649:. This has been particularly well-documented in female-female interactions. Sub-adult females rarely groom each other, but rather focus their attention on grooming older females. These young females, who stay in their natal groups, must develop relationships with adult females to assimilate into the adult female social structure. In these instances, young females often seek out grooming opportunities with adult females. The adult females who are the recipients of this behavior are generally less enthusiastic about the interaction than their younger counterparts. This may indicate that adult females gain little benefit from these grooming interactions compared with sub-adult females. Sub-adult females may support their older companions in aggressive interactions. Young females that fail to establish relationships with older females become peripheral to the group and lose access to resources.
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cared for exclusively by their mothers. However, allomaternal care dramatically increases during the next three months of development to the point where infants generally receive less care from their mothers than from other females. Siblings provide far more care for infants than non-related individuals. Additionally, high-ranking females interact more often with the infants of low-ranking females than vice versa. Allomaternal care is provided most often by juveniles and young adults. Adult females participate far less in alloparental care. This is common among many primate groups and indicates that young females may gain valuable experience in raising infants that will help them in the future.
224:
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more time foraging for plants foods than animals. Most of the plant food consumed is ripe fruit, the majority of which are figs, but also palm nuts, seeds, berries, flowering buds, shoots, barks and gums. Their animal prey is almost exclusively invertebrates. Their prey consists of snails, arachnids, wasps, caterpillars, grasshoppers, ants, birds eggs, other small mammals and many insects that inhabit palm crowns. Some coastal populations may also include oysters, crabs, and other marine life in their diet.
83:
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One of these strategies is referred to as appeasement. Subordinate females, when approached by dominant females, will lie down and solicit grooming. This has been interpreted as a way to avoid aggressive behavior from the dominant female. Interactions where a dominant female approaches a subordinate one often end in aggressive behavior, and soliciting grooming is a way to diffuse that aggression. This form of grooming is usually not reciprocated by the subordinate female.
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plant parts, and on rare occasions small vertebrates. They have also been known to rub millipedes against their fur, especially in the rainy seasons, as a potential means of mosquito repellent. Although this species is classified as an animal of least concern by IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species, it falls prey to many predators in South America ranging from vultures to jaguars.
673:) is common in wedge-capped capuchins but very rare among other primates. Even more interesting is that this nursing behavior in wedge-capped capuchins is not correlated with relatedness. This behavior may be an example of reciprocity, where the favor of one female nursing another’s infant is eventually returned.
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about 50% of a groups population. The population structure is heavily skewed toward females. There are approximately 2 females to every male at birth. This ratio increases to more than 4 adult females for every adult male. This is the result of both female-biased birth ratios and male migration behavior.
580:
integrate into a new group. Males prefer to join groups with a high ratio of females to adult males, as this maximizes their probability for future mating success. Immigrating males generally meet little opposition when joining a new group. Older females may migrate to new groups on rare occasions.
665:
Allomaternal care, where an individual other than an infant’s mother helps care for it, is common in wedge-capped capuchins. There are several behaviors associated with allomaternal care in these monkeys, including nursing and carrying the infant. For the first three months after birth, infants are
656:
The other form of grooming behavior among adult females is affiliative. In contrast to grooming as appeasement, affiliative grooming is dependent on reciprocation. These interactions usually occur between individuals that hold high or intermediate positions in the dominance hierarchy. This form of
446:
Wedge-capped capuchins have been compared to tufted capuchins to discern the relationship between locomotion and skeletal proportions. Wedge-capped capuchins spent relatively more time running and jumping through the forest canopy while tufted capuchins spent more time walking and moving slowly. As
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nursing has also been observed in wedge-capped capuchins. In these instances, juvenile and young adult females, who are usually higher in the dominance hierarchy, nurse from older females of lower rank. In contrast to allomaternal behavior, parasitic nursing does not appear to give any benefits to
603:
gained reproductive success from the killing in only one of the three cases studied. High-ranking females' infants were targeted in all three cases. The variability surrounding the infanticide among the three cases studied is characteristic surrounding infanticide among any other non-human primates.
