303:
20:
194:
376:
352:
1906:
340:
142:
1786:
213:
322:
209:
pigeons threw the message-carrying pigeon either up or down, depending on the type of aircraft, to keep the pigeon out of the propeller and away from airflow toward the aircraft wings and struts. Eleven of the thrown pigeons went missing in action, but the remaining 219 messages were delivered successfully.
287:
to precise targets. The ideas were not taken up by the committee, and in 1948 the UK military stated that pigeons were of no further use. During the war, messenger pigeons could draw a special allowance of corn and seed, but as soon as the war ended this had been cancelled and anyone keeping pigeons
408:
In 2010, Indian police expressed suspicion that a recently captured pigeon from
Pakistan might have been carrying a message from Pakistan. In 2015, a pigeon from Pakistan was logged into Indian records as a "suspected spy". In May 2020, another suspected Pakistani spy pigeon was captured by Indian
208:
aviators maintained 12 pigeon stations in France, with a total inventory of 1,508 pigeons when the war ended. Pigeons were carried in airplanes to rapidly return messages to these stations, and 829 birds flew in 10,995 wartime aircraft patrols. Airmen of the 230 patrols with messages entrusted to
77:
A carrier pigeon's job was dangerous. Nearby, enemy soldiers often tried to shoot down pigeons, knowing that released birds were carrying important messages. Some of these pigeons became quite famous amongst the infantrymen for whom they worked. One pigeon, named “Spike”, flew 52 missions without
282:
Pigeon
Section during World War II and for a while thereafter. A Pigeon Policy Committee made decisions about the uses of pigeons in military contexts. The head of the section, Lea Rayner, reported in 1945 that pigeons could be trained to deliver small explosives or
302:
351:
133:. More than one million different messages traveled this way during the four-month siege. They were then discovered to be very useful, and carrier pigeons were well considered in military theory leading up to World War I.
69:
During World War I and World War II, carrier pigeons were used to transport messages back to their home coop behind the lines. When they landed, wires in the coop would sound a bell or buzzer and a soldier of the
577:
On May 10, 2021, Doctors Carla Dove and Robert
Fleischer took samples of the preserved body of Cher Ami and sent them for DNA analysis. On June 30, 2021, results confirmed that Cher Ami was a cock (male).
375:
970:
74:
would know a message had arrived. The soldier would go to the coop, remove the message from the canister, and send it to its destination by telegraph, field phone, or personal messenger.
94:
Before the advent of radio, carrier pigeons were frequently used on the battlefield as a means for a mobile force to communicate with a stationary headquarters. In the sixth century BC,
117:, besieged Parisians used carrier pigeons to transmit messages outside the city; in response, the besieging Prussian Army employed hawks to hunt the pigeons. The French military used
339:
695:
654:
178:. On his final mission in October 1918, he delivered a message despite having been shot through the breast or wing. The crucial message, found in the capsule hanging from a
383:
358:
235:
was undergoing conversion. As long as the pigeons were released a few at a time for exercise, they returned to the ship; but when the whole flock was released while
468:
30:
have long played an important role in war. Due to their homing ability, speed, and altitude, they were often used as military messengers. Carrier pigeons of the
1123:
2450:
2445:
2435:
1022:
251:
During World War II, the United
Kingdom used about 250,000 homing pigeons for many purposes, including communicating with those behind enemy lines such as
321:
2455:
2148:
855:
1403:
1822:
292:
was still concerned about the use of pigeons by enemy forces. Until 1950, they arranged for 100 birds to be maintained by a civilian
2083:
786:
409:
security forces in Jammu and
Kashmir. After finding nothing suspicious, India authorities released the pigeon back into Pakistan.
