the gentry
2896:Colonies or Provinces
2427:Sprouts of capitalism
1501:Historic preservation
1496:Change and continuity
583:(17 July 1996), p. 4.
497:The Story of Scotland
459:The Lion in the North
422:The Story of Scotland
405:The Story of Scotland
260:Treaty of Northampton
249:
4937:Commemorative plaque
4153:Juan Manuel de Rosas
3601:"Blitzkrieg" concept
3472:Powder keg of Europe
3347:Franco-Prussian War
3017:Winter of Discontent
3000:Suffragette Campaign
2667:Italiani brava gente
2633:Revolutionary period
2455:Frankish Interregnum
2388:"Chineseness" debate
2321:Byzantine succession
2306:Fall of Western Rome
2247:Executed Renaissance
1736:By country or region
1680:Age of Enlightenment
1654:Vaticinium ex eventu
1601:Modernisation theory
1435:Quantitative history
811:Historical documents
558:The Herald (Glasgow)
524:Dunsinane Hill, fort
5059:Theories of history
4766:Schools of thought
4731:Proto-Protestantism
4600:School of Thoughts
4482:William Shakespeare
4467:Robert Falcon Scott
4372:Friedrich Nietzsche
4210:Cult of personality
4195:Neville Chamberlain
4055:Alexander the Great
3937:Russo-Georgian War
3910:Sovereignty dispute
3889:Iranian Revolution
3719:"Polish death camp"
3696:In relation to the
3405:Myth of English aid
3396:War of the Pacific
3173:Albigensian Crusade
2598:Indigenous Aryanism
2294:Constantinian shift
1830:Residential schools
1587:Historian's fallacy
1506:Historic recurrence
1004:Numismatics (Money)
776:Archaeological site
700:theories of history
121:Edward I of England
115:In his attempts to
56:James S. Richardson
4957:Historical realism
4952:Historical fiction
4897:History institutes
4887:Historical society
4882:Heritage registers
4770:Biblical criticism
4683:Islamic golden age
4634:Early Christianity
4514:Bears in antiquity
4402:Medieval Christian
4200:Pedro II of Brazil
4148:José de San Martín
3952:Syrian revolution
3864:Malayan Emergency
3839:1948 Palestine war
3572:Spanish Civil War
3522:War guilt question
3331:American Civil War
3311:Invasion of Russia
3287:New Russian School
3071:Colonial Australia
2787:October Revolution
2550:Strukturgeschichte
2486:Location of Alésia
2405:Hua–Yi distinction
2326:Moscow, third Rome
1942:Reconstruction era
1763:Black Egypt Thesis
1685:European Civil War
1641:Translatio imperii
1596:Invented tradition
717:Historical sources
266:and St Margaret's
5034:Westminster Abbey
5011:
5010:
4977:
4976:
4917:
4916:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4775:Catholic theology
4629:Avestan geography
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4477:Søren Kierkegaard
4350:
4349:
4261:Warren G. Harding
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
3820:
3819:
3698:Armenian genocide
3561:Polish–Soviet War
3556:Burning of Smyrna
3542:
3541:
3532:Reichstag inquiry
3455:Patriotic consent
3326:
3325:
3301:War in the Vendée
3265:French Revolution
3247:century conflicts
3236:Peloponnesian War
3197:Eighty Years' War
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
2988:Westminster Stone
2685:Southern question
2524:Alltagsgeschichte
2474:Legendary Saracen
2176:Early settlements
1984:
1983:
1964:Political history
1949:Consensus history
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1708:Continuity thesis
1647:Translatio studii
1533:Theory of history
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1423:Subaltern Studies
1308:Nouvelle histoire
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1145:Medieval churches
1132:Geistesgeschichte
1076:Paleoanthropology
984:Encyclopaedistics
872:
871:
868:
867:
740:Secondary sources
244:Morning Chronicle
236:Old Red Sandstone
156:Westminster Abbey
52:historical novels
33:Westminster Abbey
5066:
5039:Scottish royalty
5000:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4942:Documentary film