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In wedge-capped capuchins, males emigrate from their natal groups while females generally remain in the same group for the majority of their lives. Males generally leave their natal group between 3 and 6 years of age. Young males spend little time alone after leaving their natal groups and quickly
349:
is a polygamous species that lives in groups of anywhere from 5-30 individuals with female-biased sex ratios. The group is organized according to a pre-determined hierarchal system of dominance for both males and females. Although biological lineage is less of a factor of dominance for males than it
692:
against their fur, sometimes for as long as two minutes at a time. They also occasionally put the millipede in their mouths, remove them, and continue to rub them over their bodies. These capuchins often share these millipedes. The purpose of this strange behavior is difficult to determine. One
652:
Grooming behavior among adult females has a different pattern. Contrary to the normal pattern in primates, females often groom individuals who are lower in rank than they are. This may be largely due to the presence of two different grooming strategies among adult female wedge-capped capuchins.
533:
Wedge-capped capuchins are omnivorous and eat both animal and plant foods. Foraging behavior varies seasonally, as well as with age and sex. In general, these monkeys spend approximately equal amounts of time exploiting animal and plant resources. The exception to this are infants that spend far
437:
Wedge-capped capuchins show similar levels of sexual dimorphism as other capuchin monkeys. On average, males weigh about 30% more than females. Additionally, males have relatively longer canines than females (even after overall body size is accounted for). Male maxillary and mandibular (upper and
342:
These primates are medium-sized monkeys with distinctive "wedge cap" markings on their head and slightly longer limbs than other capuchins for jumping through the forest canopy. Similar to other capuchin monkeys, the diet of wedge-capped capuchin primarily consists of fruits, invertebrates, other
769:
Wedge-capped capuchins are ranked as an animal as least concern on the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. The wedge-capped capuchin is ranked as least concern because the animal is common and has a widespread range. Human hunting is one of the major threats to capuchin survival in some regions.
537:
While males and females spend about the same amount of time foraging for insects, they exploit different types of resources. Males spend more time searching for insects on the surface of branches, while females search for most of their insects atop palm trees. There is little variation in plant
559:
Wedge-capped capuchins live in groups ranging from as few as 5 individuals to more than 30 individuals. The groups generally consist of one reproductively active adult male, several adult females and their offspring, and, in some cases, non-reproductive adult males. Juveniles generally make up
433:
Adult wedge-capped capuchins weigh approximately 3 kg, but weight varies moderately with sex. They receive their name from a black triangle of dark fur centered on their foreheads. Generally this species is light brown to brown with yellow and gray tinges on varying parts of their bodies.
602:
Genetically, it may pay for a male wedge-capped capuchin to kill an unrelated newborn, so that he can then mate with the mother sooner than if the baby was still alive. This allows the male to propagate his genes faster through the troop. However, in
Valderrama's research, the infanticidal male
575:
Birthrate in wedge-capped capuchins varies with age. Younger and middle-aged females (6 to 26 years old) give birth as often as once every two years. Older females (older than 26 years) may only give birth once every three or four years. It is important to note that both male and female
551:. Wedge-capped capuchins were shown to wash sandy food in four spontaneous occasions in both captive and wild populations. Urbani found that food washing was a response to certain circumstantial problems and not through imitation or learning, as argued in studies of other species.
350:
is for females, due to male migration between groups. Wedge-capped capuchin partake in several behavioral mechanisms to assert and maintain dominance within the group including: infanticide, when an infant is deliberately killed; grooming, used to facilitate social rapport; and
509:. These habitats vary in terms of forest height, composition, and continuity. When wedge-capped capuchins have the option between dense high-canopy primary forests and more fragmented, lower forests, they generally inhabit the primary forests. They are found north of the
761:. Due to these predators, the wedge-capped capuchin has taken to living in groups; as group size increases, vigilance per animal decreases, though it has not yet been demonstrated that capuchins in larger groups are any less vulnerable than those in smaller groups.
626:. Females higher in the hierarchy tend to be more aggressive toward both females and males that are lower on their respective dominance hierarchies. Aggressive behavior includes lunging, vocalization, and chasing. Sometimes many females chase males together. Male
634:, lunging, and chasing. On one occasion, however, an adult male was observed to attack and kill a young adult female from the same group. This level of aggression is not the norm, usually being practiced in the animal kingdom as a method of takeover.
1301:
BOUBLI, JEAN P.; RYLANDS, ANTHONY B.; FARIAS, IZENI P.; ALFARO, MICHAEL E.; ALFARO, JESSICA LYNCH (1 April 2012). "Cebus
Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys".
