812:
467:
31:
610:
704:
373:
717:
About 115,000 years ago average temperatures dropped markedly and warmth-loving woodland species were displaced. This significant turning point in average temperatures marked the end of the Eemian interglacial and start of the
Weichselian glacial stage. It is divided into three sections, based on the
596:
It is not known if the ice sheet disintegrated into scattered remains before vanishing or if it shrank while maintaining its coherence as a single ice mass. It is possible that while some ice remained east of Sarek
Mountains parts of the ice sheet survived temporarily in the high mountains. Remnants
747:
Brörup
Interstadial (also WF II) – Several profiles show a short period of cooling shortly after the start of the Brörup Interstadial, but this does not appear in all profiles. This led some authors to distinguish the first warm period as the Amersfoort Interstadial. However, since then, this first
571:
When ice margin retreat resumed the ice sheet became increasingly concentrated in the
Scandinavian Mountains (it had left Russia 10.6 ka BP and Finland 10.1 ka BP). Further retreat of the ice margin led the ice sheet to concentrate in two parts of the Scandinavian Mountains, one part in
1434:
Stroeven, Arjen P; Hättestrand, Clas; Kleman, Johan; Heyman, Jakob; Fabel, Derek; Fredin, Ola; Goodfellow, Bradley W; Harbor, Jonathan M; Jansen, John D; Olsen, Lars; Caffee, Marc W; Fink, David; Lundqvist, Jan; Rosqvist, Gunhild C; Strömberg, Bo; Jansson, Krister N (2016).
718:
temperature variation: the
Weichselian Early Glacial, the Weichselian High Glacial (also Weichselian Pleniglacial) and the Weichselian Late Glacial. During the Weichselian, there were frequent major variations in climate in the northern hemisphere, the so-called
2057:
Thomas Litt; Karl-Ernst Behre; Klaus-Dieter Meyer; Hans-JĂĽrgen
Stephan; Stefan Wansa (2007), T. Litt im Auftrag der Deutschen Stratigraphischen Kommission (ed.), "Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes",
588:
hosted the last remnant of the
Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. As the ice sheet retreated to the Scandinavian Mountains this was not a return to its former mountain centred glaciation from which the ice sheet grew out; it was dissimilar in that the
449:
The Last
Glacial Maximum extent was first reached 22 ka BP in the southern boundary of the ice sheet in Denmark, Germany and Western Poland (Sławskie Lake District and Leszczyńskie Lake District). In Eastern Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and
427:) and with the ice sheet of the British Isles at about thousand years later. At this point the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet formed part of a larger Eurasian ice sheet complex—a contiguous glacial ice mass which spanned an area from Ireland to
316:. The initial glaciation of the Scandinavian Mountains would have been enabled by moisture coming from the Atlantic Ocean and the mountains high altitude. Perhaps the best modern analogues to this early glaciation are the ice fields of
323:. Since the proximity to the temperate North Atlantic typically precludes ice growth in Scandinavia, changes in the North Atlantic are thought to be required for glaciation to develop in Scandinavia. The freezing and glaciation of the
1706:Ågren, J. and Svensson, R., 2006. Land uplift model and system definitions used for the RH 2000 adjustment of the Baltic levelling ring. The 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, Copenhagen, 29 May–2 June 2006, 1–9
644:
lies the area with the highest uplift rates at present with values of about 9 mm/yr. Ongoing post-glacial rebound is thought to result in splitting of the Gulf of
Bothnia into a southern gulf and a northern lake across
584:. About 10.1 ka BP the linkage had disappeared and so did the Southern Norway centre of the ice sheet about a thousand years later. The northern centre remained a few hundred years more so that by 9.7 ka BP the eastern
513:
were free from ice during the
Younger Dryas. Before the Younger Dryas, deglaciation had not been uniform and small ice sheet re-advances had occurred forming a series of end-moraine systems, notably those in Götaland.
1222:; Gulliksen, Steinar; Larsen, Eiliv; Oddvar, Longva; Miller, Gifford H.; Sejrup, Hans-Petter; Sønstegaard, Eivind (1981). "A Middle Weichselain ice-free period in Western Norway: the Ålesund Interstadial".
748:
warm period and cooling phase has been included in the Brörup Interstadial. Northern Central Europe was populated by birch and pine woods. The Brörup Interstadial is identified with marine isotope stage 5c.
