Wargame - Knowledge

1320:

battlefields. The pieces in the game represented real military units: cavalry, infantry, artillery, and various support units. As in chess, only a single piece could occupy a square, and the pieces moved square by square, either laterally or diagonally. Over normal terrain, infantry could move a maximum distance of eight squares, dragoons could move twelve squares, and light cavalry could move sixteen squares—intuitively mirroring the speed at which these units move in the real world. But terrain could impede movement: mountains were impassable, swamps slowed units down, rivers could only be crossed with the help of a special pontoon unit, etc. A player could only move one piece per turn, or one group of pieces if they were arranged in a rectangle. A piece could capture an enemy piece by moving into its square, just like in chess, but infantry and artillery pieces could also shoot enemy pieces, at a maximum ranges of two to three squares. Unlike chess, the pieces had orientation: for instance, an infantry piece could only shoot an enemy piece if they were facing it and flanking it. Hellwig's wargame could also simulate the fog of war to limited degree: while the players were arranging their pieces in their starting positions, they had the option of placing a screen across the board so that they could not observe their opponent's arrangement until the game started. Once the game was in progress, however, there was no hiding anything.

2734:, 2019) a piece of professional multiplayer wargaming software that is also sold on the commercial market as a single player product. Its primary focus is on allowing the simulation of operational or tactical level real world combat scenarios with real time input. The commercial version comes bundled with some scenarios (in addition to those sold as DLC), however the software's primary focus is the ability to create share one's own scenarios. The creation of a strategic level wargame is possible in the commercial version, however no such scenario has been bundled with the software. Its level of fidelity is represented down to the individual vehicle/infantry squad and it utilizes a regularly updated database of weapons, vehicles, satellites, and equipment used by nearly every nation on the planet from the end of World War 2 to the near future (including some hypothetical entries). Gameplay is a top down 2D map of the Earth, however you can stream your gameplay to 1362:

battles in real locations. The pieces could be moved across the map in a free-form manner, subject to terrain obstacles. The pieces, each of which represented some kind of army unit (an infantry battalion, a cavalry squadron, etc.), were little rectangular blocks made of lead. The pieces were painted either red or blue to indicate the faction it belonged to. The blue pieces were used to represent the Prussian army and red was used to represent some foreign enemy—since then it has been the convention in military wargaming to use blue to represent the faction to which the players actually belong to. The game used dice to add a degree of randomness to combat. The scale of the map was 1:8000 and the pieces were made to the same proportions as the units they represented, such that each piece occupied the same relative space on the map as the corresponding unit did on the battlefield.

1294: 3000:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles. The operational level game is less easily described; here the player is concerned with maneuvering relatively large forces so that they can be positioned to win the battles they fight, and so that those battles can help win the war. In the sense of decision making, then, the level of the game reflects the scope of the players' decisions." 1324:

also added rules governing logistics, such as supply convoys and mobile bakeries, and the effects of weather and seasons, making this perhaps the first operational-level wargame. In 1806, an Austrian named Johann Ferdinand Opiz developed a wargame aimed at both civilian and military markets. Like Hellwig's game, it used a modular grid-based board. But unlike Hellwig's game, Opiz's game used dice rolls to simulate the unpredictability of real warfare. This innovation was controversial at the time. Hellwig, who designed his wargame for both leisure as well as instruction, felt that introducing chance would spoil the fun.

1098:

all its mechanics. The gameplay is faster, as a computer can process calculations much faster than a human. Computer wargames often have more sophisticated mechanics than traditional wargames thanks to automation. Computer games tend to be cheaper than traditional wargames because, being software, they can be copied and distributed very efficiently. It's easier for a player to find opponents with a computer game: a computer game can use artificial intelligence to provide a virtual opponent, or connect him to another human player over the Internet. For these reasons, computers are now the dominant medium for wargaming.

654:

scenarios. One challenge in the design of historical wargames is that the scenarios may be inherently unbalanced and present one side with an unwinnable situation. In such cases, the victory conditions may be adjusted for the disadvantaged side so that they can win simply by doing better than what happened historically. Some games simply concede that the scenario is imbalanced and urge players to switch sides and play again to compare their performance. It is easier to design a balanced scenario where all players have a fair chance of winning if it is fictionalized. Board wargames usually have a fixed scenario.

3166:"The first thought which presented itself to my mind was that the learning of my game ought not to be burdened with too many details if it was to fulfill its mission. I judged from the first that I should achieve my object in the quickest way if I took for its basis the game of chess, in favor with so many distinguished persons of all ranks. My idea was to adapt, as far as possible, the game of chess to my own game, in order so to interest amateurs that they would at least give mine a trial. experience confirmed the wisdom of my expectations, for chess players were the first to welcome my invention " 1369:. Reisswitz's manual provided tables that listed how far each unit type could move in a round according to the terrain it was crossing and whether it was marching, running, galloping, etc.; and accordingly the umpire used a ruler to move the pieces across the map. The game used dice to determine combat results and inflicted casualties, and the casualties inflicted by firearms and artillery decreased over distance. Unlike chess pieces, units in Reisswitz's game could suffer partial losses before being defeated, which were tracked on a sheet of paper (recreational gamers might call this " 3359:, p. 278: "During the wars of German unification, Prussian wargaming appears to have provided a significant advantage. How else can Prussia’s lopsided victories be explained? Prussian forces were more often than not outnumbered, weapon advantages were mixed, and training methods were similar, though some think Prussia had an advantage in the education of staff officers. At this time, though, the Prussian military had a monopoly on second-generation wargaming and had integrated it into its staff education and its staff planning methods, especially at the higher levels." 1136:

and voice and resolving combat. Flow of play is simple: each turn, the units come up in a random order. Therefore, the more units an opponent has, the more chance he will be selected for the next turn. When a unit comes up, the commander specifies an order and if offensive action is being taken, a target, along with details about distance. The results of the order, base move distance and effect to target, are reported, and the unit is moved on the tabletop. All distance relationships are tracked on the tabletop. All record-keeping is tracked by the computer.

