254:
426:. Meteorologists created the station model to plot a number of weather elements in a small space on weather maps. Maps filled with dense station-model plots can be difficult to read, but they allow meteorologists, pilots, and mariners to see important weather patterns. A computer draws a station model for each observation location. The station model is primarily used on surface-weather maps, but can also be used to show the weather aloft. A completed station-model map allows users to analyze patterns in air pressure, temperature, wind, cloud cover, and precipitation.
183:
441:
major cloud type. Any cloud type with significant vertical extent that can occupy more than one étage is coded as low (cumulus and cumulonimbus) or middle (nimbostratus) depending on the altitude level or étage where it normally initially forms aside from any vertical growth that takes place. The symbol used on the map for each of these étages at a particular observation time is for the genus, species, variety, mutation, or cloud motion that is considered most important according to criteria set out by the
528:
437:, wind, cloud cover, air pressure, pressure tendency, and precipitation. Winds have a standard notation when plotted on weather maps. More than a century ago, winds were plotted as arrows, with feathers on just one side depicting five knots of wind, while feathers on both sides depicted 10 knots (19 km/h) of wind. The notation changed to that of half of an arrow, with half of a wind barb indicating five knots, a full barb ten knots, and a pennant flag fifty knots.
1710:
123:
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31:
161:. After gathering information from weather stations across the country for the month of October 1861, he plotted the data on a map using his own system of symbols, thereby creating the world's first weather map. He used his map to prove that air circulated clockwise around areas of high pressure; he coined the term 'anticyclone' to describe the phenomenon. He was also instrumental in publishing the first weather map in a
557:. Isotherms can be drawn on these maps, which are lines of equal temperature. Isotherms are drawn normally as solid lines at a preferred temperature interval. They show temperature gradients, which can be useful in finding fronts, which are on the warm side of large temperature gradients. By plotting the freezing line, isotherms can be useful in determination of precipitation type. Mesoscale boundaries such as
407:
458:
495:
more realistic depiction of the weather pattern than a standard surface analysis. Using the 850 and 700 hPa pressure surfaces, one can determine when and where warm advection (coincident with upward vertical motion) and cold advection (coincident with downward vertical motion) is occurring within the lower portions of the
584:
poleward, while streamline analyses are used in the tropics. A streamline analysis is a series of arrows oriented parallel to wind, showing wind motion within a certain geographic area. "C"s depict cyclonic flow or likely areas of low pressure, while "A"s depict anticyclonic flow or likely positions
510:
Use of the 300 and 200 hPa constant pressure charts can indicate the strength of systems in the lower troposphere, as stronger systems near the Earth's surface are reflected as stronger features at these levels of the atmosphere. Isotachs are drawn at these levels, which a lines of equal wind speed.
341:
have made it possible to devise finely tailored products that take us from the traditional weather map into an entirely new realm. Weather information can quickly be matched to relevant geographical detail. For instance, icing conditions can be mapped onto the road network. This will likely continue
323:
By 1999, computer systems and software had finally become sophisticated enough to allow for the ability to underlay on the same workstation satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model-derived fields such as atmospheric thickness and frontogenesis in combination with surface observations to make for
494:
Constant pressure charts normally contain plotted values of temperature, humidity, wind, and the vertical height above sea level of the pressure surface. They have a variety of uses. In the mountainous terrain of the western United States and
Mexican Plateau, the 850 hPa pressure surface can be a
440:
Because of the structure of the SYNOP code, a maximum of three cloud symbols can be plotted for each reporting station that appears on the weather map. All cloud types are coded and transmitted by trained observers then plotted on maps as low, middle, or high-étage using special symbols for each
312:. By May 14, 1954, the 500 hPa surface was being analyzed, which is about 5,520 metres (18,110 ft) above sea level. The effort to automate map plotting began in the United States in 1969, with the process complete in the 1970s. A similar initiative was started in India by
487:
332:
workstations. By 2001, the various surface analyses done within the
National Weather Service were combined into the Unified Surface Analysis, which is issued every six hours and combines the analyses of four different centers. Recent advances in both the fields of
445:(WMO). If these elements for any étage at the time of observation are deemed to be of equal importance, then the type which is predominant in amount is coded by the observer and plotted on the weather map using the appropriate symbol. Special weather maps in
307:
In addition to surface weather maps, weather agencies began to generate constant pressure charts. In 1948, the United States began the Daily
Weather Map series, which at first analyzed the 700 hPa level, which is around 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above
477:
height (level where at least half the sky is covered with clouds) in hundreds of feet, present weather, and cloud cover. Icing maps depict areas where icing can be a hazard for flying. Aviation-related maps also show areas of turbulence.