1865:
Romanenko, F.A.; Shilova, O.S. (2011). "The Postglacial Uplift of the Karelian Coast of the White Sea according to Radiocarbon and Diatom Analyses of LacustrineBoggy Deposits of Kindo Peninsula".
808:
The short "Weichselian Late Glacial" (12,500 – c. 10,000 BC) was the period of slow warming after the Weichselian High Glacial. It was however again interrupted by some colder episodes.
1341:
Patton, Henry; Hubbard, Alun; Andreasen, Karin; Auriac, Amandine; Whitehouse, Pippa L.; Stroeven, Arjen P.; Shackleton, Calvin; Winsborrow, Monica; Heyman, Jakob; Hall, Adrian M. (2017).
438:
during the times of maximum extent. This means that in areas like north-east Sweden and northern Finland pre-existing landforms and deposits escaped glacier erosion and are particularly
2001:
Friedrich, M; Kromer, B; Spurk, M; Hofmann, J; Kaiser, KF (1999). "Paleo-environment and radiocarbon calibration as derived from Late Glacial/Early Holocene tree-ring chronologies".
916:
In addition to the above subdivisions the depositions of the Weichselian Late Glacial following the retreat of the ice sheet are divided into four stages: the Germanic Glacial (
403:
By circa 26 ka BP, the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet reached the mid-Norwegian continental shelf break. The growth of the ice sheet was accompanied by an eastward migration of the
672:
connected to the world's oceans uplift along the southern coast of the gulf has totaled 90 m. In the interval from 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was of 9–13 mm/
442:
at present. Also during times of maximum extent the ice sheet terminated to the east in a gently uphill terrain meaning that rivers drained into the glacier front and large
729:
Odderade Interstadial (WF IV) – The pollen spectra indicate a boreal forest. It starts with a tree birch phase, which rapidly transitions to pine forest. Also apparent are
1002:(1923) proposed the so-called oscillation theory, which holds that the land-level had oscillated up and down "like a pendulum losing momentum" after deglaciation. The
408:
624:
bought by deglaciation is reflected in the shoreline changes of the Baltic Sea and other nearby bodies of water. In the Baltic Sea uplift has been greatest at the
854:
124:. The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. Its end corresponds with the end of the Pleistocene epoch and the start of the
245:
751:
Herning Stadial (also called WF I) – Was the first cold phase, in which northwestern Europe was largely treeless. It corresponds to marine isotope stage 5d.
407:
from the Scandinavian Mountains eastwards into Sweden and the Baltic Sea. As the ice sheets in northern Europe grew prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, the
2176:
2129:
129:
339:
that blockades the entering of North Pacific water to the Arctic Ocean would have been detrimental for the inception of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet.
637:
580:
and Norway. These two centres were linked for a time. The linkage constituted a major drainage barrier that formed various large and ephemeral
1400:
759:(57,000 – c. 15,000 BC) the ice sheet advanced into North Germany. In this period, however, several interstadials have been documented.
1524:
238:
680:
the uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate of 4 mm/yr.
1908:
Smith, Colby A.; Larsson, Olof; Engdahl, Mats (2017). "Early Holocene coastal landslides linked to land uplift in western Sweden".
1292:"Behavior of the northwestern part of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum – a response to external forcing"
796:
Schalkholz Stadial (WP I) – The first ice advance may have already reached the southern Baltic Sea coast. At the type locality of
636:
is at present the highest known point on Earth to have been uplifted by postglacial isostatic rebound. North of the High Coast at
2062:(in German), vol. 56, No. 1/2, Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele und Obermiller), pp. 7–65,
905:, the Weichselian Glacial ended with an abrupt climb in temperature around 9,660 ± 40 BC. This was the start of our present
744:
Rederstall Stadial (also WF III) – In North Germany the pollen spectra indicate a grassy tundra followed later by shrubby tundra.
1586:"Tracing the last remnants of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet: Ice-dammed lakes and a catastrophic outburst flood in northern Sweden"
2122:
17:
1989:
1964:
784:
Moershoofd Interstadial – The pollen spectra show a treeless tundra vegetation with a high proportion of sedges (Cyperaceae).
763:
Glaciation and ice sheet advances to North Germany (Brandenburg Phase, Frankfurt Phase, Pomeranian Phase, Mecklenburg Phase).
