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more properly termed a "sleeping platform," a base for seasonal or temporary use. Both types are built with sticks and twigs and are lined with leaves, moss, lichens and shredded bark. The birthing nest may be lined with tail hair. The nest may measure 43 to 91 cm (17 to 36 in) by up to 46 cm (18 in) and is usually found in the top third of the tree. Young or traveling squirrels will also "sleep rough" when weather permits, balanced spread-eagled on a tree limb high above the forest floor. This attitude is also adopted for cooling in hot weather, a behavior also observed in raccoons.
25:
304:
442:(including tail) from 43 to 61 centimetres (17 to 24 in). It is the largest native tree squirrel in the western coastal United States. Western gray squirrels exhibit a form of coloration known as counter shading. The dorsal fur is a silver gunmetal gray, with pure white on the underside; there may be black flecks in the tail. Ears are large but without tufts. The ears turn reddish-brown at the back in the winter. The tail is long and typically very bushy. It usually stays curved upwards in an "S" shape.
157:
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which will not reach fullness until adulthood. This is a good indicator of age and maturity. Mother squirrels often seem to be overworked with a stressed appearance, complete with bruised and battered nipples. Mating squirrels can be very physical and will bite and injure each other. Females can be quite territorial, and will chase others away and have fairly violent altercations between themselves.
694:
515:
making numerous caches of food when it is abundant, and thus contribute to the seed dispersion of their food trees. Although squirrels show relatively good scent relocation abilities, some food caches are never reclaimed, becoming seedlings in the spring. Though they do not hibernate, they do become
445:
Tree squirrels undergo a complete head-to-tail molt in the spring and a rump-to-head molt in the fall. Tail hair is replaced only in the spring. Nesting mothers will use their tail hair to line birthing nests. Western gray squirrels eat berries, nuts, a variety of seeds, and the eggs of small birds.
681:
on
Sepulveda and Wilshire Boulevards brought fox squirrels as pets to this site from their homes in the areas surrounding the Mississippi Valley (possibly Tennessee). Other introductions of fox squirrels to the Los Angeles area may have taken place during more recent times, but detailed records are
470:
Western gray squirrels reach sexual maturity at 10 to 11 months, and at approximately one year of age, will begin breeding. They mate over an extended period ranging from
December through June. Young are born after approximate 44-day gestation period. Juveniles emerge from nests between March and
572:
The western gray squirrel is an arboreal species, requiring enough tree cover for arboreal travel. It resides in woody areas to build their complex nests. It lives in high and low elevations in
California. It can be found at elevations up to 2,000 m. It find habitats in both walnut trees and
568:
Squirrel nests are called dreys and can be seen in trees, built from sticks and leaves wrapped with long strands of grass. There are two stick nest types made by the western gray squirrel: the first is a large, round, covered shelter nest for winter use, birthing, and rearing young. The second is
475:
which remain in the nest for a longer period than other squirrels. The kits are relatively slow in development, and will not leave the nest for six months or more, another species disadvantage when in competition with other, more-rapidly fledging squirrels. Young gray squirrels have furled tails
516:
less active during the winter. Like many prey animals, they depend on auditory alerts from other squirrels or birds to determine safety. Once an alarm call is transmitted, those present will join in, and the trees become a cacophony of chirping squirrels. Western gray squirrels are prey for
508:, which help increase the development of body fat. They feed mostly in trees and on the ground. They generally forage in the morning and late afternoon for acorns, pine nuts, new tree buds, and fruits. They feed on pinecones and many other nuts in preparation for the winter.
682:
not available. These aggressive cousins drove the more reclusive western gray squirrels back into the mountains, where competition was not so strong. This non-native species introduction appears to be the largest threat in the southern
California area.
644:
In
Washington State, the western gray squirrel was listed as a threatened species in 1993, and was reclassified as endangered in November 2023. Populations of the western gray squirrel have not recovered from past reductions. They are threatened with
668:
in some
California areas, the western gray squirrel in southern California is generally found only in the mountains and surrounding foothill communities. Local rehabilitation experts recount that fox squirrels were released in urban regions of
657:, a disease caused by mites, becomes epidemic in western gray squirrel populations and is a major source of mortality. Other species, such as eastern gray squirrels, fox squirrels, California ground squirrels and
649:, road-kill mortality and disease. Habitat has been lost due to urbanization, catastrophic wild fires, and areas of forest degraded by fire suppression and overgrazing, allowing the invasion of
382:
In some landscapes, the western gray squirrel has lost habitat or experienced local extinction due to competition with other squirrel species and other pressures on their population.