546:
Food washing has been observed in non-human primates including macaques and capuchins. The primates will sometimes wash their sandy fruits and foods prior to eating them. This act has been described as an example of
645:
behavior plays an important role in the group dynamics of wedge-capped capuchins. Grooming may be a way for both sub-adult males and females to integrate themselves into the adult
461:, taxonomists have frequently debated the exact classifications and details of the genus. However, most agree that the wedge-capped capuchin shares the genus with four others:
497:
Wedge-capped capuchins prefer undisturbed primary forests in which they can move through the canopy (locomotion and limb morphology). They occupy the rainforests of northern
481:. The wedge-capped capuchin has a diploid chromosome number of 52, though some others in the genus have 54 chromosomes. Nine human chromosomes correspond to those of the
1496:
Visalberghi, Elisabetta; Fragaszy, Dorothy M. (1990). "Food-washing
Behaviour in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus Apella, and Crabeating Macaques, Macaca Fascicularis".
1037:
Valderrama, X.; Robinson, J. G.; Attygalle, A. B. & Thomas (2000). "Seasonal anointment with millipedes in a wild primate: a chemical defense against insects".
434:
Their “wedge cap” starts between the eyes and extends backwards to cover the top of the head. Their faces are hairless and surrounded by light brown or blonde fur.
1461:
Fragaszy, Dorothy M. & Sue
Boinski (1995). "Patterns of Individual Diet Choice and Efficiency of Foraging in Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus olivaceus)".
1404:
Robinson, John G. (1986). "Seasonal
Variation in Use of Time and Space by the Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkey, Cebus olivaceus: Implications for Foraging Theory".
368:
is divided into several different species. However, taxonomists argue over the specific divisions within the genus, which are uncertain and controversial. The
591:, or the deliberate killing of an infant, in any non-human primate is of considerable interest to ecologists because it can affect the particular primate's
619:, with dominant mothers tending to have dominant daughters. Male dominance is not as easily passed from one generation to the next due to male migration.
1825:
O'Brien, Timothy G. & John G. Robinson (1991). "Allomaternal Care by Female Wedge-Capped
Capuchin Monkeys: Effects of Age, Rank and Relatedness".
438:
lower) canines of males are on average 70% and 40% larger than female canines respectively. This may be indicative of male competition for females.
408:. However, a 2012 study found grounds to separate them as distinct species from one another, although this taxonomy is still highly contentious. The
2622:
2473:
2538:
2512:
2592:
1601:
Robinson, John G. (1988). "Group Size in Wedge-Capped
Capuchin Monkeys Cebus olivaceus and the Reproductive Success of Males and Females".
1193:
2090:
1749:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1993). "Asymmetries in grooming interactions between juveniles and adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys".
1671:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1991). "Female-male social interactions in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys: benefits and costs of group living".
2447:
1636:
Valderrama, Ximena; Sompoad
Srikosamata; John G. Robinson (1990). "Infanticide in Wedge-Capped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus olivaceus".
1345:
Antonia Rossano Mendes Pontes (1996). "Habitat partitioning among primates in Maraca Island, Roraima, Northern Brazilian Amazon".
2486:
911:
890:
417:
485:. Phylogenetic analysis and constructions of cladograms have demonstrated that the wedge-capped capuchin is closely related to
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material consumed between males and females. Also, adults and sub-adults eat more animal material than juveniles and infants.
2530:
1937:
2491:
1180:
Masterson, Thomas J. & Walter Carl Hartwig (1998). "Degrees of Sexual Dimorphism in Cebus and other New World Monkeys".
713:
Wedge-capped capuchins have been observed to give alarm calls if they observe a potential predator. Such predators include
2018:
2135:
2045:
2617:
2099:
1250:
Amaral, P.J.S.; Finotelo, L.F.M.; De Oliveira, E.H.C.; Pissinatti, A.; Nagamachi, C.Y.; Pieczarka, J.C. (June 2008).
808:
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was not correlated with position in the dominance hierarchy. Male aggression toward females is generally limited to
798:
2298:
2117:
409:
2543:
2072:
1852:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1988). "Parasitic nursing behavior in the wedge-capped capuchin monkey (Cebus olivaceus)".