231:
345:
posits that parts of the Norwegian coast were likely free from glacier ice during most of the Weichselian prior to the
2115:
2102:
1849:
1119:
1073:
1662:
Berglund, M. (2012). "The highest postglacial shore levels and glacio-isostatic uplift pattern in northern Sweden".
1488:
1486:
Olvmo, M. (1992). "Glaciofluvial canyons and their relation to the Late Weiochselian deglaciation in Fennoscandia".
1255:
1722:
1638:
304:
The Fennoscandian Ice Sheet of the Weichselian glaciation most likely grew out of a mountain glaciation of small
2107:
327:
could effect this by causing "relatively fresher" water from the Arctic and the North Pacific to flow east of
2232:
2060:
Stratigraphie von Deutschland – Quartär. Special Issue. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart/Quaternary Science Journal
719:
392:
Note that the coastlines are modern; coastlines during the Weichselian were different as sea level was lower.
380: Maximum extent of the ice (Brandenburg Stage) during the Weichselian in Germany and Poland (red line).
2237:
1263:
471:
470:
17.-18.000 year old fossils of marine mammals from below the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet in Denmark,
1291:
2227:
598:
324:
1760:
1590:
1347:
1296:
86:), Vistulian glaciation, Weichsel or, less commonly, the Weichsel glaciation, Weichselian cold period (
793:
Oerel Interstadial (WP II) – The pollen diagrams point to a treeless, shrubby tundra in North Germany.
536:
It is speculated that during the Younger Dryas a small glacier readvance in Sweden created a natural
360:
municipality in Norway where its existence was first established based on the local fossil record of
332:
165:
1792:
1550:
2247:
1254:
Larsen, Eiliv; Fredin, Ola; LysĂĄ, Astrid; Amantov, Aleksey; Feldskaar, Willy; Ottesen, Dag (2016).
1034:
1003:
1797:
1135:
Lofverstrom, Marcus; Thompson, Diane M.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Brady, Esther C. (2022-06-09).
956:
537:
435:
2056:
790:
Ebersdorf Stadial (WP III) – In North Germany this period is characterised by pollen-free sands.
2242:
2181:
941:
650:
481:), Germany, Poland and Belarus were ice-free 16 ka BP. The ice margin then retreated until the
313:
63:
1841:
842:
830:
2201:
2037:
1556:(Report). Medelande (in Swedish). Vol. 2009. Länstyrensen i Jönköpings Län. p. 1–49
1137:"The importance of Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateways for glacial expansion in Scandinavia"
1032:
Fredin, Ola (2002). "Glacial inception and Quaternary mountain glaciations in Fennoscandia".
1006:
society expelled Cleve for her unrelenting support of this theory once it became discredited.
654:
356:
in Fennoscandia called the Ă…lesund interstadial. The interstadial receives its name from the
1833:
1832:
Sporrong, Ulf (2003). "The Scandinavian landscape and its resources". In Helle, Knut (ed.).
1718:"Investigations of Fennoscandian glacial isostatic adjustment using modern sealevel records"
2166:
2010:
1919:
1874:
1806:
1731:
1673:
1599:
1497:
1448:
1356:
1305:
1153:
1039:
692:
597:
east of the Sarek Mountains formed various ephemeral ice-dammed lakes that caused numerous
397:
346:
288:
280:
2078:
1396:"Weichselian stratigraphy, geomorphology and glacial dynamics in southern Finnish Lapland"
1256:"Causes of time-transgressive glacial maxima positions of the last Scandinavian Ice Sheet"
8:
1910:
1664:
811:
725:
The Weichsel Early Glacial (115,000–60,000 BC) is in turn divided into four stages:
585:
497:
and the southeastern coast of Finland had been added to the ice-free regions. In Russia,
455:
121:
43:
2014:
1923:
1878:
1810:
1735:
1677:
1603:
1501:
1452:
1360:
1309:
1157:
1136:
1043:
709:
1935:
1890:
1761:"Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland"
1689:
1646:
The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe
1237:
1205:
1169:
823:– In this period the proportion of non-tree pollens climbed again, especially those of
683:
Emergence above sea level is thought to have resulted in the triggering of a series of
454:
in Russia the ice sheet reached its maximum extent about 19 ka BP. In the remainder of
134:
67:
2022:
1051:
787:
Glinde Interstadial (WP IV) – The pollen diagrams indicate a treeless, shrubby tundra.
