Western Roman Empire

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Italy, northern Gaul (except for large towns and cities), and to some extent Spain and the Danubian areas may have suffered. The East fared better economically, especially as Emperors such as Constantine the Great and Constantius II had invested heavily in the eastern economy. As a result, the Eastern Empire could afford large numbers of professional soldiers and to augment them with mercenaries, while the Western Roman Empire could not afford this to the same extent. Even after major defeats, the East could, although not without difficulties, buy off its enemies with a ransom or "protection money". Numbering more than 300,000 soldiers, the Eastern Roman army of Justinian I was among the most powerful in the world.

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systems of Odoacer's kingdom, essentially those of the Western Roman Empire, and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans. The Senate continued to function as it always had, and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population, though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws. Western Roman administrative institutions, in particular those of Italy, thus continued to be used during "barbarian" rule and after the forces of the Eastern Roman empire re-conquered some of the formerly imperial territories. Some historians thus refer to the reorganizations of Italy and abolition of the old and separate Western Roman administrative units, such as the

3040: 2087: 4461: 2333: 2217:, and Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III. This was seen as a just cause of war by King Gaiseric, who set sail to attack Rome. Petronius and his supporters attempted to flee the city at the sight of the approaching Vandals, only to be stoned to death by a Roman mob. Petronius had reigned only 11 weeks. With the Vandals at the gates, Pope Leo I requested that the King not destroy the ancient city or murder its inhabitants, to which Gaiseric agreed and the city gates were opened to him. Though keeping his promise, Gaiseric looted great amounts of treasure and damaged objects of cultural significance such as the 1972:

soldiers to instead join with Alaric, who returned to Italy in 409 and met little opposition. Despite attempts by Honorius to reach a settlement and six legions of Eastern Roman soldiers sent to support him, the negotiations between Alaric and Honorius broke down in 410 and Alaric sacked the city of Rome. Though the sack was relatively mild and Rome was no longer the capital of even the Western Empire, the event shocked people across both halves of the Empire as this was the first time Rome (viewed at least as the symbolic heart of the Empire) had fallen to a foreign enemy since the

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outside foes such as the Sasanian Persians and the Huns. This view is consistent with the view that contemporary Romans of the 4th and 5th centuries continued to consider the Empire as a single unit, although more often than not with two rulers instead of one. The first time the Empire was divided geographically was during the reign of Diocletian, but there was precedent for multiple emperors. Before Diocletian and the Tetrarchy, there had been a number of periods where there were co-emperors, such as with

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and the Eastern emperor Zeno chose not to appoint a new Western emperor. Zeno, recognizing that no true Roman control remained over the territories legally governed by the Western court, instead chose to abolish the juridical division of the position of emperor and declared himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. Zeno became the first sole Roman emperor since the division after Theodosius I, 85 years prior, and the position would never again be divided. As such, the (eastern)

3307: 1931: 1837: 4790: 1677: 913: 1391: 3674:, Zeno only exercised true control over the largely intact Eastern Empire and over Italy as the nominal overlord of Odoacer. The reconquests under Justinian I would bring back large formerly Western Roman territories into Imperial control, and with them the Empire would begin to face the same problems it had faced under previous periods prior to the Tetrarchy when there had been only one ruler. Shortly after the reconquest of North Africa a usurper, 2966: 2297:. With Gaul back under Roman control, Majorian turned his eyes to the Vandals and Africa. Not only did the Vandals pose a constant danger to coastal Italy and trade in the Mediterranean, but the province they ruled was economically vital to the survival of the West. Majorian began a campaign to fully reconquer Hispania to use it as a base for the reconquest of Africa. Throughout 459, Majorian campaigned against the Suebi in northwestern Hispania. 3720:, and married his two daughters to them. Germanus had clear connections to the western provinces, and Maurice to the eastern provinces. It is possible that Tiberius was planning to divide the empire into western and eastern administrative units once more. If so, the plan was never realized. At the death of Tiberius, Maurice inherited the entire empire as Germanus had refused the throne. Maurice established a new type of administrative unit, the 3049: 2160:, Valentinian III's sister, offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted marriage that her brother was forcing her into. With a pretext to invade the West, Attila secured peace with the Eastern court and crossed the Rhine in early 451. With Attila wreaking havoc in Gaul, Aetius gathered a coalition of Roman and Germanic forces, including Visigoths and Burgundians, and prevented the Huns from taking the city of 3392: 2876:

to use the administrative systems of Odoacer's kingdom, essentially those of the Western Roman Empire, and administrative positions continued to be staffed exclusively by Romans. The senate continued to function as it always had and the laws of the Empire were recognized as ruling the Roman population, though the Goths were ruled by their own traditional laws. As a subordinate, Theoderic did not have the right to issue his own

2570: 2732: 2672:. Syagrius was known as the "King of the Romans" by the Germanic peoples of the region and repeatedly claimed that he was merely governing a Roman province, not an independent realm. Under Clovis I from the 480s to 511, the Franks would come to develop into a great regional power. After their conquest of Soissons, the Franks defeated the Alemanni in 504 and conquered all Visigothic territory north of the 2909:. The Western imperial regalia, housed in Constantinople since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476, were returned to Ravenna by Emperor Anastasius in 497. Theoderic, by now Western emperor in all but name, could not, however, assume an imperial title, not only because the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished but also due to his "barbarian" heritage, which, like that of 992:. While the predominantly Greek culture of the East and the predominantly Latin culture of the West functioned effectively as an integrated whole, political and military developments would ultimately realign the Empire along those cultural and linguistic lines. More often than not, Greek and Latin practices (and to some extent the languages themselves) would be combined in fields such as 2149:. By the 400s, Italy and Rome itself were dependent on the taxes and foodstuffs from these provinces, leading to an economic crisis. With Vandal fleets becoming an increasing danger to Roman sea trade and the coasts and islands of the western and central Mediterranean, Aetius coordinated a counterattack against the Vandals in 440, organizing a large army in Sicily. 2352:, who effectively became a "shadow emperor" following the depositions of Avitus and Majorian. Unable to take the throne for himself due to his barbarian heritage, Ricimer appointed a series of puppet emperors who could do little to halt the collapse of Roman authority and the loss of the territories re-conquered by Majorian. The first of these puppet emperors, 754:. Political instability in the Eastern heartlands, combined with foreign invasions, plague, and religious differences, made efforts to retain control of these territories difficult and they were gradually lost for good. Though the Eastern Empire retained territories in the south of Italy until the eleventh century, the influence that the Empire had over 581:, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court. Particularly during the period from AD 395 to 476, there were separate, coequal courts dividing the governance of the empire into the Western provinces and the Eastern provinces with a distinct 4057:, which was held in 308 in order to try to end the civil war in the Western Empire. Constantine invaded Licinius' section of the Western Empire in 313, and forced him to sign a treaty in which he forfeited his claim to the Western Empire, and only controlled the Eastern Empire. Licinius attempted twice to replace Constantine, first with 3105:. They were in constant conflict with the Exarchate of Ravenna, a polity established to replace the old Praetorian Prefecture of Italy and enforce Roman rule in Italy. The wealthiest parts of the province, including the cities of Rome and Ravenna, remained securely in Roman hands under the Exarchate throughout the seventh century. 2524:. Furthermore, the Western court had lacked true power and had been subject to Germanic aristocrats for decades, with most of its legal territory being under control of various barbarian kingdoms. With Odoacer recognising Julius Nepos, and later the Eastern emperor Zeno, as his sovereign, nominal Roman control continued in Italy. 1851:(and as such co-emperor with his father) on 23 January in 393, at the age of 9. Upon the death of Theodosius, Honorius inherited the throne of the West at the age of ten whilst his older brother Arcadius inherited the East. The western capital was initially Mediolanum, as it had been during previous divisions, but it was moved to 1880:

sufficient funding for maintaining a sufficiently powerful mercenary army to defend the entire Western Empire. The West's most important military area had been northern Gaul and the Rhine frontier in the 4th century, when Trier frequently served as a military capital of sorts for the Empire. Many leading Western generals were

3678:, appeared in the province (though he was quickly defeated). As such, the idea of dividing the Empire into two courts out of administrative necessity would see a limited revival during the period that the Eastern Empire controlled large parts of the former West, both by courtiers in the East and enemies in the West. 646:. Though the tetrarchic system would collapse in a matter of years, the East–West administrative division would endure in one form or another over the coming centuries. As such, the unofficial Western Roman Empire would exist intermittently in several periods between the 3rd and 5th centuries. Some emperors, such as 8055: 2156:. Turning against their former ally, the Huns became a formidable threat to the Empire. Aetius transferred his forces to the Danube, though Attila concentrated on raiding the Eastern Roman provinces in the Balkans, providing temporary relief to the Western Empire. In 449, Attila received a message from 4809:

of Nepos, deposed him a year later in 475, forcing Nepos to flee Ravenna to his estates in Dalmatia. Orestes crowned his son Romulus as Western emperor, though the Eastern Empire and the Western possessions outside of Italy maintained recognition of Nepos as the legitimate Emperor. Nepos continued to

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April 467 by Leo I. Under Anthemius, the Western Empire, which had become increasingly isolated from the Eastern Empire, grew closer, although this collaboration came too late to save the Western Empire. Anthemius' friendly attitude towards the Eastern Empire angered Ricimer, who deposed him in March

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Magnus Maximus was elected emperor by his men in 383, in opposition to Gratian, and defeated him in battle in 383. Maximus was recognized as the Western emperor by Eastern emperor Theodosius I in 384, however this recognition was revoked by him when Maximus invaded Italy and deposed Valentinian II in

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After the death of Gratian, Valentinian II succeeded him, although he only controlled Italy itself, with all other Western Roman provinces recognizing Maximus. In 387 Maximus invaded Italy, to depose Valentinian. Valentinian fled to the court of Theodosius, where he succeeded in convincing Theodosius

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alongside Gratian and Valens who was emperor in the East. Gratian showed a strong preference for the barbarian mercenaries in his army, especially his Alanic guard, which inflamed the Roman population, to the point that in 383, Roman troops in Britain declared Magnus Maximus emperor, in opposition to

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After the death of Jovian, Valentinian I was elected. He divided the Empire between himself and his younger brother, Valens, giving himself the West and Valens the East. Valentinian spent much of his reign defending Gaul against repeated attacks by barbarian tribes, only leaving the region in 373. In

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who she had deposed. Leo III considered Irene to be a usurper and illegitimate to rule due to her gender and as such considered the imperial throne to be vacant. Thus, Charlemagne was not crowned as the ruler of the Western Roman Empire and successor to Romulus Augustulus, but rather as the successor

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Following the execution of the pro-Roman Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha and the refusal of Ostrogoth King Theodahad to renounce his control of Italy, Justinian ordered the expedition to move on to reconquer Italy, ancient heartland of the Empire. From 534 to 540, the Roman forces campaigned in Italy and

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in 401 upon the entry of the Visigothic king Alaric I into Italy. Ravenna, protected by abundant marshes and strong fortifications, was far easier to defend and had easy access to the imperial fleet of the Eastern Empire but made it more difficult for the Roman military to defend the central parts of

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in 334, and became Eastern emperor in 337, after the death of Constantine I. After Constans was killed by the usurper Magnentius, Constantius laid claim to the Western Empire, and after defeating Magnentius took possession of it, becoming sole emperor. Constantius II died in 361, of a violent fever.

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and Africa on the death of Constantine I. After Constantine II was killed in 340, while attempting to invade Constans' territory in Italy, Constans took control of the entire Western Empire. Constans was contemptuous of his army, who as a result proclaimed Magnentius as emperor in 350. Constans fled

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by Constantius in 305, after the abdication of Maximian and Diocletian. After the death of Constantius in 306, Severus became Western emperor. Severus was forced to deal with the revolt of Maxentius, the son of Maximian. Maxentius invaded in early 307, and captured the Western Empire. He had Severus

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Though Marcellinus does not refer to the Empire as a whole after 395, only to its separate parts, he clearly identifies the term "Roman" as applying to the Empire as a whole. When using terms such as "us", "our generals", and "our emperor", Marcellinus distinguished both divisions of the Empire from

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following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, are spoken in Western Europe to this day, with the exception of Romanian, which developed from the Latin spoken in the eastern provinces and the early Eastern Empire. Their extent in Western Europe almost reflects the continental borders of the old

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provided a base for a later, modest imperial expansion, which reached its peak in the early eleventh century, with most of southern Italy under Roman rule of a sort. This, however, was undone by further civil wars in the Empire, and the slow conquest of the region by the Empire's former mercenaries,

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expanded, it reached a point where the central government in Rome could not effectively rule the distant provinces. Communications and transportation were especially problematic given the vast extent of the Empire. News of invasion, revolt, natural disasters, or epidemic outbreak was carried by ship

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representative of Western Roman emperor Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno abolished the title and position of Western Roman emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. The position of Roman emperor would never again be divided, though some new candidates

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July 455, with the support of the Visigoth King Theodoric II. While he held support from the Visigoths, his rule alienated both the Roman Senate and people. In 456 Ricimer, a senior officer, had Avitus deposed, and ruled the Western Empire through a series of puppet emperors until his death in 472.

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eventually recognized Charlemagne as an "Emperor", but as the slightly humiliating "Emperor of the Franks" rather than "Roman Emperor", a title he reserved for himself. For centuries to come, the "revived" Western court and the Eastern court, in direct succession to the Roman emperors of old, would

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and subject of the emperor in Constantinople. This position was recognized by Emperor Anastasius in 497, four years after Theoderic had defeated Odoacer. Though Theodoric acted as an independent ruler, he meticulously preserved the outward appearance of his subordinate position. Theoderic continued

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The deposition of Romulus Augustus and the rise of Odoacer as ruler of Italy in 476 received very little attention at the time. Overall, very little changed for the people; there was still a Roman emperor in Constantinople to whom Odoacer had subordinated himself. Interregna had been experienced at

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and Italy, during the sixth and seventh centuries. In many places, the Roman institutions collapsed along with the economic stability. In some regions, notably Gaul and Italy, the settlement of barbarians on former Roman lands seems to have caused relatively little disruption, with barbarian rulers

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The authority of Julius Nepos as emperor was accepted not only by Odoacer in Italy, but by the Eastern Empire and Syagrius in Gaul (who had not recognized Romulus Augustulus). Nepos was murdered by his own soldiers in 480, a plot some attribute to Odoacer or the previous, deposed emperor Glycerius,

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By convention, the Western Roman Empire is deemed to have ended on 4 September 476, when Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus, but the historical record calls this determination into question. Indeed, the deposition of Romulus Augustus received very little attention in contemporary times. Romulus was a

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status as recognition of his authority and accepted him as his viceroy of Italy. Zeno, however, insisted that Odoacer had to pay homage to Julius Nepos as the emperor of the Western Empire. Odoacer accepted this condition and issued coins in the name of Julius Nepos throughout Italy. This, however,

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and the chamberlain Heraclius to assassinate him. When Aetius was at court in Ravenna delivering a financial account, Valentinian suddenly leaped from his seat and declared that he would no longer be the victim of Aetius' drunken depravities. Aetius attempted to defend himself from the charges, but

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king, into invading the Western Empire and sacking Rome, by breaking a marriage agreement made between Gaiseric and Valentinian III. Maximus and his son Palladius attempted to flee on 31 May 455, however they were apprehended by a group of peasants, and either killed by them, or by palace servants

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as the subject of Justinian in Constantinople. Belisarius, loyal to Justinian, feigned acceptance of the title to enter the city, whereupon he immediately relinquished it. Despite Belisarius relinquishing the title, the offer had made Justinian suspicious and Belisarius was ordered to return east.

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under Justinian. Belisarius, an accomplished general who had already successfully campaigned to restore Roman control over North Africa and large parts of Italy, including Rome itself, was offered the position of Western Roman emperor by the Ostrogoths during his siege of Ravenna (the Ostrogothic,

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crowned Charlemagne as "Roman Emperor" in 800, he both severed ties with the outraged Eastern Empire and established the precedent that no man in Western Europe would be emperor without a papal coronation. Although the power the Pope wielded changed significantly throughout the subsequent periods,

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At the time of the collapse of the Western Empire in 476–480, the Visigoths controlled large areas of southern Gaul as well as a majority of Hispania. Their increased domain had been partly conquered and partly awarded to them by the Western emperor Avitus in the 450s–60s. Justinian undertook some

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at the same time. Odoacer established his power with the loyal support of the Roman Senate, a legislative body that had continued even without an emperor residing in Italy. Indeed, the Senate seems to have increased in power under Odoacer. For the first time since the mid-3rd century, copper coins

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and Alans, and built two fleets, one at Ravenna, to combat the strong Vandalic fleet. Majorian personally led the army to wage war in Gaul, leaving Ricimer in Italy. The Gallic provinces and the Visigothic Kingdom had rebelled following the deposition of Avitus, refusing to acknowledge Majorian as

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Neither half of the Empire could raise forces sufficient even to subdue Alaric's men, and both tried to use Alaric against the other half. Alaric himself tried to establish a long-term territorial and official base, but was never able to do so. Stilicho tried to defend Italy and bring the invading

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Controlling the western border of Rome was reasonably easy because it was relatively close to Rome itself and also because of the disunity among the Germans. However, controlling both frontiers simultaneously during wartime was difficult. If the emperor was near the border in the East, the chances

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Charlemagne, and the subsequent Holy Roman Emperors, were not, and did not claim to be, rulers of a restored Western Roman Empire. Pope Leo III and contemporary historians were fully aware that the notion of a separate Western court had been abolished over three centuries prior and considered the

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Despite the fall, or abolition, of the Western Empire, many of the new kings of western Europe continued to operate firmly within a Roman administrative framework. This is especially true in the case of the Ostrogoths, who came to rule Italy after Odoacer. They continued to use the administrative

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in March 235 by his own troops, the Roman Empire sank into a 50-year period of civil war now known as the Crisis of the Third Century. During this period, the Empire saw the combined pressures of barbarian invasions and migrations into Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political

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in 507. Relations between the Franks and the Eastern Empire appear to have been positive, with Emperor Anastasius granting Clovis the title of consul following his victory against the Visigoths. At the time of its dissolution in the 800s, the Frankish Kingdom had lasted far longer than the other

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had banned senators from army commands in the mid-3rd century, the senatorial elite lost all experience of – and interest in – military life. In the early 5th century the wealthy landowning elite of the Roman Senate largely barred its tenants from military service, but it also refused to approve

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Despite also suffering from barbarian incursions, the Eastern Empire had survived the fifth century mostly intact. The Western Roman Empire, less urbanized than the Eastern and more thinly populated, may have experienced an economic decline throughout the Late Empire in some provinces. Southern

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to attack the Vandals. Before he could, the fleet was destroyed, allegedly by traitors paid by the Vandals. Deprived of his fleet, Majorian had to cancel his attack on the Vandals and conclude a peace with Gaiseric. Disbanding his barbarian forces, Majorian intended to return to Rome and issue

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that Stilicho was conspiring to overthrow him, and so arrested and executed Stilicho in 408. Olympius headed a conspiracy that orchestrated the deaths of key individuals related to the faction of Stilicho, including his son and the families of many of his federated troops. This led many of the

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Maxentius was proclaimed emperor in 306, in opposition to Valerius Severus, and ruled alongside his father Maximian. They succeeded in capturing the Western Empire in 307, and had Severus killed soon after. The Western Empire was invaded in 312 by Constantine, who on 28 October 312 decisively

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Constantius II focused most of his power in the East. Under his rule, the city of Byzantium – only recently re-founded as Constantinople – was fully developed as a capital. At Constantinople, the political, economic and military control of the Eastern Empire's resources would remain safe for

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in the East presented the greatest threat to the Empire. The Parthians were too remote and powerful to be conquered and there was a constant Parthian threat of invasion. The Parthians repelled several Roman invasions, and even after successful wars of conquest, such as those implemented by

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such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and a large number of minor languages and dialects. Today, more than 900 million people are native speakers of Romance languages worldwide. In addition, many Romance languages are used as lingua francas by non-native speakers.

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in 530, Justinian prepared an expedition led by Belisarius. It swiftly retook North Africa between June 533 and March 534, returning the wealthy province to Roman rule. Following the reconquest, Justinian swiftly reintroduced the Roman administrations of the province, establishing a new

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many points in the West before and the deposition of Romulus Augustus was nothing out of the ordinary. Odoacer saw his rule as entirely in the tradition of the Roman Empire, not unlike Ricimer, and he effectively ruled as an imperial "governor" of Italy and was even awarded the title of

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using and modifying the Roman systems already in place. The Germanic kingdoms in Italy, Hispania and Gaul continued to recognise the emperor in Constantinople as a somewhat nominal sovereign, the Visigoths minted coins in their names until the reign of Justinian I in the sixth century.

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Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire for long after its disappearance, and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation, rather than a fall.

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and the Middle Ages. Though military campaigns had been conducted by the Western court prior to 476 with the aim of recapturing lost territory, most notably under Majorian, the reconquests, if successful at all, were only momentary. It was as a result of the campaigns of the generals

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In addition to remaining as a concept for an administrative unit in the remaining Empire, the ideal of the Roman Empire as a mighty Christian Empire with a single ruler further continued to appeal to many powerful rulers in western Europe. With the papal coronation of Charlemagne as

735:, many of them representing former Western Roman allies that had been granted lands in return for military assistance, would maintain a pretense of Roman continuity through the continued use of the old Roman administrative systems and nominal subservience to the Eastern Roman court. 2896:

and he married Audofleda, sister of the Frankish king Clovis I, himself. Through these alliances and occasional conflicts, the territory controlled by Theoderic in the early sixth century nearly constituted a restored Western Roman Empire. Ruler of Italy since 493, Theoderic became

2240:. Though supported by the Gallic provinces and the Visigoths, Avitus was resented in Italy due to ongoing food shortages caused by Vandal control of trade routes, and for using a Visigothic imperial guard. He disbanded his guard due to popular pressure, and the Suebian general 3826:

make competing claims to be rulers of the whole Roman Empire. With the Eastern Empire terming the Holy Roman Empire as an "Empire of the Franks", the term "Empire of the Greeks" was popularized in the Frankish court as a way to refer to the Empire centered in Constantinople.

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Olybrius was proclaimed emperor in April 472. His brief reign, lasting only five or six months, was dominated by Gundobad, who had replaced his uncle Ricimer as the true power behind the throne, after the former's death. Olybrius died in October or November 472, of edema.

