727:, or ‘high hills’. Evidence of the Lenape presence in the Watchungs can be seen in numerous camps sites that have been uncovered, mainly along the rivers coursing through mountains and in the small caves abundant in the volcanic rock. It is thought that the Lenape favored the Watchungs for their profusion of natural resources, including abundant freshwater rivers and streams, a variety of forests, and plentiful fish and game. They took advantage of the rich soils and maintained many farm areas where they raised a variety of seasonal crops. The Lenape Trail goes along the edge of the cliffs of the Watchung Mountains and the Lenape used the overlooks there as smoke signal locations.
750:
1313:
1398:
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140:
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439:, that is to say, the type of rock found at Orange Mountain is exclusive to all of First Watchung Mountain, while the type of rock found at Preakness Mountain is exclusive to all of Second Watchung Mountain. Similarly to this misinformation about First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain, sometimes the Third Watchung Mountain is confused with its basalt type locality, as on some occasions its entire length is erroneously referred to as
22:
955:
1098:
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only the basalt layers, but also some overlying
Jurassic sedimentary rock. The largest syncline in the basin, the Watchung syncline, contains the greater portion of the Watchung flood basalts as they appear today. The projecting, eroding edges of the flood basalts preserved in the syncline form the three ridges of the Watchung Mountains. Jurassic sedimentary rock layers between and above the three ridges form the
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1000:
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in the
Connecticut River Basin, another aborted rift valley, came into existence at approximately the same time as the Watchungs, also through extrusive eruptions. While non-contiguous, the two ranges may be considered geologic cousins, having formed under similar circumstances during the rifting of
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Erosion began to attack the basin as rifting failed and deposition of new sediments ceased. Over millions of years, erosion ate downward through the tilted rock of the basin, eventually encountering the basalt layers that are significantly more erosion resistant than the surrounding sedimentary rock.
753:
Traditional Native
American vantage points north and south of the only gap through all three of the Watchung Mountain ridges were used by General Washington to observe English troop movements to and from Manhattan (red) with the relative safety that the mountains provided to his military headquarters
730:
With the arrival of
Europeans, the same resources that sustained the indigenous peoples served settlers. Trade in furs to European markets, a bounty of game and fish, and native garden produce for the traders was important during the Dutch colonial period when few settlements occurred. Perhaps most
1129:
Today, along the summits of the
Watchungs, talus slope environs as well as globally rare trap rock glade/outcrop communities and their unique species have become threatened by development. As a response, efforts to conserve the unique landscapes of the Watchungs have been undertaken. The largest of
335:
glade communities. The ridges traditionally contained the westward spread of urbanization, forming a significant geologic barrier beyond the piedmont west of the Hudson River; the town of Newark, for example, once included lands from the Hudson to the base of the mountains. Later treaties moved the
908:
Today, the flood basalts are preserved in the synclines adjacent to the Ramapo Fault system. It is in these synclines that the basalt layers are thick and warped into downward dipping trap rock sheets, descending below the current erosional surface of the basin. Notably, the synclines preserve not
486:
450:
and west of Third
Watchung Mountain. While attaining elevations more than 400 ft (120 m) above sea level, the ridge lacks topographic prominence, only rising to approximately 100 ft (30 m) above the surrounding terrain. Only one portion of the ridge is named, a southern section
343:
along the Hudson River. In many places, however, the mountains have become sinuous islands of natural landscape within the suburban sprawl covering much of contemporary northeastern New Jersey. Parks, preserves, and numerous historical sites dot the valleys and slopes of the mountains, providing
880:
Throughout the early
Jurassic, the Newark Basin underwent extensive dipping and folding. The western side of the basin plunged deeper into the crust, tilting the strata of the basin to an angle of between 5 and 25 degrees. Localized deformation of the western edge of the basin along the
996:, which historically has been used in railroad beds and road construction. In addition to this, in many places the mountains are underlain by red and white sandstone that, at times, has been used in building construction. Mica and calcareous spar often accompany these sandstone beds.
1173:. The lake existed during the last ice age, eventually draining as a glacier in the northern Watchungs receded and allowed the lake's water to empty out via a gap in the ridges of First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain currently occupied by the Passaic River.
2013:
Thomas
Francis Gordon. Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey – A General View of its Physical and Moral Condition, together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Railroads, &c. Published by D. Fenton, 1834.
1631:
Thomas
Francis Gordon. Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey – A General View of its Physical and Moral Condition, together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Railroads, &c. Published by D. Fenton, 1834.
481:
Although the
Watchungs commonly are described in terms of their east-west ridge arrangement (First Watchung Mountain, Second Watchung Mountain, and Third Watchung Mountain), they also are divided into smaller mountain ranges, as well as various named ridges.
