133:
318:
306:
294:
182:
219:
283:
1069:
266:
254:
242:
230:
119:
961:
145:
1503:
1418:
350:
330:
170:
362:
195:
48:
1230:
1272:
1258:
1188:
1160:
1244:
1202:
1174:
1118:
1104:
1076:
1216:
1146:
1132:
1090:
1385:, which his Venetian allies refused to support. Combined with the withdrawal of the main French army, this left him vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Richelieu positioned 18,000 troops on the Savoyard frontier to deter Imperial intervention, but Ferdinand viewed opposing the French in Italy as a higher priority than supporting Spain against the Dutch. The June 1629
905:, last Gonzaga male in the direct line, became Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, and conscious of his poor health, tried to resolve the succession internally. The legal position was complicated since Montferrat allowed female inheritance while Mantua did not; in addition, while the duchies had effectively been ruled as independent states, technically their status as
1413:
undertook to provide 6,000 men for two years along with use of the Tuscan navy, he ultimately avoided doing so. The siege of Casale and its French garrison of 2,500 resumed in June; in late
October, Collalto dispersed a Venetian force of 7,000 before moving onto Mantua, held by a garrison of 4,000.
1545:
However, the loss of Mantua on 18 July appeared to jeopardise the French position in Italy, while
Maximilian had no interest in an alliance. Seeing an opportunity, Ferdinand offered to confirm Nevers as Duke of Mantua, in return for France agreeing to cede Casale and Pinerolo to Spain, and withdraw
1057:
and block the Alpine passes. Siege operations only began in March and since Casale was one of the largest and most modern fortifications in Europe, taking it would be a lengthy operation, giving Nevers time to recruit an army. Including militia and French mercenaries, he managed to raise a force of
1052:
In giving their approval, both
Olivares and Philip assumed Casale would be quickly taken but Córdoba took several months to mobilise 12,000 troops for operations in Montferrat, along with 8,000 supplied by Savoy. They joined 11,000 troops already assembled in the Duchy of Milan, while another 6,000
1022:
Since even large states like France struggled to fight simultaneously in multiple theatres, 17th century diplomacy focused on opening new fronts by building alliances against opponents, or freeing resources by ending an existing conflict. The same principle applied to the
Habsburgs; lacking his own
980:
did not necessarily share the same objectives. While Spain was always seeking to strengthen its position in northern Italy, Ferdinand wanted to avoid diverting resources from
Germany, as well as to assert Imperial authority by deciding the succession question himself. He agreed to confirm Nevers as
1554:
Such an agreement compromised the entire basis of French foreign policy, which was to weaken the
Habsburgs wherever possible, and threatened their alliance with the Pope, for whom liberating Italy from the "Spanish yoke" was a primary objective. Having recovered from his illness, Louis refused to
1493:
reached the fortress in early
October. The siege works were flooded by heavy rain while the besiegers had been reduced by plague to under 4,000, their casualties including Spinola; on 29 October, the Spanish finally withdrew and the two sides agreed a truce, negotiated by the papal representative
1573:
and thousands of men, Spain gained nothing from the conflict. The war proved a major foreign policy success for
Richelieu by strengthening the French position in Northern Italy, disrupting the Spanish Road and permanently souring relationships between Spain and Austria. Of even greater long term
1461:
in April 1630, when local bandits, or "Formigotti", cut off an
Imperial foraging party and assaulted the nearby garrison in Ostiglia. After its defeat, Imperial troops retaliated by attacking the civilian population, with contemporary sources estimating the number killed as around 600, including
1566:
The need to transfer
Imperial troops from Italy to face the Swedish threat forced Ferdinand to sign the Treaty of Cherasco with France on 19 June 1631, which confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, in return for minor concessions to Savoy. Although both sides agreed to withdraw their
1314:
and forced them onto the defensive. Philip later admitted attacking Casale was the one political act he regretted, but once committed Spanish prestige made it impossible to withdraw. Although Olivares accepted 'the duke of Nevers is the legitimate heir to all the Mantuan territories', Spain now
1353:, the second making peace between France and Savoy. In return for Trino, Charles Emmanuel allowed French troops to garrison Casale and Pinerolo, as well as providing free passage across his territory to reinforce Mantua. Louis XIII and the bulk of the French army then returned to
1058:
14,000, including 2,000 cavalry, a significant number for a duchy with a population of only 300,000. In addition to support from Empress Eleonora, Venice and the Pope, Nevers was also backed by Ferdinand's military commander Wallenstein, who wanted his army to focus on capturing
975:
argues "none of the major powers ... was looking for a fight in Italy" and conflict was caused by a combination of events, including miscommunication between Córdoba and Madrid, as well as Nevers' refusal to compromise. Despite their family connections, the Spanish and
1434:. Casale continued to hold out, while the Spanish were unable to pay or support so many men and large numbers were lost to desertion and disease. Charles Emmanuel switched sides again and in December joined Spinola at Casale with 6,500 men, leaving 12,500 to guard
1039:
meant they were better able to replace their losses, funding an offensive in Italy required suspending operations in Flanders. By forcing the Habsburgs onto the defensive in Germany, the conflict over the Mantuan succession had a disproportionate impact on the
1425:
Neither siege made much progress; Mantua was protected by two artificial lakes which made it difficult to position siege artillery and Collalto withdrew after an unsuccessful assault in late November. As Collalto fell ill, he left command to his deputies
1400:
Hoping to overwhelm Casale and prevent interference by Charles Emmanuel, Spinola sought to expand his existing force of 16,000 with another 12,000 mercenaries and 6,000 reinforcements from Naples. He also invoked treaties with
1465:
When the siege of Mantua resumed in May 1630, its defenders had been reduced by disease to under 2,000, while a hastily assembled and poorly equipped relief force of 17,500 Venetian auxiliaries was routed by the Imperials at
1019:. On 26 January, Ferdinand ordered Córdoba not to send troops into Mantua or Montferrat and on 1 April confiscated both territories pending a final decision on the succession. By then, it was too late to stop the fighting.
865:
were a key source of recruits and supplies for their military and formed the basis of "Spanish power in Europe throughout the 17th century". In recent decades, their position had been strengthened by the acquisition of
1550:
on Richelieu by his internal enemies, effectively paralysing the government. Unable to get a response to requests for further instructions, on 13 October Father Joseph reluctantly signed the Treaty of Ratisbonne.
1555:
ratify the treaty, while Richelieu outlasted his opponents and resumed control over French policy, which lasted until his death in 1642. In January 1631 Louis provided Gustavus with financial backing in the
2515:
1470:. With the mutinous and unpaid garrison down to only 700 effectives, it surrendered to Gallas and Aldringen on 18 July; the sack that followed reportedly produced booty worth over 18 million
457:
798:
The June 1631 Treaty of Cherasco confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat in return for minor territorial losses. More importantly, the treaty left France in possession of
1546:
support for Ferdinand's opponents within the Empire, ending French backing for both the Swedes and the Dutch. The offer coincided with Louis falling seriously ill and a
1457:", approximately 35% of the population of Northern Italy died between 1629 and 1631. The increasing brutality of the war led to a number of massacres, most notably at
775:, which the Spanish besieged twice, from March 1628 to April 1629 and from September 1629 to October 1630. French intervention on behalf of Nevers in April 1629 led
544:
1574:
significance was the split it created between the Habsburgs and the papacy, making it acceptable for France to employ Protestant allies against fellow Catholics.
486:
450:
491:
506:
1410:
1326:
stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse. By the end of the month, they had lifted the siege of Casale and taken the strategic Savoyard fortress of
806:
and protected its southern borders. The diversion of Imperial and Spanish resources from Germany allowed the Swedes to establish themselves within the
443:
1068:
921:
481:
354:
1318:
Nevers raised another 6,600 men by mortgaging his French estates, most of whom were ambushed and destroyed by Charles Emmanuel while crossing the
1535:
792:
1438:
and another 6,000 in Savoy, while Tuscany, Parma and other Spanish allies provided additional recruits and money. A French army of 18,000 under
1567:
armies, Nevers and Victor Amadeus allowed French garrisons to remain in Casale and Pinerolo, which meant despite the expenditure of 10 million
2580:
2530:
537:
334:
1370:
1477:
Despite this, the retention of Casale meant Nevers' cause remained alive; on 26 July, Charles Emmanuel died and was succeeded by his son
936:, another distant Gonzaga cousin and Imperial General Commissar in Italy. To cement his position, Charles of Nevers arranged for his son
1016:
2367:"Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)"
17:
1474:. Plague and the sack combined to reduce the population of Mantua by over 70% between 1628 and 1631 and it took decades to recover.
