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around 1000 BC, that iron was also discovered and began to be mined. Wadis were used as routes to cart the mined materials back to the civilisation. There were also mines for precious rocks such as emeralds and amethysts that were discovered by the
Ancient Egyptians, and used during the Roman and Islamic periods. As well as precious materials, valuable building and sculpting materials have also been mined from the Eastern desert such as limestone, granite and marble. Today, most of the mining that occurs in and around the Eastern Desert is for crude oil and natural gas.
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684:, an Ancient Egyptian port. There were also many mines and quarries along this route. Boats were carried in pieces across the desert through the wadis and then set up once they reached the port to embark on expeditions. The Ancient Egyptians exploited the desert resources of copper, gold, iron and precious stones. As well as for trade, they used these resources to improve their society and in their burials.
208:. The rainfall, climate, vegetation and animal life sustained in the desert varies between these different regions. The Eastern Desert has been a mining site for building materials, as well as precious and semi-precious metals, throughout history. It has historically contained many trade routes leading to and from the Red Sea, including the
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of plants is seasonal, unlike in the littoral salt marsh. A greater variety of vegetation also grows in the area compared to the salt marsh area. The ephemeral vegetation includes a mix of grasses, succulents and herbaceous plants. Perennial vegetation is made up of succulents, grasses and woody shrub species.
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The
Eastern Desert has a semi-arid/arid/hyper-arid climate. On average, the region usually receives less than 25 millimetres (0.98 in) of rainfall per year in infrequent patterns. Most of the rainfall occurs during the winter months around the mountains. The presence of the mountains can create
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Coastal desert vegetation grown in the band between the littoral salt marsh and the base of the coastal mountains. In comparison to the littoral salt marsh area, the soil is non-saline and arid. The growing vegetation relies on the drainage of water from the mountains via wadis. As a result, growth
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The mining of precious metals dates back to
Ancient Egyptian times and has carried on in the Eastern Desert until present day. From the early Pharaonic era (3000 BC), copper and gold were mined from the Desert and used to make tools and for jewellery and embellishment. It was not until much later,
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which allow for the runoff of rainfall from the mountains to the Red Sea and the Nile River. The mountain range's highest peak is Gebel Shayeb EI-Banat at 2,184 metres (7,165 ft) above sea level. Other significant peaks include Jebel Erba (2,217 metres (7,274 ft)) Jabal Oda (2,160 metres
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age, around 6,000 years ago. The most recent wet period is known to have been a result of summer monsoonal rains that moved over the Desert from the Indian Ocean. During these times, some areas of the land were swamp. The mountains and desert plateaus were also able to sustain more vegetation and
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Around 25,000 BC, the land underwent significant climatic change which transformed the grassy plains into desert. This made the land much less habitable and, as a result of this change, nomads which had inhabited the land that is now the
Eastern Desert were driven towards the Nile River.
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Average temperatures are between 14 and 21 °C (57 and 70 °F) in winter (November–March) and 23.1 and 23.1 °C (73.6 and 73.6 °F) in summer (May–September). The weather is typically sunny; however, sandstorms can occur, usually between March and June. The storms
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The vegetation cover on the coastal mountains is more dense than on the coastal desert. There are over 400 plant species within the coastal mountains eco-system, including shrubs, herbs and ferns. The distribution of these species varies subtly as the altitude changes.
267:(7,090 ft)), Jabal Shaib al Banat (2,087 metres (6,847 ft)), Jebel Hamata (1,961 metres (6,434 ft)), Gebel Amm Anad (1,782 metres (5,846 ft)), South Galala (1,464 metres (4,803 ft)), and North Galala (1,274 metres (4,180 ft)).
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The mountain range of the
Eastern Desert runs between 80 and 137 kilometres (50 and 85 mi) inland from and parallel to the Red Sea Coast. It has peaks around 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. The southern mountains are predominantly composed of
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Commercial trade increased further during the Roman period (30 BC–AD 395) and more trade routes were established across the desert. Red Sea ports were points of embarkation for trade with India. During the
Ptolemaic and Roman period the chief port was
646:, which are rarely found in any other areas of the Sahara. The Nile Valley is a central location for bird migration and there are more than 200 species of birds which pass through the western side of the Eastern desert during the migration seasons.
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The vegetation growing in the
Eastern Desert is classified as either ephemeral or perennial. Ephemeral vegetation are plants which usually have a single season lifespan due to their dependence on rain. Perennial plants live for two or more years.