1302: – the local governor of the German provinces – rebelled, and his assault on Colonia Agrippina resulted in the deaths of Saloninus and the prefect. In the confusion that followed, an independent state known in modern historiography as the 3124:

Although other Eastern emperors occasionally attempted to campaign in the West, none were as successful as Justinian. After 600, events conspired to drive the Western provinces out of Constantinople's control, with imperial attention focused on the pressing issues of

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who invaded Gaul in 407. Britain was effectively abandoned by the empire by 410 due to the lack of resources and the need to look after more important frontiers. The weakening of the Rhine frontier allowed multiple barbarian tribes, including the Vandals, Alans and

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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic kingdoms, often referred to as "barbarian kingdoms", founded during its collapse continued to grow and prosper. Their beginnings, together with the end of the Western Roman Empire, mark the transition from

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in 1453, nearly a thousand years later. As 480 marks the end of the juridical division of the empire into two imperial courts, some historians refer to the death of Nepos and abolition of the Western Empire by Zeno as the end of the Western Roman Empire.

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Valentinian drew his sword and struck the weaponless Aetius on the head, killing him on the spot. On 16 March the following year, Valentinian himself was killed by supporters of the dead general, possibly acting for Petronius Maximus. With the end of the

555:, was assassinated in 480, when the title and notion of a separate Western Empire were abolished. Another suggested end date is the reorganization of the Italian peninsula and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Emperor 3075:

in 541. They were finally defeated following campaigns by the Roman general Narses, who also repelled invasions into Italy by the Franks and Alemanni, though some cities in northern Italy continued to hold out until the 560s. Justinian promulgated the

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Majorian was the last Western emperor to attempt to recover the Western Empire with his own military forces. To prepare, Majorian significantly strengthened the Western Roman army by recruiting large numbers of barbarian mercenaries, among them the

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The weakening of the frontiers in Britain and Gaul had dire consequences for the Empire. As the imperial government was not providing the military protection the northern provinces expected and needed, numerous usurpers arose in Britain, including

3475:. Church institutions slowly began to replace Roman ones in the West, even helping to negotiate the safety of Rome during the late 5th century. As Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes, many assimilated, and by the middle of the medieval period ( 1225:. All of these arrangements had ended in failure, either through premature death (Gaius and Lucius) or murder (Gemellus and Britannicus). Marcus Aurelius ruled mostly from the West, while Verus spent most of his reign campaigning in the East, 4446:

387. Valentinian II fled to the Eastern Roman Empire, and convinced Theodosius I to invade the Western Roman Empire and restore him to the Western Roman throne, which he did in 388. Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia, and executed.

4128:(although Maximian himself was considered an usurper) and in 309 he proclaimed himself as the Western emperor, in opposition to Maxentius and Licinius. He ruled alone in the West from 312 and became sole Roman emperor following the defeat of 3353:

As the Western Roman Empire crumbled, the new Germanic rulers who conquered its constituent provinces maintained most Roman laws and traditions. Many of the invading Germanic tribes were already Christianized, although most were followers of

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Though acting as a subordinate in domestic affairs, Theodoric acted increasingly independent in his foreign policies. Seeking to counterbalance the influence of the Empire in the East, Theoderic married his daughters to the Visigothic king

2371:. The relationship between Anthemius and the East was good, Anthemius is the last Western emperor recorded in an Eastern law, and the two courts conducted a joint operation to retake Africa from the Vandals, culminating in the disastrous 4489:

Theodosius was proclaimed Eastern Emperor by Gratian on 19 January 379, after securing victory against invading barbarians along the Danube. He became sole emperor in August 394, after defeating the usurper Eugenius. Theodosius died of

4169:. Constantine II's relationship with Constans I was tense, and in 340, Constantine took advantage of Constans absence from Italy and invaded it. However, in the same year, he was ambushed by Constans' forces in Aquilea, and was killed. 3197:

recognized Charlemagne as an "Emperor". He refused to recognize him as a "Roman Emperor" (a title which Michael reserved for himself and his successors), instead recognizing him as the slightly less prestigious "Emperor of the Franks".

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to attack Maximus, and to reinstate himself as Western emperor, which was done after Maximus was defeated in battle near Aquileia. Valentinian continued to rule the Western Empire until 392, when he was probably murdered by Arbogast.

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When Julian died in 363, he left no heir, causing a succession crisis. The Roman Army elected Jovian as sole emperor. Jovian reigned only seven months, in which he signed a humiliating peace treaty with the Sasanian Empire, under

2179:

had launched an attack on the Hun homelands along the Danube, forced Attila to turn back and leave Italy. When Attila died unexpectedly in 453, the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the threat posed by the Huns.

2928:. After the collapse of Theoderic's control of the western Mediterranean, the Frankish Kingdom rose to become the most powerful of the barbarian kingdoms, having taken control of most of Gaul in the absence of Roman governance. 3192:

as "Roman Emperor" in AD 800. Though this coronation was strongly opposed by the Eastern Empire, there was little they could do as their influence in Western Europe decreased. After a series of small wars in the 810s, Emperor

1465:, was declared Western emperor by the British legions, but several other claimants arose and attempted to seize the Western Empire. In 308, Galerius revived the Tetrarchy by dividing the Western Empire between Constantine and 1669:, in which Emperor Valens also died. The defeat at Adrianople was shocking to the Romans, and forced them to negotiate with and settle the Visigoths within the borders of the Empire, where they would become semi-independent 1622:

centuries to come. The city was well fortified and located at the crossroads of several major trade and military routes. The site had been acknowledged for its strategic importance already by emperors Septimius Severus and

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when the Visigoths entered Italy in 402. Stilicho, hurrying back to aid in defending Italy, summoned legions in Gaul and Britain with which he managed to defeat Alaric twice before agreeing to allow him to retreat back to

1665:, were allowed to cross the river Danube and settle in the Balkans by the Eastern government. Mistreatment caused a full-scale rebellion, and in 378 they inflicted a crippling defeat on the Eastern Roman field army in the 2520:

usurper in the eyes of the Eastern Roman Empire and the remaining territories of Western Roman control outside of Italy, with the previous emperor Julius Nepos still being alive and claiming to rule the Western Empire in

1363:

In 272, Emperor Aurelian finally managed to reclaim Palmyra and its territory for the empire. With the East secure, his attention turned to the West, invading the Gallic Empire a year later. Aurelian decisively defeated

2789:

in 483, another traditional position which continued to exist under Odoacer. Eleven further consuls were appointed by the Senate under Odoacer from 480 to 493 and one further Praetorian Prefect of Italy was appointed,

3439:

by ecclesiasticals. It remained the language of medicine, law, and diplomacy, as well as of intellectuals and scholarship, well into the 18th century. Since then the use of Latin has declined with the growth of other

1759:

with great loss of life. Again Theodosius I won, and he briefly ruled a united Empire until his death in 395. He was the last emperor to rule both parts of the Roman Empire before the West fragmented and collapsed.

10233: 2196:

in AD 460. During his four-year-long reign from 457 to 461, Majorian restored Western Roman authority in Hispania and most of Gaul. Despite his accomplishments, Roman rule in the west would last less than two more

1485:, and made it the capital of the Roman Empire. Although the Tetrarchy was ended, the concept of physically dividing the Roman Empire into East and a West continued, as happened after the deaths of Constantine and 1158:

were high that an ambitious general would rebel in the West and vice versa. This wartime opportunism plagued many ruling emperors and indeed paved the road to power for several future emperors. By the time of the

4327:. In this agreement, Rome surrendered five provinces and 18 fortresses to the Sasanians, in exchange for a 30-year truce. Jovian died on 16 February 364, due to either indigestion or charcoal vapour inhalation. 3829:

Following the end of the Eastern Roman Empire after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the title of "Emperor" became widespread among European monarchs. The

3080:

to reorganize the governance of Italy and the province was returned to Roman rule. The end of the conflict saw Italy devastated and considerably depopulated, which, combined with the disastrous effects of the

4713:

splitting off from the Western Empire, and establishing the Kingdom of Soissons. Libius Severus incited the hostility of the Vandals, who invaded Italy and Sicily. During these events, Libius Severus died on

2989:

With Emperor Zeno having juridically reunified the Empire into one imperial court, the remaining Eastern Roman Empire continued to lay claim to the areas previously controlled by the Western court throughout

2225:

is disputed, though with the Vandals plundering the city for a full fourteen days as opposed to the Visigothic sack of 410, where the Visigoths only spent three days in the city, it was likely more thorough.

2313:

on his way. Here, Ricimer deposed and arrested him in 461, having gathered significant aristocratic opposition against Majorian. After five days of beatings and torture, Majorian was beheaded near the river

2047:) to the Visigoths as a vassal federation. Honorius removed the local imperial governors, leaving the Visigoths and the provincial Roman inhabitants to conduct their own affairs. As such, the first of the " 2750:. Odoacer ruled using the Roman administrative systems already in place and continued to mint coins with the name and portrait of Julius Nepos until 480 and later with the name and portrait of the Eastern 2382:, an Italian senator and friend of Ricimer, on the grounds of treachery in 470 made Ricimer hostile to Anthemius. Following two years of ill feeling, Ricimer deposed and killed Anthemius in 472, elevating 3183:

The religious disagreements between Rome and Constantinople eventually led to the breakdown in imperial rule over Rome itself, and the gradual transition of the Exarchate of Ravenna into the independent

2042:

With the Roman legions withdrawn, northern Gaul became increasingly subject to Frankish influence, the Franks naturally adopting a leading role in the region. In 418, Honorius granted southwestern Gaul

3502:

The Roman Senate survived the initial collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Its authority increased under the rule of Odoacer and later the Ostrogoths, evident by the Senate in 498 managing to install

2716:. It is possible that Masuna is the same man as the "Massonas" who allied himself with the forces of the Eastern Roman Empire against the Vandals in 535. This Kingdom was defeated by the Eastern Roman 8056:"Milano – Capitale dell'impero romano, 286–402 d.c. (Mostra, Milano: Palazzo Reale, 24 Gennaio-22 Aprile 1990). Milan: Silvana Editoriale, 1990. p. 568, numerous b&w pls, figs maps, 40 colour pls" 3670:, established under Emperor Diocletian in 286 as the Tetrarchy, had been abolished by Emperor Zeno in 480 following the loss of direct control over the western territories. Declaring himself the sole 3116:

in AD 717. Over the course of the seventh and eighth centuries, Islamic expansion had ended Roman rule in Africa and though some bastions of Roman rule remained, most of Italy was controlled by the

1813:

in large numbers in 406. Stilicho became a victim of court intrigues and was killed in 408. While the East began a slow recovery and consolidation, the West began to collapse entirely. Alaric's men

9076:"Eduard Eichmann, Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland. Ein Beitrag zur, Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des kirchlichen Rechts, der Liturgie und der Kirchenpolitik" 4157:

of the Eastern Empire in late 317. In 335, Constantine I allotted the inheritance his sons would receive after his death, which would take place two years later in 337, giving Constantine II the

2943:

as king, hoping for his support. Instead, Amalasuntha was imprisoned and, even though Theodahad assured Emperor Justinian of her safety, she was executed shortly after. This served as an ideal

4550:

Honorius became Western emperor in 395, after the death of his father Theodosius. His reign was beset by barbarian invasions, and for much of his early reign, until 408, he was controlled by

2133:

in 435 before moving eastward. With Aetius occupied in Gaul, the Western Roman government could do nothing to prevent the Vandals conquering the wealthy African provinces, culminating in the

3495:. The Pope has consistently held the title of "Pontifex Maximus" since before the fall of the Western Roman Empire and retains it to this day; this title formerly used by the high priest of 3188:, led by the Pope. In an attempt to gain support against the Lombards, the Pope called for aid from the Frankish Kingdom instead of the Eastern Empire, eventually crowning the Frankish king 3955:

in 293, under Maximian. Constantius became the Western emperor in 305, after the abdication of Maximian. Constantius died on 25 July 306, leaving a highly contested succession in his wake.

3483:. The first of the Barbarian kings to convert to the Church of Rome was Clovis I of the Franks; other kingdoms, such as the Visigoths, later followed suit to garner favor with the papacy. 3514:. Exactly when the senate disappeared is unclear, but the institution is known to have survived at least into the 6th century, inasmuch as gifts from the senate were received by Emperor 826:

autonomy in the name of the Roman Republic. Governors had several duties, including the command of armies, handling the taxes of the province and serving as the province's chief judges.

3708:

At the end of Emperor Tiberius II's reign in 582, the Eastern Roman Empire retained control over relatively large parts of the regions reconquered under Justinian. Tiberius chose two

16547: 2300:

The Vandals began to increasingly fear a Roman invasion. King Gaiseric tried to negotiate a peace with Majorian, who rejected the proposal. In the wake of this, Gaiseric devastated

3234:

willingly opened its gates to the emperor and after successes in taking other cities in the region, Manuel dreamed of a restored Roman Empire and a union between the churches of

3930:. He became Western emperor in 286, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy. On 1 May 305, both Maximian and Diocletian abdicated, leaving Constantius and Galerius as emperors. 1730:, a decision which caused dissatisfaction among the traditionally pagan aristocracy of Rome. The political situation was unstable. In 383, a powerful and popular general named 1498: 10241: 9075: 3792:, the last "Emperor" claiming succession from Charlemagne, died in 924, the concept of a papacy- and Germanic-based Roman Empire in the West would resurface in the form of the 12503: 2114:

allies. With their help Aetius undertook extensive campaigns in Gaul, defeating the Visigoths in 437 and 438 but suffering a defeat himself in 439, ending the conflict in a

1875:

Despite the moved capital, economic power remained focused on Rome and its rich senatorial aristocracy which dominated much of Italy and Africa in particular. After Emperor

1714:

More than in the East, there was also opposition to the Christianizing policy of the emperors in the western part of the Empire. In 379, Valentinian I's son and successor

2464:

in Italy, captured Ravenna, killed Orestes and deposed Romulus. Though Romulus was deposed, Nepos did not return to Italy and continued to reign as Western emperor from

1150:, the conquered territories were forsaken in attempts to ensure a lasting peace with the Parthians. The Parthian Empire would be succeeded by the Sasanian Empire, which 1193:

was a twin magistracy, and earlier emperors had often had a subordinate lieutenant with many imperial offices. Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past—

2175:

and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila. This embassy, combined with a plague among Attila's troops, the threat of famine, and news that the Eastern emperor

2015:, Honorius defeated Gerontius and Maximus in 411 and shortly thereafter captured and executed Constantine III. With Constantius back in Italy, the Gallo-Roman senator 526: 512: 498: 484: 470: 456: 442: 428: 414: 400: 375: 9138:

Lascaratos, J.; Voros, D. (May 2000). "Fatal Wounding of the Byzantine Emperor Julian the Apostate (361–363 A.D.): Approach To The Contribution of Ancient Surgery".

4689:

August 461, Majorian was compelled to abdicate, and reportedly died five days later of dysentery, although modern historians have asserted he was likely murdered by

2449:. Romulus Augustus was not recognised as Western emperor by the Eastern Court, who maintained that Nepos was the only legal Western emperor, reigning in exile from 2152:

However, the plans for retaking Africa had to be abandoned due to the immediate need to combat the invading Huns, who in 444 were united under their ambitious king

1779:

got the western half. Both were still minors and neither was capable of ruling effectively. Honorius was placed under the tutelage of the half-Roman/half-barbarian

2213:

Petronius was not able to take effective control of the significantly weakened and unstable Empire. He broke the betrothal between Huneric, son of the Vandal king

16542: 16406: 3176:

around the same time and was the first Christian realm to be established in Iberia following the defeat of the Visigoths. Asturias would be transformed into the

3137:

in Sicily a Roman Empire that still stretched from North Africa to the Caucasus in the 660s. Thereafter, imperial attention declined, with Constantinople itself

2781:

Under Odoacer, Western consuls continued to be appointed as they had been under the Western Roman Empire and were accepted by the Eastern Court, the first being

1539:

The Roman Empire was under the rule of a single emperor, but, with the death of Constantine in 337, the empire was partitioned between his surviving male heirs.

618:

Though there were periods with more than one emperor ruling jointly before, the view that it was impossible for a single emperor to govern the entire Empire was

2079:

acting as regent during her son's minority. Theodosius II, the Eastern emperor, had hesitated to announce the death of Honorius and in the ensuing interregnum,

10659: 4300:

in 355. He was proclaimed emperor by his troops shortly before Constantius' death. Julian died in March 363, of wounds sustained during the Battle of Samarra.

2577:(major kingdoms and the Roman Empire labelled below) of the western Mediterranean in 526, seven years before the campaigns of reconquest under Eastern emperor 2494: 2477:

was mainly an empty political gesture, as Odoacer never returned any real power or territories to Nepos. The murder of Nepos in 480 prompted Odoacer to invade

715:

dissolved the Western court and proclaimed himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. The date of 476 was popularized by the 18th-century British historian

1345:, fending off Germanic incursions and restoring the security the Gallic provinces had enjoyed in the past, than in challenging the Roman central government. 2700:

A Mauro-Roman realm survived in the province of Mauretania Caesariensis until the early 8th century. An inscription on a fortification at the ruined city of

1469:. However, Constantine was more interested in conquering the whole empire so, by 314, began to compete against Licinius, finally defeating him in 324 at the 1352:(268–270), large expanses of the Gallic Empire were restored to Roman rule. At roughly the same time, however, several eastern provinces seceded to form the 4826:

Romulus Augustus was crowned as Western emperor after his father Orestes deposed Julius Nepos. The rule of Romulus would be brief; in the autumn of 476 the

4594:

rose up, forcing Valentinian III to flee with his family to the court of the Eastern emperor Theodosius II. Joannes was defeated by Theodosius in Ravenna.

3479:

9th and 10th centuries) the central, western, and northern parts of Europe had been largely converted to Roman Catholicism and acknowledged the Pope as the

3060:(left) was the first Eastern emperor to attempt to reconquer the territories of the West, undertaking successful campaigns in Africa and Italy in the 500s. 2426:

in the spring of 474 to depose Glycerius. At the arrival of Nepos in Italy, Glycerius abdicated without a fight and was allowed to live out his life as the

1050:

would be detached to crush the rebellion. While this process was simple in peacetime, it could be considerably more complicated in wartime. In a full-blown

16396: 4643:

Petronius Maximus became the Western Roman emperor on 17 March 455, after assassinating Valentinian III. During his short reign, he provoked Gaiseric, the

2836:, was able to negotiate a treaty in 493 between Odoacer and Theoderic whereby they agreed to rule Ravenna and Italy jointly. Theoderic entered Ravenna on 5 3842:, established in 1871, also claimed to be a successor of Rome through the lineage of the Holy Roman Empire. Both of these empires used the imperial title 1794:

who again rebelled in 408 following the massacre by Roman legions of thousands of barbarian families who were trying to assimilate into the Roman empire.

16537: 777:, which presented a revival of the Imperial title in Western Europe but was in no meaningful sense an extension of Roman traditions or institutions. The 16271: 2880:, only edicts or clarifications. The army and military offices were exclusively staffed by the Goths, however, who largely settled in northern Italy. 12496: 2544:

after 480 are the successors of the western ones, albeit only in a juridical sense. These emperors would continue to rule the Roman Empire until the

2304:, part of his own kingdom, fearing that the Roman army would land there. Having regained control of Hispania, Majorian intended to use his fleet at 1987:

had stripped Roman Britain of its defenses when he crossed over to Gaul in 407, leaving the Romanized population subject to invasions, first by the

16532: 1790:

became the power behind the throne in the east. Rufinus and Stilicho were rivals, and their disagreements would be exploited by the Gothic leader

4845:

With the deposition of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer, direct Roman control ceased to exist in Italy. Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a

7799:

Aspects of the relationship between the central and Gallic empires in the mid to late third century ad with special reference to coinage studies

16411: 4830:

under the control of Odoacer rebelled when their demands for a third of the land of Italy were ignored. Orestes was captured and executed on 28

4554:, whose influence over Honorius would create a standard for puppet Western Emperors. After 408 his reign was greatly influenced by the general 1426:), as a way to avoid the civil unrest that had marked the 3rd century. This system effectively divided the Empire into four major regions, the 14122: 10333: 2285:, Majorian decisively defeated the Visigoths under Theoderic II and forced them to relinquish their great conquests in Hispania and return to 2003:

who began to settle permanently from about 440 onwards. After Honorius accepted Constantine as co-emperor, Constantine's general in Hispania,

1607:, until his murder by his own soldiers in 337. The West was unified in 340 under Constans, who was assassinated in 350 under the order of the 1094:", was often perceived as being of dubious loyalty, primarily due its role in court intrigues and in overthrowing several emperors, including 16436: 10546: 3686:

and previously Western Roman, capital) in 540. The Ostrogoths, desperate to avoid losing their control of Italy, offered the title and their

3097:

reconquered the south coast. These regions remained under Roman control throughout the reign of Justinian. Three years after his death, the

16567: 15781: 12489: 11088: 2427: 2171:

Attila regrouped and invaded Italy in 452. With Aetius not having enough forces to attack him, the road to Rome was open. Valentinian sent

1133:, Germanic tribes were an important enemy. Augustus, the first emperor, had tried to conquer them but had pulled back after the disastrous 1046:

Minor rebellions and uprisings were fairly common events throughout the Empire. Conquered tribes or oppressed cities would revolt, and the

11130: 11118: 4709:

Libius Severus was proclaimed Western emperor on 19 November 461. His rule, even as a puppet emperor, extended little beyond Italy, with

1887:

The reign of Honorius was, even by Western Roman standards, chaotic and plagued by both internal and external struggles. The Visigothic

11177: 10291: 2402:

to Western emperor. The Eastern Empire had rejected Olybrius and also rejected Glycerius, instead supporting a candidate of their own,

1653:. Stability was not achieved for long in either half, as the conflicts with outside forces (barbarian tribes) intensified. In 376, the 4053:

Licinius was made emperor of the Eastern Empire, and parts of the Western Empire, all of which was actually held by Maxentius, at the

3821:

soon after, and the Eastern Empire refused to recognize the Imperial title of Charlemagne. Following several wars in the 810s Emperor

603:

governed by two imperial courts for administrative expediency. The Western Empire collapsed in 476, and the Western imperial court in

16351: 10266: 9103: 1272:

divided the empire between them, the former ruling from the East and the latter from the West. However, Valerian was captured by the

10358: 16522: 16517: 16512: 15625: 11093: 3448:

was expanded due to the split of I into I and J, and of V into U, V, and, in places (especially Germanic languages and Polish), W.

829:

Prior to the establishment of the Empire, the territories of the Roman Republic had been divided in 43 BC among the members of the

147: 15265: 12854: 12465: 11103: 4563: 4507: 3164:

The Roman Empire was not the only Christian nation affected by the Islamic conquests, the Visigothic Kingdom finally fell to the

1984: 1935: 8287:

The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325–1300

4852:

for the position of Western emperor were proposed during and after the Eastern Roman re-conquests of the sixth century, such as

3003:

on behalf of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I from 533 to 554 that long-lasting reconquests of Roman lands were witnessed.