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When on alert, they will spread their tails lavishly, creating an umbrella effect that shields them and possibly provides cover from overhead predators. They are
434:(which have been introduced into its native range), these squirrels are shy, and will generally run up a tree and give a hoarse chirping call when disturbed.
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in the Sierra Nevada and
Central California range. It has plantigrade, pentadactyl feet with two phalanges. Compared with the
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Report of an investigation into locally endangered status containing a comprehensive review of the species' natural history
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dwellers. Time on the ground is spent foraging, but they prefer to travel distances from tree to tree. They are strictly
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found along the western coast of the United States and Mexico. In some places, this species has also been known as the
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677:) were introduced to the Los Angeles area in about 1904. Civil War and SpanishâAmerican War veterans residing at the
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1980:
995:"Western gray squirrels are now considered endangered in Washington state: "Seriously threatened with extinction""
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are considered critical foods because they are very high in oil and moderately high in
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636:). However, the predation does not control the squirrel's population density.
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1078:. Draft. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Program. Archived from
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817:(3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754â818.
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Carraway, Leslie N.; Verts, B. J. (1994-12-02). "Sciurus griseus".
846:
Carraway, Leslie N.; Verts, B. J. (1994-12-02). "Sciurus griseus".
218:
188:
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814:
Mammal
Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
537:
492:, and feed mainly on seeds and nuts, particularly pine seeds and
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1073:"Washington State Recovery Plan for the Western Gray Squirrel"
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vary from about .35 to 1 kilogram (0.77 to 2.20 lb), and
893:
Bryant, Monroe D. (1945). "Phylogeny of
Nearctic Sciuridae".
593:
549:
521:
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are expanding and competing with the western gray squirrel.
517:
496:, though they will also take berries, fungus and insects.
564:
A western gray squirrel eating pine seeds from a pine cone
693:
629:
621:
545:
541:
1025:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2017-06-12
576:
The western gray squirrel has many predators, including
736:
Lacher, T.; Timm, R.; Ălvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2017) .
689:
1136:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (2014).
806:
390:The western gray squirrel was first described by
2034:
471:mid-August. Litter sizes range from one to five
2073:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1071:Linders, Mary J.; Stinson, Derek W (May 2006).
639:
761:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20011A22247710.en
1184:
945:
845:
807:Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005).
1140:. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
673:throughout the 20th century. Fox squirrels (
1040:
351:. There are three geographical subspecies:
2078:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1191:
1177:
775:
302:
132:
110:
91:
1164:Smithsonian Western Gray Squirrel article
800:
759:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
992:
559:
32:This article includes a list of general
1123:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1058:Sciurus griseus (Western gray squirrel)
811:. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
2035:
892:
555:
1784:
1783:
1172:
1067:. GlobalTwitcher. N. Stromberg (ed.).
2088:Least concern biota of North America
479:
363:(from south of San Francisco Bay to
18:
2043:IUCN Red List least concern species
747:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
729:
355:(central Washington to the western
13:
365:San Luis Obispo County, California
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2104:
1152:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1274:Central American dwarf squirrel
692:
394:in 1818 based on notes taken by
155:
23:
895:The American Midland Naturalist
465:
1011:
986:
939:
921:
886:
839:
385:
311:Western gray squirrel's range
1:
1685:Southern Amazon red squirrel
1677:Northern Amazon red squirrel
1300:(Microsciurus santanderensis)
723:
2063:Rodents of the United States
640:Habitat loss and competition
7:
685:
484:Western gray squirrels are
10:
2109:
2048:NatureServe secure species
1747:Southwestern red squirrel
1708:Bangs's mountain squirrel
1381:South Yungas red squirrel
1342:(Rheithrosciurus macrotis)
1284:(Microsciurus flaviventer)
718:California ground squirrel
2083:Mammals described in 1818
1792:
1766:
1757:(Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
1719:
1696:
1589:Calabrian black squirrel
1413:Atlantic Forest squirrel
1389:Yellow-throated squirrel
1351:
1328:
1307:
1298:Santander dwarf squirrel
1254:
1216:
1199:Extant species of family
310:
301:
280:
275:
257:
250:
152:Scientific classification
150:
130:
108:
99:
90:
85:
2093:Taxa named by George Ord
1741:(Tamiasciurus douglasii)
1710:(Syntheosciurus brochus)
1019:"Western Gray Squirrels"
359:in central California);
337:California gray squirrel
1749:(Tamiasciurus fremonti)
1623:(Sciurus variegatoides)
1340:Tufted ground squirrel
1290:Western dwarf squirrel
1138:"Western Grey Squirrel"
993:Li Cohen (2023-11-20).
