747:
90:
125:
841:
491:
898:
583:
97:
219:
115:
79:
959:(aka the New Valley Project), aimed at creating a new delta in the middle of Western Desert and increasing living space and prosperity for Egypt's growing population. President El-Sisi specified that 6.4 billion Egyptian pounds ($ 413 million) would be needed for the necessary infrastructure, breathing new life into national hopes for turning the desert green. Originally, Project Toshka was spear-headed by former President
438:
61:
654:
72:
699:
358:. In Roman times, the term Libya was limited to Cyrenaica and the region between there and Egypt, organized as the provinces of Libya Superior and Libya Inferior. The term Libyan Desert then applied to the area to the south of these provinces. This became a misnomer during colonial times when Cyrenaica and the land to the west was organized as the
259:
Hollywood scenery of wind-formed dunes with occasional oases fringed with palm" (although such areas do exist in the Sand Sea where dunes are sculpted into fantastic shapes); the area is also the location of a series of oases created where the land dips sufficiently to meet the aquifer. These lie in an arc from
675:
The Great Sand Sea stretches about 650 km (400 mi) from north to south and 300 km (190 mi) from east to west. On satellite images this desert shows a pattern of long sand ridges running in a roughly north–south direction. However, despite the apparent uniformity the Great Sand Sea
893:
With the absorption of the kingdom of Egypt into the Roman Empire, the desert region was organized into the province of Libya
Inferior, while Cyrenaica became Libya Superior. In time the region came under the jurisdiction of the Byzantines and their successors, the Arabs, Mamluks and Turks. In 1882
258:
The region is described by one writer as "a plateau standing on average some 500 feet above sea level, barren, rubble- and boulder-strewn, dark brown in colour, occasionally dotted with scrub, and, at first sight, flat". He also states that little of the area conforms to "the romantic view... the
333:
is a roughly lung-shaped area of sandy desert lying astride the border with Libya, 320 km (200 mi) inland from the
Mediterranean. The sea is divided by a long peninsula of rocky desert along the border, leaving the eastern lobe in Egypt and the western in Libya, where it is called the
963:, who spent 40 billion Egyptian pounds on the project, establishing the necessary electricity plants and water pumping stations. A few years later, however, the project came to a sudden halt, with failure being attributed to the lack of political will and necessary investments.
369:, while the region to the south was referred to as the Inner Desert. However, during the Second World War the term Western Desert came to apply not only to the coastal desert of Egypt but also to the area fought over in Libya, ranging beyond the Egypt-Libya border to
624:. It measures 73 m (240 ft) long from paw to tail, 20 m (66 ft) high from the base to the top of the head and 19 m (62 ft) wide at its rear haunches. Its nose was broken off for unknown reasons between the 3rd and 10th centuries AD.
195:, lies to the west against the Libyan border. The desert covers an area of 680,650 km (262,800 sq mi) which is two-thirds of the land area of the country. Its highest elevation is 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the
608:
with the head of a human, and the body of a lion. Facing directly from west to east, it stands on the Giza
Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx appears to represent the
310:
formations, which give the area its name. To the south of Kharga the plateau rises towards the Gilf Kebir, an upland region lying astride the Egypt-Sudan border and home to pre-historic sites such as the
365:
Playfair described the
Western Desert of 1940 as 390 km (240 mi) wide (i.e. from the Nile to the Libyan border) and 240 km (150 mi) from the Mediterranean to the latitude of
867:
and the current geography. Even after this, however, the oases remained inhabited, and the
Antiquities Museum at Kharga has artifacts dating back to times before the early Egyptian kingdoms.
713:(الصحراء السوداء) is a region of volcano-shaped and widely spaced mounds, distributed along about 30 km (19 mi) in the Western Desert between the White Desert in the south and the
785:
rock formations, created through erosion by wind and sand. It is also the site of cliffs (at the northern end of the
Farafra Depression), sand dunes (part of the Great Sand Sea), as well as
940:
fought between the Axis powers (Italy and
Germany) and the Western Allies (principally Britain and Commonwealth countries, a total of 15 nations) until the Allied victory in November 1942.