309:
2218:
2170:
183:
171:
760:
19:
2427:
1733:
1151:
417:
288:
would have to draw on their own personal rationed corn and seed to also feed the pigeons. However, the UK security service
220:
Pigeons were considered an essential element of naval aviation communication when the first United States aircraft carrier
738:
2185:
1049:
733:
636:
2165:
1745:
1740:
1457:
1424:
680:
264:
227:
was commissioned on 20 March 1922, so the ship included a pigeon house on the stern. The pigeons were trained at the
164:
1064:
610:
551:
193:
2120:
1721:
243:, the pigeons flew south and roosted in the cranes of the Norfolk shipyard. The pigeons never went to sea again.
1108:
1815:
996:
129:
images containing hundreds of messages allowed letters to be carried into Paris by pigeon from as far away as
2088:
2004:
1086:
2647:
1711:
388:
187:
83:
2662:
2352:
2180:
1771:
1766:
2621:
2211:
1346:
899:
545:
456:
327:
263:, the highest possible decoration for valor given to animals, was awarded to 32 pigeons, including the
1103:
922:
2657:
2652:
2511:
2142:
1927:
1808:
1390:
1236:
1144:
1113:
153:
145:
British WWI poster regarding the killing of war pigeons being an offence under
Regulation 21A of the
2521:
1246:
146:
496:
2114:
2058:
1973:
1716:
1566:
1419:
420:
were using homing pigeons to deliver messages to operatives outside its "so called caliphate".
2098:
1641:
1631:
228:
71:
296:
in order to prepare for any eventuality. The Swiss army disbanded its Pigeon section in 1996.
157:
2596:
2347:
2204:
2093:
1880:
1535:
1450:
1321:
971:"Suspected 'spy' pigeon from Pakistan carrying 'coded message' captured in Jammu and Kashmir"
849:
823:
66:, amongst 32 others, have been awarded to pigeons for their services in saving human lives.
2486:
1905:
1727:
1663:
1524:
1518:
1367:
1211:
1137:
345:
Left: Swiss homing pigeon service sergeant major, Women's
Military Service, uniform of 1986
794:
8:
2591:
2053:
1789:
1513:
1316:
530:
216:
Leg canister for a war pigeon, U.S. Army Signal Corps, World War I. 1.0 x 2.9 cm, 1.7 gm
114:
102:, used carrier pigeons to communicate with various parts of his empire. In Ancient Rome,
1118:
2556:
2471:
2022:
1978:
1648:
1559:
1281:
1196:
535:
432:
221:
205:
198:
170:
One of their homing pigeons, a Blue Check cock named Cher Ami, was awarded the French "
161:
586:
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2440:
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1875:
1864:
1311:
1251:
1221:
1080:
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268:
99:
59:
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2014:
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1750:
1690:
1443:
1276:
1216:
1027:
944:
764:
525:
175:
23:
Dispatching of a message by carrier pigeon within the Swiss Army during World War I
82:, lost his foot and one eye, but his message got through, saving a large group of
2626:
2576:
2541:
2531:
2332:
2027:
1999:
1850:
1831:
1673:
1621:
1581:
1571:
1487:
1435:
1351:
1301:
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1256:
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520:
484:
438:
312:
95:
47:
2606:
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2546:
2481:
2387:
2287:
2131:
1968:
1952:
1932:
1680:
1636:
1593:
1549:
1397:
1331:
1306:
1291:
1286:
1271:
1206:
728:
540:
462:
450:
369:: The pigeon would be released from this carrying important messages back home.
293:
272:
240:
63:
1023:"Jordanian military official says ISIS using homing pigeons to carry messages"
2641:
2611:
2571:
2362:
2063:
2048:
1885:
1845:
1668:
1588:
1336:
1296:
152:
Homing pigeons were used extensively during World War I. In 1914, during the
122:
103:
27:
2616:
2476:
2397:
2297:
2292:
2267:
2262:
2227:
2137:
2126:
1942:
1860:
1685:
1658:
1544:
1492:
1372:
1341:
1201:
1187:
514:
490:
472:
331:
279:
260:
256:
55:
43:
39:
31:
2196:
2175:
174:
with Palm” for heroic service delivering 12 important messages during the
141:
2601:
2536:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2407:
2392:
2382:
2357:
2342:
2327:
2307:
2302:
2257:
2241:
1870:
1653:
1326:
1261:
1241:
1231:
1226:
509:
35:
696:"Carrier pigeons still serve; even in modern war they do messenger duty"
655:"Carrier pigeons still serve; Even in modern war they do messenger duty"
614:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2337:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2272:
1470:
1466:
840:
Tate, Jackson R, RADM USN (October 1978). "We Rode the
Covered Wagon".