1074:"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys"
2036:
688:
Wedge-capped capuchins sometimes rub themselves with millipedes they find while foraging. The monkeys rub the
447:
such, wedge-capped capuchins have relatively longer limbs (particularly the hind limbs) than tufted capuchins.
273:
1566:
Robinson, John G. & Timothy G. O'Brien (1991). "Adjustment in Birth Sex Ratio in Wedge-Capped Capuchins".
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and ultimately lead to great demographic changes within the primate's troop. Infanticide has been observed in
2612:
2280:
2126:
1153:
Robinson, John G. (1988). "Demography and Group Structure in Wedgecapped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus olivaceus".
404:, were both previously considered subspecies of the wedge-capped capuchin, together being referred to as the
2271:
1072:
Boubli, Jean P.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Farias, Izeni P.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Alfaro, Jessica Lynch (2012).
2602:
2525:
2289:
1380:
Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Laroque, Plautino de Oliveira; Boubli, Jean P.; Urbani, Bernardo (2015-01-26).
1127:
Alfaro, Jessica W. Lynch; Laroque, Plautino de Oliveira; Boubli, Jean P.; Urbani, Bernardo (2015-01-26).
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grooming helps establish alliances between females that may provide both social and material advantages.
2607:
2345:
2316:
1787:
O'Brien, Timothy G. (1993). "Allogrooming behaviour among adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys".
861:
2597:
2399:
1930:
746:
213:
1252:"Phylogenetic studies of the genus Cebus (Cebidae-Primates) using chromosome painting and G-banding"
737:. In addition, alarm calls have been observed when the capuchin sees one of several birds, such as
518:
514:
935:
82:
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2003:
983:
Wright, K. A. (2007). "The relationship between locomotor behavior and limb morphology in brown (
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705:. This behavior is most common during the rainy season, when mosquitos are most prevalent.
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2183:
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1300:
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592:
8:
2063:
1531:
Urbani, B. (2001). "Food-washing among Wedge-capped Capuchins Monkey (Cebus Olivaceus)".
1215:
Masterson, Thomas J. (2003). "Canine Dimorphism and Interspecific Canine Form in Cebus".
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is known to dwell in tall, primary forest and travel over long distances during the day.
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This dominance hierarchy is particularly helpful in explaining female-initiated
354:, which is when members of the group care for offspring that are not their own.
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1901:): vulnerability to predators, intragroup and intergroup feeding competition
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10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199811)107:3<243::aid-ajpa2>3.3.co;2-7
2556:
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588:
803:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 138.
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30:
2452:
1983:
1824:
1706:
Miller, Lynne E. (1998). "Female Attack Among Wedge-Capped Capuchins".
1614:
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332:
94:
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Boubli, J.P.; Urbani, B.; Lynch Alfaro, J.W.; Laroque, P.O. (2021).
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1977:
1971:
1965:
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389:
114:
1947:
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1128:
800:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
718:
510:
164:
134:
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506:
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381:
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chemicals as a defense mechanism. These chemicals may act as
2564:
1344:
457:
364:
957:
955:
825:
1379:
1126:
1071:
962:
Fragaszy, D. M.; Visalberghi, E.; Fedigan, L. M. (2004).
2254:
952:
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theory is that the millipede, when threatened, releases
1851:
1786:
1748:
1670:
1382:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cebus olivaceus"
1129:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cebus olivaceus"
420:
all follow this taxonomy, although only tentatively.
1945:
1214:
1495:
669:
It is important to note that allomaternal nursing (
611:Both male and female wedge-capped capuchins have a
862:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T81384371A191708662.en
764:
505:, as well as the drier forests along riverbeds in
1600:
1403:
1152:
683:
576:wedge-capped capuchins live as long as 36 years.
2584:
1705:
964:The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus
428:
615:. Female status is often established based on
1931:
1897:Group size in wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (
1894:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1032:
1030:
982:
1450:. University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology.