724:
while others are more reddish as its surface rocks consist of iron sandstone. On the outskirts of the Black Desert are volcanic hills proving the eruption of dark volcanic
287:
and extending 310 km (190 mi) west to east and 135 km (84 mi) north to south. Further to the east, near the Nile, another depression gives rise to the
870:
In ancient times the area was regarded as being under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of Egypt, and
Egyptian remains can be found in all the oases. In 525 BC, the
631:
in Egypt and one of the most recognisable statues in the world. The archaeological evidence suggests that it was created by ancient
Egyptians of the
2222:
720:
The mounds of the Black Desert, up to 100 metres (330 feet) high, vary in size, composition, height, and shape as some are dark consisting of iron
863:; evidence of abundant wildlife can be found in the cave paintings of the Gilf Kebir. It is thought that over-grazing and climate change led to
199:
plateau to the far south-west of the country, on the Egypt-Sudan-Libya border. The
Western Desert is barren and uninhabited save for a chain of
790:
794:
786:
579:. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as "queens" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids.
894:
the kingdom of Egypt became a British protectorate, and in 1912 the territory to the east was claimed by Italy as the colony of Libya.
1215:
916:
against the British and Italians. The 1930s saw an upsurge of exploration and mapping expeditions by British Army officers, such as
1092:
943:
In modern times the Egyptian government has encouraged settlements in the oases, and surveyed for minerals, particularly oil.
1201:
1152:
1021:
575:
lies on the east side of the complex. Current consensus among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of
1180:
1166:
124:
1777:
1247:
2017:
2097:
2261:
20:
334:
Calanshio desert. On the Egyptian side it was known historically as the "Libyan Desert", taking its name from
2198:
746:
552:, between 2600 and 2500 BC. The site also includes several cemeteries and the remains of a workers' village.
754:
is a site of cliffs, dunes and large white chalk rock formations, created through erosion by wind and sand.
89:
717:
in the north. Most of its mounds are capped by basalt sills, giving them the characteristic black color.
226:
Administratively the Western Desert is divided between various governorates; in the north and west, the
741:
408:
986:
2271:
1589:
2208:
1920:
1797:
676:
has two large areas with different types of megadunes. The Egyptian sand sea lies parallel to the
318:
In the south-west, near the point where the borders of Libya, Sudan and Egypt meet, is an area of
1288:
937:
925:
902:
541:
362:
in 1911, and the term Western Desert used to describe the area within Egypt became more common.
2127:
2079:
1880:
1870:
1825:
1807:
1546:
1468:
775:
231:
172:
164:
114:
1093:"Egypt revives Western Desert agricultural project - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East"
2169:
2057:
2002:
1950:
1910:
1371:
1240:
1011:
871:
556:
525:
243:
2136:
1984:
1955:
1925:
1885:
1321:
952:
703:
693:
628:
586:
545:
537:
484:
432:
426:
403:
319:
295:
8:
2007:
1975:
1845:
1659:
1579:
1501:
1049:
883:
568:
533:
480:
234:
from there to the Sudan border, while in the east parts of the Western Desert lie in the
227:
211:
in the south. It has been the scene of conflict in modern times, particularly during the
2161:
1764:
1303:
817:
384:
The contemporary use of the term refers to the entire desert in Egypt west of the Nile.
2181:
2037:
1997:
1935:
1900:
1890:
1875:
1293:
956:
767:
677:
605:
280:
239:
230:
administers the area from the Mediterranean south to approx 27°40' N latitude, and the
1426:
955:
i ordered the revival of an ambitious decades old agricultural project once named the
567:(or Chephren) a few hundred metres to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized
2107:
2092:
2032:
1865:
1850:
1830:
1750:
1631:
1435:
1391:
1211:
1197:
1176:
1162:
1148:
1017:
564:
529:
476:
247:
168:
840:
2203:
1895:
1860:
1654:
1473:
1233:
933:
913:
860:
494:
472:
446:
312:
235:
212:
897:
490:
342:, the term "Western Desert" has come to describe the part of the Sahara in Egypt.
2266:
2012:
1855:
1835:
1820:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1732:
1689:
1561:
1536:
1531:
1443:
1361:
1311:
1283:
1273:
982:
909:
879:
864:
621:
468:
355:
1116:
582:
2117:
2112:
2087:
2065:
2027:
2022:
1945:
1940:
1742:
1722:
1664:
1636:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1458:
1453:
1356:
1346:
1336:
908:
In the 20th century the Western Desert became an arena of conflict; during the
805:
771:
714:
684:
of the Great Sand Sea cover about 10% of the total area of the Western Desert.