236:
inherited this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of
Congress, and expanded it to the west coast soon afterwards. At first, not all the data on the map was used due to a lack of time standardization. The United States fully adopted
204:...led us to inquire if the electric telegraph was yet extended far enough from Manchester to obtain information from the eastern counties...inquiries were made at the following places; and hypothesis were returned, which we append...
281:, one ahead of the low and another trailing behind the low. The convergence line ahead of the low became known as either the steering line or the warm front. The trailing convergence zone was referred to as the
216:
so that the information on the map should accurately represent the weather at a given time. A standardized time system was first used to coordinate the
British railway network in 1847, with the inauguration of
515:. Maxima in the wind pattern at various levels of the atmosphere show locations of jet streams. Areas colder than −40 °C (−40 °F) indicate a lack of significant icing, as long as there is no active
293:. The nature of the three-dimensional structure of the cyclone would wait for the development of the upper air network during the 1940s. Since the leading edge of air mass changes bore resemblance to the
499:. Areas with small dewpoint depressions and are below freezing indicate the presence of icing conditions for aircraft. The 500 hPa pressure surface can be used as a rough guide for the motion of many
580:
are shown as L's. Elongated areas of low pressure, or troughs, are sometimes plotted as thick, brown dashed lines down the trough axis. Isobars are commonly used to place surface boundaries from the
473:
interests have their own set of weather maps. One type of map shows where VFR (visual flight rules) are in effect and where IFR (instrument flight rules) are in effect. Weather depiction plots show
301:, the term "front" came into use to represent these lines. The United States began to formally analyze fronts on surface analyses in late 1942, when the WBAN Analysis Center opened in downtown
194:
networks so that data from across the country could be gathered in real time and remain relevant for all analysis. The first such use of the telegraph for gathering data on the weather was the
114:. Cloud codes are translated into symbols and plotted on these maps along with other meteorological data that are included in synoptic reports sent by professionally trained observers.
429:
Station model plots use an internationally accepted coding convention that has changed little since August 1, 1941. Elements in the plot show the key weather elements, including
572:. The innermost closed lines indicate the positions of relative maxima and minima in the pressure field. The minima are called low-pressure areas while the maxima are called
253:
1396:
1020:
146:
was able to show that if a chronological map of the storm had been issued, the path it would take could have been predicted and avoided by the fleet.
134:
The use of weather charts in a modern sense began in the middle portion of the 19th century in order to devise a theory on storm systems. During the
1159:
98:
in the wind field, which are helpful in determining the location of features within the wind pattern. A popular type of surface weather map is the
1173:
1086:
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838:
869:
329:
1000:
661:
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An upper-level jet streak. DIV areas are regions of divergence aloft, which usually leads to surface convergence and cyclogenesis
91:
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800:
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developed its network of observers over much of the central and eastern United States between the 1840s and 1860s once
511:
They are helpful in finding maxima and minima in the wind pattern. Minima in the wind pattern aloft are favorable for
58:
which all have specific meanings. Such maps have been in use since the mid-19th century and are used for research and
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738:
442:
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1400:
313:
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17:
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appeared to be focused along these convergence zones. The concept of frontal zones led to the concept of
342:
to lead to changes in the way surface analyses are created and displayed over the next several years.