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
441:
1938:
1924:
1820:
1818:
1782:
1780:
1392:
1208:
1027:
222:
56:
29:
2091:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin (
1594:
1277:
1267:
1182:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1173:
1139:
860:
1559:
1454:
978:
976:
562:
2623:Taxa named by Robert Hermann Schomburgk
1845:
1815:
1777:
1742:
1338:
2585:
1699:
1664:
1530:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
885:
883:
881:
879:
789:
785:
783:
606:
2360:
2359:
1919:
973:
2100:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin (
1406:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1347:International Journal of Primatology
1217:International Journal of Primatology
930:
928:
492:
455:Due to large physical variations in
2593:IUCN Red List least concern species
2046:RĂo Cesar white-fronted capuchin, (
2019:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (
1603:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1437:
1424:
1386:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1133:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
876:
848:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
780:
13:
2299:Central American squirrel monkey (
14:
2634:
2073:Panamanian white-faced capuchin (
1911:
1463:Journal of Comparative Psychology
925:
2136:Marañón white-fronted capuchin (
2037:Colombian white-faced capuchin (
660:
410:American Society of Mammalogists
81:
2127:Varied white-fronted capuchin (
2118:Spix's white-fronted capuchin (
1903:(Ph.D.). University of Florida.
1895:Srikosamatara, Sompoad (1987).
1888:
1854:American Journal of Primatology
1629:
1524:
1489:
1373:
1304:American Journal of Primatology
1294:
1243:
1120:
1078:American Journal of Primatology
993:American Journal of Primatology
765:Threats and conservation status
680:the monkey providing the milk.
541:
2272:Black-capped squirrel monkey (
1065:
904:
684:Interaction with other species
583:
423:
1:
1685:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80896-6
1510:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80983-2
773:
429:Size and physical description
2317:Bare-eared squirrel monkey (
2281:Humboldt's squirrel monkey (
708:
450:
7:
1475:10.1037/0735-7036.109.4.339
1039:Journal of Chemical Ecology
637:
567:A wedge-capped capuchin in
554:
357:
231:Geographic range (includes
16:Species of New World monkey
10:
2639:
2290:Collins' squirrel monkey (
2010:(Gracile capuchin monkeys)
969:. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
323:. It is found in northern
289:Cebus capucinus leporinus
2618:Mammals described in 1848
2368:
2342:
2308:Guianan squirrel monkey (
2245:
2229:Golden-bellied capuchin (
2166:(Robust capuchin monkeys)
2157:
2001:
1992:
1954:
1946:Extant species of family
855:: e.T81384371A191708662.
751:rufous-vented chachalacas
442:Locomotion and morphology
274:I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
250:
243:
230:
221:
203:
196:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
2202:Black-striped capuchin (
1256:BMC Evolutionary Biology
797:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
519:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2326:Black squirrel monkey (
2109:Wedge-capped capuchin (
2055:Shock-headed capuchin (
2028:Brown weeper capuchin (
1839:10.1163/156853991X00355
1568:The American Naturalist
1418:10.5479/si.00810282.431
1359:10.1023/a:1026364417523
1269:10.1186/1471-2148-8-169
1229:10.1023/A:1021406831019
1167:10.1163/156853988x00520
1051:10.1023/A:1026489826714
940:www.mammaldiversity.org
528:
307:Guianan weeper capuchin
1866:10.1002/ajp.1350160406
1801:10.1006/anbe.1993.1218
1763:10.1006/anbe.1993.1274
936:"Explore the Database"
572:
24:Wedge-capped capuchin
2064:Ecuadorian capuchin (
566:
394:brown weeper capuchin
303:wedge-capped capuchin
2613:Mammals of Venezuela
1448:Animal Diversity Web
593:reproductive success
2184:Azaras's capuchin (
2145:Chestnut capuchin (
701:repellants against
613:dominance hierarchy
607:Dominance hierarchy
525:in western Guyana.
281:Cebus nigrivittatus
48:Conservation status
2603:Primates of Brazil
2283:S. cassiquiarensis
2263:(Squirrel monkeys)
2220:Crested capuchin (
2082:Kaapori capuchin (
1615:10.1007/bf00300353
1545:10.1007/BF02437413
759:ornate hawk-eagles
735:collared peccaries
624:agonistic behavior
573:
521:, and east to the
376:) of northeastern
2608:Mammals of Guyana
2580:
2579:
2362:Taxon identifiers
2353:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2241:
2240:
2175:Tufted capuchin (
1720:10.1159/000021568
1650:10.1159/000156441
1444:Weeping capuchin"
1438:Schober, Nathan.
1316:10.1002/ajp.21998
1090:10.1002/ajp.21998
1045:(12): 2781–2790.