331:). The Watchung Mountains are known for their numerous scenic vistas overlooking the skylines of New York City and Newark, New Jersey, as well as their isolated ecosystems containing rare plants, endangered wildlife, rich minerals, and globally imperiled
1938:
Puffer, J.H., Block, K.A., Steiner, J.C., 2009. Transmission of Flood Basalts through a Shallow Crustal Sill and the Correlation of Sill Layers with Extrusive Flows: The Palisades Intrusive System and the Basalts of the Newark Basin, New Jersey, U.S.A.
877:, a period of limited volcanic activity followed, allowing sediment to be deposited on top of the previously erupted layer of basalt. In this way, the Newark Basin became layered with alternating strata of Watchung basalt and Jurassic sedimentary rock.
905:
The result of this has been that the exposed edges of the eroding basalt layers have managed to persist longer than the exposed edges of the sedimentary layers, causing them to project prominently above the surrounding surface terrain as high ridges.
731:
importantly with the settlements established during the English colonial period, the rivers and streams of the Watchungs also supported grain, grist, and saw mills. Later, the energy of these rivers would be harnessed for industry, most notably at the
642:. The northern terminus of Caldwell Mountain is the Passaic River, while the southern terminus is at the Hobart Gap (or Millburn Gap). South of that gap, Second Watchung Mountain parallels First Watchung Mountain to Far Hills. There, a gap known as
537:), part of First Watchung Mountain, flanks the eastern side of Preakness Mountain. Its northern end is broken by a shallow gap separating it from Campgaw Mountain, while its southern end is divided from Garret Mountain by the Passaic River in
431:. Historically, the names ‘Orange’ and ‘Preakness’ have only been applied to specific sections of these ridges. The confusion appears to have arisen from the fact that First Watchung Mountain is said to be composed of Orange Mountain
827:
base. Installed on the mountain between 1955 and 1971, the base's missiles served to guard New York City air space, standing by to intercept nuclear armed Soviet bombers. The facility ultimately was abandoned with the advent of
1125:
enclosed the Watchungs within the bulge of suburbia radiating out from New York City. Many pathways of safe passage through the mountains, retained from the time of the Lenapes, were severed and blocked by the highways.
1952:
LeTourneau, Peter M. & Olsen, Paul E. (editors). “The Great Rift Valleys of Pangea in Eastern North America – Volume One: Tectonics Structure and Volcanism”. Columbia University Press, New York, 2003.
1105:
In the mid-twentieth century, the ability of the Watchungs to hold back the spread of urbanization was greatly reduced with the development of the interstate highway system. Three interstate highways,
935:
trap rock, they display characteristic columnar jointing and stacked lava flows. These features are readily noted along the eastern faces of the ridges that often present mural precipices, or vertical
1134:, which at 1,153.7 acres (4.669 km) sets aside one of the largest tracts of wilderness in the New Jersey Piedmont. The park is known to contain at least one globally imperiled plant, Torrey's
1117:, were built through the Watchungs, allowing midcentury suburban-style development to become economically feasible within its inner valleys and slopes. Near the end of the twentieth century,
2807:
1683:
Olsen, P. E. (1980). "The Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Formations of the Newark Basin (Eastern North America, Newark Supergroup): Stratigraphy, Structure, and Correlation".
1165:. It is championed by many organizations among the contemporary communities adjacent to the refuge. The Great Swamp, as well as other swamps retained by the Watchungs, including
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610:
are a historical range, encompassing the ridges of First and Second Watchung Mountain south of the Passaic River. First Watchung Mountain in this range begins in the north as
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1397:
865:, but it ultimately broke out to the surface through large, episodic eruptions. The Watchung Mountains were formed from these eruptions, consisting of three separate
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1180:. The trail traverses rugged sections of the mountains while at the same time, connecting various historical sites pertinent to the history of New Jersey.
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is the northernmost ridge of the Watchungs, formed by a combination of First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain. Its northern terminus is the
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1176:
General awareness of the history and natural environment of Watchungs has been increased through efforts such as the construction and designation of the
412:
and lies on the northwestern side of Second Watchung Mountain. A parallel series of gaps through all three mountain ridges extends to the west from near
1737:"Bedrock Topography and Profiles of Valley-Fill Deposits in the Ramapo River Valley, New Jersey. Geologic Map Series 88-6. New Jersey Geological Survey"
634:, then divides Orange Mountain from the remaining southern part of First Watchung Mountain, which stretches south and then west before terminating near
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591:, where the Passaic River drains the Great Swamp and cuts through the range. Third Watchung extends a short distance west of Millington to
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Other large areas of preserved land lie within the valleys of the Watchungs. Retained within the embrace of Third Watchung Mountain, the
559:, which runs west-northwest and then turns south to form a curve encircling the Great Piece Meadows along the Passaic River, ending near
1896:
1595:
Joseph Dowhan et al. Significant Habitats and Habitat Complexes of the New York Bight Watershed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997.