2344:

The final collapse of the Empire in the West was marked by increasingly ineffectual puppet emperors dominated by their Germanic

15713: 12410: 11098: 10832: 2434: 2468:, with support from Constantinople. Odoacer proclaimed himself ruler of Italy and began to negotiate with the Eastern emperor 16291: 15075: 14457: 12380: 11205: 10732: 8786: 8025: 7839: 7767: 3778:" in AD 800, his realm was explicitly proclaimed as a restoration of the Roman Empire in Western Europe under the concept of 3138: 3126: 1226: 619: 1860:

moved the court back to Rome. Most western emperors from 450 until 475 reigned from Rome. The last de facto western emperor

1738:

to flee to the East for aid; in a destructive civil war the Eastern emperor Theodosius I restored him to power. In 392, the

16502: 13156: 12874: 12470: 12345: 11498: 8394: 4769:

After the death of both Olybrius and Ricimer, Glycerius was proclaimed Western emperor by the Western Roman army, on 3 or 5

3801: 3031:

and taking measures to decrease Vandal influence, eventually leading to the complete disappearance of the Vandalic people.

2916:

With the death of Theodoric in 526, his network of alliances began to collapse. The Visigoths regained autonomy under King

2720: 2244:

used the opportunity to depose Avitus, counting on popular discontent. After the deposition of Avitus, the Eastern emperor

1264:

instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. The idea of dividing the empire was first developed in this time;

55: 14981: 4805:

in Dalmatia as Western Roman emperor. Nepos, with support from the East, deposed Glycerius in the spring of 474. Orestes,

3089:

limited campaigns against them, recovering portions of the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula. Here, the province of

16492: 16487: 13669: 13412: 13360: 11051: 10109: 10084: 8580: 4773:

May 473. He was deposed by Julius Nepos in July 474, and sent to live in a monastery, where he remained until his death.

4558:, who briefly reigned as his co-emperor for a few months before dying of natural causes. He also faced the usurpation of 3457: 10308: 10209: 10184: 3601:, translating to "Western Empire", has sometimes been applied to the Western Roman Empire by modern historians as well. 2832:

and into Italy and defeated Odoacer in battle twice in 489. Following four years of hostilities between them, John, the

2774:). These coins were copied by Vandals in Africa and also formed the basis of the currency reform carried out by Emperor 15127: 14127: 13551: 13222: 10722: 10456: 10437: 10418: 10399: 10039: 10020: 10001: 9982: 9963: 9944: 9925: 9904: 9885: 9866: 9840: 9764: 9716: 9665: 9646: 9625: 9604: 9585: 9546: 9527: 9508: 9489: 9425: 9406: 9383: 9364: 9345: 9302: 9283: 9264: 9245: 9226: 9203: 9184: 9128: 9064: 9045: 9009: 8990: 8967: 8944: 8925: 8904: 8885: 8866: 8847: 8828: 8805: 8742: 8702: 8683: 8664: 8645: 8622: 8588: 8559: 8491: 8470: 8451: 8432: 8413: 8370: 8351: 8332: 8313: 8273: 8237: 8218: 8199: 8180: 8161: 8142: 8123: 8104: 8044: 7993: 7972: 7934: 7915: 7896: 7877: 7858: 7807: 7786: 7746: 7718: 7658: 7639: 7620: 7569: 7551: 7532: 4834:

August of the same year and Romulus was deposed by Odoacer a week later. Romulus was spared and allowed to live in the

3892: 3071:

captured Ravenna, the Ostrogothic and formerly Western Roman capital, in 540. The Gothic resistance revived under King

842: 802: 742:

re-imposed direct Imperial rule on large parts of the former Western Roman Empire, including the prosperous regions of

10430:

Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie : Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft?

10134: 4801:

The Eastern Roman Empire had rejected the coronation of both Olybrius and Glycerius, instead supporting Julius Nepos,

3800:

would uphold the notion that they had inherited the supreme power and prestige of the Roman emperors of old until the

2083:

was nominated as Western emperor. Joannes' rule was short and the forces of the East defeated and executed him in 425.

16507: 16456: 13771: 13663: 13271: 12390: 11150: 10717: 10712: 10688: 10539: 10159: 10057: 9812: 9326: 7601: 7593: 3077: 2791: 2218: 901:

was of Greek origin. The whole region, especially the major cities, had been largely assimilated into Greek culture,

816:, often requiring much time to reach Rome and for Rome's orders to be returned and acted upon. Therefore, provincial 658:

across the Roman Empire. On the death of Theodosius in 395, the empire was divided between his two infant sons, with

4406:

Gratian. Maximus landed troops in Gaul, and attacked Gratian's troops near Paris. Gratian was defeated, and fled to

3808:

Roman Empire to be "one and indivisible". The ruler of the Roman Empire at the time of Charlemagne's coronation was

3681:

The earliest attempt at crowning a new Western emperor after the abolition of the title occurred already during the

3388:. Civil law is by far the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in some form in about 150 countries. 2931:

Amalasuntha continued the policies of conciliation between the Goths and Romans, supporting the new Eastern emperor

1446:

his. On 1 May 305, Diocletian and Maximian abdicated, replaced by Galerius and Constantius, who, in turn, appointed

947:(modern Spain and Portugal). These lands also included Greek and Carthaginian colonies in the coastal areas, though 16286: 15647: 12512: 12405: 11078: 10727: 10654: 10512: 3359: 3246:. Despite initial successes and Papal support, the campaign was unsuccessful and Manuel was forced to return east. 2327: 2165: 720: 696: 4810:

rule as "Western emperor" in exile in Dalmatia until his murder in 480 and would be the last holder of the title.

3873: 3541:, a sixth-century Eastern Roman historian and a courtier of Justinian I, mentions the Western Roman Empire in his 1341:

still survives. It maintained Roman religion, language, and culture, and was far more concerned with fighting the

1082:, who were respectively the younger son and brother-in-law of Vespasian. Nero's rule was ended by a revolt of the 16386: 16321: 15366: 14753: 13681: 10671: 10604: 10472: 3549:, it is clear that Marcellinus made a clear divide between East and West, with mentions of a geographical east (" 3101:

invaded Italy. The Lombards conquered large parts of the devastated peninsula in the late 500s, establishing the

3028: 2782: 435: 13915: 10496: 7945: 4522:(Not recognized by Honorius and Eastern emperor; recognized only by Constantine III; not accepted by the Senate) 2375:

in 468. In addition Anthemius conducted failed campaigns against the Visigoths, hoping to halt their expansion.

1649:

emerged as emperor in 364. He immediately divided the Empire once again, giving the eastern half to his brother

15577: 13657: 13561: 13505: 12663: 11425: 11350: 11108: 9937:

Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

9436: 4187: 3427:

such as English and German. It survives in a "purer" form as the language of the Catholic Church; the Catholic

3146: 3018:

independent, often being enemies of both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. With the pro-Roman Vandal king

2554: 2482: 1134: 393: 298: 17: 8552:

The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476 (Christian Roman Empire)

4401:

in 367, however after his death in 375 his leading generals elevated his much younger son, Valentinian II, to

16482: 15730: 15191: 13546: 13480: 13279: 13011: 12934: 12785: 11921: 4158: 3366:

of Rome. Although they initially continued to recognize indigenous tribal laws, they were more influenced by

2973:, by reoccupying some of the former Western Roman Empire's lands, enlarged its territory considerably during 2920:

and the Ostrogoths' relations with the Vandals turned increasingly hostile under the reign of their new king

2641: 2636:. The practices of the barbarian kingdoms gradually replaced the old Roman institutions, specifically in the 1174:

were all usurping generals-turned-emperors whose rule would end with usurpation by another powerful general.

582: 137: 10486: 4460: 2086: 16341: 16326: 16221: 15186: 15070: 11761: 11365: 10817: 10532: 3701: 2356:, had no recognition outside of Italy, with the Eastern emperor Leo I and provincial governors in Gaul and 2004: 1864:

resided in Ravenna from 475 until his deposition in 476 and Ravenna would later be the capital of both the

551:

in AD 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire, the last Western Roman emperor

7983: 3724:, and organized the remaining western territories under his control into the Exarchate of Ravenna and the 3039: 16527: 15747: 15258: 15196: 14233: 13675: 13627: 13318: 12805: 12460: 12385: 12144: 11200: 11083: 10629: 2786: 2761:

in 480, Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins and established his own rule in

1748: 1254: 1159: 850: 798: 627: 9316: 3660:(right) were established by the Eastern Empire to better administer the reconquered Western territories. 3362:. This helped cement the loyalty of the local Roman populations, as well as the support of the powerful 2110:. Aetius was able to stabilize the Western Empire's military situation somewhat, relying heavily on his 15618: 15341: 13621: 13615: 13566: 13556: 12986: 12971: 12834: 12420: 12084: 11976: 11746: 11518: 11340: 11248: 11113: 11056: 10062: 3255: 2852: 2541: 2094:

depicting the liberation of a besieged city by a relief force, with those defending the walls making a

1618:

and committed suicide, a complete reunification of the whole Empire occurred under Constantius in 353.

1588: 1584: 1075: 1062:. To ensure a commander's loyalty, a pragmatic emperor might hold some members of the general's family 1059: 463: 262: 2681:

migration period barbarian kingdoms. Its divided successors would develop into the medieval states of

2019:

revolted after proclaiming himself emperor, with the support of the Gallic nobility and the barbarian

1369: 16572: 16266: 16226: 15667: 15154: 14302: 13866: 13733: 13016: 12440: 11533: 11488: 11415: 11335: 11283: 11273: 11225: 10572: 9804: 3206: 1956: 200: 3589:"). Furthermore, Marcellinus specifically designates some emperors and consuls as being "Eastern", " 2260:

and was subsequently proclaimed Western emperor by the army and eventually accepted as such by Leo.

16366: 16094: 15856: 15816: 15806: 15754: 15112: 15087: 14937: 14596: 14591: 13639: 12991: 12844: 12780: 12041: 11951: 11460: 11440: 11435: 11420: 11373: 11313: 11268: 11070: 10341: 4627:) were recognized in the East. In fact, these two emperors were installed by the Eastern emperor. 4141: 3682: 3377: 3327: 3267: 3142: 2960: 2812:

Though Odoacer ruled as a Roman governor would have and maintained himself as a subordinate to the

2669: 2660:, a rump state in Northern Gaul ruled by Syagrius, survived until 486 when it was conquered by the 2473: 2372: 2332: 2134: 2130: 2039:. Heraclianus attempted to invade Italy but failed and retreated to Carthage, where he was killed. 1564: 1516: 1414:(emperor) and gave him control of the Western Empire, while he continued to rule the East. In 293, 612: 449: 3010:

Unlike the Visigoths and Ostrogoths, the Vandals in Africa minted their own coinage and were both

2363:

Severus died in 465 and Leo I, with the consent of Ricimer, appointed the capable Eastern general

1329:), and it quickly expanded its control over the German and Gaulish provinces, all of Hispania and 16577: 16497: 16144: 16052: 15351: 15346: 15179: 15060: 14601: 14554: 14497: 14196: 14140: 13888: 13727: 13402: 13294: 13256: 12751: 12681: 12450: 12430: 12370: 12360: 12350: 11756: 11445: 11345: 11325: 11240: 11230: 10935: 10875: 10855: 10567: 8954:

Hunt, Lynn; Martin, Thomas R.; Rosenwein, Barbara H.; Hsia, R. Po-chia; Smith, Bonnie G. (2001).

4240: 3737: 3515: 3239: 2305: 2301: 2032: 1856:

Italy from regular barbarian incursions. Ravenna would remain the western capital until 450 when

1592: 1111: 988: 928: 786: 682: 9956:

The Emperor Maurice and his historian : Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare

9376:

The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

1983:

Without Stilicho and following the sack of Rome, Honorius' reign grew more chaotic. The usurper

1245:

as joint heirs. However, Caracalla murdered his brother shortly after succeeding to the throne.

789:

further diminished any authority the emperor in Constantinople could hope to exert in the West.

16316: 16306: 15895: 15826: 15811: 15292: 15251: 15201: 15102: 15097: 14785: 14733: 14653: 14586: 14490: 14475: 14368: 14135: 14089: 13930: 13817: 13687: 13633: 13581: 13571: 13407: 13350: 13021: 12455: 12445: 12395: 12375: 12189: 12164: 12129: 12011: 11736: 11383: 11145: 10676: 8192:

The Romanization of Central Spain: complexity, diversity, and change in a Provincial Hinterland

3491:

the office itself has remained as the head of the Catholic Church and the head of state of the

2656:

Some territories under direct Roman control continued to exist in the West even after 480. The

2545: 2115: 1756: 1107: 763: 8915: 8017:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600

4619:

The following last emperors of the West were all accepted by the Senate but only two of them (

4016:

in 308, but rebelled in Gaul once again in 310. He was defeated by Constantine shortly after.

2947:

for Justinian, who prepared to invade and reclaim the Italian peninsula for the Roman Empire.

2840:

March and Odoacer was dead ten days later, killed by Theoderic after sharing a meal with him.

2445:. Later in the same year, Orestes crowned his own young son as Western emperor under the name 1125:

As the Empire expanded, two key frontiers revealed themselves. In the West, behind the rivers

16426: 16401: 16331: 16014: 15742: 15515: 15473: 15443: 15132: 15092: 14905: 14780: 13844: 13834: 13793: 13764: 13651: 13495: 13447: 13433: 13261: 13001: 12914: 12864: 12543: 12526: 12425: 12355: 12179: 11931: 11731: 11726: 11523: 11430: 11355: 11318: 11303: 11278: 11258: 11160: 10283: 7868:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2010).

7522: 4517: 4350: 4336: 4236: 4133: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4074: 3967: 3464:

continue to be used in some fields and situations, though they have largely been replaced by

2898: 2889: 2637: 1810: 1615: 1580: 1470: 1462: 1376:. Both Zenobia and the Tetrici were pardoned, although they were first paraded in a triumph. 874: 647: 15020: 10509:. Scholarly biographies of many Roman emperors, including those of the Western Roman Empire. 2071:

Honorius' death in 423 was followed by turmoil until the Eastern Roman government installed

1633:, who had served as Constantius II's Caesar, assumed power. Julian was killed in 363 in the 1531:. After the death of Constantine I (337), this was the formal division of the Empire, until 16562: 16557: 16552: 16421: 16176: 16089: 16067: 15990: 15986: 15915: 15831: 15776: 15771: 15594: 15438: 15225: 15055: 15025: 14900: 14831: 14802: 14721: 13893: 13883: 13699: 13576: 13515: 13500: 13423: 13387: 13343: 13333: 13111: 13083: 12889: 12733: 12575: 12435: 12400: 12089: 11956: 11856: 11781: 11646: 11609: 10985: 10491: 10411:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

10258: 4835: 4054: 3848:(derived from the Latin word "Caesar"), the German word for emperor. The German Empire and 3653: 3432: 3372: 3263: 3243: 3173: 3154: 3150: 2775: 2510: 2129:

to cross from Spain to Tingitana in what is now Morocco in 429. They temporarily halted in

1896: 1869: 1666: 1572: 778: 477: 15005: 12079: 7711:

The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade

4341: 2168:, the Roman-Germanic coalition met and defeated the Hunnic forces, though Attila escaped. 1503: 640:, one in the East and one in the West, each with an appointed subordinate and heir titled 599:

did not consider the Empire to have been split into two empires but viewed it as a single

8: 16446: 16311: 16181: 15971: 15900: 15657: 15630: 15613: 15601: 15423: 15379: 14917: 14797: 14763: 14665: 14485: 14480: 14292: 14011: 13947: 13822: 13807: 13721: 13452: 13355: 13338: 13328: 13183: 13106: 12929: 12924: 12859: 12759: 12669: 12365: 12214: 12016: 11886: 11836: 11155: 10752: 10521:. Podcast concerning the Fall of the Western Roman Empire by PhD historian Patrick Wyman. 10366: 4062: 4040: 3934: 3913: 3789: 3725: 3657: 3511: 3507: 3169: 3082: 2935:

and allowing him to use Sicily as a staging point during the reconquest of Africa in the

2860: 2848: 2817: 2816:, the Eastern emperor Zeno began to increasingly see him as a rival. Thus, Zeno promised 2713: 2657: 2601: 2529: 2157: 2008: 1973: 1865: 1419: 1151: 894: 743: 724: 421: 14633: 14623: 7908:

Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome: A Study of Roman Military Policy and the Barbarians

4191:

toward Hispania, but was captured and executed by an agent of Magnentius on the border.

16166: 16082: 16072: 15905: 15868: 15798: 15737: 15720: 15674: 15584: 15498: 15312: 15030: 15010: 14993: 14944: 14809: 14618: 14569: 14502: 14420: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14307: 14277: 14169: 14067: 13935: 13910: 13645: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13510: 13475: 13470: 13428: 13392: 13251: 13146: 13068: 13041: 12981: 12884: 12869: 12707: 12687: 12415: 12139: 11946: 11801: 11741: 11661: 11604: 11468: 10704: 10683: 9915: 9695: 9636: 9557: 9501:

The Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor

9456: 9395: 9312: 9163: 9095: 8817: 8634: 8538: 8530: 8083: 8075: 8007: 7697: 4815: 4794: 4499: 4465: 4455: 4259: 4079: 3817:

of Constantine VI and as sole Roman Emperor. Irene was deposed and replaced by Emperor

3797: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3696: 3424: 3319: 2939:. With the death of Athalaric in 534, Amalasuntha crowned her cousin and only relative 2905:

in North Africa between 521 and 523. As such, his rule extended throughout the western

2856: 2690: 2648: 2611: 2574: 2533: 2515:, a 13th-century medieval map possibly copied from a 4th- or 5th-century Roman original 2446: 2386:

to the Western throne. During the brief reign of Olybrius, Ricimer died and his nephew

2245: 2222: 2207: 2188: 2111: 2052: 2048: 1939: 1861: 1841: 1831: 1814: 1776: 1694: 1287: 1265: 1167: 968: 830: 770: 732: 700: 659: 548: 302: 248: 31: 12054: 8714: 8481: 4566:, who took over Britain and Gaul around the same time. Honorius died of edema in 423. 4513:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor but recognized by Honorius; accepted by the Senate) 3177: 1438:) his capital, and Constantius made Trier his. In the East, Galerius made his capital 16296: 16198: 16186: 16171: 16151: 16062: 16009: 15981: 15963: 15766: 15642: 15635: 15448: 15396: 15374: 15302: 15139: 15035: 14971: 14966: 14895: 14792: 14507: 14435: 14430: 14272: 14201: 14184: 14179: 14174: 13974: 13925: 13490: 13485: 13418: 13377: 13371: 13212: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 12919: 12899: 12849: 12839: 12820: 12049: 11901: 11656: 11616: 11594: 10802: 10452: 10433: 10414: 10395: 10035: 10016: 9997: 9978: 9959: 9940: 9921: 9900: 9881: 9862: 9836: 9822: 9808: 9782: 9760: 9743: 9712: 9661: 9642: 9621: 9600: 9581: 9542: 9523: 9504: 9485: 9460: 9421: 9402: 9379: 9360: 9341: 9322: 9298: 9279: 9260: 9241: 9222: 9199: 9180: 9155: 9124: 9099: 9060: 9041: 9024: 9005: 8986: 8979: 8963: 8956: 8940: 8921: 8900: 8881: 8862: 8843: 8824: 8801: 8782: 8765: 8738: 8721: 8698: 8679: 8660: 8641: 8618: 8594: 8584: 8574: 8570: 8555: 8542: 8522: 8487: 8466: 8447: 8428: 8409: 8390: 8366: 8347: 8328: 8309: 8292: 8285: 8269: 8252: 8233: 8214: 8195: 8176: 8157: 8138: 8119: 8100: 8087: 8040: 8021: 7989: 7968: 7951: 7930: 7911: 7892: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7803: 7782: 7763: 7742: 7714: 7689: 7654: 7635: 7616: 7597: 7565: 7547: 7528: 4857: 4632: 4582:

Valentinian III was designated Honorius' heir in 421, although he was not proclaimed

4469: 3835: 3822: 3793: 3742: 3717: 3713: 3614: 3538: 3416: 3395: 3259: 3227: 3223: 3194: 3165: 3061: 2906: 2833: 2825: 2682: 2379: 2282: 2232:, a prominent general under Petronius, was proclaimed emperor by the Visigothic king 2202: 1952: 1634: 1349: 1291: 1260: 1234: 1210: 1147: 1051: 774: 519: 16441: 9678:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". 9055:

Kidner, Frank L.; Bucur, Maria; Mathisen, Ralph; McKee, Sally; Theodore, R. (2008).

3209:

by the Arabs during the course of the ninth century. In Italy, a few strongholds in

2843: 2210:, Petronius Maximus proclaimed himself emperor during the ensuing period of unrest. 1054:, the legions were far more numerous – as, for example, those led by 16057: 16047: 15873: 15821: 15725: 15589: 15478: 15428: 15406: 15401: 15332: 14988: 14775: 14770: 14726: 14713: 14643: 14611: 14606: 14470: 14465: 14447: 14408: 14341: 14324: 14265: 14255: 14250: 14191: 14147: 14117: 14077: 14060: 14043: 14006: 13757: 13707: 13289: 13284: 13207: 13141: 13136: 13006: 12976: 12944: 12800: 12745: 12724: 12702: 12481: 12114: 12074: 12006: 11941: 11866: 11861: 11633: 11556: 11503: 11298: 11293: 11182: 11041: 10990: 10950: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10900: 10822: 10769: 10762: 10747: 10742: 10666: 10594: 10217: 9794: 9735: 9687: 9573: 9565: 9448: 9167: 9147: 9087: 8761: 8514: 8067: 7681: 7579: 4869: 4436: 4310: 4284: 4265: 3762: 3496: 3412: 3336: 3323: 3279: 3158: 3134: 3113: 3108: 2970: 2813: 2661: 2620: 2415: 2337: 2044: 1948: 1798:

Goths under control, but to do so he stripped the Rhine frontier of troops and the

1787: 1783: 1744: 1723: 1719: 1703: 1642: 1630: 1461:

The Tetrarchy collapsed after the unexpected death of Constantius in 306. His son,

1455: 1451: 1410: 1353: 1318: 1277: 1230: 1102:. Following their example, the legions at the borders increasingly participated in 1083: 979: 636: 586: 3153:

attempted to restore order in the Empire, but his doctrinal reforms, known as the

2201:

Valentinian III was intimidated by Aetius and was encouraged by the Roman senator

2063: 16431: 16371: 16256: 16104: 16099: 16077: 15997: 15951: 15708: 15662: 15560: 15537: 15520: 15493: 15278: 15206: 15174: 15047: 15015: 14998: 14954: 14949: 14927: 14922: 14880: 14873: 14848: 14708: 14703: 14544: 14425: 14319: 14314: 14282: 14107: 14097: 13991: 13984: 13979: 13964: 13920: 13802: 13788: 13230: 13198: 13193: 13173: 13036: 12996: 12966: 12949: 12909: 12894: 12879: 12810: 12795: 12712: 12692: 12565: 12209: 12021: 12001: 11961: 11896: 11846: 11841: 11716: 11666: 11574: 11408: 11388: 11308: 10757: 10582: 9826: 9798: 9615: 8015: 7985:

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)

7965:

A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)

7829: 7757: 4599: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4529: 4058: 4029: 3849: 3831: 3809: 3766: 3523: 3480: 3472: 3465: 3385: 3340: 3235: 3102: 2797: 2072: 2027:

for support. Athaulf defeated and executed Jovinus and his proclaimed co-emperor

2012: 1857: 1427: 1342: 1178: 1163: 1138: 960: 870: 846: 813: 212: 14628: 13088: 9091: 8752:

Gunderson, Gerald (1976). "Economic change and the demise of the Roman Empire".