4923:
4922:
4902:History journals
4868:
4867:
4841:
4713:
4649:Primacy of Peter
4596:Great Depression
4576:
4575:
4549:
4527:
4500:
4499:
4448:J. R. R. Tolkien
4303:
4302:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4256:Ulysses S. Grant
4251:Thomas Jefferson
4242:
4218:
4181:
4144:
4132:
4100:
4088:
4080:Chiang Ching-kuo
4070:Cato the Younger
4060:Amin al-Husseini
4038:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4006:
4005:
3989:War and genocide
3813:
3799:Résistancialisme
3786:Battle of France
3768:Nanjing Massacre
3622:
3621:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3463:
3413:
3295:
3278:
3251:
3250:
3178:Catharism debate
3164:pre-18th century
3146:Military history
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3093:By war, conflict
3089:
3088:
3037:Cambridge School
3023:
3022:
2921:
2909:
2885:
2866:
2776:
2764:
2736:
2558:
2536:Historikerstreit
2506:
2494:
2482:
2463:
2449:Cordon sanitaire
2395:New Qing History
2383:Conquest dynasty
2374:
2289:Christianization
2272:
2271:
2191:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2058:
2046:
2038:Byzantine Empire
1893:Iquicha Royalism
1882:
1848:
1847:
1771:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1675:Age of Discovery
1664:Periodization of
1661:
1660:
1635:Transhistoricity
1630:Thirty-year rule
1541:
1529:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1455:Great Man theory
1418:People's history
1380:
1285:
1284:
1277:Three-age system
1239:
1238:
939:Archival science
891:
890:
878:
877:
745:Tertiary sources
725:
724:
712:
711:
661:by area of study
630:
623:
616:
607:
606:
584:
577:
571:
570:
568:
566:
549:
543:
538:Bradfield, Ray,
536:
527:
521:
515:
509:
500:
495:Tranter, Nigel,
493:
487:
486:
484:
482:
475:English Monarchs
467:
461:
452:
443:
438:Bradfield, Ray,
436:
430:
414:
408:
403:Tranter, Nigel,
401:
395:
385:
300:John of Scotland
264:Scottish regalia
195:Robert the Bruce
149:Saint Margaret's
145:Scottish regalia
133:Edinburgh Castle
117:conquer Scotland
29:Stone of Destiny
27:is not the true
25:Coronation Chair
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5006:
4973:
4928:
4913:
4873:
4854:
4837:
4820:
4811:
4707:
4615:
4591:Great Recession
4574:
4545:
4521:
4505:
4486:
4377:H. P. Lovecraft
4346:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4280:
4268:
4236:
4212:
4185:Muammar Gaddafi
4175:
4163:Leonid Brezhnev
4138:
4126:
4109:Gregory Palamas
4094:
4092:Chiang Kai Shek
4082:
4042:
4032:
4013:
4012:
3993:
3974:Conflict thesis
3962:
3926:
3816:
3807:
3774:
3738:
3668:
3620:
3582:
3548:Interwar period
3538:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3477:Schlieffen Plan
3457:
3418:
3407:
3322:
3289:
3272:
3257:
3246:
3240:
3224:Dorian invasion
3209:Fall of Babylon
3165:
3159:
3158:
3135:
3127:
3094:
3075:
3051:
3028:
3021:
2983:Kingdom of Alba
2964:
2957:
2924:
2915:
2903:
2901:Spanish decline
2879:
2860:
2815:
2770:
2758:
2739:
2730:
2696:
2637:
2602:
2588:Greater Magadha
2574:
2552:
2509:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2457:
2436:
2410:Four Barbarians
2368:
2342:
2270:
2227:Götaland theory
2195:Lusotropicalism
2185:
2166:North Macedonia
2098:
2086:
2074:
2052:
2040:
1980:
1959:Frontier thesis
1954:Cyclical theory
1937:Neoabolitionism
1913:
1876:
1846:
1808:
1785:Greater Morocco
1765:
1737:
1714:
1665:
1659:
1551:
1535:
1523:
1480:
1461:
1374:
1289:
1283:
1265:Historical eras
1246:
1225:
1060:
957:Writing systems
927:
885:
883:Fields of study
864:
858:Service records
843:Religious texts
749:
735:Primary sources
719:
706:
705:
639:
634:
597:Nigel Tranter,
593:
588:
587:
578:
574:
564:
562:
551:
550:
546:
537:
530:
522:
518:
510:
503:
494:
490:
480:
478:
469:
468:
464:
453:
446:
437:
433:
415:
411:
402:
398:
386:
382:
377:
364:returned item.