658:
648:
465:
398:
338:, which lay between the Nile and Cyrenaica. With the formation of the state of
330:
264:
192:
188:
184:
176:
1411:
2255:
2237:
2224:
2047:
2042:
1992:
1930:
1915:
1905:
1840:
1815:
1787:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1669:
1614:
1604:
1478:
1381:
1366:
1341:
1331:
1316:
960:
917:
851:
In pre-historic times the Western desert is thought to have been a semi-arid
809:
763:
549:
521:
359:
351:
335:
323:
268:
800:
The park serves as the refuge for various animals, including the endangered
218:
2149:
2102:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1493:
1483:
1396:
1386:
1351:
1278:
801:
751:
669:
572:
517:
442:
420:
393:
303:
288:
276:
272:
96:
1965:
1960:
1712:
1679:
1674:
1594:
1584:
1516:
1326:
921:
875:
632:
1045:
2144:
1646:
1599:
1541:
1406:
845:
825:
378:
366:
307:
284:
260:
204:
196:
766:, first established as a protected area in 2002. It is located in the
2174:
1571:
1117:"Mubarak: Toshka Project Opens Way Towards New Civilization In Egypt"
852:
721:
668:
is a desert in the Sahara between western Egypt and eastern Libya in
597:
374:
78:
487:, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex.
1448:
829:
729:
725:
299:
350:
To the Ancient Greeks, the term Libya described the whole Saharan
1551:
936:, from June 1940 until November 1942, it was the location of the
929:
924:, laying the basis for war-time operations by such forces as the
856:
821:
617:
610:
457:
180:
1225:
653:
437:
71:
60:
1556:
1401:
1268:
1257:
1009:
813:
698:
601:
576:
370:
291:, a heavily populated area separate from the main Nile valley.
208:
156:
45:
1463:
1376:
946:
782:
560:
461:
339:
222:
Quartz-rich sand from the Western Desert near Sakkara, Egypt.
200:
148:
571:(or Mykerinos) a few hundred metres farther south-west. The
563:
and constructed c. 2580 – c. 2560 BC), the somewhat smaller
887:
681:
160:
464:, Egypt, at the edges of the Western Desert, site of the
680:
of Libya, with which it is contiguous in the north. The
536:, along with their associated pyramid complexes and the
322:, thought to have been formed by a meteorite strike at
1010:
Fouad N. Ibrahim; Barbara Ibrahim (5 December 2003).
882:, at Siwa. In 333 the Oracle of Ammon was visited by
932:, a mythical oasis in the deep desert. During the
616:The original shape of the Sphinx was cut from the
302:deposits. Beyond this, north of Farafra, lies the
1003:
294:To the south, beyond the Bahariya oasis lies the
2253:
1087:
1085:
928:. This period was also marked by the search for
878:got lost in the desert while searching for the
770:, 45 km (28 mi) north of the town of
1241:
1082:
620:, and has since been restored with layers of
263:in the north-west near the Libyan border, to
874:, a military expedition by the Persian king
774:. Part of the park is in the Farafra Oasis (
672:, 74% of the area is covered by sand dunes.
1248:
1234:
555:The Giza pyramid complex consists of the
1210:Dorling Kindersley (2001; reprint 2011)
1173:The Crucible of war: Western Desert 1941
1055:
896:
839:
745:
697:
652:
581:
559:(also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or
489:
436:
217:
179:which extends east from the Nile to the
1030:
886:, where he was confirmed as the son of
504:(مجمع أهرامات الجيزة), also called the
471:, which includes the Great Pyramids of
2254:
996:
994:
298:, an area of black volcanic hills and
1229:
1064:
978:
976:
781:The park is the site of large white
279:in the south. East of Siwa lies the
991:
13:
1039:
387:
16:Egyptian part of the Libyan Desert
14:
2283:
1255:
1221:
1073:
973:
642:
175:. It is named in contrast to the
947:Western Desert -"Toshka Project"
123:
113:
95:
88:
77:
70:
59:
1161:(3rd ed 2000) Footprint Guides
1109:
735:
687:
627:The Sphinx is the oldest known
414:
283:, a low-lying area dotted with
183:. The Western Desert is mostly
21:Western Desert (disambiguation)
1187:War in the Mediterranean vol I
732:period 180 million years ago.
1:
1147:(10th ed 2010) Lonely Planet
1137:
702:Volcano-shaped mounds of the
460:in Giza, on the outskirts of
345:
1196:(2nd ed 2012) Lonely Planet
1016:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 57–.
1013:Egypt: An Economic Geography
635:during the reign of Khafre (
540:. All were built during the
326:, over the border in Libya.