1073:, ore containing 8% copper was discovered, and a copper mine once operated in the area. Other copper bearing ores have been noted near
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patients. The county hospital was built there because the high elevation provided clean, mountain air away from the cities to the east.
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and Campgaw Mountain. Along with Packanack Mountain (part of Third Watchung Mountain) to the west, Preakness Mountain forms the
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58:
1047:), are prominent in the ancient lava flows of the Watchungs and typically, are seen as embedded nodules along exposed fronts.
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Outside of providing gradation to rivers and streams, the height of the Watchungs has proven useful for other reasons. In the
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1999:
Account of the Geology, Mineralogy, Scenery, &c. of the secondary region of New-York and New-Jersey, and adjacent regions
560:
2455:
1814:. MacCrellish and Quigley, Printers, Trenton, NJ, 1912. See Page 77, Archaeological Survey, Sites in Northern New Jersey.
1532:
1146:
475:
670:, which stand at 879 ft (268m), 869 ft (265m) and 755 ft (230m) above sea level. Another notable summit is
65:
1653:
The First County Park System: A Complete History of the Inception and Development of the Essex County Parks of New Jersey
829:
470:. Together with the Appalachian Mountains to the west, the Watchungs pen in an area formerly occupied by the prehistoric
435:, while Second Watchung Mountain is composed of Preakness Mountain basalt. The names applied to the basalts are geologic
39:
1856:
1379:
1365:
925:, additional fragments of the flood basalts and associated overlying sediments that have survived into the modern era.
861:. Initially, the magma was contained within the sedimentary strata of the basin, forming large intrusions such as the
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1958:
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638:. Second Watchung Mountain begins in the northern portion of the Newark Mountains as what is historically known as
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1812:
Geological Survey of New Jersey – Bulletin 6: Annual Administrative Report of the State Geologist for the year 1911
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incises the ridge before it makes a turn to the north. The remaining section of Second Watchung Mountain, known as
2139:
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467:
984:
Pangaea. The same erosive and tectonic forces that elevated the Watchungs, also served to raise the Metacomets.
976:, a ring-shaped volcanic mountain between Sourland Mountain and the Watchungs, is of the same geologic lineage.
793:. During the revolution the signaling beacons along the Watchungs were extended far up the Hudson and to Boston.
2355:
1206:
54:
43:
1035:, which form from a reaction of mafic rocks in alkaline environments, can be found along exposed ridge lines.
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2365:
2302:
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2149:
1722:
506:, near the New York border. A shallow gap separates its southern end from Preakness Mountain and Goffle Hill.
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1153:. The refuge was created through the efforts and donations of a small group of local residents in 1959, the
423:
Often the entireties of First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain are erroneously referred to as
2728:
2159:
1501:
1466:
1405:
1200:
943:, although these were formed within the Earth's crust. Additionally, the Watchungs feature not only blocky
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580:
417:
365:
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2315:
2310:
2232:
2204:
1613:
1352:
1281:
1269:
790:
762:
683:
592:
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328:
1470:
1446:, a volcanic mountain range in southern New England that formed around the same time as the Watchungs
1297:
782:
389:
369:
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origin, between 400 and 500 feet (120 and 150 m) high, lying parallel to each other in northern
1976:
Annual Report of the State Geologist for the year 1898 – The Extension of the Newark System of Rocks
1876:
1257:
735:, where mechanical and hydroelectric systems exploited the energy of water falling over the face of
2738:
2682:
2421:
2257:
1725:, John C. Smock, State Geologist. Trenton, N.J.: The John L. Murphy Pub. Co., Printers. p. 35.
833:
801:
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377:
373:
2001:. The American Journal of Science and Arts. Vol II, No. 2, 1820. Published by S. Converse, 1820.
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between the ridges. This position on the high ground also allowed him to monitor the area between
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2015:
1815:
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recreational and cultural activities to one of the most densely populated regions of the nation.
32:
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The Watchung Mountains are said to have been formed millions of years ago when the continent of
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in Central New Jersey, as well as a series of smaller outlying volcanic ridges in the region.
770:
588:
447:
361:
2002:
1927:
446:
In addition to the three main ridges of the Watchungs, a smaller fourth ridge exists south of
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1983:
1714:
743:
635:
463:
1900:
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consists of 7,600 acres (31 km2) or approximately 12 square miles (30.4 km²) of varied
2488:
1785:
1422:
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1074:
966:
The magma that generated the Watchungs and the Palisades also formed the intrusive igneous
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538:
471:
478:, is a remnant of this glacial lake and presently is retained by Third Watchung Mountain.