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The Red Sea coastland is the easternmost part of the
Eastern Desert, running between Eritrea and the Gulf of Suez. The distance between the coastline and the base of the mountain range varies between 30 and 175 kilometres (19 and 109 mi).
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was quarried at Mons
Claudianus into the Byzantine era. The Romans set up multiple ports along the red sea coast to transport materials. Roman soldiers lived and worked at these ports. Their main sources of food were pigs, donkeys and camels.
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The salt marsh vegetation is made up of a mix of shrub, succulent and grass species. The growth of these plants often creates the coastal dunes as the root systems hold the sand in place when other areas are left exposed to wind erosion.
329:, a type of limestone which is deposited in the presence of high groundwater levels, has revealed that there have historically been two periods when the Eastern Desert was significantly wetter than it is today. These occurred in the late
279:. The plateau between the Nile River and the mountains is also known as the inland Eastern Desert and is subdivided into four sections: The Cairo-Suez Desert, The Limestone Desert, The Sandstone (Idfu-Kom Ombo) Desert, and the
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in some areas along the coast but it is less prevalent. The loop-root mangrove is taller than the grey mangrove and thus, in areas where they do grow together, they form a two-tiered canopy of leaves. Small plants such as
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The salt marsh is created as mud builds up on tidal flats and plants grow on the mud, making it a more stable and permanent ecosystem. The two main types of vegetation in this area are mangrove and salt marsh vegetation.
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The plants which grow on the inland plateaus vary greatly in their distribution and species due to the difference in sandstone and limestone rock bases and the varying amount of rain and runoff water from the wadis.
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are succulent shrubs commonly located within the northern 700 km of the coast. They are separate communities but they grow together in the same area and they extend inland to the coastal desert plain
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The wildlife of the
Eastern Desert is quite different from that of the Western Desert, as the presence of the Nile River and the Red Sea Mountains provide variable eco-regions. Small mammals such as the
359:, coastal desert and coastal mountains. The presence of sea spray, tidal movements and salt water seepage means that vegetation in these areas must be well adapted to living in a saline environment.
36:
376:, or grey mangrove is the dominant mangrove plant in the Red Sea area. It grows consistently along a large stretch of the Red Sea coast but is rarely seen to the North of the Egyptian city,
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are two related species of creeping grasses which usually grows in dense patches all along the coast but are also known to form tall masses of interwoven roots and sand.
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Sedimentary plateaus run on either side of the mountains. In general, the northern sections of these plateaus have a limestone base while the southern sections are
626:. The Red Sea Hills provide a unique mountainous habitat which increases the diversity of fauna in the Eastern Desert. Species found in the mountains include the
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is a woody sub-shrub which grows in the mud flats and on the sandy shoreline. It is most common on the northern section of the coast, near the Gulf of Suez.
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to the east was uplifted, forming the mountain range of the Desert. In this same sequence of land movements, a rift which is now the Red Sea was opened up.
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period, around 34 million years ago, the land began to tilt and the coastline was pushed back to the north and west. Concurrently, the
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Trade routes from the Nile to the Red sea were established through the Desert. Notably, there was a route between the Nile River and
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is a frequently occurring succulent community which is tolerant to different soil conditions and thus, is found all along the coast.
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449:, also known as a species of sea lavender, grows commonly around the Gulf of Suez. Also from this family, the species of
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The Eastern Desert is a popular site for tours, safaris and other expeditions. Mining also still occurs in the Desert.
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Bard, Kathryn A.; Fattovich, Rodolfo (2015). "Mersa/Wadi Gawasis and Ancient Egyptian Maritime Trade in the Red Sea".
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is a bush which grows in a variety of conditions along the Red Sea coast. The roots stabilise the sand to form dunes.
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Egypt – The Eastern Desert. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/The-Eastern-Desert
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on the Nile. Items being traded diversified during this period to include goods such as fabrics and pearls.
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however it is also found further south and is a common feature of the Eritrean and Sudanese coastal regions.
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Between 100 and 35 million years ago the area that is now the Eastern Desert was underwater, covered by the
176:. It spans 223,000 square kilometres (86,000 sq mi) of northeastern Africa and is bordered by the
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This article is about the desert in Northeast Africa. For the Arabian Desert on the Arabian Peninsula, see
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1412:. Peakbagger.com. (2021). Retrieved 23 April 2021, from https://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=614.
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comes from the Arabic word meaning fifty, as the storms occur on an average of fifty days per year.
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The earliest signs of humans in the desert was found in the form of flint tools from 250,000 BC.