4120:

of the Western Empire by his father's troops on 25 July 306 and was accepted as

2871:

Theoderic inherited Odoacer's role as acting viceroy for Italy and ostensibly a

2723:

in 578 and its coastal territories were incorporated into the Empire once more.

1980:, the successor of Arcadius, declared three days of mourning in Constantinople. 1547:(Maximian's daughter) received the eastern provinces, including Constantinople, 16461: 16381: 16336: 16276: 16241: 16033: 15946: 15851: 15759: 15550: 15384: 15307: 15149: 15144: 15107: 15082: 15065: 14976: 14961: 14932: 14890: 14738: 14698: 14693: 14648: 14574: 14534: 14524: 14514: 14329: 14208: 14102: 13969: 13851: 13713: 13609: 13603: 13203: 13178: 13051: 13046: 13031: 13026: 12961: 12956: 12939: 12904: 12697: 12675: 12619: 12558: 12264: 11906: 11641: 11589: 11561: 11508: 11493: 11473: 11288: 11263: 11220: 11210: 11036: 11010: 10940: 10925: 10890: 10850: 10611: 9774: 9675: 8011: 8003: 7821: 7817: 4698: 4429: 4415: 4388: 4346: 4248: 3861: 3857: 3813: 3610: 3503: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3428: 3271: 3202: 2991: 2902: 2864: 2806: 2629: 2592: 2469: 2419: 2353: 2146: 2103: 2076: 1735: 1731: 1638: 1540: 1528: 1508: 1482: 1423: 1238: 1190: 997: 936: 917: 817: 808: 755: 712: 675: 642: 570: 407: 346: 272: 151: 123: 10117: 10092: 9569: 9080:

Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung

8518: 6043: 6041: 3694:. Justinian had expected to rule over a restored Roman Empire alone, with the 3630: 1629:

In 361, Constantius II became ill and died, and Constantius Chlorus' grandson

16476: 16416: 16301: 16216: 16161: 16021: 15941: 15836: 15686: 15679: 15572: 15525: 15418: 15274: 15230: 15117: 14912: 14885: 14858: 14836: 14814: 14581: 14564: 14549: 14393: 14346: 14334: 14260: 14152: 14026: 14021: 13996: 13878: 13397: 13235: 12739: 12613: 12585: 11796: 11766: 11681: 11215: 11192: 11005: 10860: 10845: 10792: 10599: 10316: 10192: 9786: 8526: 8380: 8296: 8256: 7831:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337

7825: 7693: 6578: 4359: 4162: 3878:

With junior colleagues and heirs are listed below the reign of each emperor.

3839: 3639: 3297: 3219: 3218:, who finally put an end to imperial rule in Western Europe in 1071 with the 2536:) also recognized Nepos as his sovereign and the legitimate Western emperor. 2441:

of Julius Nepos, took control of Ravenna and forced Nepos to flee by ship to

1977: 1646: 1512: 1330: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1202: 1047: 906: 716: 704: 181: 15243: 14658: 14638: 8598: 8384: 4376:

375, while meeting with the Quadi, he suffered a stroke brought on by rage.

3852:, successor of the Austrian Empire, would both fall in the aftermath of the 2851:

at its height in 523, following the annexation of the southern parts of the

1016: 16451: 16251: 16156: 16002: 15976: 15885: 15567: 15555: 15503: 15463: 15458: 15322: 15317: 15122: 14863: 14853: 14819: 14748: 14743: 14670: 14460: 14442: 14403: 14398: 14378: 14373: 14245: 14238: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14112: 14050: 14031: 14016: 13952: 12770: 12625: 12605: 12274: 12134: 11579: 11528: 11483: 11478: 11330: 11140: 11026: 10970: 10965: 10737: 10621: 10555: 10518: 10142: 9215: 9159: 7587: 6038: 4778: 4624: 4478: 4239:

in 351, but continued to rule Italy and Gaul until his final defeat at the

4225: 3818: 3758: 3492: 3487: 3449: 3408: 3344: 3185: 3129:

and then the rise of Islam. For a while, the West remained important, with

2956: 2936: 2694: 2686: 2557:, during the sixth century as the "true" fall of the Western Roman Empire. 2423: 2403: 2315: 2290: 2237: 2233: 2102:

After a violent struggle with several rivals, and against Placidia's wish,

1930: 1915: 1836: 1763: 1681: 1595:. The provinces of Thrace, Achaea and Macedonia were shortly controlled by 1548: 1486: 1447: 1338: 1198: 1186: 1182: 1079: 1039: 1025: 983: 956: 782: 708: 651: 596: 578: 552: 380: 315: 285: 236: 164: 133: 70: 10167: 10067: 9747: 9452: 9338:

Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa

9151: 8615:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876

8444:

The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne

7927:

Christianity in Roman Africa: The Development of Its Practices and Beliefs

7363: 4789: 4008:

defeated Maxentius, who drowned when his forces were pushed back into the

3545:, which primarily covers the Eastern Roman Empire from 379 to 534. In the 3306: 3149:

by the Umayyad Caliphate. Through reforms and military campaigns, Emperor

2828:

if he was able to defeat Odoacer. Theoderic led the Ostrogoths across the

1676: 16391: 16139: 16134: 16126: 16111: 15936: 15841: 15652: 15488: 15453: 15433: 15413: 15391: 15356: 14841: 14826: 14675: 14388: 14297: 14287: 14213: 13861: 13856: 13323: 13188: 12069: 11691: 11513: 11403: 10797: 9994:

Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century AD

9238:

Divine Heiress The Virgin Mary and the Making of Christian Constantinople

8819:

Pavia and Rome: The Lombard monarchy and the papacy in the eighth century

8211:

Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 a 451

3853: 3750: 3519: 3189: 3130: 3057: 2974: 2932: 2925: 2829: 2633: 2578: 2499: 2368: 2036: 2028: 2020: 1560: 1556: 1373: 1222: 902: 898: 834: 766: 747: 739: 728: 608: 8534: 4535:(Not recognized by Honorius and Eastern emperor; accepted by the Senate) 1390: 986:. The Empire featured many distinct cultures, all experienced a gradual 15922: 15910: 15880: 15846: 15786: 15468: 14868: 14685: 14559: 14519: 14452: 12294: 12234: 12199: 11991: 11926: 11916: 11811: 11696: 11584: 11167: 11135: 10880: 10807: 10639: 10634: 9699: 9028: 8725: 7955: 7701: 7669: 7583: 5249: 4853: 4218: 4196: 3960: 3942: 3381: 3275: 3180:

in 924, which would develop into the predecessors of modern-day Spain.

2996: 2893: 2677: 2172: 2122: 1881: 1658: 1611: 1568: 1552: 1520: 1431: 1401: 1365: 1171: 1119: 1001: 940: 912: 663: 623: 82: 10524: 9577: 8878:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

8583:(5th ed.). Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 8079: 6026: 2652:

6th-century Visigothic coin, struck in the name of Emperor Justinian I

2293:, where he defeated the Burgundians and reconquered the rebel city of 2161: 1722:, and in 382 he rescinded the rights of pagan priests and removed the 1535:

was killed and his territory divided between Constans and Constantius.

707:. In 480, following the assassination of the previous Western emperor 16356: 16193: 15928: 15890: 15483: 15297: 14758: 14529: 14413: 14383: 14164: 14038: 13829: 12590: 12324: 12319: 12279: 12204: 12174: 12154: 12031: 11971: 11881: 11831: 11826: 11751: 11711: 11599: 11569: 11378: 11253: 11046: 10930: 10905: 10784: 5414: 4758: 4723: 4620: 4324: 3986: 3887: 3721: 3649: 3606: 3527: 3367: 2940: 2921: 2885: 2877: 2399: 2364: 2277: 2273: 1876: 1670: 1654: 1623: 1596: 1532: 1524: 1474: 1443: 1385: 1283: 1273: 1269: 1242: 1110:

and the eastern provinces would see significant participation in the

1103: 1055: 890: 691: 631: 589:

were coined in modern times to describe political entities that were

556: 505: 174: 9691: 9464: 8502: 7685: 6395: 3391: 3048: 2965: 1755:

as emperor. In 394 the forces of the two halves of the Empire again

1751:

assassinated Valentinian II and proclaimed an obscure senator named

16346: 16042: 15863: 15691: 15606: 15545: 15508: 14159: 13942: 13900: 13839: 13308: 12790: 12595: 12538: 12284: 12269: 12259: 12244: 12159: 12149: 12119: 12109: 12104: 12094: 11996: 11911: 11791: 11776: 11706: 11686: 11676: 11671: 11651: 11450: 11031: 10995: 10885: 10812: 10644: 9832: 9739: 9726:

Tenney, Frank (1930). "Life and Literature in the Roman Republic".

8071: 7651:

Cassiodorus: Variae, Translated with commentary by S. J. B. Barnish

5129: 4839: 4741: 4710: 4674: 4644: 4551: 4207: 4173: 4166: 4129: 4021: 3994: 3906: 3897: 3355: 3283: 3210: 3117: 3098: 3094: 3019: 2917: 2762: 2758: 2739: 2673: 2665: 2525: 2521: 2478: 2465: 2450: 2442: 2411: 2387: 2383: 2294: 2257: 2253: 2214: 2193: 2138: 2126: 1968: 1791: 1772: 1752: 1707: 1576: 1466: 1415: 1405: 1395: 1299: 1214: 1206: 1194: 1115: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1071: 1005: 944: 921: 866: 838: 822: 671: 591: 491: 224: 109: 9437:"Constantine and the Christian Empire: Roman Imperial Biographies" 9318:

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527

6771: 5093: 16261: 16116: 16028: 14072: 14001: 13957: 13812: 12570: 12531: 12304: 12299: 12289: 12254: 12249: 12239: 12184: 12169: 11986: 11981: 11966: 11936: 11891: 11871: 11851: 11806: 11538: 11393: 11172: 10980: 10975: 10865: 10506: 8798:

Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture

7797: 5033: 4847: 4690: 4591: 4571: 4381: 4366: 4107: 4065:

in 324, but they were both killed shortly after their elevation.

3927: 3864:

which had also claimed succession from the Eastern Roman Empire.

3747: 3731: 3675: 3215: 3064:(right) was the last, campaigning in southern Italy in the 1150s. 3023: 2910: 2802: 2735: 2504: 2457: 2357: 2349: 2310: 2241: 2176: 2080: 2024: 2016: 1924: 1852: 1799: 1715: 1645:, who ruled for only nine months. Following the death of Jovian, 1608: 1473:. After Constantine unified the empire, he refounded the city of 1439: 1357: 1295: 1181:(r. 161–180), who decided to rule alongside his adoptive brother 1063: 993: 964: 959:

were culturally dominant. Lepidus received the minor province of

862: 858: 686: 667: 604: 159: 90: 13873: 10234:"Legal System – The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency" 9397:

The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825

7486: 6689: 5977: 5975: 4685:

Majorian was proclaimed Western emperor on 28 December 456. On 7

4180:(Emperor of Italy and Africa: 337–340, Western emperor: 340–350) 3834:

laid claim to be the heir of the Holy Roman Empire as Austria's

3613:

in 210–211, who inherited the imperial throne from their father

2731: 2569: 16281: 13905: 13780: 13078: 12314: 12194: 12124: 12064: 12059: 12026: 11786: 11771: 11721: 11701: 11123: 11000: 10895: 9828:

Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

8249:

History of Antioch in Syria: From Seleucus to the Arab Conquest

7327: 4653: 4608: 3844: 3687: 3376:

collected on the orders of Justinian I, is the basis of modern

3363: 3287: 3090: 3072: 3000: 2705: 2701: 2395: 2265: 2229: 2153: 2095: 2091: 1992: 1919: 1739: 1650: 1544: 1499:

Christianization of the Roman Empire as diffusion of innovation

1334: 1143: 1130: 1029: 972: 886: 878: 854: 751: 626:

following the disastrous civil wars and disintegrations of the

600: 105: 9878:

The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization

9859:

Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480

8897:

The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395

8483:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol 3

7293: 7291: 7289: 7249: 7247: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7116: 7114: 7101: 7099: 7014: 7012: 6735: 6614: 3510:

of Italy and Emperor Anastasius supporting another candidate,

3145:, during which time Africa was finally lost once and for all, 1579:, initially under the supervision of Constantine II, received 1298:) to solidify the loyalty of the local legions. Nevertheless, 16246: 16236: 16231: 15703: 15698: 14539: 13056: 12580: 12553: 12099: 11821: 11548: 10840: 8676:

The Age of Attila: Fifth-Century Byzantium and the Barbarians

7867: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6677: 6584: 6116: 5972: 5513: 4491: 4407: 4124:

by Galerius later that year. In 307 Maximian accepted him to

4009: 3617:, but Caracalla ruled alone after the murder of his brother. 3399: 3157:, were extremely unpopular in the West and were condemned by 2269: 2067:

Germanic and Hunnic invasions of the Roman Empire, 100–500 AD

2000: 1996: 1988: 1961: 1905: 1900: 1807: 1803: 1727: 1435: 1326: 1126: 1087: 952: 882: 773:

in 800 marked a new imperial line that would evolve into the

685:, the Roman army in the West suffered defeat at the hands of 30:"Western Empire" redirects here. For the Frankish state, see 8657:

The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower

7670:"Late Roman Prosopography: Between Theodosius and Justinian" 6419: 6407: 6152: 5962: 5960: 5477: 3620: 3085:, made it difficult to retain over the following centuries. 2913:

before him, would have barred him from assuming the throne.

16376: 12548: 12309: 11876: 11816: 11398: 10774: 8425:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

7286: 7244: 7215: 7111: 7096: 7009: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6494: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5761: 5759: 5443: 5441: 5237: 4577:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor; accepted by the Senate) 4562:, a senator who was proclaimed emperor at Rome in 409, and 3526:

in 630, probably with permission from the Eastern emperor,

3370:

and gradually incorporated it. Roman law, particularly the

3231: 1734:

seized power in the West and forced Gratian's half-brother

1662: 1218: 1067: 948: 932: 759: 585:

in the separate courts. The terms Western Roman Empire and

98: 13749: 7578: 7476: 7474: 7369: 7339: 7232: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6843: 6807: 6701: 6602: 6590: 6253: 6251: 6092: 5681: 5633: 5141: 3226:, who invaded southern Italy during a war with the Norman 3222:. The last emperor to attempt reconquests in the West was 2121:

Meanwhile, pressure from the Visigoths and a rebellion by

1918:. Stilicho managed to subdue Gildo but was campaigning in 1767:

The administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395 AD

10870: 9897:

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I

8406:

Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720

8386:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 1, c.500–c.700

8002: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7375: 7315: 7303: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7138: 7126: 7084: 7072: 7048: 7024: 6973: 6626: 6482: 6347: 6311: 6164: 6104: 5957: 5693: 5309: 5255: 5057: 4949: 4718:

November 465, possibly due to being poisoned by Ricimer.

3471:

A very visible legacy of the Western Roman Empire is the

3093:

would last until the 620s, when the Visigoths under King

2125:, the governor of Africa, induced the Vandals under King 2031:

in 413, around the same time as another usurper arose in

16548:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

9054: 6884: 6882: 6831: 6759: 6542: 6371: 6359: 6335: 6323: 6263: 6224: 6200: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6047: 5940: 5756: 5710: 5708: 5438: 5402: 5365: 5363: 5081: 3452:

is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any

1847:

Honorius, the younger son of Theodosius I, was declared

1205:

as joint emperors on his death; Tiberius wished to have

1011: 967:). Octavian soon took Africa from Lepidus, while adding 16361: 9617:

Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation

8953: 8781:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. 7471: 7447: 6906: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6566: 6530: 6506: 6443: 6287: 6275: 6248: 6188: 6032: 6014: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5795: 5549: 5525: 5297: 5261: 5189: 4590:. In 423, after the death of Honorius, a usurper named 2023:

and Alans. Honorius turned to the Visigoths under King

1964:, to cross the river and enter Roman territory in 406. 1137:. Whilst the Germanic tribes were formidable foes, the 8097:

Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam

7351: 7259: 7203: 7186: 7174: 7162: 7150: 6894: 6855: 6747: 6431: 6140: 6053: 6004: 6002: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5865: 5853: 5807: 5744: 5621: 5597: 5380: 5378: 5321: 4997: 4922: 4886: 2892:. His sister Amalfrida was married to the Vandal king 2528:, who had managed to preserve Roman sovereignty in an 2495:

Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

9276:

The Cambridge Companion Guide to the Age of Justinian

9036:

Kaylor, Noel Harold; Phillips, Philip Edward (2012).

7870:

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume 1

7036: 6997: 6985: 6879: 6867: 6783: 6638: 6518: 6472: 6470: 6455: 6077: 5720: 5705: 5426: 5390: 5360: 5333: 5225: 5213: 5117: 4985: 4973: 4046:(Titular emperor of the West, ruled only in the East) 4035:(Titular emperor of the West, ruled only in the East) 3652:

within the Roman Empire in AD 600. The Exarchates of

2075:

as Western emperor in Ravenna by force of arms, with

12511: 10515:. Navigable and interactive map of the Roman Empire. 9021:

The Decline of Rome and the Rise of Mediaeval Europe

7816: 7498: 7459: 6819: 6795: 6718: 6650: 6554: 6383: 6299: 6212: 6176: 5921: 5882: 5880: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5783: 5771: 5489: 5177: 5153: 5099: 5069: 5039: 5009: 4961: 4939: 4937: 4842:, where he might have been alive as late as AD 507. 2394:. After only seven months of rule, Olybrius died of 1454:, respectively, as their caesars, thus creating the 662:

as his successor in the West governing briefly from

7851:

Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics

7387: 7060: 6236: 6128: 5999: 5892: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5732: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5609: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5501: 5465: 5453: 5375: 5350: 5348: 5285: 5201: 5021: 4910: 4611:, a friend of Aetius, whom Valentinian had killed. 3141:, renewed war with the Arabs in the 680s, and then 2433:The brief rule of Nepos in Italy ended in 475 when 1404:divided the Roman Empire when, in 286, he elevated 1162:, usurpation became a common method of succession: 927:Octavian obtained the Roman provinces of the West: 10013:The Rome That Did Not Fall the Phoenix in the East 9638:The Roman Army: a Social and Institutional History 9394: 9214: 9137: 8978: 8955: 8816: 8713: 8633: 8403: 8284: 7947:History of the Later Roman Empire Vols. I & II 6777: 6467: 5987: 5420: 5273: 5105: 4898: 4330: 4147:(Emperor of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania: 337–340) 4068: 3343:(a co-emperor with Honorius in 421), produced for 2805:with the name and portrait of the Eastern emperor 723:and is sometimes used to mark the transition from 10331: 9196:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine 7613:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 7544:People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554 6741: 5877: 5836: 5537: 4934: 4484:(Eastern emperor: 379–394, sole emperor: 394–395) 4254:(Eastern emperor: 337–351, Sole emperor: 351–361) 4235:Magnentius was defeated by Constantius II at the 3867: 3838:attempted to unite Germany under their rule. The 3518:in 578 and 580. The traditional senate building, 2058: 1976:of the 4th century BC. The Eastern Roman emperor 1028:in AD 117 at its greatest extent, at the time of 16474: 9118: 8479: 7759:Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times 7492: 6401: 5819: 5345: 5165: 5045: 3926:by Diocletian in 285, after Diocletian defeated 3874:List of Roman emperors § Dominate (284–476) 2738:'s Italy in AD 480, following the annexation of 1938:in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of 1934:Barbarian invasions and the invasion of usurper 13697: 8404:Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996). 8363:Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius 8263: 7668:Barnes, T. D. (1983). Martindale, J. R. (ed.). 7560: 7333: 6620: 4607:Valentinian III was killed on 16 March 455, by 4449: 2367:as Western emperor following an eighteen-month 2183: 1229:. Verus accompanied Marcus at the start of the 1177:The idea of co-emperorship was first tested by 1090:. The Praetorian Guard, a figurative "sword of 893:. These lands had previously been conquered by 16543:States and territories established in the 390s 10010: 9757:Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire 9035: 5981: 4731:Anthemius was proclaimed Western emperor on 12 4012:river. Maximian had relinquished the title of 3732:Later claims to the Imperial title in the West 3358:. They quickly changed their adherence to the 2863:and exerted hegemony over the Burgundians and 1680:The division of the Empire after the death of 1248: 939:(parts of modern Belgium, the Netherlands and 15273: 15259: 13765: 12497: 10540: 9259:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 8503:"Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors" 8480:Gibbons, Edward; Womersley, David P. (1994). 4213:(Rival emperor; recognized by Constantius II) 2532:in northern Gaul (a realm today known as the 2192:The Western Roman Empire during the reign of 1775:inherited the eastern half while the younger 845:. Antony received the provinces in the East: 15222:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 12900:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 10446: 10356: 10281: 9975:The Great German Nation: Origins and Destiny 9800:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 9658:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine 9057:Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture 8958:The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures 7520: 7297: 7226: 7120: 7105: 7018: 5447: 5087: 4397:Valentinian I elevated his son, Gratian, to 2098:. Western Roman Empire, early 5th century AD 982:, a victorious Octavian controlled a united 674:as his successor in the East governing from 10256: 10185:"Constantius II – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10135:"Libius Severus – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 9119:Knowles, David; Obolensky, Dimitri (1978). 8894: 8859:The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History 8654: 8631: 8460: 8094: 7925:Burns, J. Patout; Jensen, Robin M. (2014). 7924: 7345: 7238: 6683: 5687: 5639: 5315: 4928: 2508: 1543:, his third son and the second by his wife 1325:Its capital was Augusta Treverorum (modern 338:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) 16538:470s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 15266: 15252: 13772: 13758: 12504: 12490: 10547: 10533: 10132: 10011:Williams, Stephen; Friell, Gerard (1998). 9311: 9257:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire 9038:A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages 8814: 8227: 6695: 6122: 6110: 5966: 5859: 5531: 5519: 4693:, who became the power behind the throne. 4664:Avitus was proclaimed Western emperor on 9 4410:, where he was murdered on 25 August 383. 2924:, a child under the regency of his mother 1185:. There was, however, much precedent. The 559:during the latter half of the 6th century. 54: 10359:"Sasanian Dynasty – Encyclopedia Iranica" 9793: 9536: 9321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9292: 9212: 8441: 8422: 8389:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8360: 8325:Fifth-century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? 8268:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8266:Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? 8020:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7834:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7253: 6632: 6488: 6353: 6071: 5915: 5483: 4614: 4303: 3621:Attempted restorations of a Western court 2704:from the year 508 identifies a man named 2145:October 439 and the establishment of the 1394:The organization of the Empire under the 1372:, and soon captured Tetricus and his son 1233:, but died shortly after. Decades later, 10232: 10058:"Gallienus – World History Encyclopedia" 9773: 9655: 9634: 9354: 9235: 9023:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 8772: 8692: 8612: 8463:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 8379: 8095:Cline, Eric H.; Graham, Mark W. (2011). 8053: 6712: 6572: 6548: 6524: 6425: 6413: 6377: 6365: 6158: 6086: 5339: 5243: 5195: 5147: 4892: 4788: 4459: 4340: 4078: 3891: 3741: 3390: 3107: 2964: 2842: 2796: 2730: 2647: 2568: 2498: 2331: 2187: 2085: 2062: 1929: 1835: 1762: 1675: 1515:: from west to east, the territories of 1502: 1389: 1308: 1015: 911: 634:in 286, with two senior emperors titled 16533:280s establishments in the Roman Empire 15046: 12855:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 10554: 10408: 10182: 10029: 9991: 9555: 9415: 9335: 9254: 9174: 9074:Klewitz, Hans-Walter (1 January 1943). 8875: 8856: 8837: 8720:. Cambridge England: University Press. 8500: 8189: 8151: 8132: 8113: 7755: 7648: 7521:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (1998). 7480: 7453: 7357: 7209: 7197: 7180: 7168: 7156: 6967: 6671: 6596: 6536: 6512: 6500: 6449: 6437: 6317: 6293: 6257: 6194: 6170: 6098: 6059: 5813: 5765: 5750: 5726: 5714: 5627: 5603: 5384: 5256:Cameron, Ward-Perkins & Whitby 2000 5027: 4979: 4955: 4904: 3411:combined with neighboring Germanic and 3407:Latin as a language did not disappear. 2824:of the Eastern Court, control over the 2437:, a former secretary of Attila and the 2414:. With the support of Eastern emperors 1967:Honorius was convinced by the minister 1912:Magister utriusque militiae per Africam 69:Western administrative division of the 14: 16475: 10447:Merills, Andy; Miles, Richard (2007). 10110:"Glycerius – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10085:"Anthemius – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 9953: 9934: 9913: 9894: 9821: 9754: 9725: 9517: 9498: 9479: 9193: 8934: 8913: 8795: 8673: 8568: 8365:. University of North Carolina Press. 8282: 8264:Drinkwater, John; Elton, Hugh (2002). 8246: 8208: 7795: 7736: 7727: 7667: 7629: 7393: 7268: 6900: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6813: 6765: 6753: 6729: 6608: 6461: 6269: 5871: 5699: 5408: 5396: 5303: 5267: 5231: 5219: 5159: 5135: 5123: 5075: 5063: 5015: 4967: 3881: 3431:was spoken exclusively in Latin until 2950: 2585: The Roman Empire under Justinian 2564: 2378:The trial and subsequent execution of 2348:. The most pointed example of this is 1688:AD 395, superimposed on modern borders 1661:, who in turn were fleeing before the 1259:With the assassination of the emperor 547: Whilst the deposition of Emperor 15247: 13753: 12485: 10528: 10309:"Postumus – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10294:from the original on 22 February 2018 10269:from the original on 22 February 2018 10210:"Aurelian – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10160:"Majorian – De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10107: 10082: 10055: 9972: 9706: 9674: 9613: 9594: 9562:Readings in the Sociology of Language 9392: 9373: 8999: 8976: 8751: 8732: 8711: 8549: 8322: 8170: 7905: 7886: 7779:Monumentum et instrumentum inscriptum 7708: 7541: 7504: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7381: 7321: 7309: 7280: 7144: 7132: 7090: 7078: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6888: 6873: 6825: 6789: 6659: 6644: 6560: 6389: 6281: 6242: 6146: 5993: 5951: 5886: 5847: 5789: 5777: 5543: 5495: 5459: 5327: 5291: 5183: 5003: 4991: 4916: 3981:put to death soon after his capture. 3666:The positions of Eastern and Western 3444:, especially English and French. The 3143:a period of chaos between 695 and 717 2901:in 511 and exerted hegemony over the 2488: 1422:were appointed as their subordinate ( 1280:, leaving Gallienus as sole emperor. 1106:. For instance, legions stationed in 1086:, who had been bribed in the name of 1012:Rebellions and political developments 607:disappeared by AD 554, at the end of 544: 10427: 10389: 10306: 10207: 10157: 9875: 9856: 9401:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9273: 9018: 8636:How Rome Fell: death of a superpower 8507:Papers of the British School at Rome 8461:Gibbons, Edward; Bury, J.B. (1974). 8341: 8213:. Presses Universitaires de France. 8034: 7981: 7962: 7943: 7848: 7802:. Durham theses, Durham University. 7776: 7610: 7582:; Cameron, Alan; Schwartz, Seth R.; 7564:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012. 7465: 6801: 6341: 6329: 6305: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6182: 6134: 6020: 6008: 5934: 5903: 5830: 5801: 5738: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5615: 5591: 5579: 5567: 5555: 5507: 5471: 5432: 5369: 5207: 5171: 5111: 5051: 3802:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 3205:throughout the eighth century, with 2164:, forcing them into retreat. At the 2011:as emperor. With the aid of general 1914:, rebelled in 397 and initiated the 1825: 1492: 654:, governed, if briefly, as the sole 95:(401–403, 408–450, 457–461, 475–476) 16568:Historical transcontinental empires 10392:Westrom: Von Honorius bis Justinian 9073: 8344:Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350–425 8303: 8173:Count Marcellinus and his Chronicle 6476: 4943: 4821:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4764:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4747:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4704:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4680:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4659:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 4638:(Not recognized by Eastern emperor) 24: 10383: 10338:droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr 10034:. University of California Press. 9482:The Roman Empire at Bay AD 180–395 8823:. American Philosophical Society. 8135:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 7592:. Philological Monographs No. 36. 5100:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 5040:Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005 4648:wishing to curry favor with them. 4224:(Rival emperor; recognized by the 3761:due to, and in opposition to, the 3522:, was rebuilt into a church under 2472:. Zeno eventually granted Odoacer 2289:status. Majorian then entered the 803:First division of the Roman Empire 758:had diminished significantly. The 630:. He introduced the system of the 60:The Western Roman Empire in AD 400 25: 16589: 16457:Western European and Others Group 13664:United Provinces of Central Italy 10466: 9434: 7594:American Philological Association 7589:Consuls of the Later Roman Empire 7066: 5354: 5279: 3976:Valerius Severus was elevated to 3900:, the first Western Roman emperor 3499:, one of whom was Julius Caesar. 2792:Caecina Mavortius Basilius Decius 2726: 2219:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1507:Division of the Empire among the 1286:, Gallienus' infant son, and the 746:, the ancient Roman heartland of 577:was the western provinces of the 12513:List of historic states of Italy 10334:"The Code of Justinian – Book 1" 9564:. De Gruyter. pp. 660–672. 9121:The Middle Ages: The Middle Ages 8985:. University of Oklahoma Press. 8754:Explorations in Economic History 8678:. University of Michigan Press. 7524:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 4353:'s second generation of emperors 3638: 3629: 3435:. As such it was also used as a 3398:, languages that developed from 3360:state church of the Roman Empire 3305: 3296: 3047: 3038: 2507:, Western Roman capital, on the 2328:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2166:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 1599:, nephew of Constantine I and a 1237:(r. 193–211) appointed his sons 721:fall of the Western Roman Empire 524: 510: 496: 482: 468: 454: 440: 426: 412: 398: 373: 27:Western half of the Roman Empire 16523:5th century in the Roman Empire 16518:4th century in the Roman Empire 16513:3rd century in the Roman Empire 13646:Provisional Government of Milan 10513:Digital Map of the Roman Empire 9917:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir 9177:Medieval Civilization: 400–1500 9002:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium 8408:. Manchester University Press. 8228:Deliyannis, Deborah M. (2010). 8154:Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000 7739:The Roman Government of Britain 4331:Valentinianic dynasty (364–392) 4069:Constantinian dynasty (309–363) 3700:explicitly designating the new 3533: 3497:the Roman polytheistic religion 3207:the island slowly being overrun 3029:Praetorian Prefecture of Africa 2754:, rather than in his own name. 2714:Kingdom of the Moors and Romans 2360:all refusing to recognize him. 1718:declined to wear the mantle of 719:as a demarcating event for the 436:Kingdom of the Moors and Romans 12845:City of Fiume and its District 10049: 9599:. Cambridge University Press. 9597:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice 9418:Byzantium: The Early Centuries 9378:. Cambridge University Press. 9278:. Cambridge University Press. 9198:. Cambridge University Press. 9004:. Cambridge University Press. 8920:. Princeton University Press. 8842:. Cambridge University Press. 8800:. Cambridge University Press. 8361:Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). 8327:. Cambridge University Press. 8232:. Cambridge University Press. 8099:. Cambridge University Press. 8037:Fighting Emperors of Byzantium 7988:. Cambridge University Press. 7929:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 7653:. Liverpool University Press. 7546:. Cambridge University Press. 6778:Fouracre & Gerberding 1996 4274:Constantius II was proclaimed 4188:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 4153:Constantine II was proclaimed 3868:List of Western Roman emperors 2783:Caecina Decius Maximus Basilus 2555:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 2256:defeated an invading force of 2059:Escalating barbarian conflicts 1135:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 13: 1: 13280:County of Apulia and Calabria 12786:Campagna e Marittima Province 9558:"Lingua Francas of the World" 9416:Norwich, John Julius (1989). 7796:Bourne, Richard John (2000). 5138:, pp. 117, 153 note 157. 4875: 4159:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul 4116:Constantine I was proclaimed 3557:") and of an imperial east (" 3476: 3460:writing system in the world. 2785:in 480. Basilus was made the 2248:did not select a new western 1685: 1626:, more than a century prior. 1430:: in the West, Maximian made 792: 11119:Frontiers and fortifications 10497:Resources in other libraries 10413:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 9556:Samarin, William J. (1968). 9393:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). 9213:Levillain, Philippe (2002). 8917:The Formation of Christendom 8766:10.1016/0014-4983(76)90004-8 8735:The Fall of the Roman Empire 8655:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2010). 8632:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). 8617:. Cornell University Press. 8190:Curchin, Leonard A. (2004). 7950:. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 7910:. Indiana University Press. 7891:. Indiana University Press. 7781:(in German). Franz Steiner. 7634:. Harvard University Press. 7493:Gibbons & Womersley 1994 6402:Knowles & Obolensky 1978 4880: 4450:Theodosian dynasty (392–455) 4202:(Not recognized in the East) 3951:Constantius was elevated to 3702:Praetorian Prefect of Africa 2766:were issued with the legend 2710:Regnum Maurorum et Romanarum 2236:and accepted as such by the 2184:Internal unrest and Majorian 1614:. After Magnentius lost the 1379: 1337:, and a partial list of its 738:In the 6th century, Emperor 731:. Odoacer's Italy and other 7: 16503:Former monarchies of Europe 13779: 13682:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 13676:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 13628:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 12806:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 11178:Decorations and punishments 10284:"Pontifex Maximus – Livius" 10259:"Governor (Roman) – Livius" 9996:. Oxford University Press. 9939:. Oxford University Press. 9914:Weigel, Richard D. (1992). 9656:Southern, Patricia (2015). 9641:. Oxford University Press. 9537:Ravegnani, Giorgio (2004). 9520:Ancient Rome: A New History 9297:. Oxford University Press. 9255:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). 9236:Limberis, Vasiliki (2012). 9217:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 9092:10.7767/zrgka.1943.32.1.509 8880:. Oxford University Press. 8815:Hallenbeck, Jan T. (1982). 8569:Glazer, Steven A. (1996) . 8442:Frassetto, Michael (2013). 8423:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 8346:. Oxford University Press. 8175:. Oxford University Press. 7982:Bury, John Bagnell (2015). 7963:Bury, John Bagnell (2005). 7944:Bury, John Bagnell (1923). 7889:A History of the Ostrogoths 7741:. Oxford University Press. 7737:Birley, Anthony R. (2005). 7630:Barnes, Timothy D. (2006). 7527:. Oxford University Press. 7334:Drinkwater & Elton 2002 4863: 3201:Imperial rule continued in 2855:. Theoderic ruled both the 2787:praetorian prefect of Italy 2757:When Nepos was murdered in 2422:, Julius Nepos crossed the 2321: 1481:("New Rome"), later called 1255:Crisis of the Third Century 1249:Crisis of the Third Century 1160:Crisis of the Third Century 799:History of the Roman Empire 628:Crisis of the Third Century 102:(403–408, 450–457, 461–475) 10: 16594: 16493:Former countries in Africa 16488:Former countries in Europe 13622:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 13616:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 13017:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 12987:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 12972:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 12085:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 10660:historiography of the fall 10063:World History Encyclopedia 9992:Wienand, Johannes (2014). 9895:Watson, Alexander (2014). 9435:Odahl, Charles M. (2006). 8895:Hebblewhite, Mark (2016). 8840:The Western Empire, 425–76 8613:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). 8251:. Literary Licensing LLC. 8247:Downey, Glanville (1961). 7709:Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). 7513: 5982:Williams & Friell 1998 4586:, only given the title of 4453: 4334: 4072: 3885: 3871: 3735: 3565:") and an imperial west (" 3256:Legacy of the Roman Empire 3253: 3230:in the 1150s. The city of 3139:being besieged in the 670s 2954: 2888:and the Burgundian prince 2492: 2325: 1829: 1820: 1693: Western Court under 1496: 1383: 1356:, under the rule of Queen 1252: 1076:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 796: 595:independent; contemporary 464:Kingdom of the Burgundians 29: 16227:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 16207: 16125: 15962: 15797: 15668:Standard Average European 15536: 15365: 15285: 15215: 15167: 14684: 14088: 13787: 13734:Free Territory of Trieste 13594: 13524: 13463: 13446: 13370: 13307: 13270: 13252:Principality of Benevento 13244: 13221: 13166: 13155: 13097: 13067: 12819: 12769: 12723: 12654: 12641: 12604: 12519: 12466:External wars and battles 12333: 12227: 12040: 11632: 11625: 11547: 11459: 11364: 11239: 11191: 11069: 11019: 10958: 10949: 10831: 10783: 10703: 10620: 10590: 10581: 10563: 10492:Resources in your library 9805:Stanford University Press 9614:Smith, Andrew M. (2013). 9570:10.1515/9783110805376.660 9441:Byzantinische Zeitschrift 9374:Nicol, Donald M. (2002). 9293:MacGeorge, Penny (2002). 9175:Le Goff, Jacques (1994). 9000:Kaegi, Walter E. (2004). 8773:Haarmann, Harald (2004). 8640:. Yale University Press. 8519:10.1017/S0068246200001781 8230:Ravenna in late antiquity 7906:Burns, Thomas S. (1994). 7887:Burns, Thomas S. (1991). 3922:Maximian was elevated to 3690:to Belisarius as Western 3597:" respectively. The term 3249: 2460:, leader of the Germanic 1771:Theodosius I's older son 1673:under their own leaders. 540: 352: 342: 334: 329: 325: 312: 295: 282: 278: 268: 258: 254: 242: 230: 218: 206: 194: 190: 180: 170: 158: 143: 129: 119: 78: 65: 53: 48: 41: 16508:Former empires in Africa 16367:Lancaster House Treaties 15857:Christian existentialism 15817:Ancient Roman philosophy 15807:Ancient Greek philosophy 13640:Italian United Provinces 12992:Principality of Piombino 12781:Patrimony of Saint Peter 10519:The Fall of Rome Podcast 10507:De Imperatoribus Romanis 10030:Wolfram, Herwig (1990). 9954:Whitby, Michael (1988). 9935:Whaley, Joachim (2012). 9803:. Stanford, California: 9336:Merills, Andrew (2016). 9140:World Journal of Surgery 8977:Jones, A. H. M. (1992). 8937:Aetius: Attila's Nemesis 8899:. Taylor & Francis. 8737:. Simon & Schuster. 8501:Gillett, Andrew (2001). 8291:. Simon & Schuster. 8209:Dagron, Gilbert (1984). 8060:Journal of Roman Studies 7756:Bennett, Julian (1997). 7728:Birley, Anthony (2000). 7649:Barnish, S.J.B. (1992). 7632:Constantine and Eusebius 7298:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7227:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7121:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7106:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7019:Adkins & Adkins 1998 3812:, the mother of emperor 3763:Roman Empire in the East 3591:Orientalibus principibus 3415:, giving rise to modern 3328:Anicius Petronius Probus 3268:Civil law (legal system) 3155:Iconoclastic Controversy 3127:war with Sasanian Persia 2252:. The prominent general 1477:in modern-day Turkey as 920:before the conquests of 857:(roughly modern Greece, 781:between the churches of 450:Kingdom of the Visigoths 284:• Death of Emperor 16145:Equality before the law 15352:Romano-Germanic culture 13728:Italian Social Republic 13403:Principality of Taranto 13295:Principality of Taranto 13257:Principality of Salerno 13012:Bishopric of Tarantasia 12835:Bishopric of Bressanone 12752:Duchy of the Pentapolis 12461:Roman–Iranian relations 10936:Optimates and populares 10409:Heather, Peter (2003). 