8:
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1877:
The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series volume 10, June – August 1777
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1954:
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that may have filled nearly the entire Newark Basin. Each time the basin filled with
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1051:, another nodular mineral, has been found embedded in the volcanic rock around the
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820:
571:, and the Passaic River flow east through a gap in the range that resumes south of
503:
498:
392:) in the northeast. Sometimes the less prominent and discontinuous ridge formed by
319:(High Hills). In the 18th century, the Euro-American settlers also called them the
2056:
1767:
1430:, an igneous intrusion south of the Watchungs that also formed during the Mesozoic
1319:
Cliff face on First Watchung Mountain displaying jointed columns of stacked basalt
2835:
2632:
2237:
2199:
2179:
1962:
1883:
1443:
1437:
1233:
980:
518:
1266:, First Watchung Mountain, Second Watchung Mountain, and Third Watchung Mountain
1188:
650:, then continues a short distance before terminating along the Ramapo Mountains.
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2720:
2406:
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1612:. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 135(1):149–153. Jan/Feb 2008.
857:, then an active rift basin associated with the breakup of the supercontinent
512:
comprises part of the northern extent of Second Watchung Mountain between the
360:(the northwestern ridge), stretch for more than forty miles (64 km) from
139:
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2350:
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2169:
1696:
1453:
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used the protection of the Watchung mountains to erect the first and second
717:
collided with North America. The original inhabitants of the Watchungs, the
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2478:
2325:
2184:
1433:
1263:
1177:
1135:
1086:
882:
866:
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824:
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746:, the military reused the Lenape signal points, as did Washington later.
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921:
formations. Elsewhere in the Newark Basin, smaller synclines preserve the
2637:
2061:
1484:
1203:, Campgaw Mountain (First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain)
526:
493:
Notable ranges and ridges of the Watchungs from north to south include:
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1060:
1040:
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805:
623:
304:
246:
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832:. Two other missile sites were nestled into the forests atop peaks in
686:, which peaks at 675 feet (206 m) just east of the water sphere.
522:. The three highest peaks of the Watchungs are located in this range.
2247:
1387:
1085:
in a matrix of red or gray sandstone. Pyritous copper, also known as
959:
890:
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786:
332:
283:
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485:
21:
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1044:
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1020:
948:
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267:
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where the Passic River flows through the Third Watchung Mountain.
2711:
1897:"Bergen County Historical Society – Cold War at Campgaw Mountain"
1122:
1101:
A trap rock glade straddles the summit of First Watchung Mountain
1078:
954:
932:
858:
547:
begins with Packanack Mountain, part of the Preakness Range. The
474:. The Great Swamp, a large portion of which is designated as the
300:
1978:. MacCrellish & Quigley, State Printers, Trenton, NJ, 1899.
1571:
the Watchung Mountains then called the Blue Hills of New Jersey.
1097:
944:
618:, which is separated from Garret Mountain by a gap known as the
2610:
2590:
1465:, a diabase sill and possible continuation of the Watchungs in
1142:), as well as three other plants endangered within New Jersey.
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1056:
1012:
993:
928:
Because the majority of the Watchung Mountains are composed of
870:
718:
714:
432:
312:
296:
166:
1928:
U.S. Geological Survey - NYC Regional Geology, Mesozoic Basins
1597:
Available via the US FWS National Conservation Training Center
144:
Garret Mountain and Mount Cecchino seen from High Mountain in
1496:
1036:
1008:
785:
as well as to identify and disturb British movements between
336:
boundary to the top of the mountain, to include the springs.
1063:
are known to exist within the northwestern Preakness Range.
999:
579:. The Passaic River flows west through another gap north of
466:, which in northern New Jersey often are referred to as the
1786:
U.S. Geological Survey - NYC Regional Geology, Newark Basin
1004:
1531:
Warren Barton Blake's Introduction to his 1912 edition of
551:
separates the south end of Pakanack from the beginning of
339:
The Watchungs are basalt uplifts, geologically similar to
2038:
Lenape Trail – New Jersey’s Most Remarkable Walking Trail
1089:, is not known to exist in ores found in the Watchungs.
2062:
New York-New Jersey Trail Conference – Watchungs Region
2052:
Geology of the Newark Basin and Connecticut River Basin
893:
that warped the layers of basalt and sedimentary rock.
1508:
that may have formed at the same time as the Watchungs
1278:, First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain
1272:, First Watchung Mountain and Second Watchung Mountain
1557:"Places, Techniques and Tech: The Blue Hills Beacons"
118:
Group of three long low ridges in northern New Jersey
2027:
The Nature Conservancy - High Mountain Park Preserve
2057:
U.S. Geological Survey – South Mountain Reservation
1043:, and crystalline quartz (sometimes in the form of
992:The Watchungs are composed principally of volcanic
840:, creating a strategic triangle of redundant sites.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1946:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1548:
2903:
2498:
1610:Field trip reports – Garret Mountain Reservation
462:All of the ridges lie to the east of the higher
2477:
1655:. J.S. Ogilvie Publishing Co., New York, 1905.