1285:
678:
530:
791:
in July 1630. However, French reinforcements enabled Nevers to retain Casale, while Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to
2480:
2500:
1559:, allowing the Swedes to establish themselves in the Empire, where they would remain until 1648. It was followed in May by the
765:
286:
2464:
2445:
2287:
920:
Legalities were less important than the perceived threat to Spanish interests if the Duchies fell under French influence and
944:, heiress of Montferrat; the ceremony was performed on 23 December 1627, three days before Vincenzo died. Nevers arrived in
2485:
2348:
Matthias Gallas (1588–1647). Generalleutnant des Kaisers zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Eine militärische Biographie
941:
700:
2555:
2355:
1453:, allegedly brought from Germany by French and Imperial soldiers. The "worst mortality crisis to affect Italy during the
964:
902:
2520:
2426:
2327:
2268:
2249:
2230:
1442:
overran Savoy, before invading Piedmont in February 1630; on 10 July, he defeated a combined Savoyard-Spanish force at
1409:
to supply 4,000 and 2,000 men respectively but despite its size, his army contained many poor quality troops. Although
1004:
for possession of Montferrat. Shortly before Vincenzo's death, they agreed to partition the duchy, most of it going to
937:
631:
1322:. The surrender of La Rochelle in October 1628 allowed France to intervene directly and in March 1629, an army led by
1523:
929:
914:
761:
416:
366:
53:
1539:
1350:
1001:
986:
949:
611:
2388:
Stradling, R. A. (1990). "Prelude to Disaster; the Precipitation of the War of the Mantuan Succession, 1627–29".
1478:
1000:. However, it was undermined by the combined ambition of Córdoba and Charles Emmanuel, who from 1613 to 1617 had
1515:
2525:
1560:
159:
2605:
2585:
673:
574:
1538:. Father Joseph also had secret instructions to seek an alliance with Ferdinand's main Catholic supporter,
1450:
604:
599:
594:
584:
579:
569:
2595:
1394:
589:
298:
2297:
Parrott, David (1997). "The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe".
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
641:
2184:
Due cronache di Mantova dal 1628 al 1631 la prima di Scipione Capilupi la seconda di Giovanni Mambrino
1062:
in Northern Germany. These factors ultimately delayed any Imperial intervention until September 1629.
2127:"Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities"
1059:
222:
218:
107:
913:
a measure of control over the succession. Notwithstanding these issues, the strongest contender was
2590:
2169:
Arnold, Thomas F. (1994). "Gonzaga Fortifications and the Mantuan Succession Crisis of 1613–1631".
1032:
1024:
871:
1489:; losses from disease and desertion left him too weak to relieve Casale, but reinforcements under
1439:
616:
282:
258:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
1402:
1556:
2510:
2505:
2223:
The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800
1490:
1467:
1431:
1323:
1041:
997:
886:. However, this expansion was viewed with increasing concern by their regional rivals, the
776:
717:
496:
322:
270:
234:
39:
8:
2600:
1486:
1482:
1454:
1378:
1358:
933:
827:
733:
683:
663:
1386:
960:
2405:
2209:
2157:
1593:
1531:
1507:
1443:
1334:
1009:
993:
910:
887:
668:
501:
246:
137:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2409:
2351:
2323:
2283:
2264:
2245:
2226:
2161:
2149:
1527:
1374:
1302:
in June, but the siege of Casale dragged on. The diversion of money and men from the
982:
977:
906:
862:
843:
831:
807:
780:
772:
757:
653:
317:
305:
293:
265:
253:
241:
229:
187:
124:
1563:, an eight-year pact of mutual assistance between France and Maximilian of Bavaria.