1115: 528: 2348:, 1983) – An internationally successful fantasy miniature wargame. The First Edition rules introduced innovative open unit design rules, however later editions eliminated the option to build custom units and make use of standard army lists mandatory. Warhammer was one of the first newly developed miniature wargames to enjoy popularity after role-playing games came to market in 1974. In fact, it is because of Roleplaying games becoming so popular, and people having too many models that were rarely used, that this was first published. 1440: 512: 1316:. Hellwig's wargame was the first true wargame because it attempted to be realistic enough to teach useful lessons in military strategy to future army officers. Hellwig was a college professor and many of his students were aristocrats destined for military service. But Hellwig also wanted to sell his wargame commercially as a recreational item. Hellwig chose to base his game on chess so as to make it attractive and accessible to chess players. Hellwig published a second edition of his rulebook in 1803. 967: 1377:

troops would interpret and carry out their orders. When the troops engaged the enemy on the map, the umpire rolled the dice, computed the effects, and removed defeated units the from map. The umpire also managed secret information so as to simulate the fog of war. The umpire placed pieces on the map only for those units which he judged both sides could see. He kept a mental track of where the hidden units were, and only placed their pieces on the map when he judged they came into view of the enemy.

1285: 585:

learning curve small. Recreational wargamers tend to have a lot of wargaming experience (it is usually considered a hardcore hobby), so learning a complicated new wargame is easy if it is similar enough to ones they've already played. By contrast, military officers typically have little or no wargaming experience. A second reason is that the technical data required to design an accurate and precise model, such as the performance characteristics of a fighter jet, is often classified.

573:

difficult for the designers to verify that their models are accurate. Secrecy also makes it harder to disseminate corrections if the wargame has already been delivered to the clients. Then there is the small player base. Whereas a commercial wargame might have thousands or even millions of players, professional wargames tend to have small player bases, which makes it harder for the designers to acquire feedback. Consequently, errors in professional wargame models tend to persist.

1546:. Such was the popularity of such titles that other authors were able to have published wargaming titles. This output of published wargaming titles from British authors coupled with the emergence at the same time of several manufacturers providing suitable wargame miniatures (e.g. Miniature Figurines, Hinchliffe, Peter Laing, Garrisson, Skytrex, Davco, Heroic & Ros) was responsible for the huge upsurge of popularity of the hobby in the late 1960s and into the 1970s. 860:, for instance, cannot realistically model the range of modern firearms, because miniature wargaming models are typically built to a scale between 1:64 and 1:120. At those scales, riflemen should be able to shoot each other from several meters away, which is longer than most game tables. If model soldiers could shoot each other from opposite ends of the table, without the need to maneuver, the game would be very monotonous. For example, the miniature wargame 3310:"In addition to establishing the general idea and the composition of the opposing forces, the umpire serves as an intermediary for virtually all actions in the game: all movements, all communications and all attacks channel through the umpire, in writing. The players transmit written orders, authored to their units in the persona of a commander, and for the most part the umpire enjoys significant leeway in deciding how these orders will be interpreted." 3180:"Infantry and artillery units may discharge their firearms instead of advancing on an enemy; if an infantry unit destroys an enemy with gunfire, that enemy is removed from the board but the infantry unit does not advance to occupy the vacated position. The efficacy of rifles rests largely on the orientation of the opposing unit: infantry units facing one another enjoy effectively immunity to one another’s gunfire, so only flanking fire had an effect." 2899:(US Naval War College), p. 4: "The uses the Perla (1990) definition, which describes war gaming as "...a warfare model or simulation whose operation does not involve the activities of actual military forces, and whose sequence of events affects and is, in turn, affected by the decisions made by players representing the opposing sides" (Perla, 1990, p. 164). By doing so, this differentiates a war game from a training exercise, which uses real forces." 1595: 3333:, p. 110: "General Karl von Mueffling (1775–1851), chief of the general staff (1821–29) in Prussia, exclaimed, "It's not a game at all! It’s training for war. I shall recommend it enthusiastically to the whole army." He fulfilled that promise: a royal decree directed every regiment in the Prussian army to play the game regularly. By the end of the 1820s each Prussian regiment was purchasing with state funds materials for war gaming." 46: 910: 1904: 3398:"It seems that neither the British nor the Americans ever quite accepted the full range of wargaming's potential value prior to the end of World War II. The single, and stellar, exception to this assessment is the development and application of wargaming at the U.S. Naval War College. In 1894, under newly appointed President Captain Henry Taylor, gaming became an integral and permanent part of the course of study for all students." 4487: 1346: 74: 1107: 2603:, 1996) – not the first wargame to break out from hexes, and still presented in a 2-dimensional format, Close Combat nonetheless uniquely addressed factors such as individual morale and reluctance to carry out orders. The original title led to 5 very successful sequels for the general public, as well as being developed into a training tool for military use only. Close Combat stemmed from an early attempt to translate the 1619:(1954) by an American named Charles S. Roberts. What distinguished this wargame from previous ones is that it was mass-produced and all the necessary materials for play were bundled together in a box. Previous wargames were often just a rulebook and required players to obtain the other materials themselves. The game was played on a pre-fabricated board with a fixed layout, which is why it was called a board game. 2986:"A player's decision level is strategic if his responsibility extends to allocating resources, possibly including economic and political resources as well as military forces, to fight and win an entire war. A player is making tactical-level decisions if he is most concerned about positioning relatively small numbers of men and weapons to apply violence directly to the enemy; that is, to fight battles." 2706:, 2002) − a grand strategy wargame series that is focused on World War 2. Player may act as any reasonably sized nation at the time, influencing international politics, economic and military development, and can control battlefields on both strategic and operational levels using combined arms. Frequently used to entertain and simulate alternative history scenarios as well as recreate historical events. 852:, so that it may realistically simulate how topography, distance, and time affect warfare. Scale is usually expressed as a ratio, e.g. a scale of 1:1000 indicates that 1 cm on the game map represents 10 m (1,000 cm). In miniature wargaming, scale is more often expressed as the height of a model of a human measured from the base of its feet up to the eyes or top of the head (e.g. 28mm). 3296:: "In these early attempts the landscape had been forced into squares and triangles, with rivers, seas, villages, mountains, valleys and so on pushed out of their natural shapes and into straight lines. In the same way movements of troops, the representation of troop types, the effect of firepower, were also severely modified in such a way that a realistic picture of events failed to be produced." 2948:: "Finally, those who design, manufacture, and market games in the commercial world are obliged to pay attention to users' demands, such as ease of play and creating a good interface between player and game. Their counterparts working in, or for, the military, are not nearly as affected by these concerns. On occasion this can lead to bad games that people simply do not want to play." 1140:

and counters are presented to the user who can then manipulate these, more-or-less as if he were playing the physical game, and send a saved file off to his opponent, who can review what has been done without having to duplicate everything on his physical set-up of the game, and respond. Some allow for both players to get on-line and see each other's moves in real-time.