1618:
1483:, a range of steep hills located alongside the
311:. The name is derived from the American Native
2463:
2082:
1019:Due to the volcanic nature of the Watchungs,
1932:
1647:
1645:
1495:along the United States east coast south of
1215:, Preakness Range (Second Watchung Mountain)
1196:Parks and reservations from north to south:
654:Noteworthy summits of the Watchungs include
2843:
2096:
1968:
1831:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
1192:Map showing details of Watchung Reservation
939:. Similar features also can be seen in the
2470:
2456:
2089:
2075:
1963:Limited Preview available via Google Books
1853:"Passaic County – Great Falls State Park"
1709:
1642:
1525:
1069:also can be found in the Watchungs. Near
796:In the twentieth century, the Hilltop in
702:between the first and second ridges near
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2942:Landforms of Somerset County, New Jersey
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1829:The Passaic River: past, present, future
1781:
1779:
1777:
1591:
1589:
1452:, an igneous rock intrusion, probably a
1187:
1096:
1007:front in the Watchungs bearing embedded
998:
953:
895:
748:
693:
484:
352:The two most prominent ridges, known as
2937:Landforms of Passaic County, New Jersey
1993:
1991:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1554:
1209:, Goffle Hill (First Watchung Mountain)
223:40 mi (64 km) north–south
2932:Landforms of Bergen County, New Jersey
2904:
1826:
1797:Matters Magazine – South Mountain High
1715:"The Watchung Mountains and Long Hill"
1685:New Jersey Academy of Science Bulletin
1260:, Riker Hill (Third Watchung Mountain)
900:USGS cross-section of the Newark Basin
2927:Landforms of Essex County, New Jersey
2451:
2387:Baldpate Mountain (Mercer County, NJ)
2120:Baldpate Mountain (Warren County, NJ)
2070:
1914:
1774:
1682:
1586:
1372:Geology typical of the Watchung Range
587:stretches southwest and then west to
1988:
1719:The Physical Geography of New Jersey
1665:
1541:mentions Crèvecœur's son's farm "at
1147:Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
476:Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1703:
1339:between the first and second ridge
1130:the conservation efforts so far is
947:lava, but also ropey and billowing
830:intercontinental ballistic missiles
721:, referred to the mountains as the
13:
1561:Journal of the American Revolution
1456:, jutting up in the middle of the
1163:North American Wildlife Foundation
489:Ranges and ridges of the Watchungs
14:
2973:
2879:Eastern North America Rift Basins
2045:
1721:. Vol. IV. with Appendix by
1408:seen from First Watchung Mountain
2885:
2589:
1396:
1378:
1364:
1357:Green Brook Township, New Jersey
1344:
1325:
1311:
733:Great Falls of the Passaic River
138:
20:
2031:
2020:
2007:
1889:
1870:
1845:
1820:
1801:
1790:
1760:
1538:Letters from an American Farmer
1533:J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur
1155:Jersey Jetport Site Association
1092:
1077:. These ores typically contain
468:New York - New Jersey Highlands
161:High Mountain (Preakness Range)
31:needs additional citations for
2962:Jurassic geology of New Jersey
2957:Triassic geology of New Jersey
2016:Available via Internet Archive
1729:
1661:Available via Internet Archive
1638:Available via Internet Archive
1602:
1207:Franklin Lakes Nature Preserve
614:. South of Garret Mountain is
329:Blue Mountain in Sussex County
295:are a group of three long low
1:
2303:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
2107:New York–New Jersey Highlands
1580:
1183:
987:
849:200 million years ago, magma
356:(the southeastern ridge) and
1768:"History of the Great Swamp"
1514:, New Jersey State Geologist
1502:The Palisades (Hudson River)
1390:from First Watchung Mountain
1201:Campgaw Mountain Reservation
1169:, constitute the remains of
416:to the northern boundary of
347:
7:
2480:Geology of the Newark Basin
1886:, accessed October 18, 2006
1723:Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule
1555:Ruppert, Bob (2015-04-29),
1545:, near the Blue Mountains".
1416:
1410:approximately 13 miles away
1228:Garret Mountain Reservation
1213:High Mountain Park Preserve
1132:High Mountain Park Preserve
1039:, primarily in the form of
873:, which cooled into blocky
368:) in the southwest through
10:
2978:
2003:Available via Google Books
1984:Available via Google Books
1827:Brydon, Norman F. (1974).
1816:Available via Google Books
1440:held back by the Watchungs
1304:
1300:, Second Watchung Mountain
1282:Washington Rock State Park
1270:South Mountain Reservation
1248:, Second Watchung Mountain
1081:(red copper oxide) and/or
844:
804:, served as the site of a
689:
133:Blue Mountains; Blue Hills
2875:
2834:
2762:
2719:
2710:
2651:
2618:
2609:
2598:
2587:
2550:
2509:
2487:
2374:
2301:
2223:
2105:
1943:, volume 117, p. 139–155.