2397:
2374:
2306:
2141:
1547:
1502:
1342:
1303:
1299:
823:
784:
749:
725:
658:
338:
1485:, Louis XIII's younger sister. On 6 August, Montmorency defeated the Savoyards at
1427:
972:
891:
819:
729:
636:
621:
310:
149:
435:
1406:
1390:
1338:
1307:
1036:
1005:
846:
rulers of Spain and Austria to threaten France's restive southern provinces of
839:
741:
688:
511:
361:
199:
194:
174:
88:
76:
2401:
2310:
2494:
2153:
1393:
allowed Ferdinand to send 30,000 troops from Germany under the Mantuan exile
867:
1369:
Philip was determined to reverse the Susa treaty and replaced Córdoba with
895:
855:
737:
693:
564:
1417:
721:
2213:
851:
802:
and Casale, key fortresses that controlled access to passes through the
1519:
992:
This solution appeared acceptable, especially as French chief minister
646:
2145:
522:
2379:
2366:
1510:; the war ultimately proved a major foreign policy success for France
1354:
1028:
1013:
883:
847:
753:
928:
on potential military action to prevent this. Alternatives included
810:
and was one reason that the Thirty Years' War continued until 1648.
2126:
1458:
1435:
1327:
1311:
996:
viewed Nevers as a Habsburg client and was fully occupied with the
835:
799:
2320:
Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642
2200:
Fagniez, G (1885). "LA MISSION DU PÈRE JOSEPH A RATISBONNE 1630".
47:
1382:
1054:
1381:. Nevers unwisely led 2,500 troops in an attack on Spanish-held
1349:. It consisted of two separate agreements, the first ending the
2339:
Storia dei Cappucini Veneti Vol. 3, Curia Provinciale den FF.MM
1569:
1346:
945:
925:
879:
875:
854:, as well as protecting the overland supply route known as the
788:
2516:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
1471:
1295:
745:
349:
329:
169:
2042:
1958:
1936:
1934:
985:, capital of Montferrat, a compromise suggested by his wife
2066:
1982:
1590:
This was the subject of the 1960s French television series
1319:
1023:
army, Ferdinand relied on support from his often reluctant
834:
and were also of strategic importance to the area known as
803:
2018:
1970:
1518:
and Nicolas Brûlart to open peace talks with Ferdinand at
1931:
1919:
1849:
1798:
1662:
1660:
2054:
2030:
1994:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1788:
1786:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1713:
1711:
1684:
1672:
924:, governor of Spanish Lombardy, began discussions with
830:
in 1574 by marriage. Both territories were part of the
1657:
1364:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2006:
1946:
1890:
1873:
1783:
1771:
1723:
1633:
1047:
870:, and control over the independent Principalities of
2341:(in Italian). Curia Provinciale dei FF.MM a Venezia.
1861:
1822:
1708:
1696:
989:, sister of the recently deceased duke Vincenzo II.
932:, whose claim extended primarily to Montferrat, and
2457:
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War
1837:
1645:
1053:soldiers were used to screen the strategic town of
1621:
1514:In June 1630, Richelieu dispatched his close aide
1294:Led by Charles Emmanuel, Savoyard forces captured
1449:Both sides were badly affected by an outbreak of
795:, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630.
465:
2492:
2186:(in Italian). Milano appresso Francesco Colombo.
764:, and Spain, which backed a distant cousin, the
720:and was caused by the death in December 1627 of
981:duke in return for the newly built fortress of
736:. Those territories were key to control of the
724:, the last male heir in the direct line of the
967:, whose death in December 1627 sparked the war
2124:
2024:
1976:
1536:Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War
793:Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War
538:
451:
1591:
1008:while Spain took Casale, a deal approved by
2440:(2005 ed.). New York Review of Books.
2193:Batailles françaises; Volume III, 1621-1643
917:, cousin of Vincenzo II and a French peer.
2350:(in German). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag.
2336:
2181:
2000:
1988:
1522:, where he was attending a meeting of the
1497:
1289:Northern Italy 1628 to 1631; key locations
716:(1628–1631) was a conflict related to the
545:
531:
458:
444:
46:
2387:
2378:
2190:
2048:
2036:
1964:
1913:
1753:
1741:
1690:
2435:
2345:
2072:
1940:
1666:
1501:
1416:
1315:recognised Guastalla as Duke of Mantua.
1229:
959:
861:Spanish possessions in Lombardy and the
115:
2317:
2296:
2199:
2060:
1765:
1678:
955:
552:
14:
2493:
2454:
2419:French Armies of the Thirty Years' War
2277:
2239:
2220:
2195:(in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.
