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battlefields. The pieces in the game represented real military units: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and various support units. As in chess, only a single piece could occupy a square, and the pieces moved square by square, either laterally or diagonally. Over normal terrain, infantry could move a maximum distance of eight squares, dragoons could move twelve squares, and light cavalry could move sixteen squares—intuitively mirroring the speed at which these units move in the real world. But terrain could impede movement: mountains were impassable, swamps slowed units down, rivers could only be crossed with the help of a special pontoon unit, etc. A player could only move one piece per turn, or one group of pieces if they were arranged in a rectangle. A piece could capture an enemy piece by moving into its square, just like in chess, but infantry and artillery pieces could also shoot enemy pieces, at a maximum ranges of two to three squares. Unlike chess, the pieces had orientation: for instance, an infantry piece could only shoot an enemy piece if they were facing it and flanking it. Hellwig's wargame could also simulate the fog of war to limited degree: while the players were arranging their pieces in their starting positions, they had the option of placing a screen across the board so that they could not observe their opponent's arrangement until the game started. Once the game was in progress, however, there was no hiding anything.
2734:, 2019) a piece of professional multiplayer wargaming software that is also sold on the commercial market as a single player product. Its primary focus is on allowing the simulation of operational or tactical level real world combat scenarios with real time input. The commercial version comes bundled with some scenarios (in addition to those sold as DLC), however the software's primary focus is the ability to create share one's own scenarios. The creation of a strategic level wargame is possible in the commercial version, however no such scenario has been bundled with the software. Its level of fidelity is represented down to the individual vehicle/infantry squad and it utilizes a regularly updated database of weapons, vehicles, satellites, and equipment used by nearly every nation on the planet from the end of World War 2 to the near future (including some hypothetical entries). Gameplay is a top down 2D map of the Earth, however you can stream your gameplay to
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battles in real locations. The pieces could be moved across the map in a free-form manner, subject to terrain obstacles. The pieces, each of which represented some kind of army unit (an infantry battalion, a cavalry squadron, etc.), were little rectangular blocks made of lead. The pieces were painted either red or blue to indicate the faction it belonged to. The blue pieces were used to represent the
Prussian army and red was used to represent some foreign enemy—since then it has been the convention in military wargaming to use blue to represent the faction to which the players actually belong to. The game used dice to add a degree of randomness to combat. The scale of the map was 1:8000 and the pieces were made to the same proportions as the units they represented, such that each piece occupied the same relative space on the map as the corresponding unit did on the battlefield.
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3000:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles. The operational level game is less easily described; here the player is concerned with maneuvering relatively large forces so that they can be positioned to win the battles they fight, and so that those battles can help win the war. In the sense of decision making, then, the level of the game reflects the scope of the players' decisions."
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also added rules governing logistics, such as supply convoys and mobile bakeries, and the effects of weather and seasons, making this perhaps the first operational-level wargame. In 1806, an
Austrian named Johann Ferdinand Opiz developed a wargame aimed at both civilian and military markets. Like Hellwig's game, it used a modular grid-based board. But unlike Hellwig's game, Opiz's game used dice rolls to simulate the unpredictability of real warfare. This innovation was controversial at the time. Hellwig, who designed his wargame for both leisure as well as instruction, felt that introducing chance would spoil the fun.
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all its mechanics. The gameplay is faster, as a computer can process calculations much faster than a human. Computer wargames often have more sophisticated mechanics than traditional wargames thanks to automation. Computer games tend to be cheaper than traditional wargames because, being software, they can be copied and distributed very efficiently. It's easier for a player to find opponents with a computer game: a computer game can use artificial intelligence to provide a virtual opponent, or connect him to another human player over the
Internet. For these reasons, computers are now the dominant medium for wargaming.
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scenarios. One challenge in the design of historical wargames is that the scenarios may be inherently unbalanced and present one side with an unwinnable situation. In such cases, the victory conditions may be adjusted for the disadvantaged side so that they can win simply by doing better than what happened historically. Some games simply concede that the scenario is imbalanced and urge players to switch sides and play again to compare their performance. It is easier to design a balanced scenario where all players have a fair chance of winning if it is fictionalized. Board wargames usually have a fixed scenario.
3166:"The first thought which presented itself to my mind was that the learning of my game ought not to be burdened with too many details if it was to fulfill its mission. I judged from the first that I should achieve my object in the quickest way if I took for its basis the game of chess, in favor with so many distinguished persons of all ranks. My idea was to adapt, as far as possible, the game of chess to my own game, in order so to interest amateurs that they would at least give mine a trial. experience confirmed the wisdom of my expectations, for chess players were the first to welcome my invention "
1369:. Reisswitz's manual provided tables that listed how far each unit type could move in a round according to the terrain it was crossing and whether it was marching, running, galloping, etc.; and accordingly the umpire used a ruler to move the pieces across the map. The game used dice to determine combat results and inflicted casualties, and the casualties inflicted by firearms and artillery decreased over distance. Unlike chess pieces, units in Reisswitz's game could suffer partial losses before being defeated, which were tracked on a sheet of paper (recreational gamers might call this "
3359:, p. 278: "During the wars of German unification, Prussian wargaming appears to have provided a significant advantage. How else can Prussiaβs lopsided victories be explained? Prussian forces were more often than not outnumbered, weapon advantages were mixed, and training methods were similar, though some think Prussia had an advantage in the education of staff officers. At this time, though, the Prussian military had a monopoly on second-generation wargaming and had integrated it into its staff education and its staff planning methods, especially at the higher levels."
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and voice and resolving combat. Flow of play is simple: each turn, the units come up in a random order. Therefore, the more units an opponent has, the more chance he will be selected for the next turn. When a unit comes up, the commander specifies an order and if offensive action is being taken, a target, along with details about distance. The results of the order, base move distance and effect to target, are reported, and the unit is moved on the tabletop. All distance relationships are tracked on the tabletop. All record-keeping is tracked by the computer.
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2348:, 1983) β An internationally successful fantasy miniature wargame. The First Edition rules introduced innovative open unit design rules, however later editions eliminated the option to build custom units and make use of standard army lists mandatory. Warhammer was one of the first newly developed miniature wargames to enjoy popularity after role-playing games came to market in 1974. In fact, it is because of Roleplaying games becoming so popular, and people having too many models that were rarely used, that this was first published.
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1316:. Hellwig's wargame was the first true wargame because it attempted to be realistic enough to teach useful lessons in military strategy to future army officers. Hellwig was a college professor and many of his students were aristocrats destined for military service. But Hellwig also wanted to sell his wargame commercially as a recreational item. Hellwig chose to base his game on chess so as to make it attractive and accessible to chess players. Hellwig published a second edition of his rulebook in 1803.
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troops would interpret and carry out their orders. When the troops engaged the enemy on the map, the umpire rolled the dice, computed the effects, and removed defeated units the from map. The umpire also managed secret information so as to simulate the fog of war. The umpire placed pieces on the map only for those units which he judged both sides could see. He kept a mental track of where the hidden units were, and only placed their pieces on the map when he judged they came into view of the enemy.
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learning curve small. Recreational wargamers tend to have a lot of wargaming experience (it is usually considered a hardcore hobby), so learning a complicated new wargame is easy if it is similar enough to ones they've already played. By contrast, military officers typically have little or no wargaming experience. A second reason is that the technical data required to design an accurate and precise model, such as the performance characteristics of a fighter jet, is often classified.
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difficult for the designers to verify that their models are accurate. Secrecy also makes it harder to disseminate corrections if the wargame has already been delivered to the clients. Then there is the small player base. Whereas a commercial wargame might have thousands or even millions of players, professional wargames tend to have small player bases, which makes it harder for the designers to acquire feedback. Consequently, errors in professional wargame models tend to persist.
1546:. Such was the popularity of such titles that other authors were able to have published wargaming titles. This output of published wargaming titles from British authors coupled with the emergence at the same time of several manufacturers providing suitable wargame miniatures (e.g. Miniature Figurines, Hinchliffe, Peter Laing, Garrisson, Skytrex, Davco, Heroic & Ros) was responsible for the huge upsurge of popularity of the hobby in the late 1960s and into the 1970s.
860:, for instance, cannot realistically model the range of modern firearms, because miniature wargaming models are typically built to a scale between 1:64 and 1:120. At those scales, riflemen should be able to shoot each other from several meters away, which is longer than most game tables. If model soldiers could shoot each other from opposite ends of the table, without the need to maneuver, the game would be very monotonous. For example, the miniature wargame
3310:"In addition to establishing the general idea and the composition of the opposing forces, the umpire serves as an intermediary for virtually all actions in the game: all movements, all communications and all attacks channel through the umpire, in writing. The players transmit written orders, authored to their units in the persona of a commander, and for the most part the umpire enjoys significant leeway in deciding how these orders will be interpreted."
3180:"Infantry and artillery units may discharge their firearms instead of advancing on an enemy; if an infantry unit destroys an enemy with gunfire, that enemy is removed from the board but the infantry unit does not advance to occupy the vacated position. The efficacy of rifles rests largely on the orientation of the opposing unit: infantry units facing one another enjoy effectively immunity to one anotherβs gunfire, so only flanking fire had an effect."
2899:(US Naval War College), p. 4: "The uses the Perla (1990) definition, which describes war gaming as "...a warfare model or simulation whose operation does not involve the activities of actual military forces, and whose sequence of events affects and is, in turn, affected by the decisions made by players representing the opposing sides" (Perla, 1990, p. 164). By doing so, this differentiates a war game from a training exercise, which uses real forces."
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3333:, p. 110: "General Karl von Mueffling (1775β1851), chief of the general staff (1821β29) in Prussia, exclaimed, "It's not a game at all! Itβs training for war. I shall recommend it enthusiastically to the whole army." He fulfilled that promise: a royal decree directed every regiment in the Prussian army to play the game regularly. By the end of the 1820s each Prussian regiment was purchasing with state funds materials for war gaming."
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3398:"It seems that neither the British nor the Americans ever quite accepted the full range of wargaming's potential value prior to the end of World War II. The single, and stellar, exception to this assessment is the development and application of wargaming at the U.S. Naval War College. In 1894, under newly appointed President Captain Henry Taylor, gaming became an integral and permanent part of the course of study for all students."
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2603:, 1996) β not the first wargame to break out from hexes, and still presented in a 2-dimensional format, Close Combat nonetheless uniquely addressed factors such as individual morale and reluctance to carry out orders. The original title led to 5 very successful sequels for the general public, as well as being developed into a training tool for military use only. Close Combat stemmed from an early attempt to translate the
1619:(1954) by an American named Charles S. Roberts. What distinguished this wargame from previous ones is that it was mass-produced and all the necessary materials for play were bundled together in a box. Previous wargames were often just a rulebook and required players to obtain the other materials themselves. The game was played on a pre-fabricated board with a fixed layout, which is why it was called a board game.
2986:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles."