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200:. The Eastern Desert consists of a mountain range which runs parallel to the coast (known as the
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grows on hills and sand dunes. It is rare and is only found in a few locations along the coast.
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animals. In between these periods the desert climate has remained mostly arid, as it is today.
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and other rodents live in the on the plateaus of the Desert. Other larger mammals include the
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There are three main ecosystems within the coastal region of the Eastern Desert: littoral
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is a succulent species which commonly grows in the southern region of the Red Sea coast.
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The mountain range also provides a habitat for a variety of birdlife including the
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The Eastern Desert of Egypt during the Greco-Roman period: archaeological reports
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The Eastern Desert of Egypt during the Greco-Roman Period: Archaeological Reports
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204:), wide sedimentary plateaus extending from either side of the mountains and the
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1289:"The Control of the Eastern Desert by the Ptolemies: New Archaeological Data"
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axillare contributes to up to 50% of vegetation cover on the South coast.
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1193:"Mersa/Wadi Gawasis and Ancient Egyptian Maritime Trade in the Red Sea"
894:, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, pp. 445–484, 2012-12-31,
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476:
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168:(known archaically as Arabia or the Arabian Desert) is the part of the
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Van der Veen, M., Bouchaud, C., Cappers, R., & Newton, C. (2021).
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The red land: the illustrated archaeology of Egypt's Eastern Desert
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The red land: the illustrated archaeology of Egypt's Eastern Desert
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for the rest of the Desert, contributing to the arid environment.
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to the east, and the Nile River to the west. It extends through
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1243:"The Roman Roads and Stations in the Eastern Desert of Egypt"
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1430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–292.
941:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 276–292,
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where sand deposits are deeper and the soil is less saline.
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1471:. College de France. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4834-0269
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typically form the undergrowth of the mangrove community.
1426:
Johnston, Harry (2011). "The Eastern Basin of the Nile".
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436:) is a flowering shrub which grows in similar areas to
388:, or loop-root mangrove, also grows co-dominantly with
258:
rock while the mountains to the north are composed of
1514:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 261–302.
1510:
Zahran, Mahmoud Abdel (1992). "The Sinai Peninsula".
1103:"FLORA AND VEGETATION OF THE EASTERN DESERT OF EGYPT"
1463:. American Library Association. 1 September 2009.
1359:The geography and geology of south-eastern Egypt
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1404:The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert
892:The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert
799:The Eastern Desert, with mountain ranges in view
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536:, also known as salt grass, grows inland from
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1063:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
743:The Eastern Desert mountain range along the
630:, a mountain dwelling species of sheep, the
1402:Barnard, H., & Duistermaat, K. (2012).
333:age, around 100,000 years ago, and the mid
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1132:. The American University in Cairo Press.
1422:. The American University in Cairo Press.
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1374:(1). University of Chicago Press: 4–11.
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58:223,000 km (86,000 sq mi)
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783:Early morning with the Eastern Desert
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262:. Separating the mountains are wide
16:Sahara Desert east of the Nile River
1420:Field guide to the mammals of Egypt
1247:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1191:; Fattovich, Rodolfo (March 2015).
1165:"Mining Resources in Ancient Egypt"
1129:Field guide to the mammals of Egypt
722:Tourism buses in the Eastern Desert
440:but is less prevalent in the North.
325:Carbon dating of samples of fossil
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1079:"Eastern Desert - Peakbagger.com"
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935:"The Eastern Basin of the Nile"
593:Drawing of jerboa in the desert
1479:. Cambridge University Press.
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676:Pharaonic Egypt (3000–30 BC)
650:Natural resources and mining
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172:that is located east of the
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1406:. University of California.
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688:Roman period (30 BC–AD 395)
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1362:, Cairo: Government Press.
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1368:Near Eastern Archaeology
1197:Near Eastern Archaeology
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841:"Histories By Herodotus"
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1632:List of deserts by area
1563:Histories By Herodotus
1552:National Parks of Egypt
1512:The Vegetation of Egypt
1032:The vegetation of Egypt
1029:A., Zahran, M. (2009).
987:Encyclopedia Britannica
421:Halocnemum strobilaceum
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1452:Sanders, D. (2017).
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525:Aeluropus lagopoides
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221:Historical formation
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363:Littoral salt marsh
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2578:Deserts of Eritrea
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1637:Desert exploration
1557:2010-12-15 at the
1418:Hoath, R. (2009).