2168:
2125:Alfani, Guido; Percoco, Marco (2016).
2108:
2096:
2084:
2012:
1952:
1925:
1901:
1884:
1867:
1855:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1777:
1729:
1717:
1702:
1357:to suppress the latest in a series of
934:Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla
387:Up to 14,000 Mantuan and French troops
2416:
2364:
2258:
1843:
1831:
1651:
1639:
1627:
842:. Control of this region allowed the
526:
439:
2581:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
2531:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy
838:, dominated by the Spanish-governed
771:Fighting centred on the fortress of
1365:Phase II; June 1629 to October 1630
948:on 17 January and sent an envoy to
744:to move recruits and supplies from
24:
2486:Chronology: Louis XIII (1610–1643)
1534:with 18,000 troops, beginning the
1048:Phase I; January 1628 to June 1629
1035:. While the huge resources of the
760:, which supported the French-born
87:Treaty of Cherasco recognises the
25:
2617:
2474:
1310:weakened the Spanish position in
1271:
1257:
1187:
952:requesting Imperial recognition.
930:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
779:to support Spain by transferring
740:, an overland route that allowed
1540:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1421:Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630
1270:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1130:
1116:
1102:
1088:
1074:
1067:
728:and the ruler of the duchies of
360:
348:
328:
316:
304:
292:
281:
264:
252:
240:
228:
217:
193:
180:
168:
143:
131:
117:
2481:Map of the Territories Involved
1601:
1243:
915:Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers
2337:Portoguaro, Davide da (1979).
2322:. Cambridge University Press.
2278:Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (1984).
2242:Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies
1584:
1201:
1173:
1117:
1103:
1075:
13:
1:
2501:War of the Mantuan Succession
2263:(2003 ed.). Allen Lane.
1614:
1607:Other sources suggest 10,000
1215:
1145:
1131:
1089:
813:
714:War of the Mantuan Succession
469:War of the Mantuan Succession
33:War of the Mantuan Succession
2282:(1997 ed.). Routledge.
1377:and former commander in the
1351:Anglo-French War (1627–1629)
7:
2421:. Histoire et Collections.
2134:The Economic History Review
1395:Ramboldo, Count of Collalto
878:, as well as fortresses in
10:
2622:
2556:Military history of Mantua
2371:Cahiers de la Méditerranée
2118:
940:to marry Vincenzo's niece
2521:Military history of Italy
2455:Wilson, Peter H. (2009).
2402:10.1017/S0018246X00013753
2346:Rebitsch, Robert (2006).
2299:English Historical Review
2191:De Périni, Hardÿ (1896).
2025:Alfani & Percoco 2016
1977:Alfani & Percoco 2016
560:
477:
375:
208:
99:
59:
52:The successful claimant,
45:
37:
32:
18:War of Mantuan Succession
2417:Thion, Stephane (2013).
2240:Hanlon, Gregory (1998).
2221:Hanlon, Gregory (2016).
1577:
1389:that ended his war with
1033:Albrecht von Wallenstein
826:, who also acquired the
2436:Wedgwood, C.V. (1938).
2318:Parrott, David (2001).
2311:10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20
1561:Treaty of Fontainebleau
1498:Peace and its aftermath
1440:Henri II de Montmorency
2261:Spain's Road to Empire
2182:D'Arco, Carlo (1857).
1592:
1511:
1506:French chief minister
1422:
968:
822:had been ruled by the
421:25,000 Savoyard troops
209:Commanders and leaders
2526:Wars involving France
2365:Rizzo, Mario (2005).
2280:The Thirty Years' War
2259:Kamen, Henry (2002).
2171:Mediterranean Studies
1505:
1481:, who was married to
1420:
1337:and Savoy signed the
963:
27:War in Northern Italy
2586:Wars involving Spain
2438:The Thirty Years War
1594:Le Chevalier Tempête
1526:. At the same time,
1491:Charles de Schomberg
1462:women and children.
1324:Louis XIII of France
1286:class=notpageimage|
998:Siege of La Rochelle
956:Strategic objectives
950:Emperor Ferdinand II
777:Emperor Ferdinand II
497:Battle of Villabuona
235:Louis XIII of France
2075:, pp. 263–264.
2051:, pp. 159–160.
1967:, pp. 149–150.
1928:, pp. 127–128.