9857:Vagi, David L. (2000). 9707:Tames, Richard (1972). 9355:Moorhead, John (1994). 8914:Herrin, Judith (1987). 8876:Heather, Peter (2007). 8857:Heather, Peter (2005). 8838:Heather, Peter (2000). 8733:Grant, Michael (1997). 8712:Grant, Michael (1954). 8576:A Country Study: Turkey 8152:Collins, Roger (2010). 8133:Collins, Roger (1989). 8114:Collins, Roger (1983). 7542:Amory, Patrick (1997). 7346:Burns & Jensen 2014 5640:Cline & Graham 2011 5316:Gibbons & Bury 1974 4241:Battle of Mons Seleucus 4186:Constans was given the 4102:(Sole emperor: 324–337) 3738:Problem of two emperors 3575:Occidentalis respublica 3022:having been deposed by 2281:lawful emperor. At the 1154:with the Roman Empire. 843:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 543: 120:Official languages 16307:Eastern European Group 15896:Continental philosophy 15827:Judeo-Christian ethics 15812:Hellenistic philosophy 15293:Cradle of civilization 13634:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13408:Terra Sancti Benedicti 13312:(from the 9th century) 13022:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 12471:Civil wars and revolts 11737:Sextus Pompeius Festus 11384:Conflict of the Orders 10743:Legislative assemblies 10390:Börm, Henning (2018). 10313:www.roman-emperors.org 10214:www.roman-emperors.org 10189:www.roman-emperors.org 10164:www.roman-emperors.org 10139:www.roman-emperors.org 10114:www.roman-emperors.org 10089:www.roman-emperors.org 9680:Social Science History 9635:Southern, Pat (2007). 9595:Satow, Ernest (2011). 9541:(in Italian). Mulino. 9518:Potter, David (2014). 9499:Potter, David (2008). 9480:Potter, David (2004). 9019:Katz, Solomon (1955). 8981:The Later Roman Empire 8775:Geschichte der Schrift 8156:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8118:. St. Martin's Press. 7967:. Adamant Media Corp. 7777:Börm, Henning (2008). 7611:Ball, Warwick (2001). 5421:Lascaratos & Voros 4798: 4615:Non-dynastic (455–480) 4473: 4354: 4304:Non-dynastic (363–364) 4296:Julian was proclaimed 4161:, which also included 4091: 3901: 3770: 3587:principatum Occidentis 3423:Latin also influenced 3404: 3242:, separated since the 3121: 2986: 2868: 2809: 2742: 2653: 2638:praetorian prefectures 2624: 2546:Fall of Constantinople 2516: 2509: 2341: 2221:. The severity of the 2198: 2099: 2068: 1943: 1844: 1768: 1711: 1536: 1398: 1322: 1060:First Jewish–Roman War 1043: 924: 814:mounted postal service 711:, the Eastern emperor 16427:Three Seas Initiative 16402:Pacific Islands Forum 16267:British–Irish Council 16015:Greek Orthodox Church 15474:Industrial Revolution 15444:Scientific Revolution 15192:Medieval great powers 13652:Republic of San Marco 13434:Crown Colony of Malta 13262:Principality of Capua 13002:Marquisate of Saluzzo 12865:County of Santa Fiora 12527:Etruscan civilization 12180:Simplicius of Cilicia 11932:Quintus Curtius Rufus 11161:Siege in Ancient Rome 10770:Executive magistrates 10432:. Walter de Gruyter. 10363:www.iranicaonline.org 9973:White, Craig (2007). 9876:Vogt, Joseph (1993). 9755:Thomas, Hugh (2010). 9539:I bizantini in Italia 9453:10.1515/BYZS.2006.260 9274:Maas, Micael (2005). 9194:Lenski, Noel (2007). 9152:10.1007/s002689910100 8796:Haldon, J.F. (1997). 8693:Gottlieb, H. (2006). 8674:Gordon, C.D. (2013). 8283:Durant, Will (1950). 8171:Croke, Brian (2001). 8054:Christie, N. (1991). 6742:The Code of Justinian 6698:, pp. 1199–1200. 4792: 4463: 4351:Valentinianic dynasty 4344: 4337:Valentinianic dynasty 4237:Battle of Mursa Major 4134:Battle of Chrysopolis 4089:Constantinian dynasty 4087:, the founder of the 4082: 4075:Constantinian dynasty 3895: 3788:collapsed in 888 and 3776:Emperor of the Romans 3753:, who was crowned as 3745: 3567:Occidentalie imperium 3506:as pope despite both 3394: 3384:is based on Germanic 3254:Further information: 3111: 2968: 2955:Further information: 2899:king of the Visigoths 2846: 2801:Solidus minted under 2800: 2734: 2651: 2572: 2502: 2481:, annexing it to his 2335: 2309:reforms, stopping at 2272:, Burgundians, Huns, 2191: 2089: 2066: 1933: 1839: 1766: 1679: 1657:, fleeing before the 1641:and was succeeded by 1616:Battle of Mursa Major 1506: 1471:Battle of Chrysopolis 1393: 1312: 1152:continued hostilities 1019: 980:defeat of Mark Antony 915: 905:often serving as the 797:Further information: 703:and became the first 695:. Odoacer forced the 130:Common languages 16483:Western Roman Empire 16422:Special Relationship 15832:Christian philosophy 15777:Western Christianity 15439:Age of Enlightenment 15313:Hellenistic Kingdoms 15202:European colonialism 15187:Ancient great powers 13448:French Revolutionary 13388:State of the Presidi 13112:Republic of Florence 13084:Domini di Terraferma 12734:Exarchate of Ravenna 12632:Western Roman Empire 12576:Nuragic civilization 12190:Stephanus Byzantinus 12095:Eusebius of Caesaria 11957:Sidonius Apollinaris 11647:Ammianus Marcellinus 10986:Tribune of the plebs 10478:Western Roman Empire 10428:Kolb, Frank (1987). 10357:Shapur Shahbazi, A. 10195:on 11 September 2017 10158:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10133:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10108:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10083:Ralph W., Mathisen. 10032:History of the Goths 9861:. Fitzroy Dearborn. 9059:. Houghton Mifflin. 8935:Hughes, Ian (2012). 8695:Linguistic Influence 8550:Given, John (2014). 8342:Elton, Hugh (1996). 8323:Elton, Hugh (1992). 8304:Eck, Werner (2002). 8116:Early Medieval Spain 7872:. Cengage Learning. 4836:Castellum Lucullanum 4055:Council of Carnuntum 3595:Orientalium consulum 3563:Orientale respublica 3373:Corpus Juris Civilis 3264:Corpus Juris Civilis 3174:Pelagius of Asturias 3114:Eastern Roman Empire 2971:Eastern Roman Empire 2961:Gothic War (535–554) 2861:Ostrogothic kingdoms 2847:Map of the realm of 2693:(initially known as 2685:(initially known as 2511:Tabula Peutingeriana 2456:On 4 September 476, 2398:. Gundobad elevated 2338:Eastern Roman Empire 2106:rose to the rank of 1870:Exarchate of Ravenna 1667:Battle of Adrianople 1567:received Britannia, 1442:and Diocletian made 1290:Silvanus resided in 897:; thus, much of the 779:Great Schism of 1054 587:Eastern Roman Empire 575:Western Roman Empire 478:Kingdom of the Suebi 43:Western Roman Empire 16447:West Nordic Council 16312:Eastern Partnership 15901:Analytic philosophy 15602:Classical tradition 15424:Early modern period 15380:Classical antiquity 15375:European Bronze Age 15197:Modern great powers 13722:Free State of Fiume 13670:Kingdom of Sardinia 13413:Neapolitan Republic 13361:Kingdom of Sardinia 13356:Republic of Sassari 13184:Catepanate of Italy 13107:Republic of Cospaia 12930:Duchy of Montferrat 12925:March of Montferrat 12860:County of Guastalla 12760:Exarchate of Africa 12366:Distinguished women 12017:Velleius Paterculus 11857:Nicolaus Damascenus 11837:Marcellus Empiricus 11226:Republican currency 10451:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10369:on 17 November 2017 10344:on 25 February 2018 10208:Körner, Christian. 10120:on 3 September 2017 10056:Donald L., Wasson. 9958:. Clarendon Press. 9728:Classical Philology 9467:on 22 February 2018 9313:Martindale, John R. 9295:Late Roman warlords 9106:on 22 February 2018 8659:. Orion Books Ltd. 8306:The Age of Augustus 8035:Carr, John (2015). 8008:Ward-Perkins, Bryan 7853:. Wakefield Press. 7849:Bray, John (1997). 7562:Annuario Pontificio 7444:, pp. 322–323. 7432:, pp. 319–321. 7420:, pp. 317–319. 7408:, pp. 315–317. 7384:, pp. 310–312. 7370:Bagnall et al. 1987 7324:, pp. 298–302. 7312:, pp. 282–285. 7283:, pp. 270–274. 7147:, pp. 251–254. 7135:, pp. 242–246. 7093:, pp. 247–248. 7081:, pp. 240–242. 7057:, pp. 235–236. 7033:, pp. 224–225. 6982:, pp. 217–218. 6852:, pp. 260–261. 6816:, pp. 536–540. 6621:Annuario Pontificio 6611:, pp. 517–551. 6585:Bulliet et al. 2010 6503:, pp. 112–113. 6428:, pp. 275–276. 6416:, pp. 256–258. 6404:, pp. 108–109. 6344:, pp. 139–140. 6332:, pp. 125–132. 6233:, pp. 461–462. 6209:, pp. 422–424. 6161:, pp. 107–115. 6125:, pp. 509–510. 6101:, pp. 199–224. 6050:, pp. 198–203. 6023:, pp. 422–424. 5954:, pp. 288–297. 5804:, pp. 324–325. 5702:, pp. 102–103. 5558:, pp. 148–149. 5522:, pp. 153–156. 5486:, pp. 214–217. 5423:, pp. 615–619. 5246:, pp. 141–142. 5066:, pp. 249–250. 4958:, pp. 662–663. 3882:Tetrarchy (286–313) 3798:Holy Roman Emperors 3757:in the year 800 by 3755:Imperator Romanorum 3726:Exarchate of Africa 3458:most widely adopted 3170:Kingdom of Asturias 3131:Emperor Constans II 3083:Plague of Justinian 2951:Imperial reconquest 2849:Theodoric the Great 2820:of the Ostrogoths, 2818:Theoderic the Great 2602:Ostrogothic Kingdom 2565:Political aftermath 1899:, rebelled in 395. 1866:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1420:Constantius Chlorus 975:) to his holdings. 895:Alexander the Great 583:imperial succession 422:Kingdom of Soissons 16528:286 establishments 15906:Post-structuralism 15869:Christian humanism 15499:Universal suffrage 13552:Lucca and Piombino 13429:Malta Protectorate 13393:Duke of San Donato 13147:Republic of Ancona 13069:Republic of Venice 12982:Duchy of Mirandola 12870:Duchy of Guastalla 12708:Duchy of Tridentum 12688:Duchy of Benevento 12655:Barbarian kingdoms 12140:Phlegon of Tralles 11947:Seneca the Younger 11421:Naming conventions 11151:Personal equipment 10684:Later Roman Empire 10244:on 1 December 2017 9779:The Goths in Spain 8779:History of Writing 8571:Metz, Helen Chapin 8554:. Arx Publishing. 6599:, pp. 14, 21. 6048:Kidner et al. 2008 5411:, pp. 15, 19. 4799: 4795:Romulus Augustulus 4784:(In exile 475–480) 4474: 4456:Theodosian dynasty 4355: 4349:, a member of the 4260:Constantius Gallus 4092: 3902: 3786:Carolingian Empire 3781:translatio imperii 3771: 3697:Codex Justinianeus 3599:Hesperium Imperium 3583:Hesperium imperium 3571:Occidentale regnum 3559:Orientale imperium 3425:Germanic languages 3405: 3122: 3078:Pragmatic Sanction 2987: 2977:'s reign from 527 2869: 2853:Burgundian kingdom 2810: 2743: 2670:Battle of Soissons 2658:Domain of Soissons 2654: 2625: 2612:Visigothic Kingdom 2575:Barbarian kingdoms 2534:Domain of Soissons 2517: 2489:Fall of the Empire 2373:Battle of Cape Bon 2342: 2223:Vandal sack of 455 2208:Theodosian dynasty 2199: 2100: 2069: 2053:Visigothic Kingdom 2049:barbarian kingdoms 1944: 1862:Romulus Augustulus 1845: 1832:Honorius (emperor) 1769: 1712: 1537: 1399: 1323: 1288:praetorian prefect 1213:do so as well; as 1168:Trebonianus Gallus 1044: 925: 831:Second Triumvirate 762:coronation of the 733:barbarian kingdoms 701:Romulus Augustulus 681:In 476, after the 549:Romulus Augustulus 249:Romulus Augustulus 138:regional languages 32:Carolingian Empire 16470: 16469: 16297:Council of Europe 16199:International law 16152:Constitutionalism 16010:Eastern Orthodoxy 15516:Post–Cold War era 15449:Age of Revolution 15303:Greco-Roman world 15241: 15240: 15163: 15162: 15128:Polish–Lithuanian 14303:Gurjara-Pratihara 13747: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13590: 13589: 13557:Massa and Carrara 13442: 13441: 13419:Hospitaller Malta 13378:Kingdom of Naples 13372:Kingdom of Sicily 13303: 13302: 13213:Duchy of Sorrento 13132:Republic of Genoa 13127:Republic of Siena 13122:Republic of Massa 13117:Republic of Lucca 12850:County of Gorizia 12840:Corsican Republic 12821:Holy Roman Empire 12479: 12478: 12441:Pontifices maximi 12223: 12222: 12080:Diogenes Laërtius 11902:Pliny the Younger 11657:Asconius Pedianus 11617:Romance languages 11489:Civil engineering 11231:Imperial currency 11104:Political control 11065: 11064: 10699: 10698: 10473:Library resources 10332:Scott, Samuel P. 10307:Polfer, Michael. 10282:Lendering, Jona. 10257:Lendering, Jona. 10183:Michael, DiMaio. 10170:on 22 August 2017 9795:Treadgold, Warren 9759:. Penguin Books. 9711:. Pan Books Ltd. 9709:Last of the Tsars 9123:. Paulist Press. 8939:. Pen and Sword. 8788:978-3-406-47998-4 8486:. Penguin Books. 8039:. Pen and Sword. 8027:978-0-5213-2591-2 7841:978-0-5213-0199-2 7769:978-0-415-16524-2 7580:Bagnall, Roger S. 7256:, pp. 36–37. 7069:, pp. 79–80. 6840:, pp. 54–56. 6768:, pp. 17–20. 6715:, pp. 84–86. 6686:, pp. 68–69. 6320:, pp. 11–12. 6284:, pp. 43–68. 6272:, pp. 17–19. 6173:, pp. 35–37. 5768:, pp. 17–18. 5435:, pp. 88–89. 5372:, pp. 40–43. 5330:, pp. 47–48. 5306:, pp. 61–62. 5282:, pp. 78–79. 5270:, pp. 27–28. 5150:, p. 99–118. 5006:, pp. 30–45. 4994:, pp. 91–94. 4822: 4785: 4765: 4748: 4736:or April of 472. 4705: 4681: 4660: 4639: 4633:Petronius Maximus 4588:nobilissimus puer 4578: 4536: 4523: 4514: 4485: 4470:Jean-Paul Laurens 4468:, as depicted by 4317: 4291: 4255: 4229: 4214: 4203: 4181: 4148: 4103: 4047: 4036: 4001: 3823:Michael I Rangabe 3794:Holy Roman Empire 3716:and the governor 3615:Septimius Severus 3539:Marcellinus Comes 3417:Romance languages 3396:Romance languages 3260:Romance languages 3228:Kingdom of Sicily 3224:Manuel I Komnenos 3168:in the 720s. The 3166:Umayyad Caliphate 3062:Manuel I Komnenos 2834:Bishop of Ravenna 2826:Italian peninsula 2390:succeeded him as 2283:Battle of Arelate 2203:Petronius Maximus 1826:Reign of Honorius 1635:Battle of Samarra 1563:, and Cyrenaica; 1493:Further divisions 1370:Battle of Châlons 1350:Claudius Gothicus 1333:. It had its own 1321:Empires in AD 271 1292:Colonia Agrippina 1261:Alexander Severus 1235:Septimius Severus 1211:Tiberius Gemellus 1197:planned to leave 1148:Septimius Severus 1070:effectively held 1052:military campaign 935:(modern France), 861:and the coast of 775:Holy Roman Empire 689:and his Germanic 683:Battle of Ravenna 620:institutionalized 567: 566: 536: 535: 532: 531: 520:Sub-Roman Britain 386: 385: 314:• Murder of 286:Theodosius I 115: 103: 96: 88: 74: 16:(Redirected from 16585: 16573:Christian states 16342:EU Customs Union 15874:Secular humanism 15822:Christian ethics 15772:East–West Schism 15755:Physical culture 15479:Great Divergence 15429:Age of Discovery 15268: 15261: 15254: 15245: 15244: 15044: 15043: 14709:Austro-Hungarian 14409:Chagatai Khanate 13774: 13767: 13760: 13751: 13750: 13708:Kingdom of Italy 13695: 13694: 13461: 13460: 13290:County of Sicily 13285:County of Aversa 13208:Byzantine Sicily 13194:Theme of Lucania 13164: 13163: 13142:Republic of Pisa 13137:Republic of Noli 13007:Duchy of Spoleto 12977:Duchy of Merania 12875:Kingdom of Italy 12801:Duchy of Ferrara 12746:Duchy of Perugia 12725:Byzantine Empire 12703:Duchy of Spoleto 12670:Ostrogothic rule 12652: 12651: 12520:Pre-Roman period 12506: 12499: 12492: 12483: 12482: 12431:Magistri equitum 12346:Cities and towns 12339: 12265:Constantinopolis 12075:Diodorus Siculus 12007:Valerius Maximus 11942:Seneca the Elder 11862:Nonius Marcellus 11630: 11629: 11183:Hippika gymnasia 11146:Infantry tactics 11052:Consular tribune 11042:Magister equitum 10991:Military tribune 10956: 10955: 10916:Pontifex maximus 10911:Princeps senatus 10901:Magister militum 10667:Byzantine Empire 10588: 10587: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10526: 10525: 10462: 10443: 10424: 10405: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10365:. Archived from 10353: 10351: 10349: 10340:. Archived from 10328: 10326: 10324: 10319:on 5 August 2017 10315:. Archived from 10303: 10301: 10299: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10240:. Archived from 10229: 10227: 10225: 10216:. Archived from 10204: 10202: 10200: 10191:. Archived from 10179: 10177: 10175: 10166:. Archived from 10154: 10152: 10150: 10145:on 27 April 2018 10141:. Archived from 10129: 10127: 10125: 10116:. Archived from 10104: 10102: 10100: 10091:. Archived from 10079: 10077: 10075: 10070:on 13 April 2021 10066:. Archived from 10045: 10026: 10007: 9988: 9969: 9950: 9931: 9910: 9891: 9872: 9853: 9851: 9849: 9818: 9790: 9770: 9751: 9722: 9703: 9686:(3/4): 115–138. 9671: 9652: 9631: 9610: 9591: 9552: 9533: 9522:. W. W. Norton. 9514: 9495: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9463:. Archived from 9431: 9412: 9400: 9389: 9370: 9351: 9332: 9308: 9289: 9270: 9251: 9232: 9220: 9209: 9190: 9179:. B. Blackwell. 9171: 9134: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9102:. Archived from 9070: 9051: 9032: 9015: 8996: 8984: 8973: 8961: 8950: 8931: 8910: 8891: 8872: 8853: 8834: 8822: 8811: 8792: 8769: 8748: 8729: 8719: 8716:Roman Literature 8708: 8689: 8670: 8651: 8639: 8628: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8565: 8546: 8497: 8476: 8457: 8438: 8419: 8400: 8396:978-1-13905393-8 8376: 8357: 8338: 8319: 8300: 8290: 8279: 8260: 8243: 8224: 8205: 8186: 8167: 8148: 8129: 8110: 8091: 8050: 8031: 7999: 7978: 7959: 7940: 7921: 7902: 7883: 7864: 7845: 7813: 7792: 7773: 7752: 7733: 7724: 7705: 7664: 7645: 7626: 7607: 7575: 7557: 7538: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7257: 7251: 7242: 7239:Hebblewhite 2016 7236: 7230: 7224: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6716: 6710: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6684:Goldsworthy 2009 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6036: 6033:Hunt et al. 2001 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5970: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5890: 5884: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5688:Goldsworthy 2010 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5448:Pontifex Maximus 5445: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5088:Sasanian Dynasty 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4870:Low Roman Empire 4833: 4820: 4816:Romulus Augustus 4807:magister militum 4803:magister militum 4783: 4772: 4763: 4746: 4734: 4717: 4703: 4688: 4679: 4667: 4658: 4637: 4576: 4534: 4521: 4512: 4494:in January 395. 4483: 4345:Bust of Emperor 4315: 4289: 4253: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4179: 4146: 4101: 4061:in 316 and then 4045: 4034: 3999: 3896:Bust of Emperor 3642: 3633: 3579:Hesperium regnum 3478: 3413:Celtic languages 3337:Consular diptych 3324:consular diptych 3320:Emperor Honorius 3309: 3300: 3280:Bust (sculpture) 3220:conquest of Bari 3159:Pope Gregory III 3051: 3042: 2839: 2814:remaining Empire 2772:Senatus Consulto 2718:magister militum 2708:as the king of " 2621:Frankish Kingdom 2618: 2609: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2514: 2483:Kingdom of Italy 2447:Romulus Augustus 2439:magister militum 2428:Bishop of Salona 2408:magister militum 2392:magister militum 2346:magistri militum 2336:The Western and 2144: 2108:magister militum 2045:Gallia Aquitania 1991:and then by the 1974:Gallic invasions 1893:magister militum 1840:Gold solidus of 1784:Flavius Stilicho 1781:magister militum 1745:magister militum 1724:Altar of Victory 1720:Pontifex Maximus 1701: 1692: 1687: 1571:, Hispania, and 1456:Second Tetrarchy 1452:Valerius Severus 1354:Palmyrene Empire 1348:In the reign of 1278:Battle of Edessa 1231:Marcomannic Wars 1114:between Emperor 1112:civil war of 218 1084:Praetorian Guard 1037: 1023: 996:(e.g., those by 963:(roughly modern 931:(modern Italy), 877:(roughly modern 560: 528: 527: 514: 513: 500: 499: 486: 485: 472: 471: 458: 457: 444: 443: 430: 429: 416: 415: 402: 401: 394:Kingdom of Italy 390: 389: 377: 376: 370: 369: 354: 353: 182:Notable Emperors 113: 101: 94: 86: 73: 58: 39: 38: 21: 16593: 16592: 16588: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16432:UKUSA Agreement 16372:Lublin Triangle 16257:Baltic Assembly 16209: 16203: 16121: 15958: 15793: 15663:Eurolinguistics 15532: 15521:Information age 15494:Interwar period 15361: 15281: 15272: 15242: 15237: 15226:American Empire 15211: 15207:African empires 15159: 15042: 14734:Central African 14680: 14498:Romano-Germanic 14084: 13818:Middle Assyrian 13791: 13783: 13778: 13748: 13739: 13693: 13596: 13595:Post-Napoleonic 13586: 13520: 13456: 13450: 13438: 13380: 13376: 13375:(1130–1816) and 13374: 13366: 13311: 13299: 13266: 13240: 13231:Emirate of Bari 13217: 13204:Theme of Sicily 13199:Duchy of Naples 13174:Duchy of Amalfi 13159: 13151: 13099: 13098:Other Republics 13093: 13071: 13063: 13057:County of Tenda 13037:County of Savoy 12997:Duchy of Reggio 12967:Duchy of Mantua 12895:March of Friuli 12827: 12825: 12823: 12815: 12811:Duchy of Urbino 12796:Duchy of Castro 12773: 12765: 12719: 12713:Duchy of Tuscia 12693:Duchy of Friuli 12656: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12637: 12616:(753 BC–509 BC) 12600: 12515: 12510: 12480: 12475: 12337: 12335: 12329: 12219: 12055:Aëtius of Amida 12036: 12022:Verrius Flaccus 12002:Valerius Antias 11962:Silius Italicus 11897:Pliny the Elder 11842:Marcus Aurelius 11717:Cornelius Nepos 11667:Aurelius Victor 11621: 11543: 11455: 11389:Secessio plebis 11360: 11235: 11187: 11061: 11015: 10945: 10827: 10779: 10695: 10616: 10577: 10559: 10553: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10459: 10440: 10421: 10402: 10386: 10384:Further reading 10381: 10372: 10370: 10347: 10345: 10322: 10320: 10297: 10295: 10272: 10270: 10247: 10245: 10223: 10221: 10198: 10196: 10173: 10171: 10148: 10146: 10123: 10121: 10098: 10096: 10095:on 30 July 2017 10073: 10071: 10052: 10042: 10023: 10004: 9985: 9977:. AuthorHouse. 9966: 9947: 9928: 9907: 9899:. Basic Books. 9888: 9869: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9823:Tucker, Spencer 9815: 9775:Thompson, E. A. 9767: 9719: 9692:10.2307/1170959 9676:Taagepera, Rein 9668: 9649: 9628: 9607: 9588: 9549: 9530: 9511: 9492: 9470: 9468: 9428: 9409: 9386: 9367: 9348: 9329: 9305: 9286: 9267: 9248: 9229: 9206: 9187: 9131: 9109: 9107: 9067: 9048: 9012: 8993: 8970: 8947: 8928: 8907: 8888: 8869: 8850: 8831: 8808: 8789: 8745: 8705: 8686: 8667: 8648: 8625: 8603: 8601: 8591: 8581:Country Studies 8562: 8494: 8473: 8454: 8435: 8416: 8397: 8373: 8354: 8335: 8316: 8276: 8240: 8221: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8145: 8126: 8107: 8047: 8028: 8014:, eds. (2000). 8012:Whitby, Michael 8004:Cameron, Averil 7996: 7975: 7937: 7918: 7899: 7880: 7861: 7842: 7828:, eds. (2005). 7822:Cameron, Averil 7818:Bowman, Alan K. 7810: 7789: 7770: 7749: 7730:Marcus Aurelius 7721: 7713:. W.W. Norton. 7686:10.2307/1088953 7661: 7642: 7623: 7604: 7596:. p. 446. 7572: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6696:Martindale 1980 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6149:, p. 254f. 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6123:Martindale 1980 6121: 6117: 6111:Martindale 1980 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5967:Martindale 1980 5965: 5958: 5950: 5941: 5937:, p. 47ff. 5933: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5893: 5885: 5878: 5874:, p. 122f. 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5837: 5829: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5532:Hallenbeck 1982 5530: 5526: 5520:Deliyannis 2010 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222:, pp. 6–7. 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4929:Roman Governors 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4866: 4831: 4770: 4732: 4715: 4686: 4665: 4617: 4600:Valentinian III 4560:Priscus Attalus 4541:Constantius III 4530:Priscus Attalus 4508:Constantine III 4458: 4452: 4339: 4333: 4306: 4077: 4071: 4059:Valerius Valens 3890: 3884: 3876: 3870: 3862:Ottoman Empires 3856:along with the 3854:First World War 3850:Austria-Hungary 3832:Austrian Empire 3810:Irene of Athens 3765:being ruled by 3740: 3734: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3623: 3536: 3524:Pope Honorius I 3481:Vicar of Christ 3473:Catholic Church 3466:Arabic numerals 3386:Anglo-Saxon law 3380:. In contrast, 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3341:Constantius III 3331: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3301: 3290: 3252: 3178:Kingdom of León 3172:was founded by 3147:being conquered 3103:Lombard Kingdom 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3043: 2963: 2953: 2837: 2729: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2567: 2497: 2491: 2330: 2324: 2306:Carthaginiensis 2186: 2142: 2118:with a treaty. 