1404:. Many credited Prussia's victory to its wargaming tradition. The Prussian army did not have any significant advantage in weaponry, numbers, or troop training, but it was the only army in the world that practiced wargaming. Civilians and military forces around the world now took a keen interest in the German military wargames, which foreigners referred to as 2924:: "Unlike those in the wargaming hobby, professional wargamers work in a relatively closed society. One organization's games are not freely available for all to try, critique, and modify. Professional wargame designers may document their games (usually in classified publications), but they seldom describe the design process they employed to create them." 3218:"Although Venturini replaced the wargame board with a map, he still imposed a one-inch square grid over that map, and he imagined each square of the grid to be two thousand paces (Schritte) across, which if we assume a German military pace of rough thirty inches, means his game employs a scale around 1:60,000, or a bit shy of one mile per square." 2936:: "One is the need to satisfy the requirements of many different user organizations each of which does not wish to buy the game off the shelf but actively attempts to pull it in its own direction. Often the outcome is great complexity and compromises that end up, like the famous camel that was created by a committee, by satisfying nobody." 772:

pleases the players, so in most recreational wargames the emphasis is on verisimilitude, i.e. the satisfactory appearance of realism. In any case, no wargame can be perfectly realistic. A wargame's design must make trade-offs between realism, playability, and fun, and function within the constraints of its medium.

3284:"...the grid imposed on the wargames of Hellwig and Venturini significantly limited the capacity of these systems to represent the position of troops realistically. Effectively, in a board wargame divided into squares of a scale mile across, there is only one position that troops within a mile’s range could hold." 671:, the scenario is a single battle. The basic unit of command is an individual soldier or small group of soldiers. The time span of the scenario is in the order of minutes. At this level, the specific capabilities of the soldiers and their armaments are described in detail. An example of a tactical-level games is 3230:: "Venturini increases the variety of terrain, takes into account seasons and weather, vastly increases the sorts of entrenchments and fortifications that combatants might construct, and adds significant, but not necessarily exciting, detail to the feeding, equipping and support of forces in the field." 1376:

Reisswitz's game also used an umpire. The players did not directly control the pieces on the game map. Rather, they wrote orders for their virtual troops on pieces of paper, which they submitted to the umpire. The umpire then moved the pieces across the game map according to how he judged the virtual

1139:

Remote computer assisted wargames can be considered as extensions to the concept of play-by-email gaming, however the presentation and actual capabilities are completely different. They have been designed to replicate the look and feel of existing board or miniatures wargames on the computer. The map

1135:

Local computer assisted wargames are mostly not designed toward recreating the battlefield inside computer memory, but employing the computer to play the role of game master by storing game rules and unit characteristics, tracking unit status and positions or distances, animating the game with sounds

935:

Miniature wargaming can be more expensive and time-consuming than other forms of wargaming. Furthermore, most manufacturers do not sell ready-to-play models, they sell boxes of model parts, which the players are expected to assemble and paint themselves. This requires skill, time, and money, but many

931:

is a form of wargaming where units on the battlefield are represented by miniature models, as opposed to abstract pieces such as wooden blocks or plastic counters. Likewise, the battlefield itself is represented by model terrain, as opposed to a flat board or map; naval wargames are often played on a

827:

typically represent decidedly more concrete and internally quite complex entities (companies, battalions, etc.), with detailed interior state (stat blocks and tables of troop numbers, equipment, operational readiness, artillery charts, etc.), often with convoluted rules governing how they operate and

653:

describes the circumstances of the specific conflict being simulated, from the layout of the terrain to the exact composition of the fighting forces to the victory conditions of the players. Historical wargames often re-enact historical battles. Alternatively, the game may provide fictional "what-if"

2040:

rather than just a game in that forces could be used to depict any number of actual tactical situations rather than one specific scenario. Pioneered several ground-breaking features, such as use of various types of weapons fire to reflect battlefield conditions. Also created new level of realism in

1647:

Board wargames were more popular than miniature wargames. One reason was that assembling a playset for miniature wargaming was expensive, time-consuming, and require artisanal skill. Another reason was that board wargames could be played by correspondence. Board wargames were usually grid-based, or

1482:

was designed for a large field of play, such as a lawn or the floor of a large room. An infantryman could move up to one foot per turn, and a cavalryman could move up to two feet per turn. To measure these distances, players used a two-foot long piece of string. Wells was also the first wargamer to

1327:

A criticism of the chess-like wargames of Hellwig, Venturini, and Opiz was that the pieces were constrained to move across a grid in chess-like fashion. Only a single piece could occupy a square, even if that square represented a square mile; and the pieces had to move square by square, their exact

1323:

Hellwig's wargame was a commercial success, and inspired other inventors to develop their own chess-like wargames. In 1796, another Prussian named Johann Georg Julius Venturini invented his own wargame, inspired by Hellwig's game. Venturini's game was played on an even larger grid. Venturini's game

866:

solves this problem by reducing a rifle's range to 24 inches, a sub-machine gun's range to 12 inches, and a pistol's range to 6 inches. Even if these ranges are not realistic, their proportions make intuitive sense (a rifle's range is longer than a sub-machine gun, due to the differing ammunitions)

2629:

preceded it), but a groundbreaking game series featuring simultaneous order resolution, complete orders of battle for numerous nationalities, with three titles based on the original game engine. As of 2006, a campaign layer is in testing as well as a revised game engine to be released before 2007.