929:"Western Gray Squirrel"
446:The dental formula for
353:Sciurus griseus griseus
345:Columbian gray squirrel
53:more precise citations.
1755:American red squirrel
1639:(Sciurus yucatanensis)
1599:(Sciurus nayaritensis)
1591:(Sciurus meridionalis)
1559:(Sciurus carolinensis)
1557:Eastern gray squirrel
1549:Mexican gray squirrel
1541:Arizona gray squirrel
1493:Western gray squirrel
1391:(Sciurus gilvigularis)
1292:(Microsciurus mimulus)
1282:Amazon dwarf squirrel
1105:Cite journal requires
1045:. Animal Diversity Web
933:www.swartzentrover.com
783:"Sciurus carolinensis"
754:: e.T20011A115154716.
679:Sawtelle Veterans Home
565:
86:Western gray squirrel
2015:Paleobiology Database
1679:(Sciurus igniventris)
1597:Mexican fox squirrel
1551:(Sciurus aureogaster)
1543:(Sciurus arizonensis)
1399:(Sciurus granatensis)
1383:(Sciurus argentinius)
1276:(Microsciurus alfari)
713:Eastern gray squirrel
563:
422:eastern gray squirrel
319:western gray squirrel
1621:Variegated squirrel
1447:(Sciurus stramineus)
1429:Richmond's squirrel
1423:(Sciurus pucheranii)
1397:Red-tailed squirrel
1041:Crane, Sara (2002).
787:Natureserve Explorer
341:Oregon gray squirrel
333:silver-gray squirrel
2068:Fauna of California
1687:(Sciurus spadiceus)
1657:Caucasian squirrel
1475:(Sciurus pyrrhinus)
1473:JunĂn red squirrel
1467:(Sciurus flammifer)
1445:Guayaquil squirrel
1437:Sanborn's squirrel
1431:(Sciurus richmondi)
1373:Brazilian squirrel
556:Habitat and shelter
371:(which ranges from
102:Conservation status
1659:(Sciurus anomalus)
1631:(Sciurus vulgaris)
1615:(Sciurus oculatus)
1613:Peters's squirrel
1581:Japanese squirrel
1567:(Sciurus colliaei)
1565:Collie's squirrel
1439:(Sciurus sanborni)
1405:Bolivian squirrel
1375:(Sciurus aestuans)
1063:2016-03-04 at the
1056:Hogan, C.Michael.
809:"Family Sciuridae"
566:
2058:Rodents of Mexico
2030:
2029:
2002:Open Tree of Life
1786:Taxon identifiers
1777:
1776:
1739:Douglas squirrel
1637:Yucatan squirrel
1573:Deppe's squirrel
1533:Allen's squirrel
1513:Abert's squirrel
1495:(Sciurus griseus)
1415:(Sciurus ingrami)
1407:(Sciurus ignitus)
1264:(Dwarf squirrels)
1119:"Sciurus griseus"
1043:"Sciurus griseus"
1023:WDFW Conservation
948:Mammalian Species
848:Mammalian Species
824:978-0-8018-8221-0
586:great horned owls
582:Buteo jamaicensis
573:black oak trees.