272:
51:
2206:
2186:
2098:
2083:
1985:
1960:
1939:
1894:
1845:
1834:
1818:
1693:
1685:
1173:
1144:
1115:
1069:
677:
621:
530:
1612:
1585:
1461:
1436:
1369:
1342:
1317:
2191:
2073:
2063:
2018:
1927:
1882:
1814:
1765:
1739:
1681:
1617:
1607:
1505:
1466:
1456:
1409:
1374:
1364:
1313:
1290:
Rørvik, K.-L.; Laberd, J. S.; Hald, M.; Ravna, E. K.; Vorren, T. O. (August 2010).
1233:
1224:
1201:
1192:
1161:
1047:
665:
439:
75:
1931:
1509:
1525:
De glacialrelikta kräftdjurens utbredning i södra Sverige (Götaland och Svealand)
581:
557:
443:
195:
152:
140:
106:
79:
2137:
766:
Denekamp Interstadial – The pollen spectra indicates a shrubby tundra landscape.
617:
around 7000 years BP. Note the reduced area of Finland due to higher sea levels.
466:
30:
2171:
1165:
561:
506:
424:
210:
1886:
1101:, London: University of London Press, 1970 (7th edn.), p. 254. SBN 340 09022 7
713:
by Thomas J. Crowley (Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 9, 1995, pp. 377–389)
372:
2221:
2087:
1414:
1395:
902:
820:
688:
646:
614:
522:
494:
482:
428:
361:
336:
276:
215:
27:
Last glacial period and its associated glaciation in northern parts of Europe
1639:"A scientific outsider: Astrid Cleve von Euler and her passion for research"
649:
no earlier than in about 2,000 years. Isostatic rebound exposed a submarine
641:
560:. The survival of these cold-water taxa into the present-day means they are
1581:
1219:
1187:
999:
995:
981:
906:
851:– The cool period is characterised by a maximum number of non-tree pollens.
848:
801:
707:
Depiction of the Earth at the last glacial maximum. Illustration based on:
661:
629:
573:
451:
353:
342:
205:
2151:
2068:
1744:
1717:
858:
836:
774:
633:
609:
498:
412:
264:
114:
486:
2139:
1379:
951:
946:
824:
797:
770:
625:
590:
548:
502:
404:
220:
200:
177:
1622:
1471:
526:
357:
2161:
1551:
Sommenröding: En kartläggning av rödingens lekområden 2006 & 2008
1134:
890:
874:
684:
669:
510:
416:
328:
320:
305:
55:
1795:(1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield".
910:
839:– This cool period is characterised by a reduction in tree pollens.
577:
478:
420:
125:
2156:
882:
804:) pollen-free sands indicate a largely vegetation-free landscape.
490:
387:
309:
284:
148:
117:
110:
1716:
Davis, J.L.; Mitrovica, J.X.; Scherneck, H.-G.; Fan, H. (1999).
1530:(Report) (in Swedish). Länsstyrelsen Blekinge län. pp. 1–19
1190:(1981). "The Early and Middle Weichselian in Norway: a review".
845:– The period begins with a rapid increase in tree birch pollens.
477:
As the ice margin started to recede 22–17 ka BP Denmark (except
1433:
866:
734:
698:
553:
71:
47:
703:
533:
part of the meltwater was routed through a series of canyons.
1218:
994:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, N. O. Holst (1899),
738:
730:
542:
518:
317:
1548:
1340:
979:
species of Sommen evolved into a distinct subspecies called
857:– This interstadial is typified by a rise in the pollens of
78:. This glaciation is also known as the Weichselian ice age (
2000:
673:
268:
1715:
815:
Weichselian Late Glacial with mid-European culture groups
632:. Within the High Coast the relict shoreline at 286 m in
833:– This section is again dominated by birch tree pollens.
593:
lagged behind as the ice mass concentrated in the west.
1579:
1253:
2039:
Einführung in das Quartär. Das Zeitalter der Gletscher
928:) (Gotland becomes ice-free) and the Finnish Glacial (
1289:
485:
when the ice sheet stabilized. By this time, most of
411:
coalesced with the ice sheet that was growing in the
258:
287:
the Midlandian glaciation and in North America, the
1907:
1429:
1427:
1425:
924:) (Denmark becomes ice-free), The Gotland Glacial (
461:
120:. The preceding warm period in this region was the
34:
Europe during the Weichselian and WĂĽrm cold periods
920:) (Germany becomes ice-free), the Danish Glacial (
2042:(in German), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 72
1984:, New York, London, etc., Springer, 2010 p. 173.