729:"He? She? Or just plain Cher Ami? Solving a century-old pigeon mystery"
556:
517:, used pigeons and sparrows to set fire to villages in the 10th century
2372:
2367:
2277:
1508:
1482:
611:"PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC', Pigeons — Roll of Honour"
428:
In total, 32 pigeons were decorated with the Dickin Medal including:
362:
284:
126:
212:
1937:
1800:
1626:
1177:
590:
560:
featuring a fictional World War I carrier pigeon named
Speckled Jim
395:
179:
118:
79:
51:
1947:
1895:
1576:
252:
1554:
869:
Pride, A.M. VADM USN (January 1979). "Comment and
Discussion".
413:
130:
1129:
1616:
1598:
1104:
Smithsonian page on Cher Ami, a decorated World War I pigeon
107:
884:
Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn".
712:
Cleaver, Hylton (June 1951). "They've earned their corn".
945:"Pakistanis respond after 'spy pigeon' detained in India"
289:
822:. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p.
366:
1124:" UK Mulled Using Birds for Bio-War After WW2 – Files"
246:
720:
675:. Sumter, South Carolina: Levi Publishing Co, Inc.
182:of his shattered leg, saved 194 US soldiers of the
1465:
1067:. PDSA. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009
398:, commemorating pigeons that served in World War I
106:used pigeons to send messages to the territory of
900:"Auflösung des Brieftaubendienstes abgeschlossen"
2639:
416:border official said at a news conference that
201:(probably aerial reconnaissance in World War I)
42:, and 32 such pigeons were presented with the
2212:
1816:
1451:
1145:
923:"Fowl play: alleged spy pigeon held in India"
920:
997:"India returns alleged spy bird to Pakistan"
854:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
585:Further reading: McWilliams, Beverley (2023)
2226:
2219:
2205:
1823:
1809:
1458:
1444:
1152:
1138:
871:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
842:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
78:receiving a single wound. Another, named
1119:World War 2 History and the WW2 Pigeons
815:
423:
211:
192:
140:
18:
883:
758:
726:
711:
637:"Pigeon Heroes of the Great War: Spike"
2640:
1065:"PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'"
1054:, PDSA Dickin Medal: 'the animals' VC'
835:
833:
689:
2200:
1804:
1439:
1133:
868:
34:breed were used to carry messages in
1830:
839:
670:
2186:United States Army Veterinary Corps
2171:King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
830:
734:National Museum of American History
603:
548:: Site of a memorial to war pigeons
13:
247:World War II and later deployments
167:used 600 pigeons in France alone.
113:During the 19th-century (1870–71)
16:Homing pigeons in military service
14:
2674:
2166:1st Military Working Dog Regiment
1746:United States Army Pigeon Service
1741:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons
1425:United States Army Pigeon Service
1097:
265:United States Army Pigeon Service
1904:
1785:
1784:
763:. World of Wings. Archived from
374:
350:
338:
320:
301:
1962:Communications and surveillance
1722:Royal Pigeon Racing Association
1159:
1057:
1043:
1015:
989:
963:
937:
914:
892:
877:
862:
809:
779:
741:from the original on 2021-07-15
403:
84:surrounded American infantrymen
752:
705:
664:
647:
629:
571:
315:holding a carrier pigeon, 1942
156:, the French army advanced 72
136:
1:
2005:Ravens of the Tower of London
1051:Flying heroes: The true story
921:Express / AFP (28 May 2010).
819:Naval Aviation in World War I
761:"Pigeons in Military History"
727:Blazich, Frank (2021-07-15).