1292:
908:
568:
Isobaric analysis is performed on these maps, which involves the construction of lines of equal mean
866:
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536:
99:
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842:
225:
63:
792:
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the best possible surface analysis. In the United States, this development was achieved when
176:
1110:
598:
103:
86:
is located. Use of constant pressure charts at the 700 and 500 hPa level can indicate
1321:
788:
Stormwatchers: The
Turbulent History of Weather Prediction From Franklin's Kite to El Nino
691:
257:
Light tables were important to the construction of surface weather analyses into the 1990s
8:
1562:
1522:
1480:
1057:
968:
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218:
196:
59:
1502:
1209:
1750:
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771:
717:
573:
569:
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107:
1349:
277:. This theory proposed that the main inflow into a cyclone was concentrated along two
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796:
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143:
111:
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87:
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1137:
S. A. Saseendran, L. Harenduprakash, L. S. Rathore and V. S. Singh (2004-12-05).
873:
636:
581:
423:
190:
The introduction of country-wide weather maps required the existence of national
1675:
1670:
1660:
1609:
1555:
1056:. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from
837:
817:
585:
of high-pressure areas. An area of confluent streamlines shows the location of
554:
550:
541:
A surface weather analysis is a type of weather map that depicts positions for
474:
294:
266:
169:(an instrument for copying drawings) to inscribe the map onto printing blocks.
158:
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127:
67:
713:
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55:
35:
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229:
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features across a particular area at a particular point in time and has
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504:
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122:
95:
83:
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1655:
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317:
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based on wind speeds at various levels show areas of convergence and
1021:"From the Archives (July 12, 1969): Forecasts with aid of computer"
470:
446:
434:
385:
290:
175:
began printing weather maps using these methods with data from the
157:
heard of this work, as well as the pioneering weather forecasts of
30:
1083:"Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 1999 Accomplishment Report"
373:
361:
1248:
994:"Prospectus for an NMC Digital Facsimile Incoder Mapping Program"
419:
242:
150:
71:
1054:"The Hong Kong Observatory Computer System and Its Applications"
503:. Shallower tropical cyclones, which have experienced vertical
320:
completed their process of automated surface plotting by 1987.
270:
262:
261:
The use of frontal zones on weather maps began in the 1910s in
991:
1578:
740:
Atmosphere: A Scientific
History of Air, Weather, and Climate
406:
963:
935:
486:
1317:
286:
75:
1280:
1604:
907:
269:, derived from a coastal network of observation sites in
79:
78:
speed, on a constant pressure surface of 300 or 250
1547:
1478:
1139:"A GIS application for weather analysis and forecasting"
1394:
379:
Middle étage (Ac,As) and downward-growing vertical (Ns)
457:
367:
Low étage (Sc,St) and upward-growing vertical (Cu, Cb)
1500:
1051:
885:
659:
507:, tend to be steered by winds at the 700 hPa level.
1289:"Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique"
1460:"Section 1. Influences on Tropical Cyclone Motion"
1454:
1347:
913:"A Brief History of the Weather Prediction Center"
711:
66:show temperature gradients, which can help locate
1427:
772:"Distant Writing - The Companies and the Weather"
664:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from
531:Streamline analysis of the tropical Pacific Ocean
1742:
1249:World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975).
1180:. Colorado Climate Center. 2005. Archived from
1087:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
992:National Meteorological Center (January 1969).
917:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
839:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
736:
565:also are analyzed on surface weather analyses.
1434:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 129–134.
1323:Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH) Number 2
1563:
1108:
1001:Environmental Science Services Administration
1286:
1158:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
402:Present weather symbols used on weather maps
815:
784:
685:
522:
481:
1570:
1556:
769:
655:
653:
1423:
1421:
1368:
526:
485:
456:
405:
397:
252:
181:
121:
29:
1479:Edward J. Hopkins, Ph.D. (1996-06-10).
791:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.
626:
576:. Highs are often shown as H's whereas
418:is a symbolic illustration showing the
138:a storm devastated the French fleet at
14:
1743:
1310:
1242:
1221:
650:
265:. Polar front theory is attributed to
1551:
1418:
1395:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
1118:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
1104:
1102:
1079:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
208:It was also important for time to be
1316:
1052:Hong Kong Observatory (2009-09-03).
973:United States Department of Commerce
945:United States Department of Commerce
847:United States Department of Commerce
660:DataStreme Atmosphere (2008-04-28).
449:show areas of icing and turbulence.
1215:
1174:"Introduction to Drawing Isopleths"
589:within the tropics and subtropics.
345:
285:or cold front. Areas of clouds and
245:finally established standard time.
34:A surface weather analysis for the
24:
1099:
859:
130:, the inventor of the weather map.
25:
1777:
1252:Étages, International Cloud Atlas
1222:Tuttle, Dr. Elizabeth R. (2005).