1858:, pp. 111–112.
1807:, pp. 124–125.
1483:Christine of France
1455:early modern period
1379:Spanish Netherlands
1359:Huguenot rebellions
828:Duchy of Montferrat
752:. The result was a
554:Franco-Spanish wars
2596:Cardinal Richelieu
2390:Historical Journal
1557:Treaty of Bärwalde
1512:
1508:Cardinal Richelieu
1423:
1333:In April, France,
1010:Philip IV of Spain
994:Cardinal Richelieu
978:Austrian Habsburgs
969:
938:Charles II Gonzaga
911:Holy Roman Emperor
901:In February 1627,
888:Republic of Venice
502:Battle of Veillane
492:Battle of Pinerolo
247:Cardinal Richelieu
138:Republic of Venice
91:as ruler of Mantua
2606:Thirty Years' War
2551:Conflicts in 1631
2546:Conflicts in 1630
2541:Conflicts in 1629
2536:Conflicts in 1628
2466:978-0-7139-9592-3
2447:978-1-59017-146-2
2289:978-0-415-12883-4
2146:10.1111/ehr.12652
2063:, pp. 38–40.
1943:, pp. 51–53.
1819:, pp. 95–96.
1768:, pp. 85–88.
1681:, pp. 20–21.
1642:, pp. 24–25.
1528:Gustavus Adolphus
1341:, facilitated by
1042:Thirty Years' War
983:Casale Monferrato
863:Kingdom of Naples
832:Holy Roman Empire
808:Holy Roman Empire
773:Casale Monferrato
766:Duke of Guastalla
748:to their army in
718:Thirty Years' War
709:
708:
520:
519:
507:Battle of Saluzzo
434:
433:
287:Duke of Guastalla
188:Holy Roman Empire
160:Duke of Guastalla
95:
94:
54:Charles I Gonzaga
40:Thirty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
2613:
2470:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2384:
2382:
2380:10.4000/cdlm.991
2361:
2342:
2333:
2314:
2293:
2274:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2202:Revue Historique
2196:
2187:
2178:
2165:
2140:(4): 1175–1201.
2131:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1991:, p. 52-53.
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1548:concerted attack
1387:Treaty of Lübeck
1343:Cardinal Mazarin
1300:Nizza Monferrato
1274:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1236:Nizza Monferrato
1232:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1071:
987:Empress Eleonora
824:House of Gonzaga
818:Since 1308, the
785:Northern Germany
726:House of Gonzaga
555:
547:
540:
533:
524:
523:
472:
470:
460:
453:
446:
437:
436:
367:Charles Emmanuel
365:
364:
353:
352:
343:
335:Ambrogio Spinola
333:
332:
321:
320:
309:
308:
297:
296:
285:
269:
268:
257:
256:
245:
244:
233:
232:
221:
198:
197:
186:
184:
183:
173:
172:
148:
147:
146:
136:
135:
134:
127:
123:
121:
120:
61:
60:
50:
30:
29:
21:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2591:Duchy of Mantua
2491:
2490:
2477:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2373:(71): 145–184.
2358:
2357:978-3-402065761
2330:
2290:
2271:
2252:
2233:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2001:Portoguaro 1979
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1500:
1367:
1298:in April, then
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1050:
1027:, or expensive
973:Peter H. Wilson
958:
909:fiefs gave the
894:, ruler of the
892:Pope Urban VIII
820:Duchy of Mantua
816:
787:, who captured
710:
705:
556:
553:
551:
521:
516:
482:Siege of Casale
473:
468:
466:
464:
430:
405:
390:
371:
359:
347:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
275:
263:
251:
239:
227:
204:
192:
181:
179:
167:
158:Supporting the
154:
144:
142:
132:
130:
118:
116:
106:Supporting the
79:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2475:External links
2473:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2459:. Allen Lane.
2452:
2446:
2433:
2428:978-2917747018
2427:
2414:
2385:
2362:
2356:
2343:
2334:
2329:978-0521792097
2328:
2315:
2305:(445): 20–65.
2294:
2288:
2275:
2270:978-0140285284
2269:
2256:
2251:978-0198738244
2250:
2237:
2232:978-1138158276
2231:
2218:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2166:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:, p. 458.
2101:
2099:, p. 103.