1361:

presented to the Prussian General Staff a highly realistic wargame that he and his father had developed over the years. Instead of a chess-like grid, this game was played on accurate paper maps of the kind the Prussian army used. This allowed the game to model terrain naturally and better simulate

1216:

In some early PBM systems, six sided dice rolling was simulated by designating a specific stock and a future date and once that date passed, the players would determine an action's outcome using the sales in hundreds value for specific stocks on a specific date and then dividing the NYSE published

1097:

Computer wargames have many advantages over traditional wargames. In a computer game, all the routine procedures and calculations are automated. The player needs only to make strategic and tactical decisions. The learning curve for the player is smaller, as the game can be played without mastering

831:

This makes wargames difficult to learn, as it can be difficult to simply begin playing without already understanding a great deal about how to do so. Even experienced wargamers usually play with their rulebook on hand, because the rules for most wargames are too complex to fully memorize. For many

809:

of the evolving strategic state of the board, wargames contrarily tend to have very sophisticated rules as a matter of their commitment to representing the concrete realities of (various kinds of) warfare. Generally speaking, the more realistic a wargame seeks to be, the more complicated its rules

580:

Commercial wargames are under more pressure to deliver an enjoyable experience for the players, who expect a user-friendly interface, a reasonable learning curve, exciting gameplay, and so forth. By contrast, military organizations tend to see wargaming as a tool and a chore, and players are often

771:

A wargame must simulate warfare to a reasonable degree of realism, though what counts as sufficient realism depends on the players. Military wargames need to be highly realistic because their purpose is to prepare officers for real warfare. Recreational wargames only need to be as realistic as it

1380:

Earlier wargames had fixed victory conditions, such as occupying the enemy's fortress. By contrast, Reisswitz's wargame was open-ended. The umpire decided what the victory conditions were, if there were to be any, and they typically resembled the goals an actual army in battle might aim for. The

1265:

computer games still had a decent amount of popularity, and many started explicitly supporting the sending of saved-game files through email (instead of needing to find the file to send to the opponent by hand). As with all types of video games, the rise in home networking solutions and Internet

886:

Military wargames often use referees to manage secret information. The players may be forced to sit in separate rooms, and communicate their orders with the referee in the game room, who in turn reports back only the information he judges the players should know. Some recreational wargames use a

822:

in Go have no properties, behaviours, or state on their own, and only potentially represent, relative to other stones, elements of a larger board position, providing an extremely abstract strategic model in which the determinant of victory is a generalisation of territorial control and influence

1477:

did not use dice or computation to resolve fights. For artillery attacks, players used spring-loaded toy cannons which fired little wooden cylinders to physically knock over enemy models. As for infantry and cavalry, they could only engage in hand-to-hand combat (even if the figurines exhibited

1319:

As in chess, Hellwig's game was played on a grid of squares, but it was a much larger grid, and the squares were color-coded to represent different types of terrain: mountains, swamp, water, trenches, etc. The layout of the terrain was not fixed, which allowed players to create their own custom

584:

Professional wargames that are arbitrated by an umpire or the players themselves (manual wargames) tend to have simple models and computations compared to recreational wargames. Umpires may even be allowed to make arbitrary decisions using their own expertise. One reason for this is to keep the

1143:

These systems are generally set up so that while one can play the game, the program has no knowledge of the rules, and cannot enforce them. The human players must have a knowledge of the rules themselves. The idea is to promote the playing of the games (by making play against a remote opponent

835:

One way to solve the problem of complexity is to use a referee who has the discretion to arbitrate events, using whatever tools and knowledge they deem fit. This solution is popular with military instructors because it allows them to apply their own expertise when they use wargames to instruct

1506:

hobby was to network players across America. At the time, the miniature wargaming community was minuscule, and players struggled to find each other. In 1956, Scruby organized the first miniature wargaming convention in America, which was attended by just fourteen people. From 1957 to 1962, he

1486:

Wells' rulebook, however, failed to invigorate the miniature wargaming community. A possible reason was the two World Wars, which de-glamorized war and caused shortages of tin and lead that made model soldiers expensive. Another reason may have been the lack of magazines or clubs dedicated to

572:

Military organizations are typically secretive about their current wargames, and this makes designing a professional wargame a challenge. The data the designers require, such as the performance characteristics of weapons or the locations of military bases, are often classified, which makes it

1391:

The Prussian king and the General Staff officially endorsed Reisswitz's wargame, and by the end of the decade every German regiment had bought materials for it. This was thus the first wargame to be widely adopted by a military as a serious tool for training and research. Over the years, the

788:

is the process by which a given wargame is proven to be realistic. For historical wargames, this usually means being able to accurately recreate a certain historical battle. Validating military wargames is sometimes tricky as they are typically used to simulate hypothetical future scenarios.

855:

Military wargames typically aim to model time and space as realistically as is feasible, so everything in the simulation conforms to a single scale. Recreational wargame designers, by contrast, tend to use abstract scaling techniques to make their wargames easier to learn and play. Tabletop

576:

Although commercial wargame designers study consumer trends and listen to player feedback, their products are usually designed and sold with a take-it-or-leave-it approach. Professional wargames, by contrast, are typically commissioned by the military that plans to use them. If a wargame is

1065:, a card game about tactical combat in World War II published by Avalon Hill in 1983. The abstractness is harnessed in the game by having the deck produce random terrain, and chances to fire, and the like, simulating uncertainty as to the local conditions (nature of the terrain, etc.). 564:

Recreational wargames can cover a wide variety of subjects, from pre-historic to modern – even fantasy or sci-fi combat. Games which do not include modern armaments and tactics are of limited interest to the military, though wargames covering famous historical battles can interest

2476:(Battlefront Miniatures, 2002) – Popular World War II wargame at 15mm (1:100) scale, currently focusing on the European and Mediterean theatres. Splits into three time periods (Early War 1939–41, Mid War 1942–43 and Late War 1944–45) to bring some balance and historical matchups. 2771:, 1984) – initially conceived as a board game, it has created a brand that now includes various different boardgames (tactical as well as strategic), miniature game rules, a role-playing game, computer games, flip-book games (by Nova Games) as well as novels and a TV series. 3151:"To the avid miniature wargamer, board gaming must have appeared crude, aesthetically dull and confining in the rigidity of its rules; to the unrepentant board wargamer, miniature gaming looked expensive, labor-intensive and contentious in its latitude toward system." 1071:

Also, card driven games (CDGs), first introduced in 1993, use a deck of (custom) cards to drive most elements of the game, such as unit movement (activation) and random events. These are, however, distinctly board games, the deck is merely one of the most important

2105:(Avalon Hill, 1974) – The first serious attempt to model World War II in Europe in its entirety, including (in a limited way) the economic and industrial production of the nations involved. It has seen numerous versions and editions, and is currently available as 2646:– (Major I. L. Holdridge, 2003 for v4) – commercial version of “TacOpsCav 4”, an officially issued standard training device of the US Army. It is a simulation of contemporary and near-future tactical, ground, combat between the modern armed forces of the world. 645:

has wizards and dragons, but the combat is mostly based on medieval warfare (spearmen, archers, knights, etc.). Some are also set in a hypothetical future or counterfactual past, to simulate, for example, a "World War Three" or rebellion of colonists on Mars.