1111:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual"
712:Human Intelligence (2007-07-25).
443:World Meteorological Organization
1756:Synoptic meteorology and weather
1720:
1709:
1708:
1481:"Surface Weather Analysis Chart"
465:
384:
372:
360:
328:workstations were replaced by n-
314:Indian Meteorological Department
1516:
1494:
1472:
1448:
1431:Aircraft icing: a pilot's guide
1401:American Meteorological Society
1388:
1362:
1341:
1226:. J. B. Calvert. Archived from
1199:
1166:
1130:
1071:
1045:
1013:
985:
957:
929:
901:
879:
248:
74:maps, analyzing lines of equal
1501:Bureau of Meteorology (2010).
886:Bureau of Meteorology (2010).
831:
809:
778:
763:
730:
705:
679:
620:
549:, as well as various types of
339:geographic information systems
13:
1:
1534:. Pacific Region Headquarters
1532:"Pacific Streamline Analysis"
888:"Air Masses and Weather Maps"
614:
1109:David M. Roth (2006-12-14).
965:United States Weather Bureau
937:United States Weather Bureau
867:The Norwegian Cyclone Model.
714:"Francis Galton (1822–1911)"
461:Alaskan aviation weather map
165:, for which he modified the
7:
1505:. Commonwealth of Australia
1348:Unisys Corporation (2009).
1320:, ed. (September 3, 2007).
890:. Commonwealth of Australia
592:
142:, and the French scientist
10:
1782:
1428:Terry T. Lankford (1999).
690:. MAPS GPS. Archived from
662:"Air Temperature Patterns"
534:
349:
117:
1704:
1646:
1623:
1585:
1577:
1483:. University of Wisconsin
1397:"Constant-pressure chart"
1293:Plymouth State University
909:Weather Prediction Center
561:, outflow boundaries and
27:Table of weather elements
1524:National Weather Service
1255:. Vol. I. pp.
1212:Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
1206:National Weather Service
876:Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
865:University of Oklahoma.
737:Allaby, Michael (2009).
609:Surface weather analysis
537:Surface weather analysis
523:Surface weather analysis
482:Constant pressure charts
452:
410:Wind barb interpretation
186:US weather map from 1843
100:surface weather analysis
90:motion. Two-dimensional
1369:Jeppesen (2008-05-06).
843:"An Expanding Presence"
743:. Infobase Publishing.
226:Smithsonian Institution
1633:History of cartography
1350:"Surface Data Details"
1210:Station Model Example.
818:"Daylight Saving Time"
532:
491:
462:
411:
403:
258:
234:U.S. Army Signal Corps
206:
187:
131:
48:synoptic weather chart
39:
1638:List of cartographers
1287:Koermer, Jim (2011).
633:Microsoft Corporation
530:
513:tropical cyclogenesis
489:
460:
422:occurring at a given
409:
401:
391:High étage (Ci,Cc,Cs)
256:
202:
185:
177:Meteorological Office
125:
62:purposes. Maps using
33:
1329:. NOAA. p. C-17
1141:. GISDevelopment.net
816:WebExhibits (2008).
785:John D. Cox (2002).
686:Jay Snively (2010).
279:lines of convergence
38:on October 21, 2006.
969:"Daily Weather Map"
941:"Daily Weather Map"
574:high-pressure areas
232:took the helm. The
219:Greenwich Mean Time
200:newspaper in 1847:
197:Manchester Examiner
106:to depict areas of
60:weather forecasting
50:, displays various
1766:British inventions
1761:Weather prediction
1456:United States Navy
872:2006-09-01 at the
718:Indiana University
570:sea level pressure
547:low-pressure areas
533:
492:
463:
412:
404:
259:
188:
132:
40:
1736:
1735:
1503:"The Weather Map"
1441:978-0-07-134139-4
1266:978-92-63-10407-6
1187:on April 28, 2007
802:978-0-471-38108-2
559:tropical cyclones
501:tropical cyclones
424:reporting station
144:Urbain Le Verrier
16:(Redirected from
1773:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1651:Animated mapping
1628:Early world maps
1600:Geovisualization
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1528:Honolulu, Hawaii
1526:Forecast Office
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1373:. Archived from
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1314:
1308:
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1295:. Archived from
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1278:
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1213:
1203:
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854:
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835:
829:
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813:
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782:
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770:Steven Roberts.