1911:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1791:
1665:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1575:
1573:
1571:
2219:
1864:
1422:
1343:"Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex"
1249:
1247:
434:The central parts of the Weichsel ice sheet had
294:
1758:
1657:
1655:
1130:
1128:
517:During deglaciation, meltwater formed numerous
458:the largest glacier advance occurred 17 ka BP.
299:
1568:
1522:
901:Following the last of these cold periods, the
773:(Cyperaceae) and temporarily a high number of
400:extent began after the Ă…lesund interstadial.
2123:
2035:
1401:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
1336:
1334:
1244:
239:
50:. In the Alpine region it corresponds to the
1652:
1125:
1027:
1025:
1023:
710:Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited
699:Sequence and subdivisions of the Weichselian
335:. According to this view any closing of the
1951:
1949:
1516:
2130:
2116:
1542:
1331:
246:
232:
2077:
2067:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1743:
1621:
1611:
1470:
1460:
1413:
1378:
1368:
1020:
66:and extended as far as the east coast of
1957:Quaternary field trips in central Europe
1946:
1831:
1661:
1186:
932:) (Finland and Norway become ice-free).
810:
702:
664:the rate of post-glacial rebound in the
608:
601:down the rivers of northernmost Sweden.
465:
371:
263:In other regions Major Glacial 4 of the
29:
1840:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1759:Tikkanen, Matti; Oksanen, Juha (2002).
1636:
1549:Melin, Daniel; Rydberg, Daniel (2009).
769:Hengelo Interstadial – The pollen show
604:
367:
14:
2220:
1994:
1969:
1393:
1084:
1082:
1031:
2111:
2097:, Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1995
1785:
1485:
566:
540:that brought freshwater taxa such as
98:or, rarely, the Weichselian complex (
1836:The Cambridge History of Scandinavia
352:Between 38 and 28 ka BP there was a
62:ice sheet) that spread out from the
1079:
975:In the isolation that followed the
396:The growth of the ice sheet to its
386: Greatest extent of the older
24:
1238:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00500.x
1206:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00508.x
259:Naming in other parts of the world
54:. It was characterized by a large
25:
2259:
2138:The cold and warm periods of the
2095:Physische Geographie Deutschlands
1959:, Volume 1, Pfeil, 1995, p. 375.
1114:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 265.
1068:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 580.
556:that were never connected to the
1686:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2011.00443.x
1112:Dictionary of Physical Geography
1099:Principles of Physical Geography
1066:Dictionary of Physical Geography
462:Deglaciation up to Younger Dryas
2029:
1901:
1858:
1825:
1752:
1723:Journal of Geophysical Research
1709:
1700:
1630:
1613:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105862
1479:
1462:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.016
1387:
1370:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.05.019
1318:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.022
1283:
988:
969:
267:is given a local name. In the
139:(1858–1944) named it using the
2093:H. Liedtke & J. Marcinek:
2079:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B9EB-9
1584:; Svendsen, John Inge (2019).
1489:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Geomorphologie
1437:"Deglaciation of Fennoscandia"
1212:
1180:
1104:
1091:
1058:
13:
1:
2050:
2023:10.1016/s1040-6182(99)00015-4
1932:10.1080/04353676.2017.1329624
1648:. 2nd ICESHS. Cracow, Poland.
1052:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00031-9
1013:
331:disrupting the convection of
295:Development of the glaciation
42:is the regional name for the
1819:10.1016/0169-555X(94)00076-4
1264:Norwegian Journal of Geology
599:glacial lake outburst floods
472:Copenhagen Zoological Museum
300:Early and Middle Weichselian
7:
1088:Litt et al. (2007: pp.45ff)
935:
695:zone came above sea level.
325:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
166:Evolution of the Baltic Sea
109:it was the youngest of the
10:
2264:
1637:Espmark, Kristina (2006).
1591:Quaternary Science Reviews
1441:Quaternary Science Reviews
1348:Quaternary Science Reviews
1297:Quaternary Science Reviews
1166:10.1038/s41561-022-00956-9
737:as well as low numbers of
2147:
1982:Earth Systems and Society
1887:10.1134/S1028334X12020079
1644:. In Kokowski, M. (ed.).