2314:, 1971) – An extension and distillation of rules previously published in various periodicals. While mostly about historical medieval combat, it had an addendum that covered fantasy elements. Major elements of this game were adopted by the role-playing game 2292:(H.G. Wells, 1913) – The first popular published wargame rules. Includes the common miniature wargaming mechanics of dice rolling, range, line of sight, and moving in alternate turns. This game earned Wells the title "The Father of Miniature Wargaming". 756:

is a computer program that serves as a platform for users to create and share their own wargame of a hypothetical real world conflict (ranging from the tactical to the strategic level) using its database of units that range from World War 2 to the near

996:

is built into the game by representing units with upright wooden blocks that are marked on only one face, which is oriented towards the player who owns the block. The opponent cannot see the markings from his position. The first such block wargame was

1412:

manual in English, based on the system of Wilhelm von Tschischwitz, was published in 1872 for the British army and received a royal endorsement. The world's first recreational wargaming club was the University Kriegspiel Club, founded in 1873 at

817:

only have a few rules determining their behaviour, such as how and when they are allowed to move or capture based on their type and board location, providing a highly abstracted model of warfare which represents troop composition and positioning.

1328:

location within a square being immaterial. The grid also forced the terrain into unnatural forms, such as rivers that flowed in straight lines and bent at right angles. This lack of realism meant that no army took these wargames seriously.

2668:

scale simulation set as a "Cold War Gone Hot" themed game in both multiplayer and singleplayer environments. Players construct customized armies through use of a deck system comprising land vehicles, infantry, and helicopters from several

1697:– After H.G. Wells, he did the most to make miniature wargaming a respectable hobby. He also popularized miniatures wargaming with a cheaper production process for miniature figures, publishing the first miniature wargaming magazine, the 638:

depicts a fictional world in which the combatants wield fictional or anachronistic armaments, but it should be similar enough to some historical era of warfare such that the combatants fight in a familiar and credible way. For instance,

2720:) – a historical real-time strategy series with real-time tactical combat and supply simulation. Campaigning takes place on a single continuous map where players can zoom between the 3D tactical map and the 2D strategy map at any time. 839:

Another way to address complexity is to use a computer to automate some or all of the routine procedures. Video games can be both sophisticated and easy to learn, which is why computer wargames are more popular than tabletop wargames.

2912:: "Much of the data that goes into the programs is classified: as a result, checking on whether it is correct is difficult, and errors, once they have crept in, tend to stay. Secrecy also makes it hard to update the games as needed." 775:

Fantasy wargames arguably stretch the definition of wargaming by representing fictional or anachronistic armaments, but they may still be called wargames if they resemble real warfare to the satisfaction of the players. For example,

1015:

Because of their nature, cards are well suited for abstract games, as opposed to the simulation aspects of wargames. Traditional card games are not considered wargames even when nominally about the same subject (such as the game

3347:"In the aftermath of the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, European and world military opinion suddenly became enamored of things German, including Kriegsspiel, to the use of which many experts attributed the German victories." 503:, wargaming was widely adopted by military officers in other countries. Civilian enthusiasts also played wargames for fun, but this was a niche hobby until the development of consumer electronic wargames in the 1990s. 605:

A wargame is adversarial. There must be at least two opposing sides whose players react intelligently to each other's decisions, though there are wargames with solitaire rules to govern the actions of the non-player

2225:– (Nova Games, 1981) the most successful of Milton Bradley's (1984) 'GameMaster' line in an attempt to bring wargaming into the mainstream by appealing to non-wargamers through simplicity and attractive components. 471:

Generally, activities where the participants actually perform mock combat actions (e.g. friendly warships firing dummy rounds at each other) are not considered wargames. Some writers may refer to a military's

3482:"Unlike many earlier war games for the home, which amounted to little more than a set of rules and the occasional map, Tactics came with all the miniature tanks, infantry, and planes need to play in its box." 1381:

emphasis was on the experience of decision-making and strategic thinking, not on competition. As Reisswitz himself wrote: "The winning or losing, in the sense of a card or board game, does not come into it."

2169:(1985) have become the most prolific series of wargames, including 3 add-on modules for the former, and 12 for the latter, with additional Historical modules and Deluxe modules also having been released. 577:

commissioned by several clients, then the designer will have to juggle their competing demands. This can lead to great complexity, high development costs, and a compromised product that satisfies nobody.

3468:

See James Dunnigan's Foreword to Donald Featherstone's Lost Tales, published 2009. Dunnigan clearly places Featherstone in his role as a key propagator of wargaming as a hobby and tool for professionals.

2358:(Games Workshop, 1987) – A futuristic wargame featuring rival armies with different fighting styles. This wargame has very conceptual artwork suggesting a post-apocalyptic neo-gothic universe with heavy 1052:. The first was fairly popular in wargaming circles, and is a light system of naval combat, though again not depicting any 'real' situation (players may operate ships from opposing navies side-by-side). 832:

people, the complexity also makes wargames difficult to enjoy, but some players enjoy high realism, so finding a balance between realism and simplicity is tricky when it comes to recreational wargames.

593:

The exact definition of "wargame" varies from one writer to the next and one organization to the next. To prevent confusion, this section will establish the general definition employed by this article.

2253:– (GDW, 1983) is a multi-player game of World War I aerial combat over the Western Front during 1917 and 1918 with an extremely easy to play mechanism but allow the development of complex strategies. 2278:(S. Low, Marston, 1898) – The first published miniature wargame. A 26-page rule set limited to naval miniature battles. It came in a crate measuring 4 ft. X 4 ft. X 2 ft. Written by 954:

is played on a board that has a more-or-less fixed layout and is supplied by the game's manufacturer. This is in contrast to customizable playing fields made with modular components, such as in

3270::"A secondary intention was to give a pleasant entertainment to a person who did not need such instruction through a game in which nothing depends on chance but on the direction of the player." 867:

and thus preserve some verisimilitude, all the while compressing the battle to fit the confines of the table. Additionally, the ranges are multiples of 6, which makes them easier to remember.