2706:, 2002) β a grand strategy wargame series that is focused on World War 2. Player may act as any reasonably sized nation at the time, influencing international politics, economic and military development, and can control battlefields on both strategic and operational levels using combined arms. Frequently used to entertain and simulate alternative history scenarios as well as recreate historical events.
852:, so that it may realistically simulate how topography, distance, and time affect warfare. Scale is usually expressed as a ratio, e.g. a scale of 1:1000 indicates that 1 cm on the game map represents 10 m (1,000 cm). In miniature wargaming, scale is more often expressed as the height of a model of a human measured from the base of its feet up to the eyes or top of the head (e.g. 28mm).
3296:: "In these early attempts the landscape had been forced into squares and triangles, with rivers, seas, villages, mountains, valleys and so on pushed out of their natural shapes and into straight lines. In the same way movements of troops, the representation of troop types, the effect of firepower, were also severely modified in such a way that a realistic picture of events failed to be produced."
2948:: "Finally, those who design, manufacture, and market games in the commercial world are obliged to pay attention to users' demands, such as ease of play and creating a good interface between player and game. Their counterparts working in, or for, the military, are not nearly as affected by these concerns. On occasion this can lead to bad games that people simply do not want to play."
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and counters are presented to the user who can then manipulate these, more-or-less as if he were playing the physical game, and send a saved file off to his opponent, who can review what has been done without having to duplicate everything on his physical set-up of the game, and respond. Some allow for both players to get on-line and see each other's moves in real-time.
1404:. Many credited Prussia's victory to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop training, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. Civilians and military forces around the world now took a keen interest in the German military wargames, which foreigners referred to as
2924:: "Unlike those in the wargaming hobby, professional wargamers work in a relatively closed society. One organization's games are not freely available for all to try, critique, and modify. Professional wargame designers may document their games (usually in classified publications), but they seldom describe the design process they employed to create them."
3218:"Although Venturini replaced the wargame board with a map, he still imposed a one-inch square grid over that map, and he imagined each square of the grid to be two thousand paces (Schritte) across, which if we assume a German military pace of rough thirty inches, means his game employs a scale around 1:60,000, or a bit shy of one mile per square."
2936:: "One is the need to satisfy the requirements of many different user organizations each of which does not wish to buy the game off the shelf but actively attempts to pull it in its own direction. Often the outcome is great complexity and compromises that end up, like the famous camel that was created by a committee, by satisfying nobody."
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pleases the players, so in most recreational wargames the emphasis is on verisimilitude, i.e. the satisfactory appearance of realism. In any case, no wargame can be perfectly realistic. A wargame's design must make trade-offs between realism, playability, and fun, and function within the constraints of its medium.
3284:"...the grid imposed on the wargames of Hellwig and Venturini significantly limited the capacity of these systems to represent the position of troops realistically. Effectively, in a board wargame divided into squares of a scale mile across, there is only one position that troops within a mileβs range could hold."
671:, the scenario is a single battle. The basic unit of command is an individual soldier or small group of soldiers. The time span of the scenario is in the order of minutes. At this level, the specific capabilities of the soldiers and their armaments are described in detail. An example of a tactical-level games is
3230:: "Venturini increases the variety of terrain, takes into account seasons and weather, vastly increases the sorts of entrenchments and fortifications that combatants might construct, and adds significant, but not necessarily exciting, detail to the feeding, equipping and support of forces in the field."
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Reisswitz's game also used an umpire. The players did not directly control the pieces on the game map. Rather, they wrote orders for their virtual troops on pieces of paper, which they submitted to the umpire. The umpire then moved the pieces across the game map according to how he judged the virtual
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Remote computer assisted wargames can be considered as extensions to the concept of play-by-email gaming, however the presentation and actual capabilities are completely different. They have been designed to replicate the look and feel of existing board or miniatures wargames on the computer. The map
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Local computer assisted wargames are mostly not designed toward recreating the battlefield inside computer memory, but employing the computer to play the role of game master by storing game rules and unit characteristics, tracking unit status and positions or distances, animating the game with sounds
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Miniature wargaming can be more expensive and time-consuming than other forms of wargaming. Furthermore, most manufacturers do not sell ready-to-play models, they sell boxes of model parts, which the players are expected to assemble and paint themselves. This requires skill, time, and money, but many
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is a form of wargaming where units on the battlefield are represented by miniature models, as opposed to abstract pieces such as wooden blocks or plastic counters. Likewise, the battlefield itself is represented by model terrain, as opposed to a flat board or map; naval wargames are often played on a
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typically represent decidedly more concrete and internally quite complex entities (companies, battalions, etc.), with detailed interior state (stat blocks and tables of troop numbers, equipment, operational readiness, artillery charts, etc.), often with convoluted rules governing how they operate and
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describes the circumstances of the specific conflict being simulated, from the layout of the terrain to the exact composition of the fighting forces to the victory conditions of the players. Historical wargames often re-enact historical battles. Alternatively, the game may provide fictional "what-if"
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rather than just a game in that forces could be used to depict any number of actual tactical situations rather than one specific scenario. Pioneered several ground-breaking features, such as use of various types of weapons fire to reflect battlefield conditions. Also created new level of realism in
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Board wargames were more popular than miniature wargames. One reason was that assembling a playset for miniature wargaming was expensive, time-consuming, and require artisanal skill. Another reason was that board wargames could be played by correspondence. Board wargames were usually grid-based, or
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was designed for a large field of play, such as a lawn or the floor of a large room. An infantryman could move up to one foot per turn, and a cavalryman could move up to two feet per turn. To measure these distances, players used a two-foot long piece of string. Wells was also the first wargamer to
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A criticism of the chess-like wargames of
Hellwig, Venturini, and Opiz was that the pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion. Only a single piece could occupy a square, even if that square represented a square mile; and the pieces had to move square by square, their exact
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Hellwig's wargame was a commercial success, and inspired other inventors to develop their own chess-like wargames. In 1796, another
Prussian named Johann Georg Julius Venturini invented his own wargame, inspired by Hellwig's game. Venturini's game was played on an even larger grid. Venturini's game
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solves this problem by reducing a rifle's range to 24 inches, a sub-machine gun's range to 12 inches, and a pistol's range to 6 inches. Even if these ranges are not realistic, their proportions make intuitive sense (a rifle's range is longer than a sub-machine gun, due to the differing ammunitions)
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preceded it), but a groundbreaking game series featuring simultaneous order resolution, complete orders of battle for numerous nationalities, with three titles based on the original game engine. As of 2006, a campaign layer is in testing as well as a revised game engine to be released before 2007.
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presented to the
Prussian General Staff a highly realistic wargame that he and his father had developed over the years. Instead of a chess-like grid, this game was played on accurate paper maps of the kind the Prussian army used. This allowed the game to model terrain naturally and better simulate
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In some early PBM systems, six sided dice rolling was simulated by designating a specific stock and a future date and once that date passed, the players would determine an action's outcome using the sales in hundreds value for specific stocks on a specific date and then dividing the NYSE published
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Computer wargames have many advantages over traditional wargames. In a computer game, all the routine procedures and calculations are automated. The player needs only to make strategic and tactical decisions. The learning curve for the player is smaller, as the game can be played without mastering
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This makes wargames difficult to learn, as it can be difficult to simply begin playing without already understanding a great deal about how to do so. Even experienced wargamers usually play with their rulebook on hand, because the rules for most wargames are too complex to fully memorize. For many
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of the evolving strategic state of the board, wargames contrarily tend to have very sophisticated rules as a matter of their commitment to representing the concrete realities of (various kinds of) warfare. Generally speaking, the more realistic a wargame seeks to be, the more complicated its rules
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Commercial wargames are under more pressure to deliver an enjoyable experience for the players, who expect a user-friendly interface, a reasonable learning curve, exciting gameplay, and so forth. By contrast, military organizations tend to see wargaming as a tool and a chore, and players are often
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A wargame must simulate warfare to a reasonable degree of realism, though what counts as sufficient realism depends on the players. Military wargames need to be highly realistic because their purpose is to prepare officers for real warfare. Recreational wargames only need to be as realistic as it
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Earlier wargames had fixed victory conditions, such as occupying the enemy's fortress. By contrast, Reisswitz's wargame was open-ended. The umpire decided what the victory conditions were, if there were to be any, and they typically resembled the goals an actual army in battle might aim for. The
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computer games still had a decent amount of popularity, and many started explicitly supporting the sending of saved-game files through email (instead of needing to find the file to send to the opponent by hand). As with all types of video games, the rise in home networking solutions and
Internet
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Military wargames often use referees to manage secret information. The players may be forced to sit in separate rooms, and communicate their orders with the referee in the game room, who in turn reports back only the information he judges the players should know. Some recreational wargames use a
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in Go have no properties, behaviours, or state on their own, and only potentially represent, relative to other stones, elements of a larger board position, providing an extremely abstract strategic model in which the determinant of victory is a generalisation of territorial control and influence
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did not use dice or computation to resolve fights. For artillery attacks, players used spring-loaded toy cannons which fired little wooden cylinders to physically knock over enemy models. As for infantry and cavalry, they could only engage in hand-to-hand combat (even if the figurines exhibited
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As in chess, Hellwig's game was played on a grid of squares, but it was a much larger grid, and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain: mountains, swamp, water, trenches, etc. The layout of the terrain was not fixed, which allowed players to create their own custom
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Professional wargames that are arbitrated by an umpire or the players themselves (manual wargames) tend to have simple models and computations compared to recreational wargames. Umpires may even be allowed to make arbitrary decisions using their own expertise. One reason for this is to keep the
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These systems are generally set up so that while one can play the game, the program has no knowledge of the rules, and cannot enforce them. The human players must have a knowledge of the rules themselves. The idea is to promote the playing of the games (by making play against a remote opponent
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One way to solve the problem of complexity is to use a referee who has the discretion to arbitrate events, using whatever tools and knowledge they deem fit. This solution is popular with military instructors because it allows them to apply their own expertise when they use wargames to instruct
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hobby was to network players across
America. At the time, the miniature wargaming community was minuscule, and players struggled to find each other. In 1956, Scruby organized the first miniature wargaming convention in America, which was attended by just fourteen people. From 1957 to 1962, he
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Wells' rulebook, however, failed to invigorate the miniature wargaming community. A possible reason was the two World Wars, which de-glamorized war and caused shortages of tin and lead that made model soldiers expensive. Another reason may have been the lack of magazines or clubs dedicated to
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Military organizations are typically secretive about their current wargames, and this makes designing a professional wargame a challenge. The data the designers require, such as the performance characteristics of weapons or the locations of military bases, are often classified, which makes it
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The
Prussian king and the General Staff officially endorsed Reisswitz's wargame, and by the end of the decade every German regiment had bought materials for it. This was thus the first wargame to be widely adopted by a military as a serious tool for training and research. Over the years, the
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is the process by which a given wargame is proven to be realistic. For historical wargames, this usually means being able to accurately recreate a certain historical battle. Validating military wargames is sometimes tricky as they are typically used to simulate hypothetical future scenarios.