720:Dansgaard–Oeschger events
390:glaciation (yellow line).
333:North Atlantic Deep Water
159:) in present-day Poland.
46:in the northern parts of
2003:Quaternary International
1793:Lidmar-Bergströrm, Karna
1035:Quaternary International
962:
757:Weichselian High Glacial
90:), Weichselian glacial (
1523:Kinsten, Björn (2010).
1510:10.1127/zfg/36/1992/343
1394:Sarala, Pertti (2005).
957:Toba catastrophe theory
409:Fennoscandian Ice Sheet
128:. The German geologist
2036:Karl N. Thome (1998),
1867:Doklady Earth Sciences
1415:10.17741/bgsf/77.2.001
1110:Whittow, John (1984).
1064:Whittow, John (1984).
942:Timeline of glaciation
855:Meiendorf Interstadial
816:
714:
668:has varied. Since the
651:joint valley landscape
618:
474:
393:
354:relatively warm period
314:Scandinavian Mountains
156:
83:
64:Scandinavian Mountains
40:Weichselian glaciation
35:
18:Weichselian Glaciation
1004:Geologiska föreningen
814:
706:
687:in western Sweden as
655:Stockholm archipelago
612:
469:
436:cold-based conditions
375:
33:
2233:Last Glacial Maximum
2069:10.3285/eg.56.1-2.02
1745:10.1029/1998jb900057
1304:(17–18): 2224–2237.
693:groundwater recharge
622:Isostatic adjustment
605:Isostatic adjustment
398:Last Glacial Maximum
368:Last Glacial Maximum
347:Last Glacial Maximum
289:Wisconsin glaciation
281:Devensian glaciation
180:(130,000–115,000 BC)
2238:Last Glacial Period
2015:1999QuInt..61...27F
1980:John Dodson (ed.),
1955:Wolfgang Schirmer,
1924:2017GeAnA..99..288S
1879:2012DokES.442..242R
1811:1995Geomo..12...45L
1736:1999JGR...104.2733D
1678:2012GeAnA..94..321B
1604:2019QSRv..22105862R
1502:1992ZGm....36..343O
1453:2016QSRv..147...91S
1361:2017QSRv..169..148P
1310:2010QSRv...29.2224R
1158:2022NatGe..15..482L
1044:2002QuInt..95...99F
843:Bølling oscillation
831:Allerød oscillation
691:increased when the
525:. In north-central
456:northwestern Russia
185:(115,000–12,600 BC)
183:Ice sheets and seas
122:Eemian interglacial
44:Last Glacial Period
2228:Pleistocene events
817:
715:
619:
567:Final deglaciation
475:
394:
223:(4,000 BC–present)
198:(12,600–10,300 BC)
68:Schleswig-Holstein
36:
2215:
2214:
2207:Last Interglacial
1990:978-90-481-8716-4
1965:978-39-238-7191-9
1730:(B2): 2733–2747.
1145:Nature Geoscience
1038:. 95–96: 99–112.
640:off the coast of
256:
255:
221:Modern Baltic Sea
203:(10,300–9,500 BC)
96:Weichselian Stage
88:Weichsel-Kaltzeit
16:(Redirected from
2255:
2142:in North Germany
2132:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2081:
2071:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1967:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1029:
1007:
992:
986:
973:
666:Kandalaksha Gulf
582:ice-dammed lakes
562:glacial relicts.
444:proglacial lakes
385:
379:
248:
241:
234:
218:(7,500–4,000 BC)
213:(8,000–7,500 BC)
208:(9,500–8,000 BC)
162:
161:
138:
100:Weichsel-Komplex
92:Weichsel-Glazial
84:Weichsel-Eiszeit
76:Northwest Russia
21:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2248:Northern Europe
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2143:
2136:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2030:
1999:
1995:
1979:
1970:
1954:
1947:
1906:
1902:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1830:
1826:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1660:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1580:Regnéll, Carl;
1578:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1484:
1480:
1432:
1423:
1392:
1388:
1339:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1217:
1213:
1185:
1181:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1109:
1105:
1097:F.J. Monkhouse
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1063:
1059:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1010:
993:
989:
974:
970:
965:
938:
701:
678:Atlantic period
676:. Prior to the
628:in the western
607:
586:Sarek Mountains
578:Northern Sweden
576:and another in
574:Southern Norway
569:
558:Baltic Ice Lake
464:
391:
383:
381:
377:
370:
302:
297:
273:WĂĽrm glaciation
261:
252:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
196:Baltic Ice Lake
181:
132:
130:Konrad Keilhack
107:Northern Europe
52:WĂĽrm glaciation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2028:
1993:
1968:
1945:
1918:(3): 288–311.