596:
1712:American Racing Pigeon Union
1420:National Pigeon Service (UK)
816:Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969).
330:that served in the military
7:
2181:Royal Army Veterinary Corps
503:
308:A member of the crew of an
10:
2679:
1190:recipients of World War II
641:pigeonsofwar.wordpress.com
546:Beach House Park, Worthing
357:War pigeon carrier at the
89:
2464:
2426:
2250:
2234:
2158:
2143:National War Dog Cemetery
2107:
2076:
2036:
2013:
1992:
1961:
1943:Blue Peacock nuclear mine
1920:
1913:
1902:
1838:
1780:
1759:
1704:
1609:
1534:
1501:
1478:
1412:
1391:The Pigeon That Took Rome
1382:
1360:
1186:
1171:recipients of World War I
1167:
1085:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1031:. Foxnews.com. 6 May 2016
702:. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
661:. 12 April 1936. p. SM26.
384:Monument au Pigeon-Soldat
154:First Battle of the Marne
2228:Dickin Medal recipients
1610:Relationship with humans
787:"Cher Ami (Dear Friend)"
564:
359:History on Wheels Museum
184:77th Infantry Division's
147:Defence of the Realm Act
2121:Animals in War Memorial
2115:Animals in War Memorial
1974:Mail delivery by animal
1717:National Pigeon Service
902:. Admin.ch. 2 July 1996
418:Islamic State militants
58:awarded to the pigeons
1632:IP over Avian Carriers
671:Levi, Wendell (1977).
613:. PDSA. Archived from
278:The UK maintained the
229:Norfolk Naval Shipyard
217:
202:
199:unmanned camera pigeon
149:
24:
2077:By battle, war or era
1126:Reuters (21 May 2004)
552:"Corporal Punishment”
469:Jimmy John Pigeon III
424:Decorated war pigeons
271:and the Irish pigeon
215:
196:
160:with the troops. The
144:
46:. Medals such as the
22:
2108:Memorials and awards
1728:British Homing World
1525:Sarcocystis calchasi
1519:Olfactory navigation
1404:Yankee Doodle Pigeon
617:on 22 September 2008
471:(1943) (featured in
2648:Animal intelligence
2159:Personnel and units
2054:Damnatio ad bestias
1772:Wild pigeon species
1642:Bird fancier's lung
1109:History of the 77th
797:on November 5, 2002
531:Pigeon intelligence
328:"William of Orange"
310:RAF Coastal Command
115:Franco-Prussian War
2663:Combat occupations
1979:Pigeon photography
1928:Animal-borne bombs
1767:Wild pigeon genera
700:The New York Times
659:The New York Times
653:name="nytimes">
643:. 26 October 2022.
536:Pigeon photography
218:
206:United States Navy
203:
150:
125:past enemy lines.
25:
2635:
2634:
2622:William of Orange
2378:Salty and Roselle
2194:
2193:
2072:
2071:
2015:Military funerals
1865:Ballista elephant
1798:
1797:
1502:Life and behavior
1467:Pigeons and doves
1433:
1432:
1347:William of Orange
767:on 25 August 2007
457:William of Orange
239:was anchored off
2670:
2658:Military animals
2653:Domestic pigeons
2512:Duke of Normandy
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2149:War Dog Memorial
2084:Mongol expansion
2059:Exploding animal
2044:Animals in space
1918:
1917:
1908:
1832:Military animals
1825:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1751:Up North Combine
1734:Show of the Year
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1237:Duke of Normandy
1154:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1028:Fox News Channel
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
984:
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961:
960:
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956:
941:
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925:. Tribune.com.pk
918:
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866:
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859:
853:
845:
837:
828:
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813:
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802:
793:. Archived from
783:
777:
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756:
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749:
747:
746:
724:
718:
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709:
703:
693:
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651:
645:
644:
633:
627:
626:
624:
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607:
587:Spies in the Sky
578:
575:
554:, an episode of
526:Military animals
392:
378:
354:
342:
324:
305:
176:Battle of Verdun
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2577:NURP.43.CC.1418
2522:Flying Dutchman
2460:
2422:
2246:
2230:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2154:
2103:
2089:Napoleonic Wars
2068:
2032:
2028:Riderless horse
2009:
2000:Military mascot
1988:
1957:
1909:
1900:
1834:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1776:
1755:
1700:
1605:
1567:Flying/Sporting
1530:
1497:
1474:
1464:
1434:
1429:
1408:
1378:
1356:
1302:NURP.43.CC.1418
1247:Flying Dutchman
1182:
1169:Croix de Guerre
1163:
1158:
1114:Pigeons and WWI
1100:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
975:Hindustan Times
969:
968:
964:
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952:
943:
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928:
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831:
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618:
609:
608:
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599:
582:
581:
576:
572:
567:
521:Jean Desbouvrie
506:
475:the video game)
426:
406:
399:
386:
379:
370:
355:
346:
343:
334:
325:
316:
313:Lockheed Hudson
306:
249:
172:Croix de Guerre
139:
92:
48:Croix de Guerre
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2619:
2614:
2609:
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2599:
2594:
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2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:NPS.42.NS.7524
2564:
2562:NPS.42.NS.2780
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Mary of Exeter
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
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2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Punch and Judy
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2288:Crumstone Irma
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:(Pennsylvania)
2146:
2140:
2135:
2134:(South Africa)
2132:Horse Memorial
2129:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
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2034:
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2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Acoustic Kitty
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1953:Project Pigeon
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Anti-tank dogs
1930:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
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50:, awarded to
49:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2617:White Vision
2597:Ruhr Express
2477:Beach Comber
2273:Bing (Brian)
2138:Purple poppy
2127:Dickin Medal
2099:World War II
1983:
1890:
1726:
1695:
1686:Release dove
1523:
1514:Intelligence
1413:Institutions
1396:
1389:
1373:Leaping Lena
1342:White Vision
1322:Ruhr Express
1202:Beach Comber
1188:Dickin Medal
1160:
1069:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
1000:
991:
979:. Retrieved
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
948:
939:
927:. Retrieved
916:
904:. Retrieved
894:
885:
879:
870:
864:
850:cite journal
841:
818:
811:
801:December 28,
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
790:
781:
771:13 September
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
754:
743:. Retrieved
732:
722:
713:
707:
699:
691:
672:
666:
658:
649:
640:
631:
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
605:
573:
555:
515:Olga of Kiev