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Military wargames typically aim to model time and space as realistically as is feasible, so everything in the simulation conforms to a single scale. Recreational wargame designers, by contrast, tend to use abstract scaling techniques to make their wargames easier to learn and play. Tabletop
576:
Although commercial wargame designers study consumer trends and listen to player feedback, their products are usually designed and sold with a take-it-or-leave-it approach. Professional wargames, by contrast, are typically commissioned by the military that plans to use them. If a wargame is
1065:, a card game about tactical combat in World War II published by Avalon Hill in 1983. The abstractness is harnessed in the game by having the deck produce random terrain, and chances to fire, and the like, simulating uncertainty as to the local conditions (nature of the terrain, etc.).
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Recreational wargames can cover a wide variety of subjects, from pre-historic to modern β even fantasy or sci-fi combat. Games which do not include modern armaments and tactics are of limited interest to the military, though wargames covering famous historical battles can interest
2476:(Battlefront Miniatures, 2002) β Popular World War II wargame at 15mm (1:100) scale, currently focusing on the European and Mediterean theatres. Splits into three time periods (Early War 1939β41, Mid War 1942β43 and Late War 1944β45) to bring some balance and historical matchups.
2771:, 1984) β initially conceived as a board game, it has created a brand that now includes various different boardgames (tactical as well as strategic), miniature game rules, a role-playing game, computer games, flip-book games (by Nova Games) as well as novels and a TV series.
3151:"To the avid miniature wargamer, board gaming must have appeared crude, aesthetically dull and confining in the rigidity of its rules; to the unrepentant board wargamer, miniature gaming looked expensive, labor-intensive and contentious in its latitude toward system."
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Also, card driven games (CDGs), first introduced in 1993, use a deck of (custom) cards to drive most elements of the game, such as unit movement (activation) and random events. These are, however, distinctly board games, the deck is merely one of the most important
2105:(Avalon Hill, 1974) β The first serious attempt to model World War II in Europe in its entirety, including (in a limited way) the economic and industrial production of the nations involved. It has seen numerous versions and editions, and is currently available as
2646:β (Major I. L. Holdridge, 2003 for v4) β commercial version of βTacOpsCav 4β, an officially issued standard training device of the US Army. It is a simulation of contemporary and near-future tactical, ground, combat between the modern armed forces of the world.
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has wizards and dragons, but the combat is mostly based on medieval warfare (spearmen, archers, knights, etc.). Some are also set in a hypothetical future or counterfactual past, to simulate, for example, a "World War Three" or rebellion of colonists on Mars.
2314:, 1971) β An extension and distillation of rules previously published in various periodicals. While mostly about historical medieval combat, it had an addendum that covered fantasy elements. Major elements of this game were adopted by the role-playing game
2292:(H.G. Wells, 1913) β The first popular published wargame rules. Includes the common miniature wargaming mechanics of dice rolling, range, line of sight, and moving in alternate turns. This game earned Wells the title "The Father of Miniature Wargaming".
756:
is a computer program that serves as a platform for users to create and share their own wargame of a hypothetical real world conflict (ranging from the tactical to the strategic level) using its database of units that range from World War 2 to the near
996:
is built into the game by representing units with upright wooden blocks that are marked on only one face, which is oriented towards the player who owns the block. The opponent cannot see the markings from his position. The first such block wargame was
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manual in
English, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement. The world's first recreational wargaming club was the University Kriegspiel Club, founded in 1873 at
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only have a few rules determining their behaviour, such as how and when they are allowed to move or capture based on their type and board location, providing a highly abstracted model of warfare which represents troop composition and positioning.
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location within a square being immaterial. The grid also forced the terrain into unnatural forms, such as rivers that flowed in straight lines and bent at right angles. This lack of realism meant that no army took these wargames seriously.
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scale simulation set as a "Cold War Gone Hot" themed game in both multiplayer and singleplayer environments. Players construct customized armies through use of a deck system comprising land vehicles, infantry, and helicopters from several
1697:β After H.G. Wells, he did the most to make miniature wargaming a respectable hobby. He also popularized miniatures wargaming with a cheaper production process for miniature figures, publishing the first miniature wargaming magazine, the
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depicts a fictional world in which the combatants wield fictional or anachronistic armaments, but it should be similar enough to some historical era of warfare such that the combatants fight in a familiar and credible way. For instance,
2720:) β a historical real-time strategy series with real-time tactical combat and supply simulation. Campaigning takes place on a single continuous map where players can zoom between the 3D tactical map and the 2D strategy map at any time.
839:
Another way to address complexity is to use a computer to automate some or all of the routine procedures. Video games can be both sophisticated and easy to learn, which is why computer wargames are more popular than tabletop wargames.
2912:: "Much of the data that goes into the programs is classified: as a result, checking on whether it is correct is difficult, and errors, once they have crept in, tend to stay. Secrecy also makes it hard to update the games as needed."
775:
Fantasy wargames arguably stretch the definition of wargaming by representing fictional or anachronistic armaments, but they may still be called wargames if they resemble real warfare to the satisfaction of the players. For example,
1015:
Because of their nature, cards are well suited for abstract games, as opposed to the simulation aspects of wargames. Traditional card games are not considered wargames even when nominally about the same subject (such as the game
3347:"In the aftermath of the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, European and world military opinion suddenly became enamored of things German, including Kriegsspiel, to the use of which many experts attributed the German victories."
503:, wargaming was widely adopted by military officers in other countries. Civilian enthusiasts also played wargames for fun, but this was a niche hobby until the development of consumer electronic wargames in the 1990s.
605:
A wargame is adversarial. There must be at least two opposing sides whose players react intelligently to each other's decisions, though there are wargames with solitaire rules to govern the actions of the non-player
2225:β (Nova Games, 1981) the most successful of Milton Bradley's (1984) 'GameMaster' line in an attempt to bring wargaming into the mainstream by appealing to non-wargamers through simplicity and attractive components.
471:
Generally, activities where the participants actually perform mock combat actions (e.g. friendly warships firing dummy rounds at each other) are not considered wargames. Some writers may refer to a military's
3482:"Unlike many earlier war games for the home, which amounted to little more than a set of rules and the occasional map, Tactics came with all the miniature tanks, infantry, and planes need to play in its box."
1381:
emphasis was on the experience of decision-making and strategic thinking, not on competition. As Reisswitz himself wrote: "The winning or losing, in the sense of a card or board game, does not come into it."
2169:(1985) have become the most prolific series of wargames, including 3 add-on modules for the former, and 12 for the latter, with additional Historical modules and Deluxe modules also having been released.
577:
commissioned by several clients, then the designer will have to juggle their competing demands. This can lead to great complexity, high development costs, and a compromised product that satisfies nobody.
3468:
See James Dunnigan's Foreword to Donald Featherstone's Lost Tales, published 2009. Dunnigan clearly places Featherstone in his role as a key propagator of wargaming as a hobby and tool for professionals.
2358:(Games Workshop, 1987) β A futuristic wargame featuring rival armies with different fighting styles. This wargame has very conceptual artwork suggesting a post-apocalyptic neo-gothic universe with heavy
1052:. The first was fairly popular in wargaming circles, and is a light system of naval combat, though again not depicting any 'real' situation (players may operate ships from opposing navies side-by-side).
832:
people, the complexity also makes wargames difficult to enjoy, but some players enjoy high realism, so finding a balance between realism and simplicity is tricky when it comes to recreational wargames.
593:
The exact definition of "wargame" varies from one writer to the next and one organization to the next. To prevent confusion, this section will establish the general definition employed by this article.
2253:β (GDW, 1983) is a multi-player game of World War I aerial combat over the Western Front during 1917 and 1918 with an extremely easy to play mechanism but allow the development of complex strategies.
2278:(S. Low, Marston, 1898) β The first published miniature wargame. A 26-page rule set limited to naval miniature battles. It came in a crate measuring 4 ft. X 4 ft. X 2 ft. Written by
954:
is played on a board that has a more-or-less fixed layout and is supplied by the game's manufacturer. This is in contrast to customizable playing fields made with modular components, such as in
3270::"A secondary intention was to give a pleasant entertainment to a person who did not need such instruction through a game in which nothing depends on chance but on the direction of the player."
867:
and thus preserve some verisimilitude, all the while compressing the battle to fit the confines of the table. Additionally, the ranges are multiples of 6, which makes them easier to remember.
634:
accurately depicts a real historical era of warfare. Among recreational wargamers, the most popular historical era is World War 2. Professional military wargamers prefer the modern era. A
684:, the scenario is a military campaign, and the basic unit of command is a large group of soldiers. At this level, the outcomes of battles are usually determined by a simple computation.
896:
The fog of war is easy to simulate in a computer wargame, as a virtual environment is free of the physical constraints of a tabletop game. The computer itself can serve as the referee.
691:, the scenario is an entire war. The player addresses higher-level concerns such as economics, research, and diplomacy. The time span of the game is in the order of months or years.
499:
in the early 19th-century, and eventually the Prussian military adopted wargaming as a tool for training their officers and developing doctrine. After Prussia defeated France in the
2677:
nations and manage logistics such as fuel and ammunition while on the battlefield. There is no cohesive campaign, the game instead taking place in several hypothetical conflicts.
2573:, 1994) β probably the most widely popular computer game that is recognizably a traditional wargame. It spawned several sequels, some of which explored different subject matter.
2362:
themes. Unarguably the most profitable miniature wargame ever , it has popularized competitive tournament gameplay in large, international events sanctioned by Games Workshop.
2854:
Approximate. Miniature wargames typically express their scales in terms of the height of a human figurine in millimeters. 1:64 roughly corresponds to 28mm, and 1:120 to 15mm.
1258:
saw a shift of people playing board wargames from play-by-mail (PBM) to play-by-email (PBEM) or play-by-web (PBW). The mechanics were the same, merely the medium was faster.
2434:, 2004) β An inexpensive, simple wargame that has been successfully mass marketed to both younger wargamers and adults. As miniature wargaming is often an expensive hobby,
630:
that is based on some historical era of warfare so as to establish what armaments, unit types, and doctrines the combatants may wield and the environment they fight in. A
1511:, through which wargamers could publish their rules and share game reports. It had less than two hundred subscribers, but it did establish a steadily growing community.
330:
2553:, respectively, featuring a cartoony aesthetic and grid based gameplay. Intelligent Systems would subsequently adapt the traditional wargaming formula into the popular
1094:
The term "wargame" is rarely used in the video gaming hobby; the term "strategy game" is preferred. "Computer wargame" distinguishes a game from a "tabletop wargame".
1035:. It does not simulate how any actual nuclear exchange would happen, but it is still structured unlike most card games because of the way it deals with its subject.