1900:
1873:(2): 544–548.
1857:
1850:
1824:
1784:
1751:
1708:
1699:
1672:(3): 321–337.
1651:
1629:
1567:
1541:
1515:
1496:(3): 343–363.
1478:
1421:
1386:
1330:
1282:
1243:
1232:(4): 381–393.
1211:
1200:(4): 447–462.
1179:
1152:(6): 482–488.
1124:
1103:
1090:
1078:
1057:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
987:
967:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
937:
934:
918:Germaniglazial
899:
898:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
806:
805:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
767:
764:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
700:
697:
606:
603:
568:
565:
552:to lakes like
507:Kola Peninsula
505:, the bulk of
463:
460:
440:well preserved
425:Before Present
382:
376:
369:
366:
301:
298:
296:
293:
260:
257:
254:
253:
251:
250:
243:
236:
228:
225:
224:
211:Mastogloia Sea
192:
191:
187:
186:
174:
173:
169:
168:
60:Fenno-Scandian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2260:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Younger Dryas
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2103:3-623-00840-0
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1851:9780521472999
1847:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:Geomorphology
1794:
1788:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:Mangerud, Jan
1576:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1545:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1408:(2): 71–104.
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:Mangerud, Jan
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:Mangerud, Jan
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:0-14-051094-X
1117:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:0-14-051094-X
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
984:
983:
978:
972:
968:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
903:Younger Dryas
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:dwarf birches
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:Younger Dryas
819:
818:
813:
809:
803:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:dwarf birches
772:
768:
765:
762:
761:
760:
758:
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
712:
711:
705:
696:
694:
690:
689:pore pressure
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:Norra Kvarken
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
615:Littorina Sea
611:
602:
600:
594:
592:
587:
583:
579:
575:
564:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
534:
532:
529:and southern
528:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:Baltic states
493:, all of the
492:
488:
484:
483:Younger Dryas
480:
473:
468:
459:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:Novaya Zemlya
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
389:
374:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
338:
337:Bering Strait
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Great Britain
274:
270:
269:Alpine region
266:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
229:
227:
226:
222:
217:
216:Littorina Sea
212:
207:
202:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
184:
179:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2196:
2094:
2059:
2038:
2031:
2009:(1): 27–39.
2006:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1956:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1835:
1827:
1805:(1): 45–61.
1802:
1796:
1787:
1777:December 22,
1775:. Retrieved
1770:
1764:
1754:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1702:
1669:
1663:
1645:
1632:
1595:
1589:
1558:. Retrieved
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1518:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1444:
1440:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1352:
1346:
1321:. Retrieved
1301:
1295:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1271:(2): 159–170
1268:
1262:
1229:
1223:
1214:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1149:
1143:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1065:
1060:
1033:
1000:Astrid Cleve
996:Ernst Antevs
990:
982:Sommen charr
980:
976:
971:
929:
925:
921:
917:
915:
907:interglacial
900:
894:
886:
878:
870:
862:
849:Oldest Dryas
807:
802:Dithmarschen
778:
756:
754:
724:
716:
708:
682:
662:deglaciation
659:
630:Bothnian Sea
620:
595:
570:
547:
541:
535:
531:Östergötland
516:
476:
452:Pskov Oblast
448:
433:
402:
395:
351:
343:Jan Mangerud
341:
303:
262:
206:Ancylus Lake
182:
144:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
59:
39:
37:
2197:Weichselian
2152:Pre-Tiglian
1380:10037/11970
1355:: 148–172.
1323:25 November
1275:January 20,
998:(1921) and
930:Finiglazial
926:Gotiglazial
922:Daniglazial
863:Betula nana
837:Older Dryas
825:heliophytes
800:(county of
779:Betula nana
634:Skuleberget
613:Map of the
538:lock system
499:Lake Ladoga
413:Barents Sea
265:Pleistocene
172:Pleistocene
133: [
115:Pleistocene
70:, northern
2222:Categories
2140:Quaternary
2051:Literature
1623:1956/21672
1598:: 105862.