1298:Moggy Hollow Natural Area
1290:, First Watchung Mountain
1284:, First Watchung Mountain
1254:, First Watchung Mountain
1242:, First Watchung Mountain
1236:, First Watchung Mountain
1230:, First Watchung Mountain
1224:, First Watchung Mountain
327:(not to be confused with
273:
257:
252:
242:
232:
227:
219:
214:
199:40.9700722°N 74.1983556°W
175:
165:
157:
152:
137:
128:
123:
1518:
1161:later formed within the
962:surface in the Watchungs
823:was selected to house a
358:Second Watchung Mountain
237:United States of America
171:879 ft (268 m)
2922:Volcanism of New Jersey
800:, the highest point in
771:Middlebrook encampments
737:First Watchung Mountain
599:, jutting northeast at
545:Third Watchung Mountain
410:Third Watchung Mountain
354:First Watchung Mountain
204:40.9700722; -74.1983556
2729:Hudson River Palisades
2676:New Germantown/Oldwick
2517:Orange Mountain Basalt
1941:The Journal of Geology
1458:New Jersey Meadowlands
1294:Leonard J. Buck Garden
1288:Washington Valley Park
1252:Eagle Rock Reservation
1219:Great Falls State Park
1193:
1102:
1016:
963:
901:
755:
710:
490:
2175:Musconetcong Mountain
2125:County House Mountain
1651:Kelsey, Frederick W.
1191:
1159:Great Swamp Committee
1100:
1002:
957:
899:
815:At the height of the
752:
744:French and Indian War
697:
488:
464:Appalachian Mountains
2917:Ridges of New Jersey
2537:Hook Mountain Basalt
2361:Rattlesnake Mountain
1711:Salisbury, Rollin D.
1512:Henry Barnard Kümmel
1504:, a nearby volcanic
1423:Basalt fan structure
1404:The backside of the
1276:Watchung Reservation
1171:Glacial Lake Passaic
754:at Morristown (blue)
700:Watchung Reservation
573:Beaufort, New Jersey
563:. To the south, the
472:Glacial Lake Passaic
55:"Watchung Mountains"
40:improve this article
2882: •
2803:Buckingham Mountain
2568:Lockatong Formation
2522:Feltville Formation
2341:Kittatinny Mountain
2273:Houvenkopf Mountain
2195:Schooley's Mountain
2145:Jenny Jump Mountain
1246:Hilltop Reservation
1167:Great Piece Meadows
1140:Pycnanthemum torrei
981:Metacomet Mountains
958:Water flows over a
885:formed alternating
883:Ramapo Fault System
195: /
2952:Jurassic volcanism
2947:Triassic volcanism
2912:Watchung Mountains
2892:Geology portal
2773:Cushetunk Mountain
2744:Clausland Mountain
2620:Watchung Mountains
2563:Stockton Formation
2432:Watchung Mountains
2417:Pohatcong Mountain
2412:Navesink Highlands
2397:Cushetunk Mountain
2243:Kitty Ann Mountain
2215:Wawayanda Mountain
2140:High Rock Mountain
2135:Kitty Ann Mountain
2115:Allamuchy Mountain
1974:Kummel, Henry B.
1882:2006-10-21 at the
1614:Available via BNET
1481:Navesink Highlands
1428:Cushetunk Mountain
1194:
1121:, a semi-circular
1103:
1017:
973:Cushetunk Mountain
964:
902:
756:
711:
510:Preakness Mountain
491:
429:Preakness Mountain
408:is referred to as
406:Packanack Mountain
293:Watchung Mountains
153:Highest point
124:Watchung Mountains
2899:
2898:
2871:
2870:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2798:Solebury Mountain
2778:Sourland Mountain
2706:
2705:
2653:Watchung Outliers
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2573:Passaic Formation
2558:Doswell Formation
2542:Boonton Formation
2445:
2444:
2437:Watchung Outliers
2392:Bearfort Mountain
2356:Paradise Mountain
2130:Danville Mountain
1463:Sourland Mountain
1333:Washington Valley
1240:Mills Reservation
1222:Under Development
1055:. Additionally,
968:Sourland Mountain
923:Watchung Outliers
775:Washington Valley
767:George Washington
763:Revolutionary War
640:Caldwell Mountain
553:Towakhow Mountain
289:
288:
280:extrusive igneous
146:Wayne, New Jersey
116:
115:
108:
90:
2969:
2890:
2889:
2858:Flemington Fault
2841:
2840:
2813:Haycock Mountain
2808:Jericho Mountain
2783:Rocky Hill Ridge
2749:Tallman Mountain
2717:
2716:
2643:Newark Mountains
2628:Campgaw Mountain
2616:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2532:Towaco Formation
2527:Preakness Basalt
2507:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2402:Kikeout Mountain
2366:Sunrise Mountain
2321:Catfish Mountain
2278:Matty Price Hill
2263:Hickory Mountain
2225:Ramapo Mountains
2210:Watnong Mountain
2190:Pochuck Mountain
2165:Mount Mohepinoke
2150:Lookout Mountain
2091:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1899:. Archived from
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1742:. Archived from
1741:
1733:
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1726:
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1680:
1663:
1649:
1640:
1629:
1616:
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1552:
1546:
1529:
1436:, a prehistoric
1400:
1382:
1368:
1348:
1329:
1315:
1083:copper carbonate
821:Campgaw Mountain
608:Newark Mountains
532:Totoway Mountain
504:Ramapo Mountains
499:Campgaw Mountain
453:Harding Township
210:
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2901:
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2884:
2867:
2822:
2758:
2702:
2647:
2633:Preakness Range
2601:
2594:
2577:
2546:
2501:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2446:
2441:
2370:
2297:
2238:Bellot Mountain
2219:
2200:Scotts Mountain
2180:Oxford Mountain
2160:Marble Mountain
2101:
2095:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1997:Pierce, James.