828:
interact, and furthermore the global state of the game is often governed by extensive non-local rules representing exigencies like seasonal weather or supply lines.
2328:
used two six-sided dice to resolve combat. Previous fantasy miniature wargames had been written, but this was the first one published. Drawing on the popularity of
875:
In real warfare, commanders have incomplete information about their enemy and the battlespace. A wargame that conceals some information from the player is called a
836:
students. The drawback of this approach is that the referee must be very knowledgeable in warfare and impartial, else they may issue unrealistic or unfair rulings.
335:
883:
wargame has no secret information. Most recreational wargames are open wargames. A closed wargame can simulate the espionage and reconnaissance aspects of war.
2972:: "Unlike abstract games of strategy, all wargames have a setting, which determines the armaments of the combatants and the environment in which they deploy."
2376:, 1990) β Radically minimalist rules differentiate this game from other notable miniature wargames. A number of systems have been strongly influenced by DBA.
978:
shows how a player may only know the strength and unit type of their own forces, creating a fog of war element that does not exist in most tabletop wargames.
1648:
else designed in some way that moves could be explained in writing in simple terms. This was not possible with the free-form nature of miniature wargames.
932:
floor because they tend to require more space than a tabletop. Most miniature wargaming is recreational because issues of scale get in the way of realism.
662:
A wargame's level of war determines to the scope of the scenario, the basic unit of command, and the degree to which lower level processes are abstracted.
1068:
Dan Verssen Games is a specialist designer and publisher of card games for several genres, including air combat and World War II and modern land combat.
4195:
Dorca Bis Alejo, "El Hobby de los soldados en miniatura, el wargame, el rol, el modelismo y el coleccionismo." primera ediciΓ³n: 23 de agosto de 2008,
4911:
613:. Some writers use the term "live wargames" to refer to games that use actual troops in the field, but this article shall instead refer to these as
5112:
1713:β Known as the "Father of modern board wargaming", designed the first modern wargame, as well as the company most identified with modern wargames (
3056:
1132:
as regards to wargaming. Two different categories can be distinguished: local computer assisted wargames and remote computer assisted wargames.
569:. As professional wargames are used to prepare officers for actual warfare, there is naturally a strong emphasis on realism and current events.
4409:; Is the Net breathing new life into an endangered hobby--or just postponing the inevitable?," by Andrew Leonard, Salon Magazine, May 29, 1998.
4387:
1553:
published what was the first ruleset for a miniature wargame set in the medieval period. These rules were a major inspiration for Gary Gygax's
2452:(Corvus Belli, 2005) is a tabletop wargame in which sci-fi themed with 28mm scale metal miniatures are used to simulate futuristic skirmishes.
2300:(John C. Candler, 1964) β First period-specific historical miniature wargame. Also the first in a long line of Napoleonic miniature wargames.
3532:
1518:
began writing an influential series of books on wargaming, which represented the first mainstream published contribution to wargaming since
452:, or to study the nature of potential conflicts. Many wargames re-create specific historic battles, and can cover either whole wars, or any
1976:β (1954) a classic multi-player game from the "golden age" of wargames in which strategy is exercised off the game board as well as on it.
1478:
firearms). When two infantry units fought in close quarters, the units would suffer non-random losses determined by their relative sizes.
3620:
936:
players like the opportunity to show off their artistic skills. Miniature wargaming is often as much about artistry as it is about play.
1358:
677:, in which players use miniature figurines to represent individual soldiers, and move them around on a scale model of the battlefield.
2687:β a wargame set in different time periods, with a turn based map, and a real time battle component, featured on the television series
3655:
1425:
in 1882, both heavily inspired by Prussian wargames. In 1894, the US Naval War College made wargaming a regular tool of instruction.
2416:-inspired miniatures game featuring steam-powered robots fighting under the direction of powerful wizards. Also has a sister game,
1167:
3908:
3887:
3030:
1213:
Wargames were played remotely through the mail, with players sending lists of moves, or orders, to each other through the mail.
4836:
3663:
340:
4062:
2263:β (Avalon Hill, 1994) this game started the Card-Driven wargame movement, which is very influential in current wargame design.
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4826:
4312:
4281:
4148:
4006:
3848:
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2614:
1578:. Earlier miniature wargames were designed to be played using generic models that could be bought from any manufacturer, but
1487:
miniature wargames. Miniature wargaming was seen as a niche within the larger hobby of making and collecting model soldiers.
444:
in which two or more players command opposing armed forces in a simulation of an armed conflict. Wargaming may be played for
320:
1790:
and the most prolific print wargame designer in history. His designs included many firsts in wargaming, including the first
5105:
4710:
782:
has wizards and dragons, but the bulk of the armaments are taken from medieval warfare (spearmen, knights, archers, etc.).
5006:
2526:
2100:
2053:, 1972) β The first wargame to use wooden blocks with labels to provide a fog of war and four possible steps of strength.
423:
4434:
1293:
1056:
was not as successful, but is a look at the constant design and development of new types of tanks during World War II.
3665:
Taktisches Kriegs-Spiel oder Anleitung zu einer mechanischen Vorrichtung um taktische Manoeuvres sinnlich darzustellen
715:
is an operational-level professional wargame developed in the 1960s by the US Army for research into guerilla warfare.
4965:
4831:
4354:
4260:
4220:
4200:
4162:
4134:
4118:
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3921:
Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-playing Games
3867:
3829:
3806:
3772:
3753:
2830:
1943:
740:
325:
1582:
setting featured original characters with distinctive visual designs, and their models were produced exclusively by
5391:
4897:
4471:
5098:
4874:
4550:
3011:
2752:
2625:
2197:, it is arguably the most successful tactical space combat system that does not rely on miniatures (published by
1365:
The game modeled the capabilities of the units realistically using data gathered by the Prussian army during the
1313:
367:
184:
4970:
4821:
4784:
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4599:
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1925:
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as "live wargames", but certain institutions such as the US Navy do not accept this. Likewise, activities like
315:
219:
1400:
Prussian wargaming attracted little attention outside Prussia until 1870, when Prussia defeated France in the
4689:
4209:
4073:
3420:
3032:
Tacspiel War-Game Procedures and Rules of Play for Guerrilla/Counterguerrilla Operations [RAC-TP-223]
2682:
2522:
1797:
722:
were a series of strategic-level professional wargames that sought to predict the outcome of the Vietnam War.
2785:, 1982) β initially printed as a board game, it quickly evolved to incorporate elements of miniatures games.
1780:), one of the first major competitors to Avalon Hill, and himself a prolific wargame designer and innovator.
1483:
use scale models of buildings, trees, and other terrain features to create a three-dimensional battlefield.
1007:(previously named Gamma Two Games), depicting the campaign surrounding the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
4683:
4243:
4230:
2710:
2139:. With 4 maps and 1000+ counters, it is credited with being the first "monster" wargame (by famed designer
1823:
1242:
Reality Simulations, Inc. still runs a number of PBM games, such as Duel2 (formerly known as Duelmasters),
297:
3945:. Translated by H. O. S. Heistand. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1898. pp. 233β289.
2173:
also sets the record for sheer volume of playing components, with thousands of official counters and 60+ "
5307:
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5247:
4816:
4677:
4562:
4109:
4068:
2570:
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1742:
1188:
1031:, a 'tongue-in-cheek game of the end of the world', first published in 1966 and still published today by
520:
456:, battles, or lower-level engagements within them. Many simulate land combat, but there are wargames for
310:
194:
5365:
3821:
2835:
2725:
2490:
1392:
Prussians developed new variations of Reisswitz's system to incorporate new technologies and doctrine.
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35:
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1921:
1867:
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1129:
1123:
824:
352:
3938:
609:
A wargame does not involve the use of actual troops and armaments. This definition is used by the
4920:
3709:"Models of war 1770β1830: the birth of wargames and the trade-off between realism and simplicity"
3528:
2373:
2236:
2088:
1914:
1758:
1737:
1724:
1434:
1039:
1027:
641:
614:
473:
416:
3113:"...the discretion of the umpire may be subject to all manner of conscious or unconscious bias."
2466:
bricks as miniatures and scenery and gained popularity mostly due to the looseness of the rules.
2390:, 2001) β Innovative game popularizing the combat dial, pre-painted plastic miniatures, and the
2008:(Avalon Hill, 1958) β the first modern era wargame intended to model an actual historical event.
5280:
5148:
4568:
4505:
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4427:
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2198:
1962:
548:
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107:
95:
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2165:
2018:
1816:
1561:
1085:
1059:
The most successful card wargame (as a card game and as a wargame) would almost certainly be
993:
913:
862:
445:
1965:
will show the variety of titles, the following games are notable for the reasons indicated:
1459:
developed codified rules for playing with toy soldiers, which he published in a book titled
5153:
5138:
5048:
5027:
4996:
3556:
2863:
An M1 Garand has an effective range of 457m, which corresponds to 3.8m at a scale of 1:120.
2258:
2058:
1637:
1572:
produced what was the first miniature wargame designed to be used with proprietary models:
610:
558:
554:
532:
516:
4399:
3643:
8:
4635:
4556:
4510:
3670:
Tactical War Game - or, instruction to a mechanical device to simulate tactical maneuvers
2815:
2782:
2703:
2651:
2594:
2514:
2334:, this game featured the novelties of combat magic and fantastic creatures as combatants.
2174:
2070:
2065:
2033:
1687:
1662:
1503:
1466:
1401:
1262:
1221:
955:
928:
923:
500:
255:
189:
154:
3650:
Instructions for the Representation of Military Maneuvres with the Kriegsspiel Apparatus
1842:β wrote rule sets for Napoleonic and World War II wargames and also on military history.
1626:, the first firm that specialized in commercial wargames. In 1958, Avalon Hill released
1114:
5330:
5237:
5180:
5074:
4960:
4611:
3899:
3878:
3597:
3050:
2825:
2583:β (Strategic Simulations, Inc., 1995) β an early tactical wargame on the same scale as
2447:
2240:
2182:
1710:
409:
231:
127:
90:
50:
31:
4300:
Philip Sabin: Simulating War. Studying Conflict Simulation through Games, London 2012.
2736:
2191:, 1978) one of the older still actively played and published wargames today; based on
557:
is a wargame that is used by a military as a serious tool for training or research. A
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5022:
4862:
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4420:
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2003:
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598:
A wargame simulates an armed conflict, be it a battle, a campaign, or an entire war.
465:
453:
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362:
237:
5257:
5200:
4944:
4520:
4361:
Terry Wise's Introduction to Battlegaming including his unpublished wargaming rules
4169:
Tank Battles in Miniature: Wargamers' Guide to the Western Desert Campaign, 1940β42
3730:
3720:
2820:
2768:
2757:β (Nova Games, 1980) β this flip-book system is a simulation of aerial dogfighting.