332:
326:
277:
223:
218:
181:
168:
113:
74:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5072:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5054:Stone of Scone
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Charles Darwin
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4337:United Kingdom
4334:
4329:
4327:Modern Germany
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4246:Thomas Aquinas
4243:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4116:
4114:Horatio Nelson
4111:
4106:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3946:Responsibility
3943:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3858:New Historians
3855:
3850:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Responsibility
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3500:
3488:
3482:Spirit of 1914
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3452:
3442:
3439:Fischer thesis
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3380:Paraguayan War
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3306:Napoleonic era
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3279:
3270:Pre-revolution
3261:
3259:
3255:Coalition Wars
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:historiography
3126:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:Decline thesis
2948:
2941:Ottoman Empire
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2867:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2768:Skeptic School
2753:
2751:Anti-Normanism
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2708:Golden Liberty
2704:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:Neo-Bourbonism
2682:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2530:Borussian myth
2527:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2001:Dealbanisation
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1865:May Revolution
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1835:Staples thesis
1832:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1667:modern history
1658:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1611:Paradigm shift
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1297:Annales school
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:Constitutional
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:Postage stamps
1033:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
975:
974:
964:
959:
950:
935:
933:
929:
928:
926:
925:
920:
915:
914:
913:
903:
897:
895:
887:
886:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
863:
862:
861:
860:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Oral tradition
830:
829:
828:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
755:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
721:
720:
708:
707:
704:
703:
696:
689:
682:
674:
673:
666:
665:
664:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:Historiography
633:
632:
625:
618:
610:
604:
603:
599:Scots Magazine
592:
591:External links
589:
586:
585:
572:
561:. 1 April 2004
544:
528:
516:
501:
488:
462:
444:
431:
417:Tranter, Nigel
409:
396:
388:Bradfield, Ray
379:
378:
376:
373:
336:Arbroath Abbey
325:
322:
321:
320:
313:Dunsinane Hill
310:
307:
303:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
248:
247:
239:
232:
228:
222:
219:
217:
214:
180:
177:
173:Abbot of Scone
167:
164:
112:
109:
103:, and then to
72:Stone of Scone
70:Main article:
67:
64:
37:Stone of Scone
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5071:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5003:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Merton thesis
4826:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Panbabylonism
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4342:United States
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4222:Bolivarianism
4220:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:Simon Bolivar
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4136:Joseph Stalin
4134:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:Post-Cold War
3929:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:Falklands War
3903:
3901:
3900:Iran–Iraq War
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Ongoing Nakba
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:Western Front
3777:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3760:Bengal famine
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3674:The Holocaust
3671:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:Eastern Front
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:Paris Commune
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:Turning point
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:18th and 19th
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3190:Islamic views
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3086:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2913:Ser de España
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Ottoman claim
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:Prosopography
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2264:Trưng sisters
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:Habsburg myth
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:United States