491:Beach Comber
473:Happy Wheels
427:
411:
407:
404:21st Century
382:
332:World War II
280:Air Ministry
277:
261:Dickin Medal
257:Jozef Raskin
250:
236:
232:
223:
219:
204:
169:
165:Signal Corps
158:pigeon lofts
151:
112:
93:
76:
72:Signal Corps
68:
56:Dickin Medal
44:Dickin Medal
40:World War II
32:Racing Homer
26:
2602:Scotch Lass
2537:Kenley Lass
2517:Dutch Coast
2507:DD.43.T.139
2502:DD.43.Q.879
2487:Broad Arrow
2308:Jet of Iada
2094:World War I
1664:Clay pigeon
1649:Photography
1368:John Silver
1327:Scotch Lass
1262:Kenley Lass
1242:Dutch Coast
1232:DD.43.T.139
1227:DD.43.Q.879
1212:Broad Arrow
1161:War pigeons
621:28 December
510:Pigeon post
412:In 2016, a
387: [
365:, Windsor,
137:World War I
36:World War I
2642:Categories
2592:Royal Blue
2064:Ship's cat
2023:Black Jack
1993:Ceremonial
1984:War pigeon
1471:Columbidae
1383:In fiction
1375:(Cold War)
1317:Royal Blue
745:2021-07-16
673:The Pigeon
597:References
557:Blackadder
497:Royal Blue
285:bioweapons
98:, king of
54:, and the
2557:Navy Blue
2472:All Alone
2176:MĂ©hariste
2117:(England)
1861:Elephants
1839:By animal
1560:Trumpeter
1538:and types
1509:Crop milk
1282:Navy Blue
1197:All Alone
433:All Alone
414:Jordanian
363:Eton Wick
222:USS
127:Microfilm
2587:Princess
2527:G.I. Joe
2497:Commando
2441:Reckless
2123:(Canada)
1938:Bat bomb
1856:Dolphins
1790:Category
1674:Shooting
1637:Fancying
1627:Dovecote
1488:Domestic
1312:Princess
1252:G.I. Joe
1222:Commando
1178:Cher Ami
1081:cite web
1071:31 March
949:BBC News
906:25 April
886:Men Only
739:Archived
714:Men Only
504:See also
479:G.I. Joe
445:Commando
396:Brussels
269:G.I. Joe
180:ligament
119:balloons
80:Cher Ami
60:G.I. Joe
52:Cher Ami
2552:Mercury
2492:Cologne
2465:Pigeons
2456:Warrior
2451:Upstart
1948:Chariot
1921:Weapons
1891:Pigeons
1881:Insects
1760:Related
1691:Symbols
1617:As food
1594:Utility
1582:Tumbler
1577:Tippler
1550:Fantail
1398:Valiant
1277:Mercury
1217:Cologne
253:Belgian
237:Langley
233:Langley
224:Langley
197:German
162:US Army
90:History
2627:Winkie
2542:Maquis
2532:Gustav
2428:Horses
2398:Sheila
2298:Gander
2293:Diesel
2283:Buster
2268:Beauty
2263:Apollo
2145:(Guam)
1914:By use
1876:Horses
1846:Camels
1669:Racing
1589:Homing
1572:Roller
1555:Pouter
1536:Breeds
1483:Common
1361:Others
1352:Winkie
1267:Maquis
1257:Gustav
1007:1 June
1001:DW.COM
981:1 June
955:1 June
888:: 100.
716:: 101.
679:
499:(1945)
493:(1944)
487:(1944)
485:Gustav
481:(1946)
465:(1945)
459:(1944)
453:(1944)
447:(1944)
441:(1943)
439:Winkie
435:(1943)
259:. The
231:while
131:London
100:Persia
2607:Tommy
2582:Paddy
2482:Billy
2446:Regal
2408:Thorn
2393:Sasha
2383:Sadie
2358:Ricky
2343:Peter
2333:Lucky
2328:Lucca
2303:Hertz
2258:Antis
2242:Simon
2037:Other
1886:Moose
1871:Geese
1659:Sport
1599:Squab
1545:Fancy
1493:Feral
1332:Tommy
1307:Paddy
1207:Billy
1035:6 May
929:1 May
873:: 89.
844:: 65.
565:Notes
451:Paddy
391:]
273:Paddy
96:Cyrus
64:Paddy
2612:Tyke
2436:Olga
2418:Treo
2413:Tich
2403:Theo
2338:Mali
2323:Kuno
2318:Kuga
2313:Judy
2251:Dogs
2235:Cats
1896:Pigs
1851:Dogs
1654:Post
1337:Tyke
1087:link
1073:2011
1037:2016
1009:2020
983:2020
957:2020
931:2013
908:2013
856:link
803:2022
773:2007
677:ISBN
623:2008
381:The
255:spy
108:Gaul
62:and
38:and
2388:Sam
2373:Rob
2368:Rip
2353:Rex
2278:Bob
1696:War
394:in
290:MI5
267:'s
190:".
2644::
1083:}}
1079:{{
1025:.
999:.
973:.
947:.
852:}}
848:{{
832:^
824:30
789:.
737:.
731:.
698:,
657:,
639:.
589:.
389:fr
367:UK
361:,
275:.
110:.
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1452:t
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1153:e
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1139:v
1089:)
1075:.
1039:.
1011:.
985:.
959:.
933:.
910:.
858:)
826:.
805:.
775:.
748:.
685:.
625:.
186:“
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