1005:10.1002/ajp.20391
912:"Cebus castaneus"
891:"Cebus olivaceus"
739:hook-billed kites
733:,Annacondas, and
493:Habitat and range
468:C. albifrons
392:, as well as the
370:chestnut capuchin
299:
298:
293:
285:
284:Wagner, 1848
277:
266:
265:Elliot, 1907
258:
189:C. olivaceus
71:
2630:
2598:Capuchin monkeys
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2357:
2356:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2231:S. xanthosternos
2211:Black capuchin (
2193:Blond capuchin (
2168:
2167:
2093:C. leucocephalus
2066:C. aequatorialis
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1899:Cebus olivanceus
1892:
1886:
1885:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1789:Animal Behaviour
1784:
1775:
1774:
1751:Animal Behaviour
1746:
1740:
1739:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1673:Animal Behaviour
1668:
1662:
1661:
1644:(3–4): 171–176.
1633:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1498:Animal Behaviour
1493:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1161:(3–4): 202–232.
1150:
1137:
1136:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1034:
1025:
1024:
980:
971:
970:
959:
950:
949:
947:
946:
932:
923:
922:
920:
919:
908:
902:
901:
899:
898:
887:
874:
873:
871:
869:
864:
834:
823:
822:
787:
727:boa constrictors
647:social structure
515:Sierra de Perijá
292:Pusch, 1941
291:
283:
272:
264:
262:Cebus apiculatus
256:
254:Cebus annellatus
226:
209:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2552:Observation.org
2550:
2542:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2414:Cebus_olivaceus
2412:
2407:
2400:Cebus olivaceus
2398:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:Cebus olivaceus
2364:
2354:
2349:
2334:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2237:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1988:
1950:
1944:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1889:
1850:
1846:
1823:
1816:
1785:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1665:
1634:
1630:
1599:
1595:
1564:
1560:
1533:Human Evolution
1529:
1525:
1494:
1490:
1459:
1455:
1442:Cebus olivaceus
1436:
1425:
1402:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1343:
1339:
1299:
1295:
1248:
1244:
1213:
1209:
1178:
1174:
1151:
1140:
1125:
1121:
1070:
1066:
1035:
1028:
989:Cebus olivaceus
981:
974:
960:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
926:
917:
915:
910:
909:
905:
896:
894:
889:
888:
877:
867:
865:
841:Cebus olivaceus
835:
826:
811:
788:
781:
776:
767:
711:
686:
663:
640:
609:
586:
557:
544:
531:
523:Essequibo River
513:, south of the
495:
453:
444:
431:
426:
406:weeper capuchin
360:
347:Cebus olivaceus
337:Cebus olivaceus
317:capuchin monkey
312:Cebus olivaceus
270:Cebus castaneus
257:Gray, 1865
217:
211:
207:Cebus olivaceus
205:
192:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2522:
2509:
2496:
2483:
2470:
2457:
2444:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2390:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2274:S. boliviensis
2268:
2266:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2204:S. libidinosus
2199:
2190:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1912:External links
1910:
1907:
1906:
1887:
1860:(4): 341–344.
1844:
1833:(1–2): 30–50.
1814:
1795:(3): 499–510.
1776:
1757:(5): 929–938.
1741:
1708:Folia Primatol
1698:
1679:(4): 555–567.
1663:
1638:Folia Primatol
1628:
1609:(3): 187–197.
1593:
1580:10.1086/285276
1558:
1523:
1488:
1453:
1423:
1391:
1372:
1353:(2): 131–157.
1337:
1310:(4): 381–393.
1293:
1242:
1207:
1188:(3): 243–256.
1172:
1138:
1119:
1084:(4): 381–393.
1064:
1026:
999:(7): 736–756.
991:) capuchins".
987:) and weeper (
972:
951:
924:
903:
875:
824:
809:
778:
777:
775:
772:
766:
763:
743:black vultures
710:
707:
685:
682:
662:
659:
639:
636:
608:
605:
585:
582:
556:
553:
543:
540:
530:
527:
494:
491:
452:
449:
443:
440:
430:
427:
425:
422:
400:) of northern
359:
356:
297:
296:
295:
294:
286:
278:
267:
259:
248:
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240:
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227:
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102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2635:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
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2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:C. versicolor
2125:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2102:C. malitiosus
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:: 1173–1186.
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:(3): 225–29.