1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1915:
1906:
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1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:Wayback Machine
1875:
1871:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1821:
1808:Henry B. Kümmel
1806:
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1608:Glenn, Steven.
1607:
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1578:
1577:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1489:Monmouth County
1444:Metacomet Ridge
1438:proglacial lake
1419:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1353:Washington Rock
1349:
1340:
1330:
1321:
1316:
1307:
1258:Riker Hill Park
1234:Rifle Camp Park
1186:
1095:
990:
847:
838:Morris Township
692:
616:Orange Mountain
612:Garret Mountain
595:, with a spur,
519:Preakness Range
437:type localities
425:Orange Mountain
366:Somerset County
350:
315:name for them,
203:
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2876:
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2866:
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2863:Chalfont Fault
2860:
2855:
2853:Hopewell Fault
2849:
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2721:Palisades Sill
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2407:Mount Mitchill
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2382:Apple Pie Hill
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2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:Rocky Mountain
2290:
2288:Mount Defiance
2285:
2283:Millstone Hill
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
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2046:External links
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941:Palisades Sill
863:Palisades Sill
846:
843:
842:
841:
813:
794:
691:
688:
684:North Caldwell
664:Mount Cecchino
660:Beech Mountain
652:
651:
604:
593:Liberty Corner
583:, below which
569:Whippany River
565:Rockaway River
542:
523:
507:
382:Passaic County
349:
346:
321:Blue Mountains
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2819:
2818:Millers Point
2816:
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2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Bowman's Hill
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2770:
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2739:Hook Mountain
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2727:
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2715:
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2709:
2699:
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2683:Prospect Hill
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2354:
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2351:Mount Tammany
2349:
2347:
2346:Mount Mohican
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Blue Mountain
2314:
2312:
2311:Bird Mountain
2309:
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2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
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2279:
2276:
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2269:
2268:High Mountain
2266:
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2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Bald Mountain
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Sterling Hill
2203:
2201:
2198:
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2178:
2176:
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2170:Mount No More
2168:
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2097:Mountains of
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2017:
2010:
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1994:
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1959:0-231-11162-2
1956:
1949:
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1935:
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1918:
1903:on 2006-12-08
1902:
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1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1859:on 2008-01-02
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1838:0-8135-0770-7
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1813:
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1749:on 2009-03-27
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867:flood basalts
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780:
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696:
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656:High Mountain
649:
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558:
557:Hook Mountain
554:
550:
549:Pompton River
546:
543:
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514:Passaic River
511:
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441:Hook Mountain
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Hook Mountain
399:
395:
391:
390:Bergen County
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Morris County
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
342:
341:the Palisades
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:United States
306:
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190:74°11′54.08″W
187:40°58′12.26″N
180:
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67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2883:
2877:
2845:Ramapo Fault
2788:Mount Gilboa
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2619:
2431:
2326:Culver Ridge
2185:Pimple Hills
2033:
2022:
2009:
1998:
1980:See Pages 47
1979:
1975:
1970:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1891:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1847:
1828:
1822:
1811:
1803:
1792:
1762:
1751:. Retrieved
1744:the original
1731:
1718:
1705:
1691:(2): 25–51.