2534:
2353:
2305:
2188:
1971:
1863:
1810:β Designer of several miniatures and board wargames who went on to co-create (with
1682:
1574:
1555:
778:
736:
is tactical-level recreational wargame that simulates World War 1 aerial dogfights.
667:
566:
527:
477:
149:
122:
3725:
3708:
3598:"On Wargaming: How Wargames Have Shaped History and How They May Shape the Future"
2589:, which led to two sequels, and a complete revision of the title for free release.
1439:
1118:
A computer-assisted wargame sponsored by the US Air National Guard (February 2015)
819:
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5302:
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5190:
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457:
285:
159:
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511:
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3645:
Anleitung zur Darstellung militairische Manover mit dem Apparat des Kriegsspiel
2697:
2578:
2564:
2518:
2345:
2050:
1886:
1773:
1765:
1614:
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1583:
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1384:
In the English-speaking world, Reisswitz's wargame and its variants are called
1226:
1032:
1004:
975:
966:
798:
602:
do not simulate armed conflict and thus fall outside the scope of this article.
291:
3799:
It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan
3537:
1266:
access has also meant that networked games are now common and easy to set up.
1148:
issues) by ensuring that the players have access to the actual physical game.
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tracking"). The game also had some rules that modeled morale and exhaustion.
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1161:
989:
983:
951:
945:
701:
673:
461:
441:
279:
144:
139:
1727:), co writer of WRG Ancients in 1969 and of DBA the innovative 1990 ruleset.
4774:
4744:
4739:
4647:
4641:
3943:
Selected Professional Papers Translated from European Military Publications
3679:
Peter Perla's The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists
2731:
2632:
2605:
2585:
2311:
2158:
2140:
1850:
1811:
1783:
1243:
1151:
The four main programs that can be used to play a number of games each are
267:
261:
200:
4889:
2884:: "To be a wargame, in our sense of the word, the game must be realistic."
1998:(Parker Brothers, 1959) β Widely accepted as the first mainstream wargame.
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5090:
4934:
4779:
4623:
4593:
4587:
4465:
4265:
4104:
4087:
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2092:
2024:
1991:
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and introduced many advanced graphics design elements to wargame designs.
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Since e-mail is faster than the standard postal service, the rise of the
999:
814:
802:
243:
213:
4376:
Erik Lin-Greenberg, Reid B.C. Pauly, and Jacquelyn G. Schneider. 2021. β
2282:. As only a handful of these games survive, they are highly collectible.
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5207:
5130:
4749:
4629:
4269:
3735:
3697:
3628:
Board Games Studies: International Journal for the Study of Board Games
2762:
2403:
1981:
1928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1753:
1499:
1417:
in England. In the United States, Charles Adiel Lewis Totten published
489:
249:
4402:, By Clive Gilbert and Kevin Allen, BBC News Magazine, 24 August 2007.
2630:
CM's genesis was also as a failed attempt by Avalon Hill to translate
5350:
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2279:
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1550:
1145:
1044:
806:
481:
225:
3621:"Eine Anleitung zur Anleitung. Das Takstische Kriegsspiel 1812-1824"
2095:, 1976) β the definitive game of Age of Sail warfare for many years.
1903:
909:
5340:
5195:
5158:
4734:
2776:
2661:
2538:
2530:
2510:
2481:
2457:
2359:
1707:β Known in the UK as the "co-father" of modern miniature wargaming.
1370:
1345:
1255:
1175:
is available for purchase, while the other three are offered free.
1106:
73:
4051:
The Complete Wargames Handbook: How to Play, Design, and Find Them
2420:, which features large monstrous creatures in the place of robots.
1217:
sales in hundreds by six, using the remainder as the dice result.
730:
is a strategic-level computer wargame set in the mid-20th century.
45:
4857:
3542:
2665:
2387:
2230:
1594:
1354:
1309:
496:
485:
357:
3568:
A reprint is available from the History of Wargaming Project at
2211:(Avalon Hill, 1981) β pioneered the use of "point to point" or "
1559:(1971), which in turn became the basis for the roleplaying game
53:
by the red player against an island defended by the green player
4001:, Special Interest Model Books; New edition (31 December 1998)
2641:
2442:
have opened the miniature wargaming hobby to a new demographic.
2398:
has inspired numerous collectible, skirmish miniature wargames.
1473:
had very simple rules to make it fun and accessible to anyone.
887:
referee too, often referring to them as "the GameMaster" (e.g.
30:"Wargamer" and "wargaming" redirect here. For the website, see
2073:
where game pieces depicted a single soldier. An adaptation of
1349:
A reconstruction of the wargame developed in 1824 by Reisswitz
3160:
In a letter from Hellwig, dated 26 September 1801, quoted in
2243:
combat, in which each game piece represented a single person.
1191:, making it accessible to any computer that can run a modern
3580:
A reprint is available from history of Wargaming Project at
2623:, 2000) β not the first 3D tactical wargame (titles such as
2077:
also became one of the first multi-player computer wargames.
1986:(Avalon Hill, 1958) β the wargame that launched Avalon Hill.
1507:
self-published the world's first wargaming magazine, titled
1465:(1913). This is widely remembered as the first rulebook for
5212:
4412:
2670:
2463:
4364:
4326:
4316:
4246:
4233:
3581:
3569:
3012:"The "Four Levels" of Wargaming: A New Scope on the Hobby"
3901:
War Gamers' Handbook: A Guide for Professional War Gamers
2542:
1192:
3506:
1786:β considered "The Dean of Modern Wargaming", founder of
5069:
4400:
Dice against the Nazis: Propaganda aimed to reduce fear
4206:
Dorca Alejo, "My Toy Soldiers & Me" Second edition.
561:
is one played for fun, often in a competitive context.
1768:β A co-founder of Game Designers Workshop (along with
1274:
1128:
In the recent years, programs have been developed for
4396:, by Dr. Brett Holman, PhD in History, 5 August 2007.
4242:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2009 by the
4229:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2008 by the
3860:
Tabletop Wargames: A Designers' and Writers' Handbook
2521:) β a series of turn-based wargames released for the
1144:
easier), while supporting the industry (and reducing
581:
bluntly obliged to use whatever is provided to them.
4340:
Airfix magazine Guides: American Civil War Wargaming
3763:
Pat Harrigan; Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, eds. (2016).
3762:
3492:
3456:
2892:
2890:
805:
even simpler, with the complexity of these games an
3642:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz (1824).
1302:
The playing field and pieces from Hellwig's wargame
1042:(a board wargame company) produced two card games,
3857:
3421:"Make It Do β Metal Shortages During World War II"
3122:
3069:
1613:The first successful commercial board wargame was
488:are classified as physical sports. Wargaming is a
2887:
2131:(Martial Enterprises, 1974) Later republished by
1589:
5378:
4325:, reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project
1836:, and other games in the Axis and Allies Series.
3378:
3376:
3038:. Research Analysis Corporation. Archived from
2795:β (Avalon Hill, 1983) β A popular card wargame.
1110:The US Navy Electronic Warfare Simulator (1958)
709:that simulates land battles during World War 2.
506:
4378:Wargaming for International Relations Research
4315:reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project
3952:The Complete Wargames Handbook Revised Edition
3550:
3439:"History of the British Model Soldier Society"
3028:
1603:(1954) was the first successful board wargame.
1494:began making inexpensive miniature models for
744:is a fantasy wargame whose rules are based on
468:as well as many that combine various domains.
27:Strategy game that realistically simulates war
5106:
4905:
4428:
4295:Airfix magazine Guides: World War 2 Wargaming
4020:Military Modelling Guide to Siege War Gaming
3877:Perla, Peter P.; Barrett, Raymond T. (1985).
3245:
3009:
2113:, and as a far more complex descendant game,
417:
4363:Printed by the History of Wargaming Project
4288:Airfix magazine Guides: Napoleonic Wargaming
4183:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 2 1420β1783
4113:, Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, NY 1980.
4027:Military Modelling Guide to Solo War Gaming
3876:
3373:
3134:
2559:series of tactical role-playing video games.
1675:β Pioneer in miniature wargaming, author of
1514:Around the same time in the United Kingdom,
1421:in 1880, and William R. Livermore published
1246:, and Forgotten Realms: War of the Avatars.
918:, a miniature wargame set during World War 2
4919:
4382:European Journal of International Relations
4190:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 3 1792β1859
3765:Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming
3746:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games
3055:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1644:became the most widely-played wargame yet.
1408:(the German word for "wargame"). The first
448:, to train military officers in the art of
5120:
5113:
5099:
4912:
4898:
4435:
4421:
4349:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1972.
4215:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1970.
4092:The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming
3677:Peter P. Perla (2012) . John Curry (ed.).
2177:" not counting Deluxe and Historical maps.
1388:, which is the German word for "wargame".
1359:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz
424:
410:
4041:Airfix magazine Guides: Ancient Wargaming
3880:An Introduction to Wargaming and its Uses
3841:Die Auftritte des Krieges sinnlich machen
3838:
3734:
3724:
3706:
3661:
3641:
3319:
3293:
3251:
3189:
3096:
3029:Lawrence J. Dondero; et al. (1966).
1944:Learn how and when to remove this message
1249:
4240:Sprawling Wargames multiplayer Wargaming
3937:
3918:
3782:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig (1803).
3382:
3305:
3279:
3227:
3213:
3201:
3175:
3161:
3146:
3108:
2969:
1889:β Former baseball player and commentator
1632:, which was a retooling of the rules of
1593:
1438:
1344:
1113:
1105:
965:
908:
526:
510:
44:
4013:Military Modelling Guide to War Gaming
3858:Rick Priestley; John Lambshead (2016).
3815:
3796:
3781:
3618:
3595:
3477:
3356:
3262:
3239:
2945:
2933:
2909:
2297:Miniature Wargames du temps de Napoleon
2028:by Avalon Hill in 1970. The very first
1731:
1656:
621:
14:
5379:
4837:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers
4157:, Sportshelf & Soccer Assoc 1969.
3818:Wargames: From Gladiators to Gigabytes
3743:
3630:(in German) (3): 59β78. Archived from
3368:
2744:
1681:. His usual companion in wargames was
1428:
341:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers
5094:
4893:
4827:International Federation of Wargaming
4416:
3897:
3839:Nohr, Rolf F.; BΓΆhme, Stefan (2009).
3695:
3676:
3393:
3342:
2995:
2981:
2921:
2041:reflecting tactical armored vehicles.
2022:Magazine game, 1969); re-released as
1502:. Scruby's major contribution to the
1331:
1202:
321:International Federation of Wargaming
4094:, Arthur Baker Limited London 1977.
3968:
3949:
3681:. The History of Wargaming Project.
3662:George Leopold von Reiswitz (1812).
3330:
3081:
2877:
1926:adding citations to reliable sources
1897:
1469:(for terrestrial armies, at least).
1101:
823:projection. Contrarily, in wargames
5007:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich
4390:, Time Magazine, December 14, 1942.