1083:www.peakbagger.com
816:Geography of Egypt
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1310:978-2-7226-0488-9
1139:978-1-61797-516-5
1042:978-1-4020-8755-4
956:978-1-139-05181-1
909:978-1-938770-58-6
811:Anthony the Great
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959:
957:
931:
922:
914:
912:
910:
886:
885:
876:
867:
866:
862:
853:
852:
848:
839:
838:
834:
829:
807:
800:
797:
788:
781:
772:
761:
752:
741:
732:
716:
690:
678:
669:
661:
652:
644:bearded vulture
636:Dorcus gazelle.
587:
578:
569:
560:
486:Nitraria retusa
438:H. strobilaceum
409:
365:
353:
344:
323:
298:
289:
273:
243:
223:
218:
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
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100:
98:
97:
89:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Flora of Egypt
2595:
2593:Fauna of Egypt
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2525:Russian Arctic
2522:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2482:
2473:
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2346:Great Victoria
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Tule (Arizona)
2291:
2289:Tonopah Desert
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Painted Desert
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
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2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
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2147:
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2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2086:Southeast Asia
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
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1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
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1960:
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1930:
1925:
1919:
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1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Dasht-e Naomid
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
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1619:
1614:
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1605:
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1596:
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1588:
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1573:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1547:
1546:External links
1544:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1507:
1493:
1477:The Nile Basin
1472:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1428:The Nile Quest
1423:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1363:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1330:"Sudan Desert"
1321:
1309:
1279:
1253:(3): 138–150.
1230:
1180:
1153:
1138:
1118:
1094:
1070:
1041:
998:
967:
955:
939:The Nile Quest
920:
908:
888:"Bibliography"
874:
860:
846:
831:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
791:
789:
787:on the horizon
785:mountain range
782:
775:
773:
762:
755:
753:
742:
735:
731:
728:
715:
712:
689:
686:
677:
674:
668:
665:
660:
657:
651:
648:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
565:
559:
558:Coastal desert
556:
555:
554:
545:
529:
510:
509:
501:Suaeda monoica
497:
492:Suaeda monoica
482:
473:
463:
462:
454:
441:
425:
408:
405:
364:
361:
352:
349:
343:
340:
322:
319:
297:
294:
288:
285:
272:
269:
242:
239:
222:
219:
217:
214:
166:Eastern Desert
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
143:
139:
138:
132:
131:Oceans or seas
128:
127:
120:27.300; 32.600
95:
91:
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88:
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82:
77:
72:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
39:
31:
30:
29:Eastern Desert
21:Arabian Desert
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2620:
2609:
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2502:
2494:
2491:
2490:
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2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:Polar regions
2468:
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2449:
2447:
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2442:
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2423:South America
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2299:Tule (Nevada)
2297:
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2200:
2197:
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2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
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2154:
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2151:North America
2148:
2142:
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2119:
2117:
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1933:Gurbantünggüt
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1817:Rub' al Khali
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905:
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871:. 2009-09-01.
870:
864:
856:
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836:
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696:
685:
683:
682:Mersa Gawasis
673:
664:
656:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Egyptian wolf
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
582:
576:Inland desert
573:
564:
552:
550:
546:
543:
539:
538:A.brevifolius
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
521:
519:
515:
514:
513:
507:
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502:
498:
494:
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387:
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379:
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369:
360:
358:
348:
339:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
306:
304:
293:
287:Red Sea coast
284:
282:
281:Nubian Desert
278:
268:
265:
261:
257:
247:
238:
236:
232:
229:. During the
228:
213:
211:
207:
206:Red Sea coast
203:
202:Red Sea Hills
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Sahara Desert
167:
158:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
124:
96:
92:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2493:Meyer Desert
2351:Little Sandy
2121:Cabo de Gata
2003:Indus Valley
1923:Badain Jaran
1845:Aral Karakum
1837:Central Asia
1827:Wahiba Sands
1740:Richtersveld
1689:
1665:Black Desert
1622:Polar desert
1511:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1427:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1314:, retrieved
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1250:
1246:
1200:
1196:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1168:
1128:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1107:ResearchGate
1106:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
1035:. Springer.