253:
203:which extend in an arc from
159:that lies west of the river
7:
1121:american_almanac.tripod.com
1079:Thompson, Folkard pp252-263
951:In October 2020, President
912:it was the location of the
901:Tank engagement during the
306:, an area of wind-sculpted
10:
2288:
835:
742:White Desert National Park
739:
691:
646:
524:, Egypt that includes the
430:
424:
418:
18:
2194:
2160:
2135:
2126:
2078:
2056:
1983:
1974:
1806:
1763:
1741:
1688:
1645:
1570:
1492:
1434:
1425:
1302:
1264:
137:
109:
52:
43:
31:
966:
354:west of the Nile to the
207:, in the north-west, to
1289:List of deserts by area
1189:(1956) HMSO ISBN (none)
987:Encyclopædia Britannica
938:Western Desert Campaign
926:Long Range Desert Group
903:Western Desert Campaign
360:Italian colony of Libya
2262:Western Desert (Egypt)
1871:Gran Desierto de Altar
1048:at countrystudies.us (
905:
848:
776:New Valley Governorate
755:
706:
661:
600:statue of a reclining
589:
508:and also known as the
497:
449:
232:New Valley Governorate
223:
2170:North American Arctic
1911:North American Arctic
1175:(1980) Jonathan Cape
900:
872:Lost Army of Cambyses
843:
749:
728:, dating back to the
701:
656:
585:
526:Great Pyramid of Giza
516:, is the site on the
493:
440:
221:
167:, and south from the
694:Black Desert (Egypt)
629:monumental sculpture
594:Great Sphinx of Giza
587:Great Sphinx of Giza
538:Great Sphinx of Giza
502:Giza pyramid complex
433:Great Sphinx of Giza
427:Giza pyramid complex
187:, though an area of
19:For other uses, see
2234: /
2098:Los Médanos de Coro
1846:Channeled scablands
1469:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
1206:Thompson, Folkard:
1061:Firestone pp320-367
1050:Library of Congress
953:Abdul Fattah el-Sis
884:Alexander the Great
804:and the vulnerable
569:Pyramid of Menkaure
534:Pyramid of Menkaure
456:(هضبة الجيزة) is a
228:Matrouh Governorate
1891:Jornada del Muerto
1294:Desert exploration
1097:www.al-monitor.com
1036:Playfair pp115-117
906:
849:
768:Farafra depression
756:
707:
678:Calanshio Sand Sea
662:
590:
498:
450:
281:Qattara Depression
248:Minya Governorates
224:
155:is an area of the
2238:26.283°N 28.217°E
2217:
2216:
2190:
2189:
2074:
2073:
1759:
1758:
1436:Arabian Peninsula
1392:Plaine des Sables
1216:978 1 4053 5787 6
1202:978-1-74220-224-2
1153:978-1-74179-314-7
1023:978-1-86064-548-8
844:Rock carvings at
657:The dunes of the
606:mythical creature
565:Pyramid of Khafre
530:Pyramid of Khafre
173:border with Sudan
169:Mediterranean Sea
145:
144:
2279:
2272:Deserts of Egypt
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2133:
2132:
1981:
1980:
1432:
1431:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
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1104:
1103:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:Sattin pp267-293
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1007:
1001:
998:
989:
980:
934:Second World War
914:Senussi Campaign
861:hunter-gatherers
638:
622:limestone blocks
510:Pyramids of Giza
495:Pyramids of Giza
447:Pyramids of Giza
441:Overlook of the
313:Cave of Swimmers
213:Second World War
127:
117:
99:
92:
81:
74:
63:
29:
28:
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2223:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2186:
2156:
2122:
2070:
2052:
2013:Nullarbor Plain
1970:
1881:Great Salt Lake
1826:Baja California
1802:
1773:Bardenas Reales
1755:
1737:
1690:Iranian Plateau
1684:
1641:
1566:
1547:Saryesik-Atyrau
1488:
1421:
1357:Farafra (White)
1298:
1284:List of deserts
1274:Desertification
1260:
1254:
1224:
1140:
1135:
1134:
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1031:
1024:
1008:
1004:
999:
992:
981:
974:
969:
949:
910:First World War
880:Oracle of Ammon
865:desertification
838:
828:foxes; and the
772:Qsar El Farafra
744:
738:
696:
690:
651:
645:
639:2558–2532 BC).