2089:
2087:, p. 102.
2077:
2065:
2053:
2049:De Périni 1896
2041:
2039:, p. 151.
2037:De Périni 1896
2029:
2017:
2015:, p. 444.
2005:
1993:
1981:
1969:
1965:De Périni 1896
1957:
1955:, p. 113.
1945:
1930:
1918:
1916:, p. 160.
1914:De Périni 1896
1906:
1904:, p. 113.
1889:
1887:, p. 443.
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1834:, p. 383.
1821:
1809:
1797:
1795:, p. 111.
1782:
1780:, p. 110.
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 773.
1754:Stradling 1990
1746:
1744:, p. 772.
1742:Stradling 1990
1734:
1732:, p. 440.
1722:
1720:, p. 439.
1707:
1705:, p. 438.
1695:
1693:, p. 771.
1691:Stradling 1990
1683:
1671:
1669:, p. 247.
1656:
1654:, p. 382.
1644:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1499:
1496:
1479:Victor Amadeus
1451:bubonic plague
1391:Denmark-Norway
1373:, a native of
1366:
1363:
1339:Treaty of Susa
1308:Dutch Republic
1284:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1046:
1037:Spanish Empire
1014:chief minister
957:
954:
840:Duchy of Milan
815:
812:
762:Duke of Nevers
742:Habsburg Spain
707:
706:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
679:Coalition Wars
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
650:
649:
644:
639:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
561:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
535:
527:
518:
517:
515:
514:
512:Sack of Mantua
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Battle of Susa
484:
478:
475:
474:
463:
462:
455:
448:
440:
432:
431:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
413:
412:34,000 Spanish
409:
404:
403:
402:8,000 Savoyard
400:
399:29,000 Spanish
396:
391:
389:
388:
384:
378:
377:
373:
372:
370:
369:
357:
345:
325:
313:
301:
289:
278:
276:
274:
273:
261:
249:
237:
225:
223:Duke of Nevers
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
203:
202:
190:
177:
164:
155:
153:
152:
140:
128:
112:
108:Duke of Nevers
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:Duke of Nevers
85:
81:
80:
77:Northern Italy
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:1631 in Italy
2574:
2572:
2571:1630 in Italy
2569:
2567:
2566:1629 in Italy
2564:
2562:
2561:1628 in Italy
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:(4): 769–85.
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:. Routledge.
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:(in French).
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2073:Wedgwood 1938
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 34.
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1941:Rebitsch 2006
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1870:, p. 97.
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1846:, p. 62.
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1667:Wedgwood 1938
1663:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1630:, p. 18.
1629:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Imperial Diet
1521:
1517:
1516:Father Joseph
1509:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:Ferdinando II
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:German allies
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
974:
966:
962:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:Maria Gonzaga
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
811:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
702:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
528:
525:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
471:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
442:
441:
438:
426:
423:
420:
418:
417:Imperial Army
414:
411:
410:
408:
401:
398:
397:
395:
392:
386:
385:
383:
380:
379:
374:
368:
363:
358:
356:
351:
346:
344:
342:
336:
331:
326:
324:
319:
314:
312:
307:
302:
300:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
279:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:
255:
250:
248:
243:
238:
236:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
201:
196:
191:
189:
178:
176:
171:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
141:
139:
129:
126:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2456:
2437:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2370:
2347:
2338:
2319:
2302:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2241:
2222:
2208:(1): 38–67.
2205:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2137:
2133:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2061:Fagniez 1885
2056:
2044:
2032:
2027:, p. 8.
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1979:, p. 2.