634:

accurately depicts a real historical era of warfare. Among recreational wargamers, the most popular historical era is World War 2. Professional military wargamers prefer the modern era. A

684:, the scenario is a military campaign, and the basic unit of command is a large group of soldiers. At this level, the outcomes of battles are usually determined by a simple computation. 896:

The fog of war is easy to simulate in a computer wargame, as a virtual environment is free of the physical constraints of a tabletop game. The computer itself can serve as the referee.

691:, the scenario is an entire war. The player addresses higher-level concerns such as economics, research, and diplomacy. The time span of the game is in the order of months or years. 499:

in the early 19th-century, and eventually the Prussian military adopted wargaming as a tool for training their officers and developing doctrine. After Prussia defeated France in the

2677:

nations and manage logistics such as fuel and ammunition while on the battlefield. There is no cohesive campaign, the game instead taking place in several hypothetical conflicts.

2573:, 1994) – probably the most widely popular computer game that is recognizably a traditional wargame. It spawned several sequels, some of which explored different subject matter. 2362:

themes. Unarguably the most profitable miniature wargame ever , it has popularized competitive tournament gameplay in large, international events sanctioned by Games Workshop.

2854:

Approximate. Miniature wargames typically express their scales in terms of the height of a human figurine in millimeters. 1:64 roughly corresponds to 28mm, and 1:120 to 15mm.

1258:

saw a shift of people playing board wargames from play-by-mail (PBM) to play-by-email (PBEM) or play-by-web (PBW). The mechanics were the same, merely the medium was faster.

2434:, 2004) – An inexpensive, simple wargame that has been successfully mass marketed to both younger wargamers and adults. As miniature wargaming is often an expensive hobby, 630:

that is based on some historical era of warfare so as to establish what armaments, unit types, and doctrines the combatants may wield and the environment they fight in. A

1511:, through which wargamers could publish their rules and share game reports. It had less than two hundred subscribers, but it did establish a steadily growing community. 330: 2553:, respectively, featuring a cartoony aesthetic and grid based gameplay. Intelligent Systems would subsequently adapt the traditional wargaming formula into the popular 1094:

The term "wargame" is rarely used in the video gaming hobby; the term "strategy game" is preferred. "Computer wargame" distinguishes a game from a "tabletop wargame".

1035:. It does not simulate how any actual nuclear exchange would happen, but it is still structured unlike most card games because of the way it deals with its subject. 828:

interact, and furthermore the global state of the game is often governed by extensive non-local rules representing exigencies like seasonal weather or supply lines.

2328:

used two six-sided dice to resolve combat. Previous fantasy miniature wargames had been written, but this was the first one published. Drawing on the popularity of

875:

In real warfare, commanders have incomplete information about their enemy and the battlespace. A wargame that conceals some information from the player is called a

836:

students. The drawback of this approach is that the referee must be very knowledgeable in warfare and impartial, else they may issue unrealistic or unfair rulings.

335: 883:

wargame has no secret information. Most recreational wargames are open wargames. A closed wargame can simulate the espionage and reconnaissance aspects of war.

2972:: "Unlike abstract games of strategy, all wargames have a setting, which determines the armaments of the combatants and the environment in which they deploy." 2376:, 1990) – Radically minimalist rules differentiate this game from other notable miniature wargames. A number of systems have been strongly influenced by DBA. 978:

shows how a player may only know the strength and unit type of their own forces, creating a fog of war element that does not exist in most tabletop wargames.

1648:

else designed in some way that moves could be explained in writing in simple terms. This was not possible with the free-form nature of miniature wargames.

932:

floor because they tend to require more space than a tabletop. Most miniature wargaming is recreational because issues of scale get in the way of realism.

662:

A wargame's level of war determines to the scope of the scenario, the basic unit of command, and the degree to which lower level processes are abstracted.

1068:

Dan Verssen Games is a specialist designer and publisher of card games for several genres, including air combat and World War II and modern land combat.

4195:

Dorca Bis Alejo, "El Hobby de los soldados en miniatura, el wargame, el rol, el modelismo y el coleccionismo." primera edición: 23 de agosto de 2008,

4911: 613:. Some writers use the term "live wargames" to refer to games that use actual troops in the field, but this article shall instead refer to these as 5112: 1713:– Known as the "Father of modern board wargaming", designed the first modern wargame, as well as the company most identified with modern wargames ( 3056: 1132:

as regards to wargaming. Two different categories can be distinguished: local computer assisted wargames and remote computer assisted wargames.

569:. As professional wargames are used to prepare officers for actual warfare, there is naturally a strong emphasis on realism and current events. 4409:; Is the Net breathing new life into an endangered hobby--or just postponing the inevitable?," by Andrew Leonard, Salon Magazine, May 29, 1998. 4387: 1553:

published what was the first ruleset for a miniature wargame set in the medieval period. These rules were a major inspiration for Gary Gygax's

2452:(Corvus Belli, 2005) is a tabletop wargame in which sci-fi themed with 28mm scale metal miniatures are used to simulate futuristic skirmishes. 2300:(John C. Candler, 1964) – First period-specific historical miniature wargame. Also the first in a long line of Napoleonic miniature wargames. 3532: 1518:

began writing an influential series of books on wargaming, which represented the first mainstream published contribution to wargaming since

452:, or to study the nature of potential conflicts. Many wargames re-create specific historic battles, and can cover either whole wars, or any 1976:– (1954) a classic multi-player game from the "golden age" of wargames in which strategy is exercised off the game board as well as on it. 1478:

firearms). When two infantry units fought in close quarters, the units would suffer non-random losses determined by their relative sizes.

3620: 936:

players like the opportunity to show off their artistic skills. Miniature wargaming is often as much about artistry as it is about play.

1358: 677:, in which players use miniature figurines to represent individual soldiers, and move them around on a scale model of the battlefield. 2687:– a wargame set in different time periods, with a turn based map, and a real time battle component, featured on the television series 3655: 1425:

in 1882, both heavily inspired by Prussian wargames. In 1894, the US Naval War College made wargaming a regular tool of instruction.

2416:-inspired miniatures game featuring steam-powered robots fighting under the direction of powerful wizards. Also has a sister game, 1167: 3908: 3887: 3030: 1213:

Wargames were played remotely through the mail, with players sending lists of moves, or orders, to each other through the mail.