4029:, Special Interest Model Books 1989
4022:, Special Interest Model Books 1990
4015:, Special Interest Model Books 1987
3914:from the original on July 28, 2018.
3893:from the original on March 5, 2020.
2101:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich
1893:
1395:
1275:Early Prussian wargames (1780β1806)
848:Every wargame must have a sense of
172:
24:
4485:
4407:Return of the hex-crazed wargamers
3986:
3493:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016)
3457:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016)
2235:β (Victory Games, 1983) the first
1874:
1860:, and other well-received designs.
1636:, and was based on the historical
1308:The first wargame was invented in
25:
5403:
4832:International Wargames Federation
4127:Featherstone's Complete Wargaming
3862:. Pen & Sword Books Limited.
3843:. Appelhans-Verlag Braunschweig.
2831:International Wargames Federation
2275:Rules for the Jane Naval War Game
2032:. The game pioneered the use of "
1651:
1229:, was an early PBM game in 1970.
495:Modern wargaming was invented in
326:International Wargames Federation
5028:Eclipse: New Dawn for the Galaxy
4472:Western Approaches Tactical Unit
3656:translation by Bill Leeson, 1989
3504:
3123:Priestley & Lambshead (2016)
3070:Priestley & Lambshead (2016)
1902:
1490:In 1955, a California man named
1419:Strategos, the American War Game
1292:
1283:
761:
72:
4875:World Boardgaming Championships
4129:, David & Charles UK 1989.
3604:(43). Naval War College Press.
3596:Matthew B. Caffrey Jr. (2019).
3589:
3574:
3562:
3521:
3498:
3485:
3471:
3462:
3449:
3431:
3413:
3401:
3387:
3362:
3350:
3336:
3324:
3313:
3299:
3287:
3273:
3256:
3233:
3221:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3169:
3154:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3102:
3090:
3075:
3063:
3022:
3003:
2989:
2857:
2848:
1913:needs additional citations for
1665:, who with his father invented
1314:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig
1179:is in turn an outgrowth of the
705:is a tactical-level historical
657:
368:World Boardgaming Championships
4822:Game Manufacturers Association
4255:, Naval Institute Press 1990.
3084:The Complete Wargames Handbook
3010:James Johnson (30 June 2014).
2975:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2902:
2880:The Complete Wargames Handbook
2871:
2267:
1590:Board wargaming (1954βpresent)
1435:History of miniature wargaming
890:Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader
316:Game Manufacturers Association
49:A board wargame displaying an
13:
1:
4347:Introduction to Battle Gaming
4074:The Complete Book of Wargames
3726:10.1080/01916599.2017.1366928
2523:Nintendo Entertainment System
2496:
2036:" and PanzerBlitz was a game
870:
792:
4817:Castle & Crusade Society
4442:
4244:History of Wargaming Project
4231:History of Wargaming Project
4227:Napoleonic Wargaming For Fun
4061:This is available online at
3619:Phillip von Hilgers (2000).
2841:
2440:collectible miniatures games
2392:collectible miniatures games
1195:, while the other three are
904:
507:Professional vs recreational
311:Castle & Crusade Society
7:
5308:Collectible miniatures game
5298:Constructible strategy game
4563:Julius von Verdy du Vernois
4370:
4213:Battle! Practical Wargaming
4110:The Best of Board Wargaming
4077:, Simon and Schuster 1980.
3816:Martin van Creveld (2013).
2799:
2571:Strategic Simulations, Inc.
1079:
801:are relatively simple, and
694:
588:
521:US Marine Corps War College
195:Julius von Verdy du Vernois
83:
10:
5408:
5366:Tabletop role-playing game
3950:James F. Dunnigan (1992).
3822:Cambridge University Press
3744:Michael J. Tresca (2011).
3135:Perla & Barrett (1985)
2836:List of wargame publishers
2726:Command: Modern Operations
2609:boardgame to the computer.
2491:List of miniature wargames
1956:
1622:Roberts later founded the
1606:
1432:
1338:
1269:
1206:
1121:
1083:
1025:An early card wargame was
981:
943:
921:
766:
753:Command: Modern Operations
542:
539:) in play at CSW Expo 2009
396:List of wargame publishers
391:List of miniature wargames
36:Wargaming (disambiguation)
29:
5323:
5271:
5223:
5129:
5080:Hobby Games: The 100 Best
5057:
5041:
5015:
4979:
4953:
4927:
4845:
4809:
4802:
4720:
4578:
4541:
4534:
4496:
4483:
4450:
4307:, Hippocrene Books, 1974
4065:(verified December 2011).
4034:Know The Game: War Gaming
3898:Shawn Burns, ed. (2013).
3713:History of European Ideas
3507:"Wargames Research Group"
2127:La Bataille de la Moskowa
2083:Wooden Ships and Iron Men
2063:(SPI, 1973) β along with
1762:, and best selling author
1701:, and community building.
1522:. Titles included :
1236:Middle-Earth Play-By-Mail
331:Johnny Reb Gaming Society
40:War game (disambiguation)
5243:Dedicated deck card game
4853:Charles S. Roberts Award
3991:
3975:Naval War College Review
3907:. US Naval War College.
3797:Tristan Donovan (2017).
2340:Warhammer Fantasy Battle
2163:(Avalon Hill, 1977) and
2133:Games Designers Workshop
2107:John Prados' Third Reich
1624:Avalon Hill Game Company
1540:Battles with Model Tanks
1446:and his friends playing
1423:The American Kriegsspiel
1130:computer-assisted gaming
1124:Computer-assisted gaming
961:
939:
899:
843:
779:Warhammer Fantasy Battle
474:field training exercises
353:Charles S. Roberts Award
5392:Military historiography
4921:Grand strategy wargames
3999:Wargaming World War Two
3707:Paul Schuurman (2017).
3190:Nohr & BΓΆhme (2009)
2462:is a wargame that uses
2374:Wargames Research Group
2237:solitaire board wargame
2215:" in tactical wargames.
2089:Battleline Publications
1725:Wargames Research Group
1239:is still active today.
1040:Battleline Publications
1010:
642:Warhammer Age of Sigmar
5281:Abstract strategy game
5149:Cooperative board game
4569:William McCarty Little
4506:Recreational wargaming
4490:
4460:Professional wargaming
4342:, P.Stephens Ltd 1977.
4290:, P.Stephens Ltd 1974.
4043:, P.Stephens Ltd 1975.
3538:"Peter Cushing (1956)"
2432:Milton Bradley Company
2368:De Bellis Antiquitatis
2322:Dungeons & Dragons
2317:Dungeons & Dragons
2199:Amarillo Design Bureau
2019:Strategy & Tactics
1834:Conquest of the Empire
1817:Dungeons & Dragons
1604:
1562:Dungeons & Dragons
1452:
1350:
1250:E-mail and traditional
1119:
1111:
979:
919:
626:A wargame must have a
549:Recreational wargaming
545:Professional wargaming
540:
524:
386:List of board wargames
336:Naval Wargames Society
108:Grand strategy wargame
96:Recreational wargaming
54:
34:. For other uses, see
5361:Social deduction game
5356:Paper-and-pencil game
5233:Collectible card game
5169:Cross and circle game
5033:Star Trek: Ascendancy
4489:
4297:, P.Stephens Ltd 1976
4274:Wargaming for Leaders
4171:, P.Stephens Ltd 1973
4036:, EP Publishing 1978.
3919:Jon Peterson (2012).
3045:on February 14, 2017.
2331:The Lord of the Rings
2166:Advanced Squad Leader
1597:
1442:
1348:
1117:
1109:
1086:Wargame (video games)
969:
912:
530:
514:
208:20th century Pioneers
179:19th century pioneers
48:
5154:Deduction board game
5139:Adventure board game
5049:Computer Third Reich
4966:History of the World
4928:Abstract board games
4323:With Pike and Musket
4276:, McGraw-Hill 2009.
4253:The Art of Wargaming
4188:Donald Featherstone
4181:Donald Featherstone
4174:Donald Featherstone
4167:Donald Featherstone
4153:Donald Featherstone
4139:Donald Featherstone
3969:Vego, Milan (2012).
3696:H. G. Wells (1913).
3557:The General Magazine
3407:H. G. Wells (1913).
2897:War Gamer's Handbook
2175:geomorphic mapboards
2034:geomorphic mapboards
1922:improve this article
1743:Terrible Swift Sword
1732:Designers/developers
1657:Wargaming as a hobby
1638:Battle of Gettysburg
1233:Hall-of-Fame member
1187:) project, and uses
622:Setting and scenario
611:US Naval War College
559:recreational wargame
555:professional wargame
533:recreational wargame
517:professional wargame
5248:Shedding-type games
4557:Georg von Reisswitz
4511:Miniature wargaming
4305:Practical wargaming
4124:Donald Featherstone
3971:"German War Gaming"
3939:"Foreign War Games"
3425:www.sarahsundin.com
3016:www.beastsofwar.com
2816:Miniature wargaming
2783:Steve Jackson Games
2745:Unique game systems
2704:Paradox Interactive
2652:Wargame: Red Dragon
2515:Intelligent Systems
2071:Man to Man wargames
1688:Three Men in a Boat
1663:Georg von Reisswitz
1580:Warhammer Fantasy's
1568:From 1983 to 2015,
1516:Donald Featherstone
1509:The War Game Digest
1504:miniature wargaming
1467:miniature wargaming
1455:The English writer
1429:Miniature wargaming
1402:Franco-Prussian War
1357:army officer named
1263:turn-based strategy
1222:Nuclear Destruction
956:miniature wargaming
929:Miniature wargaming
924:Miniature wargaming
567:military historians
501:Franco-Prussian War
190:Georg von Reisswitz
155:Miniature wargaming
118:Operational wargame
60:Part of a series on
5238:Deck-building game
5181:Running-fight game
5075:Tabletop Simulator
4961:Age of Renaissance
4612:Charles S. Roberts
4491:
4388:Sport: Little Wars
4176:War Game Campaigns
4155:Advanced War Games
3954:. William Morrow.
3923:. Unreason Press.
3652:] (in German).
3602:The Newport Papers
3559:, Volume 27, No. 5
3443:www.bmssonline.com
2958:Wargaming Handbook
2826:Business war games
2519:Kuju Entertainment
2183:Star Fleet Battles
1963:comprehensive list
1711:Charles S. Roberts
1605:
1544:Skirmish Wargaming
1496:miniature wargames
1453:
1351:
1203:Play-by-mail (PBM)
1120:
1112:
1038:In the late 1970s
980:
920:
858:miniature wargames
632:historical setting
541:
525:
450:strategic thinking
232:Charles S. Roberts
91:Military wargaming
55:
51:amphibious assault
32:Wargamer (website)
5374:
5373:
5263:Trick-taking game
5088:
5087:
5023:Twilight Imperium
4980:Detailed wargames
4954:World epoch games
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4863:Origins Game Fair
4798:
4797:
4684:Larry Harris, Jr.