2116:status quo ante 2073:Valentinian III 2061: 1985:Constantine III 1957:Constantine III 1936:Constantine III 1858:Valentinian III 1834: 1828: 1823: 1710: 1699: 1697: 1690: 1501: 1495: 1428:First Tetrarchy 1408:to the rank of 1388: 1382: 1343:Germanic tribes 1257: 1251: 1227:against Parthia 1179:Marcus Aurelius 1164:Philip the Arab 1139:Parthian Empire 1066:. To this end, 1042: 1035: 1033: 1021: 1014: 951:tribes such as 805: 795: 699:of the emperor 563: 525: 511: 497: 483: 469: 455: 441: 427: 413: 399: 374: 318: 308:4 September 476 305: 288: 245: 244:• 475–476 233: 232:• 474–480 221: 220:• 457–461 213:Valentinian III 209: 208:• 425–455 197: 196:• 395–423 112: 104: 97: 93: 89: 85: 61: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16591: 16581: 16580: 16578:Former empires 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16498:Italian states 16495: 16490: 16485: 16468: 16467: 16465: 16464: 16462:Westernization 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16442:Visegrád Group 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16382:Nordic Council 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16277:Bucharest Nine 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16242:Arctic Council 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16213: 16211: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16154: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16137: 16131: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16037: 16036: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16007: 16006: 16005: 15995: 15994: 15993: 15968: 15966: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15954: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15933: 15932: 15920: 15919: 15918: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15852:Existentialism 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15803: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15735: 15734: 15733: 15723: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15696: 15695: 15694: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15665: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15628: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15570: 15565: 15564: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15542: 15540: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15530: 15529: 15528: 15523: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15416: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15389: 15388: 15387: 15385:Late antiquity 15377: 15371: 15369: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15335: 15330: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15300: 15295: 15289: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15271: 15270: 15263: 15256: 15248: 15239: 15238: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15228: 15219: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15210: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15183: 15182: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15136: 15135: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15063: 15058: 15052: 15050: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15008: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14991: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14964: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14952: 14942: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14839: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14807: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14773: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14729: 14724: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14690: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14621: 14616: 14615: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14418: 14417: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14312: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14248: 14243: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14206: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14162: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14094: 14092: 14090:Post-classical 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13945: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13889:Middle Kingdom 13886: 13876: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13845:Neo-Babylonian 13842: 13837: 13835:Old Babylonian 13827: 13826: 13825: 13820: 13810: 13805: 13799: 13797: 13785: 13784: 13777: 13776: 13769: 13762: 13754: 13745: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13714:Italian Empire 13704: 13702: 13692: 13691: 13685: 13679: 13673: 13667: 13661: 13658:Roman Republic 13655: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13610:Duchy of Lucca 13607: 13604:Duchy of Genoa 13600: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13528: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13467: 13465: 13458: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13384: 13382: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13315: 13313: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13179:Duchy of Gaeta 13176: 13170: 13168: 13161: 13157:Southern Italy 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13103: 13101: 13100:(c. 1000–1797) 13095: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13075: 13073: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13054: 13052:County of Nice 13049: 13047:Duchy of Aosta 13044: 13039: 13034: 13027:Savoyard state 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:Duchy of Milan 12959: 12957:Duchy of Ivrea 12954: 12953: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12831: 12829: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12749: 12743: 12730: 12728: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12698:Duchy of Ivrea 12695: 12690: 12679: 12673: 12667: 12664:Odoacer's rule 12660: 12658: 12649: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12629: 12628:(27 BC–395 AD) 12623: 12622:(509 BC–27 BC) 12620:Roman Republic 12617: 12610: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12559:Cisalpine Gaul 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12516: 12509: 12508: 12501: 12494: 12486: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12342: 12340: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12231: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12046: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11907:Pomponius Mela 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11642:Aelius Donatus 11638: 11636: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11610:Ecclesiastical 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11564: 11559: 11553: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11465: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11370: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11351:Toys and games 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11243: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11197: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11133: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11075: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10891:Vigintisexviri 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10851:Cursus honorum 10848: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10789: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10707: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10650:Western Empire 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10552: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467:External links 10465: 10464: 10463: 10458:978-1405160681 10457: 10444: 10439:978-3110109344 10438: 10425: 10420:978-1843830337 10419: 10406: 10401:978-3170332164 10400: 10394:. Kohlhammer. 10385: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10354: 10329: 10304: 10288:www.livius.org 10279: 10263:www.livius.org 10254: 10230: 10220:on 9 July 2017 10205: 10180: 10155: 10130: 10105: 10080: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10041:978-0520069831 10040: 10027: 10022:978-0203982310 10021: 10008: 10003:978-0199768998 10002: 9989: 9984:978-1434325495 9983: 9970: 9965:978-0198229452 9964: 9951: 9946:978-0199688821 9945: 9932: 9927:978-0415076807 9926: 9911: 9906:978-0465018727 9905: 9892: 9887:978-0297813927 9886: 9880:. Weidenfeld. 9873: 9868:978-1579583163 9867: 9854: 9842:978-1598844290 9841: 9819: 9813: 9791: 9771: 9766:978-0141034485 9765: 9752: 9740:10.1086/361560 9723: 9718:978-0330029025 9717: 9704: 9672: 9667:978-1317496946 9666: 9653: 9648:978-0195328783 9647: 9632: 9627:978-0199861101 9626: 9611: 9606:978-1108028868 9605: 9592: 9587:978-3110805376 9586: 9553: 9548:978-8815096906 9547: 9534: 9529:978-0500291245 9528: 9515: 9510:978-1780877501 9509: 9496: 9491:978-0415100588 9490: 9477: 9432: 9427:978-0394537788 9426: 9413: 9408:978-0812212396 9407: 9390: 9385:978-0521894098 9384: 9371: 9366:978-0582063037 9365: 9352: 9347:978-1138252684 9346: 9333: 9327: 9315:, ed. 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(2005). 8381:Fouracre, Paul 8377: 8372:978-0807877456 8371: 8358: 8353:978-0198152415 8352: 8339: 8334:978-0521414852 8333: 8320: 8315:978-1405151498 8314: 8301: 8280: 8275:978-0521529334 8274: 8261: 8244: 8239:978-0521836722 8238: 8225: 8220:978-2130389026 8219: 8206: 8201:978-0415620079 8200: 8187: 8182:978-0198150015 8181: 8168: 8163:978-1137014283 8162: 8149: 8144:978-0631194057 8143: 8130: 8125:978-0312224646 8124: 8111: 8106:978-0521717809 8105: 8092: 8072:10.2307/300550 8051: 8046:978-1783831166 8045: 8032: 8026: 8000: 7995:978-1316219133 7994: 7979: 7974:978-1402183683 7973: 7960: 7941: 7936:978-1467440370 7935: 7922: 7917:978-0253312884 7916: 7903: 7898:978-0253206008 7897: 7884: 7879:978-1439084748 7878: 7865: 7860:978-1862543379 7859: 7846: 7840: 7826:Garnsey, Peter 7814: 7809:978-1841712505 7808: 7793: 7788:978-3515092395 7787: 7774: 7768: 7753: 7748:978-0199252374 7747: 7734: 7725: 7720:978-0393059755 7719: 7706: 7680:(3): 248–270. 7665: 7660:978-0853234364 7659: 7646: 7641:978-0674165311 7640: 7627: 7622:978-0415243575 7621: 7608: 7602: 7584:Worp, Klaas A. 7576: 7571:978-8820987220 7570: 7558: 7553:978-0511523069 7552: 7539: 7534:978-0195123326 7533: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7497: 7495:, p. 402. 7485: 7483:, p. 385. 7470: 7468:, p. 274. 7458: 7456:, p. 171. 7446: 7434: 7422: 7410: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7372:, p. 446. 7362: 7350: 7338: 7336:, p. 116. 7326: 7314: 7302: 7285: 7273: 7271:, p. 450. 7258: 7254:Errington 2006 7243: 7231: 7214: 7202: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7110: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7045:, p. 226. 7035: 7023: 7008: 7006:, p. 224. 6996: 6994:, p. 223. 6984: 6972: 6970:, p. 384. 6905: 6903:, p. 342. 6893: 6891:, p. 210. 6878: 6876:, p. 209. 6866: 6864:, p. 344. 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6804:, p. 449. 6794: 6792:, p. 139. 6782: 6780:, p. 345. 6770: 6758: 6756:, p. 156. 6746: 6734: 6717: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6674:, p. 260. 6664: 6649: 6647:, p. 196. 6637: 6635:, p. 907. 6633:Levillain 2002 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6587:, p. 192. 6577: 6565: 6553: 6551:, p. 196. 6541: 6539:, p. 666. 6529: 6517: 6515:, p. 116. 6505: 6493: 6491:, p. 203. 6489:Ravegnani 2004 6481: 6466: 6454: 6452:, p. 238. 6442: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6380:, p. 325. 6370: 6368:, p. 165. 6358: 6356:, p. 216. 6354:Treadgold 1997 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6308:, p. 118. 6298: 6296:, p. 512. 6286: 6274: 6262: 6260:, p. 215. 6247: 6235: 6223: 6221:, p. 459. 6211: 6199: 6197:, p. 283. 6187: 6185:, p. 422. 6175: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6137:, p. 410. 6127: 6115: 6113:, p. 734. 6103: 6091: 6076: 6074:, p. 203. 6072:Frassetto 2013 6064: 6062:, p. 191. 6052: 6037: 6035:, p. 256. 6025: 6013: 6011:, p. 278. 5998: 5986: 5984:, p. 187. 5971: 5969:, p. 514. 5956: 5939: 5920: 5916:MacGeorge 2002 5908: 5906:, p. 408. 5891: 5876: 5864: 5860:Libius Severus 5852: 5835: 5818: 5816:, p. 379. 5806: 5794: 5792:, p. 128. 5782: 5780:, p. 126. 5770: 5755: 5753:, p. 339. 5743: 5741:, p. 292. 5731: 5719: 5704: 5692: 5690:, p. 305. 5680: 5678:, p. 154. 5668: 5666:, p. 146. 5656: 5654:, p. 145. 5644: 5642:, p. 303. 5632: 5630:, p. 136. 5620: 5618:, p. 113. 5608: 5606:, p. 195. 5596: 5594:, p. 138. 5584: 5582:, p. 109. 5572: 5570:, p. 108. 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5510:, p. 110. 5500: 5498:, p. 244. 5488: 5484:Frassetto 2003 5476: 5474:, p. 179. 5464: 5452: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5399:, p. 195. 5389: 5374: 5359: 5357:, p. 275. 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5234:, p. 282. 5224: 5212: 5210:, p. 386. 5200: 5198:, p. 176. 5188: 5186:, p. 179. 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5126:, p. 322. 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4982:, p. 130. 4972: 4970:, p. 88f. 4960: 4948: 4946:, p. 15f. 4933: 4921: 4919:, p. 125. 4909: 4897: 4895:, p. 236. 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4824: 4823: 4787: 4786: 4767: 4766: 4750: 4749: 4729: 4728: 4707: 4706: 4699:Libius Severus 4683: 4682: 4662: 4661: 4641: 4640: 4616: 4613: 4605: 4604: 4580: 4579: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4487: 4486: 4454:Main article: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4430:Magnus Maximus 4421: 4420: 4416:Valentinian II 4395: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4389:Valentinian II 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4347:Valentinian II 4335:Main article: 4332: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4316:(Sole emperor) 4305: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4290:(Sole emperor) 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4249:Constantius II 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4215: 4184: 4183: 4151: 4150: 4142:Constantine II 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4073:Main article: 4070: 4067: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4037: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4000:(Second reign) 3974: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3869: 3866: 3814:Constantine VI 3733: 3730: 3712:, the general 3647: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3553:") and west (" 3535: 3532: 3462:Roman numerals 3454:writing system 3446:Latin alphabet 3442:lingua francas 3347:in 413 or 417. 3314: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3272:Latin alphabet 3251: 3248: 3244:schism of 1054 3240:Constantinople 3056: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3033: 2992:Late Antiquity 2952: 2949: 2728: 2727:Germanic Italy 2725: 2630:Late Antiquity 2615: 2606: 2596: 2593:Vandal Kingdom 2587: 2581: 2566: 2563: 2542:Roman emperors 2490: 2487: 2354:Libius Severus 2323: 2320: 2268:, Ostrogoths, 2185: 2182: 2147:Vandal Kingdom 2077:Galla Placidia 2060: 2057: 2055:, was formed. 1891:under Alaric, 1830:Main article: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1736:Valentinian II 1732:Magnus Maximus 1698: 1689: 1639:Persian Empire 1565:Constantine II 1529:Constantius II 1517:Constantine II 1494: 1491: 1483:Constantinople 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1078:, Governor of 1034: 1020: 1013: 1010: 998:Cato the Elder 937:Gallia Belgica 918:Roman Republic 809:Roman Republic 794: 791: 787:Constantinople 756:Western Europe 676:Constantinople 571:historiography 565: 564: 562: 561: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 522: 516: 515: 508: 502: 501: 494: 488: 487: 480: 474: 473: 466: 460: 459: 452: 446: 445: 438: 432: 431: 424: 418: 417: 410: 408:Roman Dalmatia 404: 403: 396: 387: 384: 383: 378: 366: 365: 360: 350: 349: 347:Roman currency 344: 340: 339: 336: 332: 331: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 313: 310: 309: 306: 296: 293: 292: 291:17 January 395 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 273:Late antiquity 270: 269:Historical era 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 240: 239: 234: 231: 228: 227: 222: 219: 216: 215: 210: 207: 204: 203: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 145: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 80: 76: 75: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 26: 18:Western Empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16590: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16407:PROSUR/PROSUL 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16302:Craiova Group 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16217:ABCANZ Armies 16215: 16214: 16212: 16206: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16041: 16035: 16032: 16031: 16030: 16027: 16023: 16022:Protestantism 16020: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15978: 15975: 15974: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15953: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15942:Sovereigntism 15940: 15938: 15935: 15931: 15930: 15926: 15925: 15924: 15921: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15837:Scholasticism 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15800: 15796: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15753: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15740: 15739: 15736: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15685: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15612: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15539: 15535: 15527: 15526:War on terror 15524: 15522: 15519: 15518: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15419:Modern period 15417: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15368: 15364: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15280: 15276: 15275:Western world 15269: 15264: 15262: 15257: 15255: 15250: 15249: 15246: 15232: 15231:Soviet empire 15229: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15216:Miscellaneous 15214: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15181: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15166: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14915: 14914: 14911: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14851: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14815:German Empire 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14555:Turco-Persian 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14500: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14419: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14313: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14087: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14004: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13963: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13775: 13770: 13768: 13763: 13761: 13756: 13755: 13752: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13723: 13720: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13696: 13689: 13686: 13683: 13680: 13677: 13674: 13671: 13668: 13665: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13599: 13593: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13523: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13445: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13398:Duchy of Sora 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13383: 13379: 13373: 13369: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13236:Muslim Sicily 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13096: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13029: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12822: 12818: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12758: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12741: 12740:Duchy of Rome 12738: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12722: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12653: 12650: 12640: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12615: 12614:Roman Kingdom 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12586:Magna Graecia 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12507: 12502: 12500: 12495: 12493: 12488: 12487: 12484: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12332: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12226: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11797:Julius Paulus 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11732:Fabius Pictor 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11469:Amphitheatres 11467: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11458: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Deforestation 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Siege engines 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089:Establishment 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020:Extraordinary 11018: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Promagistrate 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10834: 10830: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10793:Twelve Tables 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10545: 10543: 10538: 10536: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10412: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10393: 10388: 10387: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10355: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10330: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10305: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10280: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10206: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10181: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10053: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10015:. Routledge. 10014: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9942: 9938: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9920:. Routledge. 9919: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9889: 9883: 9879: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9844: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9814:0-8047-2630-2 9810: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9781:. Clarendon. 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9660:. Routledge. 9659: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9598: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9484:. Routledge. 9483: 9478: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9399: 9398: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9340:. Routledge. 9339: 9334: 9330: 9328:0-521-20159-4 9324: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9240:. Routledge. 9239: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9221:. Routledge. 9219: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9039: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8861:. Macmillan. 8860: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465:. AMS Press. 8464: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8308:. Blackwell. 8307: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8194:. Routledge. 8193: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137:. Blackwell. 8136: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7762:. Routledge. 7761: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615:. Routledge. 7614: 7609: 7605: 7603:1-55540-099-X 7599: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7507:, p. 74. 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7360:, p. 88. 7359: 7354: 7348:, p. 64. 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7300:, p. 35. 7299: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7241:, p. 20. 7240: 7235: 7229:, p. 34. 7228: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7212:, p. 34. 7211: 7206: 7200:, p. 32. 7199: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7183:, p. 31. 7182: 7177: 7171:, p. 30. 7170: 7165: 7159:, p. 29. 7158: 7153: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7123:, p. 33. 7122: 7117: 7115: 7108:, p. 32. 7107: 7102: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7021:, p. 30. 7020: 7015: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6902: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6828:, p. 55. 6827: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6713:Moorhead 1994 6709: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6662:, p. 78. 6661: 6656: 6654: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6623:, p. 23. 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6575:, p. 96. 6574: 6573:Haarmann 2004 6569: 6563:, p. 59. 6562: 6557: 6550: 6549:Gottlieb 2006 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6479:, p. 33. 6478: 6473: 6471: 6464:, p. 21. 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6440:, p. 49. 6439: 6434: 6427: 6426:Fouracre 2005 6422: 6415: 6414:Fouracre 2005 6410: 6403: 6398: 6392:, p. 31. 6391: 6386: 6379: 6378:Thompson 1969 6374: 6367: 6366:Fouracre 2005 6362: 6355: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6159:Moorhead 1994 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6087:Goldberg 2006 6083: 6081: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5918:, p. 62. 