4836: 3663: 340: 4062: 2263:– (Avalon Hill, 1994) this game started the Card-Driven wargame movement, which is very influential in current wargame design. 4904: 4826: 4312: 4281: 4148: 4006: 3848: 3686: 3609: 2614: 1578:. Earlier miniature wargames were designed to be played using generic models that could be bought from any manufacturer, but 1487:

miniature wargames. Miniature wargaming was seen as a niche within the larger hobby of making and collecting model soldiers.

444:

in which two or more players command opposing armed forces in a simulation of an armed conflict. Wargaming may be played for

320: 1790:

and the most prolific print wargame designer in history. His designs included many firsts in wargaming, including the first

5105: 4710: 782:

has wizards and dragons, but the bulk of the armaments are taken from medieval warfare (spearmen, knights, archers, etc.).

5006: 2526: 2100: 2053:, 1972) – The first wargame to use wooden blocks with labels to provide a fog of war and four possible steps of strength. 423: 4434: 1293: 1056:

was not as successful, but is a look at the constant design and development of new types of tanks during World War II.

3665:

Taktisches Kriegs-Spiel oder Anleitung zu einer mechanischen Vorrichtung um taktische Manoeuvres sinnlich darzustellen

715:

is an operational-level professional wargame developed in the 1960s by the US Army for research into guerilla warfare.

4965: 4831: 4354: 4260: 4220: 4200: 4162: 4134: 4118: 4099: 4082: 4058: 3959: 3928: 3921:

Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-playing Games

3867: 3829: 3806: 3772: 3753: 2830: 1943: 740: 325: 1582:

setting featured original characters with distinctive visual designs, and their models were produced exclusively by

5391: 4897: 4471: 5098: 4874: 4550: 3011: 2752: 2625: 2197:, it is arguably the most successful tactical space combat system that does not rely on miniatures (published by 1365:

The game modeled the capabilities of the units realistically using data gathered by the Prussian army during the

1313: 367: 184: 4970: 4821: 4784: 4754: 4599: 4123: 1925: 1704: 1515: 889: 476:

as "live wargames", but certain institutions such as the US Navy do not accept this. Likewise, activities like

315: 219: 1400:

Prussian wargaming attracted little attention outside Prussia until 1870, when Prussia defeated France in the

4689: 4209: 4073: 3420: 3032:

Tacspiel War-Game Procedures and Rules of Play for Guerrilla/Counterguerrilla Operations [RAC-TP-223]

2682: 2522: 1797: 722:

were a series of strategic-level professional wargames that sought to predict the outcome of the Vietnam War.

2785:, 1982) – initially printed as a board game, it quickly evolved to incorporate elements of miniatures games. 1780:), one of the first major competitors to Avalon Hill, and himself a prolific wargame designer and innovator. 1483:

use scale models of buildings, trees, and other terrain features to create a three-dimensional battlefield.

1007:(previously named Gamma Two Games), depicting the campaign surrounding the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. 4683: 4243: 4230: 2710: 2139:. With 4 maps and 1000+ counters, it is credited with being the first "monster" wargame (by famed designer 1823: 1242:

Reality Simulations, Inc. still runs a number of PBM games, such as Duel2 (formerly known as Duelmasters),

297: 3945:. Translated by H. O. S. Heistand. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. 1898. pp. 233–289. 2173:

also sets the record for sheer volume of playing components, with thousands of official counters and 60+ "

5307: 5297: 5247: 4816: 4677: 4562: 4109: 4068: 2570: 2439: 2391: 1742: 1188: 1031:, a 'tongue-in-cheek game of the end of the world', first published in 1966 and still published today by 520: 456:, battles, or lower-level engagements within them. Many simulate land combat, but there are wargames for 310: 194: 5365: 3821: 2835: 2725: 2490: 1392:

Prussians developed new variations of Reisswitz's system to incorporate new technologies and doctrine.

752: 395: 390: 35: 5079: 4789: 4653: 2126: 2082: 1845: 1235: 273: 39: 17: 5242: 4852: 2339: 2132: 1921: 1867: 1787: 1747: 1129: 1123: 824: 352: 3938: 609:

A wargame does not involve the use of actual troops and armaments. This definition is used by the

4920: 3709:"Models of war 1770–1830: the birth of wargames and the trade-off between realism and simplicity" 3528: 2373: 2236: 2088: 1914: 1758: 1737: 1724: 1434: 1039: 1027: 641: 614: 473: 416: 3113:"...the discretion of the umpire may be subject to all manner of conscious or unconscious bias." 2466:

bricks as miniatures and scenery and gained popularity mostly due to the looseness of the rules.

2390:, 2001) – Innovative game popularizing the combat dial, pre-painted plastic miniatures, and the 2008:(Avalon Hill, 1958) – the first modern era wargame intended to model an actual historical event. 5280: 5148: 4568: 4505: 4459: 4427: 2431: 2367: 2198: 1962: 548: 544: 385: 107: 95: 3970: 3631: 5360: 5355: 5232: 5168: 5032: 4377: 2330: 2316: 2248: 2165: 2018: 1816: 1561: 1085: 1059:

The most successful card wargame (as a card game and as a wargame) would almost certainly be

993: 913: 862: 445: 1965:

will show the variety of titles, the following games are notable for the reasons indicated:

1459:

developed codified rules for playing with toy soldiers, which he published in a book titled

5153: 5138: 5048: 5027: 4996: 3556: 2863:

An M1 Garand has an effective range of 457m, which corresponds to 3.8m at a scale of 1:120.

2258: 2058: 1637: 1572:

produced what was the first miniature wargame designed to be used with proprietary models:

610: 558: 554: 532: 516: 4399: 3643: 8: 4635: 4556: 4510: 3670:

Tactical War Game - or, instruction to a mechanical device to simulate tactical maneuvers

2815: 2782: 2703: 2651: 2594: 2514: 2334:, this game featured the novelties of combat magic and fantastic creatures as combatants. 2174: 2070: 2065: 2033: 1687: 1662: 1503: 1466: 1401: 1262: 1221: 955: 928: 923: 500: 255: 189: 154: 3650:

Instructions for the Representation of Military Maneuvres with the Kriegsspiel Apparatus

1842:– wrote rule sets for Napoleonic and World War II wargames and also on military history. 1626:, the first firm that specialized in commercial wargames. In 1958, Avalon Hill released 1114: 5330: 5237: 5180: 5074: 4960: 4611: 3899: 3878: 3597: 3050: 2825: 2583:– (Strategic Simulations, Inc., 1995) – an early tactical wargame on the same scale as 2447: 2240: 2182: 1710: 409: 231: 127: 90: 50: 31: 4300:

Philip Sabin: Simulating War. Studying Conflict Simulation through Games, London 2012.