1688:
1684:
1656:
1652:
1633:
1609:
1604:
1570:
1564:, retrieved
1560:
1550:
1536:
1527:
1434:Lake Passaic
1403:
1385:
1371:
1351:
1318:
1264:Lenape Trail
1221:
1195:
1178:Lenape Trail
1175:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1128:
1104:
1093:Conservation
1087:chalcopyrite
1065:
1023:, including
1018:
991:
978:
971:
965:
927:
907:
903:
879:
855:Newark Basin
848:
834:Mountainside
825:Nike missile
810:tuberculosis
802:Essex County
791:Philadelphia
757:
741:
736:
729:
723:
722:
712:
708:Mountainside
671:
663:
659:
655:
653:
647:
644:Moggy Hollow
643:
639:
628:Millburn Gap
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
596:
584:
576:
556:
552:
544:
534:
531:
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461:
456:
445:
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409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
378:Essex County
374:Union County
357:
353:
351:
338:
324:
320:
316:
292:
290:
275:Type of rock
130:
102:
96:January 2023
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2697:Jacksonwald
2638:Goffle Hill
2422:Silver Hill
2258:Herman Hill
1657:See Page 40
1485:Raritan Bay
1337:Bridgewater
1053:Great Falls
1003:An ancient
937:escarpments
779:Perth Amboy
761:During the
680:Cedar Grove
672:The Hilltop
632:Springfield
620:Great Notch
527:Goffle Hill
451:underlying
414:Springfield
259:Age of rock
202: /
177:Coordinates
129:Wach Unks;
2906:Categories
2765:Intrusions
2754:Snake Hill
2690:Sand Brook
2669:Union Hill
2502:Supergroup
2491:Formations
2427:Snake Hill
2336:High Rocks
2331:High Point
2253:Green Hill
2155:Maple Hill
2099:New Jersey
1907:2009-04-20
1863:2009-04-20
1753:2009-03-26
1634:See Page 8
1581:References
1566:2023-12-18
1450:Snake Hill
1184:Recreation
1071:Belleville
1061:satin spar
1041:chalcedony
988:Mineralogy
891:anticlines
806:sanatorium
765:, General
624:Hobart Gap
597:Cedar Hill
589:Millington
577:Riker Hill
561:Pine Brook
448:Morristown
398:Riker Hill
362:Somerville
325:Blue Hills
305:New Jersey
247:New Jersey
215:Dimensions
131:(formerly)
66:newspapers
2662:Ladentown
2600:Traprock
2489:Geologic
2248:Drag Hill
1697:0028-5455
1493:headlands
1467:Hunterdon
1406:Palisades
1388:Manhattan
960:trap rock
930:extrusive
911:Feltville
887:synclines
875:trap rock
853:into the
787:Manhattan
724:Wach Unks
648:Pill Hill
636:Far Hills
585:Long Hill
457:Lees Hill
455:known as
394:Long Hill
348:Geography
333:trap rock
317:Wach Unks
284:trap rock
228:Geography
167:Elevation
2734:High Tor
2551:Triassic
2510:Jurassic
1880:Archived
1713:(1898).
1543:Navesink
1477:Counties
1475:Somerset
1417:See also
1386:View of
1157:, and a
1151:habitats
1075:Paterson
1049:Datolite
1045:amethyst
1033:stilbite
1029:analcime
1025:prehnite
1021:zeolites
949:pahoehoe
851:intruded
817:Cold War
630:), near
539:Paterson
301:volcanic
268:Jurassic
264:Triassic
2712:Diabase
2500:Newark
1305:Gallery
1123:beltway
1079:cuprite
1015:nodules
951:flows.
933:igneous
919:Boonton
859:Pangaea
845:Geology
773:in the
690:History
581:Chatham
418:Chatham
307:in the
253:Geology
233:Country
80:scholar
2836:Faults
2763:Other
2611:Basalt
2602:Ridges
2375:Others
1957:
1835:
1695:
1473:, and
1471:Mercer
1113:, and
1067:Copper
1057:jasper
1031:, and
1013:quartz
994:basalt
917:, and
915:Towaco
871:basalt
798:Verona
719:Lenape
715:Africa
704:Summit
682:, and
676:Verona
662:, and
622:. The
567:, the
433:basalt
404:, and
386:Mahwah
380:, and
313:Lenape
297:ridges
220:Length
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1747:(PDF)
1740:(PDF)
1519:Notes
1497:Maine
1119:I-287
1111:I-280
1037:Agate
1009:agate
668:Wayne
601:Lyons
535:hist.
243:State
87:JSTOR
73:books
1955:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1693:ISSN
1506:sill
1115:I-78
1107:I-80
1059:and
1011:and
1005:lava
979:The
889:and
836:and
808:for
789:and
781:and
706:and
626:(or
606:The
427:and
388:(in
364:(in
291:The
282:and
266:and
158:Peak
59:news
1982:.
1961:.
1659:.
1636:.
1535:'s
1487:in
1355:in
1335:in
674:in
666:in
575:as
555:or
384:to
323:or
299:of
42:by
2908::
1990:^
1916:^
1810:.
1776:^
1717:.
1689:25
1687:.
1667:^
1644:^
1620:^
1588:^
1569:,
1559:,
1469:,
1109:,
1027:,
945:aa
913:,
819:,
739:.
678:,
658:,
459:.
443:.
400:,
396:,
376:,
372:,
2471:e
2464:t
2457:v
2090:e
2083:t
2076:v
1965:.
1910:.
1866:.
1841:.
1770:.
1756:.
1699:.
1599:.
1296:/
1138:(
603:.
541:.
530:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