1472:1956/11701
1447:: 91–121.
1014:References
977:Salvelinus
952:Quaternary
947:Glaciology
875:sandthorns
798:Schalkholz
685:landslides
642:SkellefteĂĄ
638:Furuögrund
626:High Coast
591:ice divide
549:Salvelinus
503:Lake Onega
446:built up.
415:24 ka BP (
405:ice divide
306:ice fields
271:it is the
201:Yoldia Sea
178:Eemian Sea
2182:Cromerian
2162:Eburonian
2088:0424-7116
1940:133775764
1895:129656482
1694:128972883
1560:April 20,
1534:April 19,
1174:249524145
895:Artemisia
891:sagebrush
887:Juniperus
879:Hippophae
670:White Sea
511:White Sea
329:Greenland
321:Patagonia
147:) of the
56:ice sheet
2202:Holstein
2177:Bavelian
2172:Menapian
936:See also
911:Holocene
883:junipers
509:and the
487:Götaland
479:Bornholm
421:thousand
417:kiloannī
310:ice caps
190:Holocene
145:Weichsel
126:Holocene
111:glacials
2167:Waalian
2157:Tiglian
2011:Bibcode
1920:Bibcode
1875:Bibcode
1807:Bibcode
1732:Bibcode
1674:Bibcode
1600:Bibcode
1498:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1357:Bibcode
1306:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
867:willows
755:In the
731:larches
527:SmĂĄland
523:sandurs
491:Gotland
419:or one
388:Saalian
358:Ă…lesund
312:in the
285:Ireland
149:Vistula
118:ice age
113:of the
2187:Elster
2101:
2086:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1893:
1848:
1766:Fennia
1692:
1225:Boreas
1193:Boreas
1172:
1118:
1072:
909:, the
889:) and
873:sp.),
771:sedges
735:spruce
660:Since
554:Sommen
519:eskers
423:years
384:
378:
362:shells
318:Andean
153:Polish
143:name (
141:German
80:German
72:Poland
48:Europe
2192:Saale
1936:S2CID
1891:S2CID
1773:(1–2)
1690:S2CID
1642:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1259:(PDF)
1170:S2CID
1140:(PDF)
963:Notes
871:Salix
739:alder
543:Mysis
283:, in
275:, in
157:Wisła
137:]
58:(the
2099:ISBN
2084:ISSN
1986:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1779:2017
1562:2019
1536:2019
1325:2022
1277:2018
1116:ISBN
1070:ISBN
733:and
546:and
521:and
308:and
279:the
74:and
38:The
2074:hdl
2064:doi
2019:doi
1928:doi
1883:doi
1871:442
1815:doi
1771:180
1740:doi
1728:104
1682:doi
1618:hdl
1608:doi
1596:221
1506:doi
1467:hdl
1457:doi
1445:147
1410:doi
1375:hdl
1365:doi
1353:169
1314:doi
1234:doi
1202:doi
1162:doi
1048:doi
881:),
865:),
653:as
105:In
102:).
94:),
2224::
2082:,
2072:,
2017:.
2007:61
2005:.
1971:^
1948:^
1934:.
1926:.
1916:99
1914:.
1889:.
1881:.
1869:.
1844:.
1842:37
1813:.
1803:12
1801:.
1769:.
1763:.
1738:.
1726:.
1720:.
1688:.
1680:.
1670:94
1668:.
1654:^
1616:.
1606:.
1594:.
1588:.
1570:^
1504:.
1494:36
1492:.
1465:.
1455:.
1443:.
1439:.
1424:^
1406:77
1404:.
1398:.
1373:.
1363:.
1351:.
1345:.
1333:^
1312:.
1302:29
1300:.
1294:.
1269:96
1267:.
1261:.
1246:^
1230:10
1228:.
1198:10
1196:.
1168:.
1160:.
1150:15
1148:.
1142:.
1127:^
1081:^
1046:.
1022:^
913:.
897:).
781:).
722:.
674:yr
657:.
501:,
489:,
431:.
364:.
349:.
291:.
155::
135:de
82::
2131:e
2124:t
2117:v
2076::
2066::
2025:.
2021::
2013::
1942:.
1930::
1922::
1897:.
1885::
1877::
1854:.
1821:.
1817::
1809::
1781:.
1748:.
1742::
1734::
1696:.
1684::
1676::
1626:.
1620::
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