1031:
990:. Retrieved
986:
960:, retrieved
938:
913:, retrieved
891:
868:
863:
849:
835:
725:
703:Antinoöpolis
699:Via Hadriana
691:
679:
670:
662:
653:
640:golden eagle
596:
579:
570:
561:
547:
542:A.lagopoides
541:
537:
531:
523:
516:
511:
505:
499:
490:
484:
475:
469:
464:
456:
443:
437:
433:
427:
419:
414:
410:
398:
394:
389:
383:
380:
371:
370:
366:
354:
345:
324:
314:
307:
299:
290:
274:
252:
227:Tethys Ocean
224:
178:Gulf of Suez
165:
163:
153:Climate type
2401:New Zealand
2381:Sturt Stony
2341:Great Sandy
2279:Smoke Creek
2244:Lechuguilla
2229:Great Sandy
2219:Great Basin
1860:Betpak-Dala
1334:Ugfacts.net
1203:(1): 4–11.
632:Nubian ibex
520:brevifolius
331:Pleistocene
303:rain shadow
118: /
94:Coordinates
2567:Categories
2488:Antarctica
2451:Patagonian
2436:La Guajira
2376:Strzelecki
2269:Red Desert
2209:Forty Mile
2194:Chihuahuan
2174:Black Rock
1990:South Asia
1975:Taklamakan
1750:Tanezrouft
1339:2021-05-30
1316:2021-05-28
1174:2021-05-17
1112:2021-05-24
1088:2021-05-17
992:2021-05-17
962:2021-05-17
915:2021-05-17
697:, and the
600:fennec fox
551:mucronatum
479:perfoliata
477:Halopeplis
407:Salt marsh
357:salt marsh
210:Suez Canal
196:, and the
174:Nile River
146:Nile River
42:Nile River
2518:Greenland
2480:Antarctic
2328:Australia
2204:Escalante
2141:Deliblato
1998:Cholistan
1915:East Asia
1715:Moçâmedes
1538:129238107
1503:133979638
1396:164065135
1388:1094-2076
1225:164065135
1217:1094-2076
1169:Sciencing
1148:874101677
1059:cite book
1051:299238755
827:Citations
549:Halopyrum
518:Aeluropus
506:N.retusa,
447:pruinosum
277:sandstone
260:limestone
241:Mountains
231:Oligocene
216:Geography
63:Countries
50:Geography
2547:Category
2199:Colorado
2179:Carcross
2164:Amargosa
2136:Tabernas
2126:Monegros
2076:Registan
1880:Moiynkum
1875:Kyzylkum
1787:Ad-Dahna
1705:Kalahari
1655:Algerian
1555:Archived
805:See also
765:Hurghada
642:and the
634:and the
622:and the
451:Limonium
445:Limonium
390:A.Marina
378:Hurghada
335:Holocene
311:khamsins
271:Plateaus
194:Ethiopia
180:and the
80:Ethiopia
2603:Red Sea
2552:Commons
2542:Project
2461:Tatacoa
2456:Sechura
2431:Atacama
2409:Rangipo
2371:Simpson
2366:Pedirka
2361:Painted
2319:Oceania
2284:Sonoran
2131:Oleshky
2008:Katpana
1980:Tengger
1905:Ustyurt
1895:Sarykum
1870:Karakum
1855:Barsuki
1850:Aralkum
1802:Judaean
1797:Arabian
1760:Western
1690:Eastern
1680:Danakil
1601:deserts
1272:Aug 24,
1267:3854133
730:Gallery
659:History
315:khamsin
296:Climate
256:igneous
190:Eritrea
182:Red Sea
135:Red Sea
106:32°36′E
103:27°18′N
75:Eritrea
2608:Sahara
2505:Arctic
2391:Tirari
2386:Tanami
2336:Gibson
2274:Sevier
2259:Owyhee
2249:Mojave
2184:Carson
2159:Alvord
2108:Europe
2094:La Paz
2071:Polond
2066:Naomid
2013:Kharan
1970:Qaidam
1958:Kubuqi
1948:Kumtag
1900:Taukum
1822:Syrian
1755:Ténéré
1745:Sahara
1725:Nubian
1710:Libyan
1685:Djurab
1675:Chalbi
1660:Bayuda
1647:Africa
1612:Desert
1599:World
1536:
1526:
1501:
1491:
1442:
1394:
1386:
1307:
1265:
1223:
1215:
1146:
1136:
1049:
1039:
953:
906:
769:Safaga
745:Safaga
628:aoudad
612:jerboa
432:(syn.
142:Rivers
2446:Monte
2061:Margo
2051:Leili
2046:Khash
2041:Kavir
1963:Mu Us
1953:Ordos
1807:Negev
1792:Nefud
1730:Nyiri
1720:Namib
1695:Ferlo
1534:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1263:JSTOR
1221:S2CID
714:Today
616:hyrax
585:Fauna
496:area.
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