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:(5): 829–36.
1503:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(4): 39–348.
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1412:(431): 1–60.
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
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1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
968:
965:
958:
956:
941:
937:
931:
929:
913:
907:
892:
886:
884:
882:
880:
863:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
842:
833:
831:
829:
820:
816:
812:
810:0-801-88221-4
806:
802:
801:
796:
795:Wilson, D. E.
792:
791:Groves, C. P.
786:
784:
779:
771:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
681:
678:
674:
672:
667:
661:Alloparenting
658:
654:
650:
648:
644:
635:
633:
632:vocalizations
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
581:
577:
570:
569:SĂŁo Paulo Zoo
565:
561:
552:
550:
539:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Orinoco River
508:
504:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
469:
465:
460:
459:
448:
439:
435:
421:
419:
415:
414:IUCN Red List
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:French Guiana
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
355:
353:
352:alloparenting
348:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:South America
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
290:
287:
282:
279:
275:
271:
268:
263:
260:
255:
252:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
215:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
40:SĂŁo Paulo Zoo
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2369:
2344:
2328:S. vanzolini
2327:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2255:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2158:
2147:C. castaneus
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2111:C. olivaceus
2110:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2039:C. capucinus
2038:
2029:
2021:C. albifrons
2020:
2002:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1792:
1788:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1714:(2): 89–92.
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1409:
1405:
1385:
1375:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1132:
1122:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1042:
1038:
996:
992:
988:
985:Cebus apella
984:
967:
963:
943:. Retrieved
939:
916:. Retrieved
906:
895:. Retrieved
866:. Retrieved
852:
846:
840:
799:
768:
755:harpy eagles
747:green ibises
712:
687:
675:
668:
664:
655:
651:
641:
621:
610:
601:
597:C. olivaceus
596:
587:
578:
574:
558:
549:protoculture
545:
542:Food washing
536:
532:
496:
486:
483:C. olivaceus
482:
476:
472:C. capucinus
462:
456:
454:
445:
436:
432:
405:
397:
374:C. castaneus
373:
363:
361:
346:
345:
341:
336:
311:
310:
306:
302:
300:
288:
280:
269:
261:
253:
236:
233:C. castaneus
232:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
151:Infraorder:
18:
2461:iNaturalist
2394:Wikispecies
2310:S. sciureus
2301:S. oerstedi
2292:S. collinsi
2247:Saimiriinae
2222:S. robustus
2213:S. nigritus
2120:C. unicolor
2075:C. imitator
2057:C. cuscinus
2030:C. brunneus
1223:: 159–178.
868:11 November
671:wet nursing
589:Infanticide
584:Infanticide
424:Description
398:C. brunneus
380:, southern
276:, 1851
237:C. brunneus
155:Simiiformes
2587:Categories
2195:S. flavius
2138:C. yuracus
2084:C. kaapori
1984:Haplorhini
1982:Suborder:
945:2021-12-06
918:2019-12-11
897:2019-12-12
774:References
628:aggression
617:matrilines
478:C. kaapori
362:The genus
214:Schomburgk
145:Haplorhini
141:Suborder:
2177:S. apella
2048:C. cesare
1958:Kingdom:
1827:Behaviour
1155:Behaviour
1098:1098-2345
709:Predation
703:mosquitos
690:millipede
677:Parasitic
503:Venezuela
487:C. apella
464:C. apella
451:Phylogeny
402:Venezuela
333:Venezuela
183:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
2565:Species+
2531:12100281
2505:81384371
2479:10459577
2379:Wikidata
2346:Category
2319:S. ustus
1978:Primates
1972:Mammalia
1966:Chordata
1964:Phylum:
1960:Animalia
1882:86176932
1874:32079372
1809:53194952
1771:53181065
1736:46745701
1693:53202962
1588:84814720
1553:85318833
1518:53168154
1367:23557306
1332:12171529
1324:22311697
1288:18534011
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1021:22908690
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793:(2005).
643:Grooming
638:Grooming
555:Behavior
390:Suriname
358:Taxonomy
245:Synonyms
161:Family:
135:Primates
125:Mammalia
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
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2453:2436638
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2257:Saimiri
2160:Sapajus
1994:Cebinae
1976:Order:
1970:Class:
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1658:2391046
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695:noxious
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2004:Cebus
1878:S2CID
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