480:Behavior and diet
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1583:(Sciurus lis)
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675:Sciurus niger
672:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
637:
635:
631:
630:domestic dogs
627:
623:
622:domestic cats
619:
618:Puma concolor
615:
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610:Canis latrans
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418:tree squirrel
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397:
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357:Sierra Nevada
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329:tree squirrel
326:
325:
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309:
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284:S. g. griseus
282:
281:
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252:Binomial name
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129:
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118:
117:Least Concern
107:
103:
98:
94:
89:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2015
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1793:
1768:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1722:Tamiasciurus
1720:
1709:
1697:
1686:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1649:
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1525:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1466:
1458:Hadrosciurus
1457:
1455:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1341:
1329:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1257:Microsciurus
1255:
1246:Sciuromorpha
1142:. Retrieved
1126:. Retrieved
1098:cite journal
1087:. Retrieved
1080:the original
1047:. Retrieved
1027:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
988:
950:(474): 1â7.
947:
941:
932:
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898:
894:
888:
850:(474): 1â7.
847:
841:
813:
802:
790:. Retrieved
786:
777:
765:. Retrieved
751:
745:
739:
731:
708:Fox squirrel
674:
663:
659:wild turkeys
651:scotch broom
647:habitat loss
643:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
589:
581:
575:
571:
567:
510:
483:
469:
466:Reproduction
447:
444:
431:
429:fox squirrel
424:
413:
412:
404:Wasco County
389:
381:
375:to northern
368:
360:
352:
348:
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332:
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288:
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260:
258:
242:
241:
229:
80:
65:
56:
37:
1963:NatureServe
1872:iNaturalist
1818:Wikispecies
1203:(subfamily
671:Los Angeles
626:Felis catus
386:Description
349:banner-tail
276:Subspecies
142:NatureServe
51:introducing
2037:Categories
1670:Urosciurus
1506:Otosciurus
1244:Suborder:
1144:2014-11-10
1128:2006-03-23
1089:2008-02-03
1049:2008-02-03
1029:2018-09-27
1004:2023-12-25
724:References
666:extirpated
664:Listed as
602:Lynx rufus
400:The Dalles
392:George Ord
34:references
1668:Subgenus
1648:Subgenus
1524:Subgenus
1504:Subgenus
1484:Subgenus
1456:Subgenus
1364:Subgenus
1220:Kingdom:
1205:Sciurinae
1201:Sciuridae
980:253911325
964:0076-3519
880:253911325
864:0076-3519
498:Pine nuts
237:Species:
219:Sciuridae
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
1968:2.104592
1955:12400158
1890:11340999
1809:Q1071837
1803:Wikidata
1770:Category
1240:Rodentia
1234:Mammalia
1228:Chordata
1226:Phylum:
1222:Animalia
1209:Sciurini
1061:Archived
999:CBS News
833:26158608
767:10 March
686:See also
538:raccoons
460:Ăâ2 = 22
432:S. niger
347:and the
215:Family:
209:Rodentia
199:Mammalia
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
122:IUCN 3.1
2053:Sciurus
1942:1001686
1864:5219672
1526:Sciurus
1354:Sciurus
1238:Order:
1232:Class:
972:3504097
915:2421337
872:3504097
614:cougars
606:coyotes
598:bobcats
534:coyotes
530:cougars
526:bobcats
490:diurnal
457:1.0.1.3
454:1.0.2.3
436:Weights
427:or the
367:); and
327:) is a
230:Sciurus
225:Genus:
205:Order:
195:Class:
140: (
138:Secure
120: (
47:improve
2007:964567
1916:180176
1851:347683
1211:tribe)
978:
970:
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870:
862:
831:
821:
792:12 May
628:) and
594:eagles
550:humans
522:eagles
502:acorns
494:acorns
486:forest
440:length
408:Oregon
343:, the
339:, the
335:, the
270:, 1818
36:, but
2020:51483
1994:87479
1981:53278
1929:20011
1903:64736
1885:IRMNG
1877:46023
1650:Tenes
1083:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
976:S2CID
968:JSTOR
911:JSTOR
876:S2CID
868:JSTOR
518:hawks
1976:NCBI
1924:IUCN
1911:ITIS
1859:GBIF
1111:help
960:ISSN
860:ISSN
829:OCLC
819:ISBN
794:2024
769:2022
752:2016
548:and
546:dogs
542:cats
500:and
473:kits
317:The
1950:MSW
1937:MDD
1898:ISC
1846:EoL
1833:ADW
952:doi
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