1916:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1852:Latin America
1849:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Transnational
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:Decoloniality
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:Historiometry
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:Periodization
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Sigillography
1044:
1042:
1041:Prosopography
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
973:
970:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
924:
921:
919:
918:Local history
916:
912:
911:Human history
909:
908:
907:
906:World history
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
823:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
663:
662:
658:
654:
653:
652:
651:
647:
646:
642:
638:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
611:
608:
602:
600:
595:
594:
582:
576:
560:
559:
554:
548:
541:
535:
533:
525:
520:
513:
508:
506:
498:
492:
476:
472:
466:
460:
456:
455:Prebble, John
451:
449:
441:
435:
428:
424:
423:
418:
413:
406:
400:
393:
389:
384:
380:
372:
370:
365:
361:
359:
358:Nigel Tranter
354:
352:
347:
344:
339:
337:
331:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
280:
269:
265:
261:
256:
255:
253:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
213:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Nigel Tranter
184:
176:
174:
163:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:Saint Columba
79:
73:
63:
61:
58:, who was an
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:Nigel Tranter
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4757:
4559:The Simpsons
4557:
4504:Other topics
4452:
4429:Christianity
4419:Resurrection
4050:Adolf Hitler
3879:Six-Day War
3875:Algerian War
3846: /
3805:Vichy France
3797:
3790:
3700: /
3588:World War II
3484: /
3151:
3144:
2987:
2946:Ghaza thesis
2869:
2845:
2831:White legend
2829: /
2827:Black legend
2782:Soviet Union
2672:
2665:
2653:
2616:Great Famine
2593:Indocentrism
2567:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2522:
2468:Grand Siècle
2466:
2447:
2415:Sinocentrism
2276:Ancient Rome
2256:
2114:Aryan Kartli
2112:
1904:
1867: /
1801:
1698:19th century
1696: /
1687: /
1652:
1645:
1644: /
1639:
1615:
1589: /
1563:Black legend
1521:Historiology
1318: /
1306:
1269:
1207:Quantitative
1130:
1126:Intellectual
1092: /
1088: /
1074: /
1072:Anthropology
1026:Phaleristics
1019:preservation
1014:Oral history
955: /
941: /
923:Microhistory
698:
691:
684:
677:
668:
659: /
655:
648:
598:
581:The Guardian
580:
575:
563:. Retrieved
556:
547:
539:
519:
511:
496:
491:
479:. Retrieved
474:
465:
458:
439:
434:
420:
412:
404:
399:
391:
383:
366:
362:
355:
348:
340:
333:
278:
250:
243:
203:
185:
182:
169:
166:Substitution
114:
90:
75:
41:
20:
18:
4947:Hagiography
4708: [
4668:Early Islam
4522: [
4414:Historicity
4392:Historicity
4382:Jane Austen
4362:The Beatles
4332:Netherlands
4293: [
4290:Zhuge Liang
4281: [
4269: [
4266:Yuan Shikai
4237: [
4234:Sun Yat Tse
4213: [
4176: [
4139: [
4127: [
4124:Jiang Zemin
4095: [
4083: [
4075:Che Guevara
3808: [
3743:Pacific War
3527:Article 231
3517:Reparations
3494: [
3458: [
3435:Color books
3424:World War I
3408: [
3385:War of 1812
3290: [
3273: [
3258:(1792–1815)
3229:Sea Peoples
3214:Gallic Wars
2916: [
2904: [
2891:Revisionist
2880: [
2871:Reconquista
2861: [
2853:Inquisition
2847:Convivencia
2771: [
2759: [
2731: [
2628:Revisionism
2553: [
2501: [
2489: [
2477: [
2458: [
2400:Golden ages
2369: [
2366:Wunu School
2361:Archaeology
2234:Switzerland
2217:Kosovo Myth
2205:Great Union
2186: [
2171:Philippines
2154:Nationalist
2127:Ages of Man
2099: [
2087: [
2075: [
2053: [
2041: [
1877: [
1874:Revisionist
1766: [
1703:Renaissance
1568:Coloniality
1536: [
1524: [
1516:Historicity
1440:Revisionist
1430:Pop history
1401:Nationalist
1375: [
1320:Cliometrics
1288:Approaches,
1244:Methodology
1140:Linguistics
1090:Environment
1056:Vexillology
979:Diplomatics
962:Chorography
901:Big History
853:War diaries
826:Illuminated
821:Manuscripts
806:Hieroglyphs
686:historicity
141:Scone Abbey
48:non-fiction
5018:Categories
5002:Multimedia
4821:Technology
4785:Urreligion
4688:Kharijites
4639:Background
4307:Historical
4278:Zhou Enlai
4173:Mao Zedong
4168:Louis Riel
3941:Background
3792:Guilty Men
3734:Uniqueness
3657:Background
3652:Winter War
3576:Background
3509:Versailles
3363:Great Game
3010:Ricardians
3005:Tudor myth
2723:Partitions
2316:Succession
1606:Narratives
1591:Presentism
1547:Philosophy
1367:Humanistic
1255:Case study
1187:Indigenous
1165:Diplomatic
1109:Capitalism
1009:Onomastics
967:Chronology
796:Facsimiles
781:Chronicles
679:historians
650:Historians
375:References
328:See also:
268:Black Rood
152:Black Rood
50:books and
4790:Perennial
4579:Economics
4531:Feudalism
4317:Australia
4065:Aurangzeb
4041:Political
4031:By person
3712:Pius Wars
3507:Treaty of
3166:conflicts
2973:Poor Laws
2836:Hispanism
2713:Sarmatism
2543:Sonderweg
2301:Expansion
2026:Litvinism
1860:Argentina
1694:Long 18th
1577:Dark Ages
1357:Historism
1155:Political
1094:Geography
1031:Philology
994:Genealogy
989:Epigraphy
932:By source
771:Artifacts
565:24 August
481:30 August
317:hill fort
306:artefact.