1972:
1960:
1948:
1921:
1909:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1812:
1800:
1773:
1766:Parrott 2001
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1698:
1686:
1679:Parrott 1997
1674:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1603:
1586:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1544:
1513:
1476:
1464:
1448:
1424:
1399:
1368:
1345:, the papal
1332:
1317:
1306:against the
1293:
1051:
1021:
991:
970:
919:
900:
896:Papal States
860:
856:Spanish Road
817:
797:
783:troops from
770:
738:Spanish Road
713:
711:
626:
565:Italian Wars
467:
427:2,000 Parman
424:4,000 Tuscan
406:
393:
381:
340:
157:
105:
100:Belligerents
38:Part of the
2511:1631 in law
2506:1630 in law
2109:Wilson 2009
2097:Parker 1984
2085:Parker 1984
2013:Wilson 2009
1989:D'Arco 1857
1953:Hanlon 1998
1926:Arnold 1994
1902:Hanlon 2016
1885:Wilson 2009
1868:Parker 1984
1856:Hanlon 1998
1817:Parker 1984
1805:Arnold 1994
1793:Hanlon 1998
1778:Hanlon 2016
1730:Wilson 2009
1718:Wilson 2009
1703:Wilson 2009
965:Vincenco II
903:Vincenzo II
722:Vincenzo II
259:Montmorency
2601:Louis XIII
2495:Categories
1844:Thion 2013
1832:Kamen 2002
1652:Kamen 2002
1640:Rizzo 2005
1628:Thion 2013
1615:References
1530:landed in
1520:Regensburg
1468:Villabuona
971:Historian
814:Background
734:Montferrat
2410:154817316
2177:: 113–30.
2162:131730725
2154:1468-0289
1532:Pomerania
1494:Mazarin.
1487:Carignano
1444:Avigliana
1432:Aldringen
1355:Languedoc
1278:Carignano
1264:Avigliana
1194:Mirandola
1060:Stralsund
1031:ies like
884:Mirandola
848:Languedoc
754:proxy war
689:1808–1814
684:1793–1795
674:1718–1720
669:1688–1697
664:1683–1684
659:1673–1678
654:1667–1668
647:1648–1653
642:1641–1659
637:1640–1659
632:1635–1659
627:1628–1631
617:1595–1598
612:1580–1583
605:1551–1559
600:1542–1544
595:1536–1538
590:1526–1529
585:1521–1526
580:1512–1516
575:1502–1504
570:1495–1498
323:Aldringen
271:Schomberg
67:1628–1631
2214:40937243
1459:Ostiglia
1436:Piedmont
1328:Pinerolo
1312:Flanders
1166:Pinerolo
1029:mercenar
1017:Olivares
1012:and his
907:Imperial
872:Piombino
852:Dauphiné
850:and the
844:Habsburg
836:Lombardy
800:Pinerolo
781:Imperial
756:between
750:Flanders
376:Strength
299:Collalto
72:Location
2244:. OUP.
2119:Sources
1570:escudos
1403:Tuscany
1383:Cremona
1371:Spinola
1335:England
1250:Cremona
1055:Cremona
922:Córdoba
415:30,000
355:Córdoba
341:†
2463:
2444:
2425:
2408:
2354:
2326:
2286:
2267:
2248:
2229:
2212:
2160:
2152:
1472:ducats
1428:Gallas
1347:Nuncio
1208:Venice
1180:Modena
1124:Casale
1110:Mantua
1082:Finale
1002:fought
946:Mantua
926:Madrid
880:Modena
876:Monaco
868:Finale
789:Mantua
758:France
730:Mantua
337:
311:Gallas
185:
150:Mantua
125:France
122:
84:Result
2406:S2CID
2210:JSTOR
2158:S2CID
2130:(PDF)
1578:Notes
1407:Parma
1375:Genoa
1296:Trino
1222:Trino
1152:Genoa
1138:Milan
1096:Turin
1006:Savoy
746:Italy
407:1630:
394:1628:
382:1628:
200:Savoy
175:Spain
2461:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2246:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2150:ISSN
1430:and
1405:and
1320:Alps
890:and
882:and
874:and
804:Alps
732:and
712:The
701:1823
694:1815
622:1625
64:Date
2398:doi
2375:doi
2307:doi
2303:112
2142:doi
1304:war
2497::
2404:.
2394:33
2392:.
2369:.
2301:.
2206:27
2173:.
2156:.
2148:.
2138:72
2136:.
2132:.
1933:^
1892:^
1875:^
1824:^
1785:^
1710:^
1659:^
1542:.
1446:.
1397:.
1361:.
1330:.
1044:.
898:.
858:.
768:.
2469:.
2450:.
2431:.
2412:.
2400::
2383:.
2377::
2360:.
2332:.
2313:.
2309::
2292:.
2273:.
2254:.
2235:.
2216:.
2175:4
2164:.
2144::
1598:.
546:e
539:t
532:v
459:e
452:t
445:v
163::
111::
20:)
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