636:
506:Giza necropolis
469:Giza Necropolis
435:
429:
423:
417:
390:
388:List of Deserts
356:Atlas Mountains
348:
256:
191:, known as the
133:
132:
131:
130:
121:
120:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
100:
93:
84:
83:
82:
75:
66:
65:
64:
48:
39:
38:
37:الصحراء الغربية
34:
27:
26:Desert in Egypt
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2243:26.283; 28.217
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2182:Russian Arctic
2179:
2178:
2177:
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2158:
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2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2139:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
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2090:
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2053:
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2050:
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2040:
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2030:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Great Victoria
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Tule (Arizona)
1948:
1946:Tonopah Desert
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Painted Desert
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
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1878:
1873:
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1858:
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1747:
1745:
1743:Southeast Asia
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1522:Dasht-e Naomid
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
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163:, up to the
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2038:Sturt Stony
1998:Great Sandy
1936:Smoke Creek
1901:Lechuguilla
1886:Great Sandy
1876:Great Basin
1517:Betpak-Dala
1157:McLachlan:
1143:Firestone:
922:Pat Clayton
876:Cambyses II
795:Ain El Wadi
787:Wadi Hennis
633:Old Kingdom
546:Old Kingdom
2256:Categories
2145:Antarctica
2108:Patagonian
2093:La Guajira
2033:Strzelecki
1926:Red Desert
1866:Forty Mile
1851:Chihuahuan
1831:Black Rock
1647:South Asia
1632:Taklamakan
1407:Tanezrouft
1185:Playfair:
1138:References
1126:2022-01-06
1102:2022-01-06
855:, home to
846:Gilf Kebir
532:, and the
379:El Agheila
367:Siwa Oasis
346:Boundaries
308:chalk rock
285:salt marsh
197:Gilf Kebir
2175:Greenland
2137:Antarctic
1985:Australia
1861:Escalante
1798:Deliblato
1655:Cholistan
1572:East Asia
1372:Moçâmedes
853:grassland
818:Rüppell's
722:quartzite
598:limestone
377:and even
375:Cyrenaica
254:Geography
244:Beni Suef
2204:Category
1856:Colorado
1836:Carcross
1821:Amargosa
1793:Tabernas
1783:Monegros
1733:Registan
1537:Moiynkum
1532:Kyzylkum
1444:Ad-Dahna
1362:Kalahari
1312:Algerian
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1000:Pitt p13
830:sand cat
730:Jurassic
726:dolerite
613:Khafre.
481:Menkaure
445:and the
352:littoral
300:dolerite
265:Bahariya
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2088:Atacama
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2028:Simpson
2023:Pedirka
2018:Painted
1976:Oceania
1941:Sonoran
1788:Oleshky
1665:Katpana
1637:Tengger
1562:Ustyurt
1552:Sarykum
1527:Karakum
1512:Barsuki
1507:Aralkum
1459:Judaean
1454:Arabian
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1347:Eastern
1337:Danakil
1258:deserts
930:Zerzura
857:savanna
836:History
814:jackals
618:bedrock
611:pharaoh
544:of the
458:plateau
275:, then
269:Farafra
181:Red Sea
171:to the
138:Country
2267:Sahara
2162:Arctic
2048:Tirari
2043:Tanami
1993:Gibson
1931:Sevier
1916:Owyhee
1906:Mojave
1841:Carson
1816:Alvord
1765:Europe
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1728:Polond
1723:Naomid
1670:Kharan
1627:Qaidam
1615:Kubuqi
1605:Kumtag
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1479:Syrian
1412:Ténéré
1402:Sahara
1382:Nubian
1367:Libyan
1342:Djurab
1332:Chalbi
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1304:Africa
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1256:World
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826:fennec
602:sphinx
577:Khafre
528:, the
483:, the
477:Khafre
371:Gazala
324:Kebira
277:Kharga
273:Dakhla
246:, and
240:Fayyum
209:Kharga
157:Sahara
151:, the
46:Desert
2103:Monte
1718:Margo
1708:Leili
1703:Khash
1698:Kavir
1620:Mu Us
1610:Ordos
1464:Negev
1449:Nefud
1387:Nyiri
1377:Namib
1352:Ferlo
1208:Egypt
1159:Egypt
1145:Egypt
967:Notes
783:chalk
762:is a
682:dunes
596:is a
561:Khufu
514:Egypt
473:Khufu
462:Cairo
340:Libya
201:oases
149:Egypt
141:Egypt
1966:Yuma
1961:Yuha
1896:Kaʻū
1680:Thar
1675:Thal
1595:Hami
1585:Gobi
1427:Asia
1327:Blue
1212:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1018:ISBN
920:and
888:Amun
824:and
793:and
758:The
750:The
709:The
664:The
604:, a
592:The
500:The
479:and
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329:The
261:Siwa
236:Giza
205:Siwa
161:Nile
119:Flag
1713:Lut
1600:Lop
1542:Ryn
985:at
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147:In
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23:.
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