78:Dál Riata
4992:Category
4907:template
4621:Religion
4472:Socrates
4387:Muhammed
4309:rankings
4190:Napoleon
4008:Category
3826:Cold War
3729:Slovakia
3316:Waterloo
3185:Crusades
3130:Military
2978:Scotland
2936:Kemalist
2258:Nam tiến
2253:Vietnam
2243:Ukraine
2201:Romania
2183:Portugal
2109:Georgia
2084:Medieval
2033:Bulgaria
2022:Belarus
2007:Austria
1813:Americas
1781:Morocco
1777:Ethiopia
1556:Specific
1479:Concepts
1384:Leninist
1342:Feminist
1330:Critical
1177:Feminism
1150:Military
1104:Business
1099:Economic
1081:Cultural
1065:By topic
1051:Toponymy
999:Heraldry
947:template
894:By scale
816:Logbooks
801:Features
766:Archives
216:Evidence
199:Hebrides
4927:Related
4817:Science
4462:Madonna
4434:Judaism
4397:Judaism
4229:Saladin
4119:Hypatia
4043:leaders
3967:Related
3920:Origins
3883:Origins
3834:Origins
3390:Origins
3336:Origins
3202:Origins
3064:Oceania
3027:British
2965:Kingdom
2608:Ireland
2515:Germany
2223:Sweden
2096:New Age
2072:Ancient
2068:Europe
2064:Croatia
1996:Albania
1989:Eurasia
1791:Rwanda
1489:General
1389:Marxist
1290:schools
1119:Thought
1086:Ecology
848:Scrolls
786:Codices
754:Sources
693:history
670:History
542:, p 122
442:, p 130
394:, p 121
343:Glasgow
160:England
125:Berwick
97:Dunkeld
5044:Stones
4553:Salons
4355:Others
4322:Canada
3956:Causes
3893:Causes
3868:Causes
3662:Spirit
3596:Causes
3566:Causes
3431:Causes
3400:Causes
3373:Causes
3351:Causes
3282:Causes
3029:Empire
2963:United
2929:Turkey
2744:Russia
2718:Deluge
2701:Poland
2441:France
2239:Taiwan
2212:Serbia
2018:Balhae
1869:Causes
1820:Canada
1754:Egypt
1747:Africa
1271:Tarikh
1192:Labour
1182:Gender
1172:Social
972:dating
838:Papyri
761:Annals
601:, 1960
499:, p 77
429:, 1987
407:, p 11
351:Dundee
129:Dunbar
101:Atholl
4800:Roman
4712:]
4526:]
4439:Islam
4409:Jesus
4297:]
4285:]
4273:]
4241:]
4217:]
4180:]
4143:]
4131:]
4099:]
4087:]
3812:]
3702:Nakba
3498:]
3462:]
3412:]
3294:]
3277:]
2920:]
2908:]
2884:]
2865:]
2820:Spain
2775:]
2763:]
2735:]
2642:Italy
2580:India
2557:]
2505:]
2493:]
2481:]
2462:]
2373:]
2348:China
2190:]
2149:Korea
2144:Japan
2133:Iran
2122:Greek
2103:]
2091:]
2079:]
2057:]
2050:Early
2045:]
1906:Casta
1881:]
1803:Maafa
1770:]
1540:]
1528:]
1379:]
1219:Women
1214:Urban
1202:Rural
1197:LGBTQ
953:Books
791:Deeds
728:Types
227:pole.
206:Sleat
193:, by
137:Scone
105:Scone
86:Aedan
4891:list
3486:1917
2498:Lyon
1969:Eras
1888:Peru
1623:list
1570:and
1450:Whig
657:list
567:2017
483:2014
210:Skye
93:Iona
19:The
1617:Pax
39:).
5020::
4710:it
4524:pt
4295:zh
4283:zh
4271:zh
4239:zh
4215:es
4178:zh
4141:ru
4129:zh
4097:zh
4085:zh
3810:fr
3496:ru
3460:fr
3437:/
3410:es
3292:ru
3275:fr
2918:es
2906:es
2882:es
2863:es
2773:ru
2761:ru
2733:pl
2555:de
2503:fr
2491:fr
2479:fr
2460:fr
2371:zh
2188:pt
2101:ru
2089:ru
2077:ru
2055:ru
2043:de
1879:es
1768:es
1538:de
1526:es
1377:pt
555:.
531:^
504:^
473:.
457:,
447:^
425:,
419:,
390:,
212:.
119:,
99:,
4893:)
4889:(
4819:/
3451:)
3447:(
3441:)
3433:(
3122:e
3115:t
3108:v
2624:"
2620:"
949:)
945:(
629:e
622:t
615:v
569:.
485:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.