767:
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734:
728:
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724:
709:
703:
702:
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683:
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635:. Archived from
627:Encarta (2009).
624:
604:Prognostic chart
553:systems such as
388:
376:
364:
346:Plotting of data
303:Washington, D.C.
153:, the scientist
88:tropical cyclone
46:, also known as
21:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1700:
1691:Topographic map
1642:
1619:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1537:
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1521:
1517:
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1300:
1285:
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1271:
1269:
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1233:
1231:
1230:on July 9, 2008
1220:
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1151:
1150:
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906:
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893:
891:
884:
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874:Wayback Machine
864:
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582:horse latitudes
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455:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
381:
380:
377:
369:
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365:
354:
348:
295:military fronts
251:
224:In the US, The
120:
82:show where the
56:various symbols
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1779:
1769:
1768:
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1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Nautical chart
1673:
1671:Linguistic map
1668:
1663:
1661:Choropleth map
1658:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
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1635:
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1624:
1621:
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1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:Map projection
1607:
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1371:"Weather Help"
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1224:"Weather Maps"
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1027:. 2019-07-12.
1012:
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967:(1954-05-14).
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347:
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267:Jacob Bjerknes
250:
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241:in 1905, when
159:Robert FitzRoy
155:Francis Galton
128:Francis Galton
119:
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102:, which plots
68:weather fronts
52:meteorological
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36:United States
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18:Weather chart
1738:
1727:Portal:Atlas
1725:
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1686:Thematic map
1666:Geologic map
1536:. Retrieved
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
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1463:. Retrieved
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1405:the original
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1058:the original
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692:the original
681:
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
622:
567:
563:squall lines
540:
517:thunderstorm
509:
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260:
249:20th century
230:Joseph Henry
223:
210:standardized
207:
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189:
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133:
112:low pressure
47:
43:
41:
1696:Weather map
1590:Cartography
1333:26 November
497:troposphere
431:temperature
335:meteorology
299:World War I
283:squall line
275:World War I
136:Crimean War
92:streamlines
44:weather map
1745:Categories
1615:Topography
1538:2010-02-07
1509:2010-02-06
1487:2007-05-10
1465:2010-02-06
1411:2010-02-06
1381:2010-02-07
1355:2010-02-07
1303:2016-03-28
1178:Co Co RAHS
1145:2007-05-05
1123:2006-10-22
1092:2007-05-05
1064:2010-02-06
1038:2019-07-18
1006:2007-05-05
978:2010-02-06
950:2010-02-06
922:2014-07-01
894:2010-02-06
852:2010-01-31
824:2007-06-24
756:2013-12-07
723:2007-04-18
698:2010-01-30
672:2010-02-07
643:2007-11-25
615:References
587:shearlines
535:See also:
519:activity.
505:wind shear
326:Intergraph
291:air masses
239:time zones
214:time zones
167:pantograph
96:divergence
84:jet stream
1751:Map types
1656:Cartogram
1595:Geography
1272:26 August
1191:April 29,
1033:0971-751X
1025:The Hindu
318:Hong Kong
316:in 1969.
310:sea level
192:telegraph
172:The Times
163:newspaper
140:Balaklava
64:isotherms
1458:(2007).
1208:(2003).
1154:cite web
1081:(2000).
870:Archived
593:See also
471:Aviation
447:aviation
435:dewpoint
287:rainfall
1234:May 10,
688:"H-I-J"
629:"Chart"
475:ceiling
420:weather
273:during
243:Detroit
212:across
151:England
118:History
104:isobars
72:Isotach
1438:
1263:
1031:
820:. Idea
799:
747:
599:Isobar
271:Norway
263:Norway
1579:Atlas
1327:(PDF)
1257:15–16
1185:(PDF)
1114:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
793:53–56
453:Types
330:AWIPS
1436:ISBN
1335:2014
1318:NOAA
1274:2014
1261:ISBN
1236:2007
1193:2007
1160:link
1029:ISSN
797:ISBN
745:ISBN
578:lows
545:and
543:high
337:and
126:Sir
110:and
76:wind
1605:Map
297:of
149:In
80:hPa
1747::
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1156:}}
1152:{{
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