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5729:, p. 15. 5728: 5723: 5717:, p. 11. 5716: 5711: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5462:, p. 68. 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340:Limberis 2012 5336: 5329: 5324: 5318:, p. 14. 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5294:, p. 59. 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 42. 5257: 5252: 5245: 5244:Southern 2007 5240: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5196:Southern 2015 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5162:, p. 14. 5161: 5156: 5149: 5148:Southern 2015 5144: 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5114:, p. 38. 5113: 5108: 5102:, p. 38. 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5078:, p. 75. 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5018:, p. 35. 5017: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4893:Christie 1991 4889: 4885: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4439:: 383/384–388 4438: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4360:Valentinian I 4357: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4299: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4097:Constantine I 4094: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4085:Constantine I 4081: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3969: 3968:Constantine I 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3936:Constantius I 3933: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3914:Constantius I 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3840:German Empire 3837: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784:. Though the 3783: 3782: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748:Frankish king 3744: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3632: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437:lingua franca 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3346: 3345:his consulate 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2907:Mediterranean 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2778:in the East. 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2603: 2594: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2190: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:, proclaimed 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978:Theodosius II 1975: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1704:Eastern Court 1696: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:Valentinian I 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:Constantine I 1511:appointed by 1510: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1304:Gallic Empire 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203:Lucius Caesar 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1040:vassal states 1031: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 923: 919: 914: 910: 908: 907:lingua franca 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 824: 819: 815: 810: 804: 800: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 771:Roman Emperor 768: 765: 764:Frankish king 761: 757: 753: 750:and parts of 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:Edward Gibbon 714: 710: 706: 705:King of Italy 702: 698: 694: 693: 688: 684: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648:Constantine I 645: 644: 639: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 539: 523: 521: 518: 517: 509: 507: 504: 503: 495: 493: 490: 489: 481: 479: 476: 475: 467: 465: 462: 461: 453: 451: 448: 447: 439: 437: 434: 433: 425: 423: 420: 419: 411: 409: 406: 405: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388: 382: 379: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 348: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 320: 317: 311: 307: 304: 300: 294: 290: 287: 281: 277: 274: 271: 267: 264: 261: 257: 253: 250: 247: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 199: 193: 189: 185: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 111: 107: 100: 92: 84: 81: 77: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16452:Western Bloc 16252:AUSCANNZUKUS 16208:Contemporary 16157:Human rights 16003:Latin Church 15977:Christianity 15927: 15886:Conservatism 15731:contemporary 15568:Architecture 15504:World War II 15464:Emancipation 15459:Abolitionism 15347:Romanization 15342:Roman legacy 15327: 15323:Roman Empire 14982:Contemporary 14832:Indo-Persian 14820:Nazi Germany 14764:Contemporary 14666:Vijayanagara 14565:Great Seljuk 14476:Thessalonica 14404:Golden Horde 14055: 14044:Carthaginian 13823:Neo-Assyrian 13808:Neo-Sumerian 13710:(1861–1946) 13688:Papal States 13516:Transpadania 13089:Stato da Màr 12771:Papal States 12682:Lombard rule 12646:Early Modern 12634:(395–476 AD) 12631: 12626:Roman Empire 12606:Ancient Rome 12411:Institutions 12275:Leptis Magna 12228:Major cities 12135:Philostratus 11922:Quadrigarius 11742:Rufus Festus 11605:Contemporary 11326:Romanization 11249:Architecture 10856:Collegiality 10705:Constitution 10649: 10556:Ancient Rome 10487:Online books 10477: 10448: 10429: 10410: 10391: 10371:. 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Routledge. 7729: 7710: 7677: 7673: 7650: 7631: 7612: 7588: 7561: 7543: 7523: 7500: 7488: 7481:Norwich 1989 7461: 7454:Norwich 1989 7449: 7437: 7425: 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7365: 7358:Collins 2010 7353: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7305: 7276: 7234: 7210:Norwich 1989 7205: 7198:Norwich 1989 7181:Norwich 1989 7176: 7169:Norwich 1989 7164: 7157:Norwich 1989 7152: 7140: 7128: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7026: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6968:Norwich 1989 6896: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6732:, p. 7. 6691: 6679: 6672:Wienand 2014 6667: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6597:Le Goff 1994 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6537:Samarin 1968 6532: 6525:Legal system 6520: 6513:Norwich 1989 6508: 6501:Norwich 1989 6496: 6484: 6457: 6450:Collins 1983 6445: 6438:Collins 1989 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6318:Merills 2016 6313: 6301: 6294:Luttwak 2009 6289: 6277: 6265: 6258:Norwich 1989 6245:, p. 8. 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6195:Wolfram 1990 6190: 6178: 6171:Barnish 1992 6166: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6099:Merills 2016 6094: 6089:, p. 6. 6067: 6060:Heather 2005 6055: 6028: 6016: 5996:, p. 9. 5989: 5911: 5867: 5855: 5814:Heather 2000 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5766:Heather 2000 5751:Heather 2007 5746: 5734: 5727:Heather 2000 5722: 5715:Heather 2000 5695: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5628:Norwich 1989 5623: 5611: 5604:Heather 2005 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5551: 5539: 5534:, p. 7. 5527: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5467: 5455: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5392: 5342:, p. 9. 5335: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5042:, p. 1. 5035: 5028:Bennett 1997 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4980:Curchin 2004 4975: 4963: 4956:Samarin 1968 4951: 4924: 4912: 4905:Gillett 2001 4900: 4888: 4846: 4844: 4827: 4825: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4779:Julius Nepos 4777: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4730: 4722: 4708: 4697: 4684: 4673: 4663: 4652: 4642: 4631: 4625:Julius Nepos 4618: 4606: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4570: 4549: 4539: 4528: 4506: 4498: 4488: 4479:Theodosius I 4477: 4444: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4402: 4398: 4396: 4380: 4374: 4358: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4295: 4283: 4275: 4273: 4247: 4234: 4226:Roman Senate 4217: 4206: 4195: 4185: 4174: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4095: 4052: 4039: 4028: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3993: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3959: 3952: 3950: 3935: 3923: 3921: 3905: 3877: 3843: 3828: 3806: 3796:in 962. The 3779: 3772: 3759:Pope Leo III 3754: 3746:Denarius of 3709: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3648:Maps of the 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534:Nomenclature 3501: 3493:Vatican City 3488:Pope Leo III 3485: 3470: 3450:Latin script 3441: 3436: 3422: 3409:Vulgar Latin 3406: 3371: 3352: 3333:On the right 3332: 3315: 3200: 3186:Papal States 3182: 3163: 3133:ruling from 3123: 3087: 3069: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2957:Vandalic War 2944: 2937:Vandalic War 2930: 2915: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2821: 2811: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2717: 2709: 2699: 2695:East Francia 2687:West Francia 2655: 2626: 2559: 2551: 2538: 2518: 2503:The city of 2461: 2455: 2438: 2432: 2424:Adriatic Sea 2407: 2404:Julius Nepos 2391: 2377: 2362: 2345: 2343: 2299: 2291:Rhone Valley 2286: 2262: 2249: 2238:Roman Senate 2234:Theodoric II 2228: 2212: 2200: 2170: 2151: 2120: 2107: 2101: 2070: 2041: 1982: 1966: 1945: 1916:Gildonic War 1911: 1904: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1874: 1848: 1846: 1811:invaded Gaul 1796: 1780: 1770: 1743: 1713: 1682:Theodosius I 1637:against the 1628: 1620: 1604: 1600: 1587:, Pannonia, 1538: 1487:Theodosius I 1478: 1460: 1448:Maximinus II 1409: 1400: 1362: 1347: 1324: 1282: 1268:and his son 1258: 1183:Lucius Verus 1176: 1156: 1124: 1045: 1026:Roman Empire 989:Romanization 987: 984:Roman Empire 977: 957:Celtiberians 926: 828: 821: 806: 744:North Africa 737: 709:Julius Nepos 690: 680: 655: 652:Theodosius I 641: 635: 617: 590: 579:Roman Empire 574: 568: 553:Julius Nepos 545: 381:Roman Empire 363:Succeeded by 362: 357: 316:Julius Nepos 263:Roman Senate 237:Julius Nepos 148:Christianity 134:Vulgar Latin 71:Roman Empire 36: 16563:5th century 16558:4th century 16553:3rd century 16392:Open Balkan 16210:integration 16140:Rule of law 16135:Natural law 16112:Agnosticism 16090:Hellenistic 16068:Anglo-Saxon 15998:Catholicism 15937:Atlanticism 15842:Rationalism 15648:Immigration 15631:Esotericism 15489:World War I 15454:Romanticism 15434:Reformation 15414:Renaissance 15392:Middle Ages 15357:Christendom 15286:Foundations 14570:Khwarezmian 14503:Carolingian 14308:Rashtrakuta 14012:Shaishunaga 13911:Hellenistic 13894:New Kingdom 13884:Old Kingdom 13736:(1947–1954) 13730:(1943–1945) 13724:(1920–1924) 13716:(1882–1960) 13700:unification 13690:(1814–1870) 13684:(1815–1866) 13678:(1816–1861) 13672:(1814–1860) 13666:(1859–1860) 13660:(1849–1850) 13654:(1848–1849) 13636:(1815–1859) 13630:(1814–1859) 13624:(1814–1859) 13618:(1814–1829) 13612:(1815–1847) 13606:(1815–1848) 13496:Parthenopea 13457:(1792–1815) 13415:(1647–1648) 13381:(1282–1816) 13363:(1324–1861) 13324:Agugliastra 13189:Longobardia 12826:independent 12676:Vandal rule 12406:Geographers 12090:Dioscorides 12070:Cassius Dio 11692:Cassiodorus 11595:Renaissance 11201:Agriculture 11173:Auxiliaries 11114:Engineering 10951:Magistrates 10803:Citizenship 10798:Mos maiorum 10733:Late Empire 10449:The Vandals 10373:23 February 10348:25 February 10323:23 February 10298:21 February 10273:15 February 10248:24 February 10238:www.cia.gov 10224:23 February 10199:23 February 10174:23 February 10124:23 February 10099:23 February 10050:Web sources 9620:. OUP USA. 9503:. Quercus. 9471:15 February 9359:. Longman. 9110:21 February 8962:. Bedford. 8513:: 131–167. 8066:: 236–237. 7394:Barnes 1983 7269:Birley 2005 6901:Potter 2008 6862:Potter 2008 6850:Potter 2008 6838:Glazer 1996 6814:Watson 2014 6766:Whaley 2012 6754:Herrin 1987 6730:Whitby 1988 6609:Durant 1950 6462:Thomas 2010 6270:Haldon 1997 5872:Gordon 2013 5700:Hughes 2012 5409:Dagron 1984 5397:Potter 2008 5385:Constantius 5304:Lenski 2007 5268:Barnes 2006 5232:Potter 2014 5220:Barnes 2006 5160:Bourne 2000 5136:Birley 2000 5124:Potter 2004 5076:Tucker 2010 5064:Downey 1961 5016:Tenney 1930 4968:Weigel 1992 4856:in 540 and 4793:Solidus of 4564:Constantine 4556:Constantius 4518:Constans II 3751:Charlemagne 3683:Gothic Wars 3656:(left) and 3520:Curia Julia 3516:Tiberius II 3456:and is the 3316:On the left 3190:Charlemagne 3112:Map of the 3058:Justinian I 2945:casus belli 2933:Justinian I 2926:Amalasuntha 2830:Julian Alps 2794:(486–493). 2676:other than 2664:under King 2634:Middle Ages 2579:Justinian I 2573:Map of the 2369:interregnum 2037:Heraclianus 2029:Sebastianus 2021:Burgundians 2013:Constantius 1955:(407), and 1951:(406–407), 1815:sacked Rome 1728:Roman Curia 1541:Constantius 1463:Constantine 1374:Tetricus II 1313:The Roman, 1223:Britannicus 899:aristocracy 835:Mark Antony 767:Charlemagne 740:Justinian I 729:Middle Ages 622:by emperor 358:Preceded by 301:of Emperor 259:Legislature 49:395–476/480 16477:Categories 16412:Rio Treaty 15923:Relativism 15881:Liberalism 15847:Empiricism 15799:Philosophy 15787:Secularism 15738:Philosophy 15675:Literature 15469:Capitalism 15140:Portuguese 15021:Revival Le 15011:Vietnamese 14654:Later Tran 14624:Vietnamese 14520:Singhasari 14508:Holy Roman 14132:Bulgarian 14068:Satavahana 14039:Phoenician 13975:Achaemenid 13936:Indo-Greek 13916:Macedonian 13830:Babylonian 13567:Pontecorvo 13525:Monarchies 13511:Subalpinia 13476:Cispadania 13471:Cisalpinia 13453:Napoleonic 13160:(774–1139) 13072:(697–1797) 12774:(754–1870) 12736:(584–751) 12684:(568–774) 12295:Mediolanum 12235:Alexandria 12200:Themistius 12165:Porphyrius 11992:Tertullian 11927:Quintilian 11917:Propertius 11812:Lactantius 11762:Fulgentius 11697:Censorinus 11519:Sanitation 11504:Metallurgy 11461:Technology 11426:Demography 11374:Patricians 11341:Spectacles 11299:Literature 11294:Hairstyles 11131:Technology 10881:Praefectus 10833:Government 10823:Litigation 10808:Auctoritas 10753:Centuriate 10640:Principate 10635:Pax Romana 10595:Foundation 10149:8 December 10074:8 December 9848:16 January 9578:1807/67629 9029:B002S62FYI 8726:B0000CMLNV 7956:B00L5PD1PA 7505:Burns 1991 7442:Grant 1997 7430:Grant 1997 7418:Grant 1997 7406:Grant 1997 7382:Grant 1997 7322:Grant 1997 7310:Grant 1997 7281:Grant 1997 7145:Grant 1997 7133:Grant 1997 7091:Grant 1997 7079:Grant 1997 7055:Grant 1997 7043:Grant 1997 7031:Grant 1997 7004:Grant 1997 6992:Grant 1997 6980:Grant 1997 6889:Grant 1997 6874:Grant 1997 6826:Tames 1972 6790:White 2007 6660:Croke 2001 6645:Kaegi 2004 6561:Satow 2011 6390:Noble 1984 6243:Amory 1997 6147:Jones 1992 5994:Nicol 2002 5952:Elton 1992 5790:Given 2014 5778:Given 2014 5496:Burns 1994 5460:Bauer 2010 5328:Grant 1997 5292:Jones 1992 5184:Smith 2013 5004:Grant 1954 4992:Grant 1954 4876:References 4854:Belisarius 4819:: 475–476 4782:: 474–475 4762:: 473–474 4702:: 461–465 4678:: 457–461 4657:: 455–456 4575:: 423–425 4533:: 409–410 4520:: 409–411 4511:: 409–411 4503:: 395–423 4482:: 394–395 4433:: 383–388 4385:: 375–383 4363:: 364–375 4314:: 363–364 4288:: 361–363 4219:Nepotianus 4197:Magnentius 4175:Constans I 4100:: 306–337 4025:: 308–313 3998:: 306–308 3990:: 306–312 3964:: 306–307 3961:Severus II 3943:Severus II 3939:: 305–306 3910:: 286–305 3872:See also: 3819:Nikephoros 3769:, a woman. 3736:See also: 3650:Exarchates 3512:Laurentius 3382:common law 3276:Literature 2997:Belisarius 2894:Thrasamund 2857:Visigothic 2776:Anastasius 2678:Septimania 2668:after the 2619: The 2610: The 2600: The 2591: The 2493:See also: 2326:See also: 2302:Mauretania 2173:Pope Leo I 2162:Aurelianum 2123:Bonifacius 1999:, and the 1882:barbarians 1742:and pagan 1659:Ostrogoths 1612:Magnentius 1583:, Africa, 1573:Mauretania 1553:Asia Minor 1521:Constans I 1497:See also: 1432:Mediolanum 1402:Diocletian 1366:Tetricus I 1172:Aemilianus 1120:Elagabalus 1104:civil wars 1002:philosophy 941:Luxembourg 793:Background 697:abdication 666:then from 664:Mediolanum 624:Diocletian 613:Gothic War 569:In modern 299:Deposition 171:Government 160:Demonym(s) 136:and other 83:Mediolanum 16357:Five Eyes 16352:EU–UK TCA 16194:Democracy 16083:Old Norse 15972:Abrahamic 15929:Peritrope 15911:Tolerance 15891:Socialism 15721:Mythology 15709:Classical 15658:Languages 15636:Astrology 15484:Modernism 15298:Old World 15133:Couronian 14771:Ethiopian 14759:Manchukuo 14714:Brazilian 14560:Ghaznavid 14530:Srivijaya 14481:Trebizond 14466:Byzantine 14448:North Sea 14443:Norwegian 14431:Almoravid 14414:Ilkhanate 14384:Majapahit 14357:Muromachi 14266:Solomonic 14251:Ethiopian 14165:Caliphate 14098:Aragonese 13926:Ptolemaic 13542:Guastalla 13532:Benevento 13464:Republics 13319:Judicates 13167:Byzantine 12824:and other 12762:(585–698) 12754:(554–752) 12748:(554–752) 12742:(533–751) 12727:(584–751) 12678:(435–534) 12672:(493–553) 12666:(476–493) 12657:(476–774) 12591:Iapygians 12451:Quaestors 12381:Empresses 12371:Dynasties 12361:Dictators 12336:and other 12325:Volubilis 12320:Vindobona 12280:Londinium 12205:Theodoret 12175:Procopius 12155:Polyaenus 12130:Pausanias 12032:Vitruvius 11977:Symmachus 11972:Suetonius 11882:Petronius 11867:Obsequens 11832:Macrobius 11827:Lucretius 11752:Frontinus 11727:Eutropius 11712:Columella 11662:Augustine 11652:Appuleius 11600:Neo-Latin 11575:Classical 11566:Versions 11474:Aqueducts 11416:Patronage 11336:Sexuality 11309:Mythology 11284:Education 11274:Cosmetics 11099:Campaigns 11094:Structure 11047:Decemviri 10906:Imperator 10605:overthrow 9787:186003872 9734:: 60–61. 9461:191436869 9420:. Knopf. 9357:Justinian 9100:183386465 9040:. Brill. 8543:129373675 8527:0068-2462 8297:769104576 8257:859619733 8088:163458742 7694:0031-8299 7466:Bury 1923 6802:Ball 2001 6342:Bury 2005 6330:Bury 2005 6306:Maas 2005 6282:Gunderson 6231:Bury 2005 6219:Bury 2005 6207:Bury 2005 6183:Bury 1923 6135:Bury 2005 6021:Bury 1923 6009:Bury 2015 5935:Börm 2008 5904:Bury 2005 5887:Glycerius 5848:Anthemius 5802:Bury 2005 5739:Bury 2005 5676:Bury 2005 5664:Bury 2005 5652:Bury 2005 5616:Bury 2005 5592:Bury 2005 5580:Bury 2005 5568:Bury 2005 5556:Hugh 1996 5544:Gallienus 5508:Bury 2005 5472:Vogt 1993 5433:Katz 1955 5370:Carr 2015 5208:Vagi 2000 5112:Bray 1997 4917:Taagepera 4881:Citations 4828:foederati 4759:Glycerius 4727:: 467–472 4724:Anthemius 4621:Anthemius 4603:: 425–455 4419:: 383–392 4391:: 375–383 4369:: 367–375 4325:Shapur II 4268:: 355–361 4262:: 351–354 4163:Britannia 4110:: 317–326 4063:Martinian 4041:Martinian 3987:Maxentius 3970:: 306–307 3945:: 305–306 3916:: 293–305 3888:Tetrarchy 3836:Habsburgs 3804:in 1806. 3722:Exarchate 3607:Caracalla 3547:Chronicle 3543:Chronicle 3528:Heraclius 3508:Theodoric 3504:Symmachus 3378:civil law 3368:Roman law 3195:Michael I 2975:Justinian 2941:Theodahad 2922:Athalaric 2890:Sigismund 2886:Alaric II 2873:patricius 2822:foederati 2748:patricius 2721:Gennadius 2474:patrician 2462:foederati 2400:Glycerius 2365:Anthemius 2287:foederati 2278:Scythians 2276:, Suebi, 2274:Bastarnae 2005:Gerontius 1942:, 407–409 1897:Illyricum 1889:foederati 1877:Gallienus 1726:from the 1671:foederati 1655:Visigoths 1624:Caracalla 1603:, not an 1597:Dalmatius 1589:Macedonia 1585:Illyricum 1533:Dalmatius 1525:Dalmatius 1479:Nova Roma 1475:Byzantium 1444:Nicomedia 1396:Tetrarchy 1386:Tetrarchy 1380:Tetrarchy 1331:Britannia 1319:Palmyrene 1306:emerged. 1284:Saloninus 1274:Sassanids 1270:Gallienus 1243:Caracalla 1187:consulate 1056:Vespasian 978:Upon the 891:Cyrenaica 851:Macedonia 818:governors 725:Antiquity 692:foederati 632:Tetrarchy 609:Justinian 557:Justinian 506:Alamannia 321:9 May 480 175:Autocracy 144:Religion 114:(475–480) 87:(395–401) 16417:Schengen 16347:Eurozone 16187:Property 16182:Religion 16073:Frankish 16063:Germanic 16043:Paganism 15964:Religion 15952:European 15864:Humanism 15767:Religion 15726:Painting 15692:Internet 15643:Folklore 15614:Clothing 15585:Calendar 15561:Cyrillic 15546:Alphabet 15509:Cold War 15113:Japanese 15076:Scottish 15056:American 15048:Colonial 14977:Imperial 14945:Moroccan 14881:Japanese 14859:Afsharid 14718:Burmese 14704:Austrian 14659:Later Le 14634:Early Le 14619:Venetian 14545:Tiwanaku 14458:Hellenic 14421:Moroccan 14352:Kamakura 14342:Japanese 14325:Saffarid 14278:Georgian 14192:Chalukya 14170:Rashidun 14160:Calakmul 14128:Bruneian 14007:Haryanka 13985:Sasanian 13980:Parthian 13931:Bactrian 13921:Seleucid 13901:Goguryeo 13879:Egyptian 13813:Assyrian 13803:Akkadian 13794:Colonies 13501:Piedmont 13351:Oristano 13344:Logudoro 13334:Cagliari 13309:Sardinia 13042:Piedmont 12791:Holy See 12642:Medieval 12596:Picentes 12539:Samnites 12456:Tribunes 12446:Praetors 12396:Generals 12376:Emperors 12285:Lugdunum 12270:Eboracum 12260:Carthage 12245:Aquileia 12160:Polybius 12150:Plutarch 12120:Libanius 12110:Josephus 12105:Herodian 11997:Tibullus 11912:Priscian 11887:Phaedrus 11847:Manilius 11792:Jordanes 11777:Hydatius 11707:Claudian 11687:Catullus 11677:Boëthius 11672:Ausonius 11590:Medieval 11562:Alphabet 11534:Theatres 11509:Numerals 11494:Concrete 11484:Circuses 11451:Bagaudae 11441:Adoption 11436:Marriage 11409:Assembly 11314:Religion 11289:Folklore 11269:Clothing 11264:Calendar 11221:Currency 11211:Commerce 11109:Strategy 11071:Military 11057:Triumvir 11037:Dictator 11032:Interrex 11011:Governor 10996:Quaestor 10959:Ordinary 10941:Province 10931:Tetrarch 10921:Augustus 10886:Vicarius 10876:Officium 10813:Imperium 10763:Plebeian 10723:Republic 10645:Dominate 10612:Republic 10573:Timeline 10292:Archived 10267:Archived 9833:ABC-CLIO 9825:(2010). 9797:(1997). 9777:(1969). 9160:10787086 8604:22 April 8599:33898522 8535:40311008 7586:(1987). 5831:Majorian 5172:Postumus 5052:Aurelian 4944:Eck 2002 4864:See also 4860:in 582. 4858:Germanus 4840:Campania 4742:Olybrius 4711:Aegidius 4675:Majorian 4552:Stilicho 4500:Honorius 4466:Honorius 4464:Emperor 4403:augustus 4399:augustus 4252:351–361 4208:Vetranio 4200:350–353 4178:337–350 4167:Hispania 4145:337–340 4130:Licinius 4126:augustus 4118:augustus 4083:Bust of 4030:Valens I 4022:Licinius 4014:augustus 3995:Maximian 3907:Maximian 3898:Maximian 3790:Berengar 3718:Germanus 3710:Caesares 3692:Augustus 3672:Augustus 3668:Augustus 3555:Occidens 3356:Arianism 3284:Concrete 3211:Calabria 3135:Syracuse 3118:Lombards 3099:Lombards 3095:Suintila 3020:Hilderic 3012:de facto 2983:(orange) 2918:Amalaric 2763:Dalmatia 2759:Dalmatia 2752:Augustus 2740:Dalmatia 2674:Pyrenees 2666:Clovis I 2604:of Italy 2526:Syagrius 2522:Dalmatia 2479:Dalmatia 2466:Dalmatia 2451:Dalmatia 2443:Dalmatia 2412:Dalmatia 2388:Gundobad 2384:Olybrius 2322:Collapse 2295:Lugdunum 2258:Alemanni 2254:Majorian 2250:Augustus 2215:Gaiseric 2197:decades. 2194:Majorian 2139:Carthage 2127:Gaiseric 2090:Boxwood 1969:Olympius 1940:Honorius 1868:and the 1849:Augustus 1842:Honorius 1817:in 410. 1792:Alaric I 1786:, while 1777:Honorius 1773:Arcadius 1753:Eugenius 1749:Arbogast 1740:Frankish 1708:Arcadius 1695:Honorius 1605:Augustus 1577:Constans 1467:Licinius 1416:Galerius 1411:Augustus 1406:Maximian 1300:Postumus 1294:(modern 1266:Valerian 1215:Claudius 1207:Caligula 1195:Augustus 1191:Republic 1116:Macrinus 1100:Aurelian 1096:Pertinax 1092:Damocles 1072:Domitian 1032:'s death 1006:rhetoric 971:(modern 945:Hispania 922:Octavian 867:Bithynia 839:Octavian 823:de facto 752:Hispania 672:Arcadius 660:Honorius 656:Augustus 637:Augustus 592:de facto 492:Armorica 343:Currency 225:Majorian 201:Honorius 110:Spalatum 16262:Benelux 16167:Thought 16117:Atheism 16058:Finnish 16034:Culture 16029:Judaism 15991:Eastern 15987:Western 15982:Culture 15916:Paradox 15782:Decline 15743:Science 15619:History 15607:Studies 15590:Cuisine 15578:Periods 15538:Culture 15367:History 15333:Eastern 15328:Western 15279:culture 15180:largest 15175:Empires 15155:Swedish 15150:Spanish 15145:Russian 15108:Italian 15083:Chinese 15071:English 15066:British 15061:Belgian 15036:Vietnam 15026:Tay son 14972:Tsarist 14967:Russian 14962:Ottoman 14928:Dzungar 14923:Khoshut 14896:Mexican 14891:Maratha 14874:Pahlavi 14854:Safavid 14849:Iranian 14776:Haitian 14739:Chinese 14699:Ashanti 14671:Wagadou 14597:Eastern 14592:Western 14575:Timurid 14535:Tibetan 14525:Songhai 14515:Serbian 14436:Almohad 14426:Idrisid 14330:Samanid 14320:Tahirid 14315:Iranian 14293:Kannauj 14273:Genoese 14209:Chinese 14202:Eastern 14197:Western 14185:Fatimid 14180:Abbasid 14175:Umayyad 14148:Burmese 14108:Ayyubid 14103:Angevin 14073:Xianbei 14061:Eastern 14056:Western 14002:Magadha 13965:Iranian 13958:Xiongnu 13943:Hittite 13852:Chinese 13840:Kassite 13789:Ancient 13781:Empires 13582:Corsica 13572:Tuscany 13537:Etruria 13486:Liguria 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