4618:Allan B. Calhamer
4313:978-0-88254-271-3
4282:978-0-07-159688-6
4149:978-1-4092-1676-6
4007:978-1-85486-000-2
3850:978-3-941737-02-0
3688:978-1-4716-2242-7
3611:978-1-935352-65-5
3491:Jon Peterson, in
3455:Jon Peterson, in
3082:Dunnigan (1992),
2960:(MoD 2017), p. 21
2878:Dunnigan (1992),
2621:Big Time Software
2207:Storm Over Arnhem
2153:(GMT Games, 1992)
1954:
1953:
1946:
1792:tactical wargames
1723:β Co-founder of (
1575:Warhammer Fantasy
1536:Wargame Campaigns
1528:Advanced Wargames
1415:Oxford University
1209:Play-by-mail game
1197:Microsoft Windows
1102:Computer-assisted
1090:Wargame (hacking)
807:emergent property
741:Star Wars: X-Wing
727:Hearts of Iron IV
707:miniature wargame
682:operational level
600:Business wargames
434:
433:
363:Origins Game Fair
298:Larry Harris, Jr.
238:Allan B. Calhamer
150:Computer wargames
113:Strategic wargame
16:(Redirected from
5399:
5258:Tarot card games
5201:Chinese dominoes
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5016:Space "4x" games
4914:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4807:
4806:
4636:Redmond Simonsen
4600:Don Featherstone
4539:
4538:
4521:Computer wargame
4488:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4321:C.F. Wesencraft
4303:C.F. Wesencraft
3982:
3965:
3946:
3934:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3873:
3854:
3835:
3812:
3793:
3778:
3759:
3740:
3738:
3728:
3703:
3692:
3673:
3653:
3638:
3636:
3625:
3615:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3320:Reisswitz (1824)
3317:
3311:
3303:
3297:
3294:Reisswitz (1824)
3291:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3252:Schuurman (2017)
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3097:Schuurman (2017)
3094:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2821:Tactical wargame
2636:to the computer.
2535:Game Boy Advance
2354:Warhammer 40,000
2189:Task Force Games
2030:tactical wargame
1949:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1906:
1898:
1894:Notable examples
1866:β Co-founder of
1864:Redmond Simonsen
1746:, and worked at
1705:Don Featherstone
1683:Jerome K. Jerome
1396:Worldwide spread
1296:
1287:
478:capture the flag
426:
419:
412:
256:Redmond Simonsen
220:Don Featherstone
123:Tactical wargame
76:
57:
56:
21:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5346:Icehouse pieces
5319:
5303:Miniatures game
5286:Connection game
5267:
5219:
5191:Tile-based game
5125:
5119:
5089:
5084:
5053:
5037:
5011:
4992:Empires in Arms
4975:
4949:
4940:Axis and Allies
4923:
4918:
4888:
4879:
4841:
4794:
4722:
4716:
4711:Gilbert Roberts
4700:Stephen V. Cole
4666:S. Craig Taylor
4580:
4574:
4543:
4530:
4526:Naval wargaming
4498:
4492:
4486:
4481:
4477:Sigma war games
4452:
4446:
4441:
4373:
4335:, Penguin 1970.
4238:Paddy Griffith
4225:Paddy Griffith
4105:Nicholas Palmer
4088:Nicholas Palmer
4025:Stuart Asquith
4018:Stuart Asquith
4011:Stuart Asquith
3997:Stuart Asquith
3994:
3989:
3987:Further reading
3962:
3931:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3883:
3870:
3851:
3832:
3809:
3785:Das Kriegsspiel
3775:
3756:
3689:
3672:]. GΓ€dicke.
3634:
3623:
3612:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3536:
3533:Wayback Machine
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3427:. 11 July 2011.
3419:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:Peterson (2012)
3381:
3374:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:Peterson (2012)
3304:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:Peterson (2012)
3278:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:Peterson (2012)
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:Peterson (2012)
3212:
3208:
3202:Heistand (1898)
3200:
3196:
3192:, p. 50-58
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:Peterson (2012)
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:Heistand (1898)
3159:
3155:
3150:
3147:Peterson (2012)
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:, p. 29-31
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:Peterson (2012)
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2970:Peterson (2012)
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2811:Naval wargaming
2802:
2747:
2690:Time Commanders
2660:, 2014) β a 3D
2626:Muzzle Velocity
2499:
2410:Privateer Press
2270:
2221:Axis and Allies
2117:, published by
2111:Avalanche Press
2013:Tactical Game 3
1959:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1919:
1907:
1896:
1877:
1875:Notable players
1829:Axis and Allies
1734:
1699:War Game Digest
1659:
1654:
1611:
1592:
1437:
1431:
1398:
1367:Napoleonic Wars
1343:
1337:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1272:
1252:
1211:
1205:
1126:
1104:
1092:
1084:Main articles:
1082:
1054:Armor Supremacy
1050:Armor Supremacy
1013:
990:block wargaming
986:
964:
948:
942:
926:
907:
902:
873:
846:
795:
769:
764:
720:Sigma war games
697:
689:strategic level
660:
636:fantasy setting
624:
615:field exercises
591:
551:
543:Main articles:
509:
430:
401:
400:
381:
373:
372:
286:S. Craig Taylor
175:
165:
164:
160:Naval wargaming
86:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5122:Tabletop games
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5042:Computer games
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:World War Two:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4785:Martin Wallace
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Mark Simonitch
4767:
4762:
4760:Rick Priestley
4757:
4755:Joseph Miranda
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Craig Besinque
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4705:Greg Costikyan
4702:
4697:
4695:Frank Chadwick
4692:
4687:
4681:
4678:Marc W. Miller
4675:
4672:Paddy Griffith
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4551:Johann Hellwig
4547:
4545:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4343:
4336:
4331:Andrew Wilson
4329:
4319:
4301:
4298:
4293:Bruce Quarrie
4291:
4286:Bruce Quarrie
4284:
4272:, Robert Kurz
4263:
4249:
4236:
4223:
4207:
4204:
4193:
4192:, S. Paul 1975
4186:
4185:, S. Paul 1974
4179:
4178:, S. Paul 1970
4172:
4165:
4151:
4137:
4121:
4102:
4085:
4066:
4053:, Quill 1992.
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3935:
3929:
3916:
3895:
3874:
3868:
3855:
3849:
3836:
3830:
3813:
3807:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3754:
3741:
3719:(5): 442β455.
3704:
3693:
3687:
3674:
3659:
3639:
3637:on 2009-07-10.
3616:
3610:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3520:
3505:Phil, Barker.
3497:
3484:
3480:, p. 101:
3478:Donovan (2017)
3470:
3461:
3448:
3430:
3412:
3400:
3386:
3372:
3361:
3357:Caffrey (2019)
3349:
3335:
3323:
3312:
3298:
3286:
3272:
3265:, p. iii:
3263:Hellwig (1803)
3255:
3244:
3240:Creveld (2013)
3232:
3220:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3168:
3153:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3101:
3089:
3074:
3062:
3021:
3002:
2988:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2946:Creveld (2013)
2938:
2934:Creveld (2013)
2926:
2914:
2910:Creveld (2013)
2901:
2886:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2772:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:for a 3D view.
2721:
2707:
2698:Hearts of Iron
2693:
2678:
2647:
2637:
2615:Combat Mission
2610:
2590:
2579:Steel Panthers
2574:
2565:Panzer General
2560:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2467:
2453:
2443:
2421:
2399:
2377:
2363:
2349:
2346:Games Workshop
2335:
2301:
2293:
2283:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2226:
2216:
2202:
2178:
2154:
2144:
2122:
2115:A World At War
2096:
2078:
2054:
2051:Columbia Games
2042:
2009:
1999:
1987:
1977:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:Curt Schilling
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1848:β Designer of
1843:
1837:
1826:β Designer of
1821:
1814:) and publish
1805:
1795:
1781:
1766:Frank Chadwick
1763:
1756:β Designer of
1751:
1740:β Designer of
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1670:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Notable people
1650:
1607:Main article:
1591:
1588:
1584:Games Workshop
1570:Games Workshop
1532:Solo Wargaming
1433:Main article:
1430:
1427:
1397:
1394:
1339:Main article:
1336:
1330:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1261:At this time,
1251:
1248:
1227:Flying Buffalo
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1122:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1081:
1078:
1033:Flying Buffalo
1012:
1009:
1005:Columbia Games
982:Main article:
976:Columbia Games
963:
960:
944:Main article:
941:
938:
922:Main article:
906:
903:
901:
898:
872:
869:
845:
842:
799:rules of chess
794:
791:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
749:
737:
731:
723:
716:
710:
696:
693:
668:tactical level
659:
656:
623:
620:
619:
618:
607:
603:
590:
587:
508:
505:
432:
431:
429:
428:
421:
414:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
302:
301:
295:
292:Paddy Griffith
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
210:
209:
205:
204:
198:
192:
187:
185:Johann Hellwig
181:
180:
176:
171:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
145:Board wargames
142:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
87:
82:
81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5404:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5336:Matching game
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5273:Strategy game
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:War and Peace
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:Origins Award
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4803:Organizations
4801:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Andy Chambers
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Don Greenwood
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4660:Tom Dalgliesh
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Board wargame
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4359:Terence Wise
4358:
4356:
4355:0-85344-014-X
4352:
4348:
4345:Terence Wise
4344:
4341:
4338:Terence Wise
4337:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:0-87021-050-5
4258:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:0-85344-034-4
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:Charles Grant
4208:
4205:
4202:
4201:99920-1-701-5
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:0-392-00441-0
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4143:, Lulu 2008,
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:0-7153-9262-X
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:0-88254-525-6
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4100:0-213-16646-1
4097:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:0-671-25374-3
4080:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4059:0-688-10368-5
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3961:0-688-10368-5
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:9780615642048
3926:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3869:9781783831487
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3831:9781107036956
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3808:9781250082732
3804:
3801:. Macmillan.
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3774:9780262033992
3770:
3767:. MIT Press.
3766:
3761:
3757:
3755:9780786460090
3751:
3748:. McFarland.
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3369:Tresca (2011)
3365:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3242:, p. 146
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3204:, p. 240
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3177:
3172:
3163:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3110:
3105:
3099:, p. 443
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Air wargaming
2804:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2718:Longbow Games
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2658:Eugen Systems
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:Flames of War
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:We the People
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2213:area movement
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:Clash of Arms
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1934:December 2014
1927:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1911:This section
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:Peter Cushing
1879:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:Bruce Quarrie
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1808:E. Gary Gygax
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:Charles Grant
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Loren Wiseman
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:Board wargame
1602:
1601:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1286:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:Origins Award
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1076:of the game.
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
991:
985:
984:Block wargame
977:
973:
972:Julius Caesar
968:
959:
957:
953:
952:board wargame
947:
946:Board wargame
937:
933:
930:
925:
917:
916:
911:
897:
894:
892:
891:
884:
882:
878:
868:
865:
864:
859:
853:
851:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
821:
816:
813:For example,
811:
808:
804:
800:
790:
787:
783:
781:
780:
773:
762:Design issues
755:
754:
750:
747:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
702:Flames of War
699:
698:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
675:
674:Flames of War
670:
669:
663:
655:
652:
647:
644:
643:
637:
633:
629:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
596:
595:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
568:
562:
560:
556:
550:
546:
538:
534:
529:
522:
518:
513:
504:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:strategy game
439:
427:
422:
420:
415:
413:
408:
407:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:Tom Dalgliesh
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
202:
199:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
169:
168:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Air wargaming
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
85:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5314:
5064:
5001:
4986:
4971:Civilization
4775:Jerry Taylor
4745:James M. Day
4740:Richard Borg
4648:Richard Berg
4642:Jim Dunnigan
4497:Recreational
4464:
4451:Professional
4443:
4381:
4360:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4322:
4304:
4294:
4287:
4273:
4252:
4251:Peter Perla
4239:
4226:
4212:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4154:
4140:
4126:
4108:
4091:
4072:
4050:
4047:Jim Dunnigan
4040:
4039:Phil Barker
4033:
4032:Phil Barker
4026:
4019:
4012:
3998:
3978:
3974:
3951:
3942:
3920:
3900:
3879:
3859:
3840:
3817:
3798:
3789:
3784:
3764:
3745:
3716:
3712:
3698:
3678:
3669:
3664:
3649:
3644:
3632:the original
3627:
3601:
3590:Bibliography
3582:wargaming.co
3576:
3570:wargaming.co
3564:
3552:
3541:
3529:Ghostarchive
3527:Archived at
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3500:
3495:, p. 15
3487:
3473:
3464:
3459:, p. 19
3451:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3394:Perla (1990)
3389:
3364:
3352:
3343:Perla (1990)
3338:
3326:
3315:
3301:
3289:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3171:
3156:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3104:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3072:, p. 12
3065:
3040:the original
3031:
3024:
3015:
3005:
2996:Perla (1990)
2991:
2982:Perla (1990)
2977:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2922:Perla (1990)
2917:
2904:
2896:
2879:
2873:
2859:
2850:
2789:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2735:
2732:Warfare Sims
2724:
2723:
2711:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2633:Squad Leader
2631:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2606:Squad Leader
2604:
2595:Close Combat
2593:
2592:
2586:Squad Leader
2584:
2577:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2412:, 2003) β A
2402:
2401:
2395:
2388:WizKids Inc.
2380:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:Guidon Games
2304:
2303:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2159:Squad Leader
2157:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2141:Richard Berg
2125:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2069:, the first
2064:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1940:
1931:
1920:Please help
1915:verification
1912:
1855:
1851:Squad Leader
1849:
1833:
1827:
1824:Larry Harris
1815:
1812:Dave Arneson
1801:
1800:β Author of
1784:Jim Dunnigan
1757:
1741:
1738:Richard Berg
1698:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1260:
1253:
1244:Hyborian War
1241:
1234:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:Aide de Camp
1172:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1153:Aide de Camp
1152:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1096:
1093:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1017:
1014:
998:
987:
971:
949:
934:
927:
914:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
874:
861:
854:
849:
847:
838:
834:
830:
815:chess pieces
812:
797:Whereas the
796:
785:
784:
777:
774:
770:
751:
746:Wings of War
745:
739:
734:Wings of War
733:
725:
712:
700:
688:
686:
681:
679:
672:
666:
664:
661:
658:Level of war
650:
649:A wargame's
648:
640:
635:
631:
627:
625:
599:
592:
583:
579:
575:
571:
563:
552:
537:Here I Stand
536:
523:(April 2019)
494:
470:
437:
435:
268:Richard Berg
262:Jim Dunnigan
201:Fred T. Jane
117:
112:
102:Level of War
65:
5186:Tables game
5176:Legacy game
4987:Napoleonic:
4780:Dan Verssen
4713:(1900β1986)
4707:(born 1959)
4686:(born 1948)
4680:(born 1947)
4674:(1947β2010)
4668:(1946β2012)
4662:(born 1945)
4656:(1945β2015)
4650:(1943β2019)
4644:(born 1943)
4638:(1942β2005)
4632:(1938β2008)
4626:(born 1932)
4624:Phil Barker
4620:(1931β2013)
4614:(1930β2010)
4608:(1926β2000)
4602:(1918β2013)
4596:(1916β1988)
4594:Jack Scruby
4590:(1866β1946)
4588:H. G. Wells
4571:(1845β1915)
4565:(1832β1910)
4559:(1794β1827)
4553:(1743β1831)
4466:Kriegsspiel
4266:Mark Herman
4069:Jon Freeman
3790:The Wargame
3736:1765/101998
3699:Little Wars
3513:7 September
3409:Little Wars
3331:Vego (2012)
3137:, p. 9
2753:Ace of Aces
2675:Warsaw Pact
2556:Fire Emblem
2396:Mage Knight
2382:Mage Knight
2288:Little Wars
2093:Avalon Hill
2046:Quebec 1759
2025:PanzerBlitz
1802:The Wargame
1778:Rich Banner
1774:Marc Miller
1721:Phil Barker
1715:Avalon Hill
1695:Jack Scruby
1678:Little Wars
1667:Kriegsspiel
1520:Little Wars
1492:Jack Scruby
1480:Little Wars
1475:Little Wars
1471:Little Wars
1462:Little Wars
1457:H. G. Wells
1449:Little Wars
1444:H. G. Wells
1410:Kriegsspiel
1406:Kriegsspiel
1386:Kriegsspiel
1353:In 1824, a
1341:Kriegsspiel
1333:Kriegsspiel
1312:in 1780 by
1028:Nuclear War
1000:Quebec 1759
915:Bolt Action
863:Bolt Action
803:those of Go
300:(born 1948)
294:(1947β2010)
288:(1946β2012)
282:(born 1945)
276:(1945β2015)
270:(1943-2019)
264:(born 1943)
258:(1942β2005)
252:(1938β2008)
246:(born 1932)
244:Phil Barker
240:(1931β2013)
234:(1930β2010)
228:(1926β2000)
222:(1918β2013)
216:(1866β1946)
214:H. G. Wells
203:(1865β1916)
197:(1832β1910)
5381:Categories
5291:Tafl games
5208:Train game
5131:Board game
4750:Mike McVey
4630:Gary Gygax
4333:War Gaming
4270:Mark Frost
2763:BattleTech
2404:Warmachine
2241:man to man
2239:depicting
2004:Gettysburg
1982:Tactics II
1857:Johnny Reb
1754:Larry Bond
1673:H.G. Wells
1642:Gettysburg
1629:Gettysburg
1500:type metal
1199:programs.
1157:Cyberboard
994:Fog of War
970:A game of
871:Fog of war
793:Complexity
786:Validation
490:mind sport
462:air combat
446:recreation
250:Gary Gygax
5351:Piecepack
5331:Dice game
5225:Card game
5164:Race game
5144:Amerigame
4945:Diplomacy
4790:Matt Ward
4654:John Hill
4606:Tony Bath
4499:wargaming
4453:wargaming
4394:War games
4141:War Games
3051:cite book
2842:Footnotes
2683:Total War
2601:Microsoft
2489:See also
2436:Heroscape
2426:Heroscape
2414:steampunk
2326:Chainmail
2320:. Unlike
2306:Chainmail
2280:Fred Jane
2268:Miniature
2194:Star Trek
2119:GMT Games
1972:Diplomacy
1846:John Hill
1556:Chainmail
1551:Tony Bath
1549:In 1956,
1524:War Games
1225:, by the
1183:(Virtual
1146:copyright
1045:Naval War
905:Miniature
879:game. An
482:paintball
454:campaigns
274:John Hill
226:Tony Bath
18:Wargamers
5387:Wargames
5341:Megagame
5253:Patience
5196:Dominoes
5159:Eurogame
5070:4x games
4735:Ty Bomba
4444:Wargames
4371:Articles
4203:, 212 p.
3909:Archived
3888:Archived
3531:and the
3086:, p. 268
2800:See also
2791:Up Front
2777:Car Wars
2712:Hegemony
2662:regiment
2539:GameCube
2531:Game Boy
2511:Nintendo
2497:Computer
2482:Malifaux
2458:BrikWars
2448:Infinity
2438:and the
2360:dystopic
2249:Blue Max
1961:While a
1526:(1962),
1371:hitpoint
1355:Prussian
1256:Internet
1080:Computer
1074:elements
1062:Up Front
825:counters
713:TACSPIEL
695:Examples
651:scenario
606:side(s).
589:Overview
128:Skirmish
66:Wargames
5315:Wargame
5124:by type
5065:Wargame
5058:Related
4858:Gen Con
4723:century
4581:century
4544:century
4063:hyw.com
3543:YouTube
2882:, p. 13
2737:Tacview
2666:brigade
2517:, with
2231:Ambush!
2091:, 1974
2075:Sniper!
2059:Sniper!
1883:β Actor
1759:Harpoon
1634:Tactics
1616:Tactics
1600:Tactics
1498:out of
1310:Prussia
1270:History
767:Realism
757:future.
687:At the
680:At the
665:At the
628:setting
519:at the
497:Prussia
486:Airsoft
438:wargame
358:Gen Con
4846:Events
4810:Groups
4535:People
4353:
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4280:
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2642:TacOps
2551:Switch
2418:Hordes
2066:Patrol
2038:system
1776:, and
1691:fame).
1335:(1824)
1177:Vassal
1168:ZunTzu
1162:Vassal
992:, the
877:closed
820:Stones
484:, and
464:, and
347:Events
305:Groups
173:People
134:Genres
5324:Other
3992:Books
3912:(PDF)
3905:(PDF)
3891:(PDF)
3884:(PDF)
3788:[
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3648:[
3635:(PDF)
3624:(PDF)
3509:. WRG
3043:(PDF)
3036:(PDF)
2109:from
1957:Board
974:from
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940:Board
900:Types
850:scale
844:Scale
810:are.
466:cyber
458:naval
440:is a
380:Lists
84:Types
5213:18XX
4935:Risk
4721:21st
4579:20th
4542:19th
4365:link
4351:ISBN
4327:link
4317:link
4309:ISBN
4278:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4247:link
4234:link
4217:ISBN
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4055:ISBN
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3956:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3864:ISBN
3845:ISBN
3826:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3769:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3515:2013
3057:link
2769:FASA
2673:and
2671:NATO
2549:and
2527:SNES
2513:and
2505:Wars
2464:Lego
2149:SPQR
2135:and
1993:Risk
1685:(of
1189:Java
1181:VASL
1165:and
1088:and
1048:and
1011:Card
881:open
718:The
547:and
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4380:.β
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