2736: 2191:, 1978) one of the older still actively played and published wargames today; based on 557:

is a wargame that is used by a military as a serious tool for training or research. A

5386: 5262: 5022: 4862: 4617: 4420: 4350: 4308: 4277: 4256: 4216: 4196: 4158: 4144: 4130: 4114: 4095: 4078: 4054: 4046: 4002: 3955: 3924: 3863: 3844: 3825: 3802: 3768: 3749: 3682: 3605: 3039: 2620: 2206: 2148: 2029: 2003: 1856: 1791: 1627: 1495: 1414: 1208: 1196: 1089: 857: 726: 706: 598:

A wargame simulates an armed conflict, be it a battle, a campaign, or an entire war.

465: 453: 449: 362: 237: 5257: 5200: 4944: 4520: 4361:

Terry Wise's Introduction to Battlegaming including his unpublished wargaming rules

4169:

Tank Battles in Miniature: Wargamers' Guide to the Western Desert Campaign, 1940–42

3730: 3720: 2820: 2768: 2757:– (Nova Games, 1980) – this flip-book system is a simulation of aerial dogfighting. 2534: 2353: 2305: 2188: 1971: 1863: 1810:– Designer of several miniatures and board wargames who went on to co-create (with 1682: 1574: 1555: 778: 736:

is tactical-level recreational wargame that simulates World War 1 aerial dogfights.

667: 566: 527: 477: 149: 122: 3725: 3708: 3598:"On Wargaming: How Wargames Have Shaped History and How They May Shape the Future" 2589:, which led to two sequels, and a complete revision of the title for free release. 1439: 1118:

A computer-assisted wargame sponsored by the US Air National Guard (February 2015)

819: 5345: 5302: 5285: 5252: 5190: 4991: 4939: 4699: 4665: 4525: 4476: 3783: 2810: 2790: 2689: 2550: 2409: 2220: 2110: 1828: 1366: 1061: 1018: 719: 457: 285: 159: 3438: 511: 4769: 4759: 4729: 4704: 4694: 4671: 4406: 3645:

Anleitung zur Darstellung militairische Manover mit dem Apparat des Kriegsspiel

2697: 2578: 2564: 2518: 2345: 2050: 1886: 1773: 1765: 1614: 1599: 1583: 1569: 1384:

In the English-speaking world, Reisswitz's wargame and its variants are called

1226: 1032: 1004: 975: 966: 798: 602:

do not simulate armed conflict and thus fall outside the scope of this article.

291: 3799:

It's All a Game: The History of Board Games from Monopoly to Settlers of Catan

3537: 1266:

access has also meant that networked games are now common and easy to set up.

1148:

issues) by ensuring that the players have access to the actual physical game.

5380: 5335: 5272: 5121: 4867: 4764: 4659: 4515: 4393: 2805: 2717: 2657: 2504: 2471: 2417: 2212: 2136: 1880: 1839: 1807: 1769: 1608: 1373:

tracking"). The game also had some rules that modeled morale and exhaustion.

1284: 1230: 1161: 989: 983: 951: 945: 701: 673: 461: 441: 279: 144: 139: 1727:), co writer of WRG Ancients in 1969 and of DBA the innovative 1990 ruleset. 4774: 4744: 4739: 4647: 4641: 3943:

Selected Professional Papers Translated from European Military Publications

3679:

Peter Perla's The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists

2731: 2632: 2605: 2585: 2311: 2158: 2140: 1850: 1811: 1783: 1243: 1151:

The four main programs that can be used to play a number of games each are

267: 261: 200: 4889: 2884:: "To be a wargame, in our sense of the word, the game must be realistic." 1998:(Parker Brothers, 1959) – Widely accepted as the first mainstream wargame. 5185: 5175: 5090: 4934: 4779: 4623: 4593: 4587: 4465: 4265: 4104: 4087: 2674: 2555: 2546: 2381: 2287: 2092: 2024: 1991: 1870:

and introduced many advanced graphics design elements to wargame designs.

1777: 1720: 1714: 1694: 1677: 1672: 1623: 1491: 1461: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1340: 1254:

Since e-mail is faster than the standard postal service, the rise of the

999: 814: 802: 243: 213: 4376:

Erik Lin-Greenberg, Reid B.C. Pauly, and Jacquelyn G. Schneider. 2021. “

2282:. As only a handful of these games survive, they are highly collectible. 5290: 5207: 5130: 4749: 4629: 4269: 3735: 3697: 3628:

Board Games Studies: International Journal for the Study of Board Games

2762: 2403: 1981: 1928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1753: 1499: 1417:

in England. In the United States, Charles Adiel Lewis Totten published

489: 249: 4402:, By Clive Gilbert and Kevin Allen, BBC News Magazine, 24 August 2007. 2630:

CM's genesis was also as a failed attempt by Avalon Hill to translate

5350: 5224: 5163: 5143: 4605: 2600: 2425: 2413: 2279: 2193: 2118: 1550: 1145: 1044: 806: 481: 225: 3621:"Eine Anleitung zur Anleitung. Das Takstische Kriegsspiel 1812-1824" 2095:, 1976) – the definitive game of Age of Sail warfare for many years. 1903: 909: 5340: 5195: 5158: 4734: 2776: 2661: 2538: 2530: 2510: 2481: 2457: 2359: 1707:– Known in the UK as the "co-father" of modern miniature wargaming. 1370: 1345: 1255: 1175:

is available for purchase, while the other three are offered free.

1106: 73: 4051:

The Complete Wargames Handbook: How to Play, Design, and Find Them

2420:, which features large monstrous creatures in the place of robots. 1217:

sales in hundreds by six, using the remainder as the dice result.

730:

is a strategic-level computer wargame set in the mid-20th century.

45: 4857: 3542: 2665: 2387: 2230: 1594: 1354: 1309: 496: 485: 357: 3568:

A reprint is available from the History of Wargaming Project at

2211:(Avalon Hill, 1981) – pioneered the use of "point to point" or " 1559:(1971), which in turn became the basis for the roleplaying game 53:

by the red player against an island defended by the green player

4001:, Special Interest Model Books; New edition (31 December 1998) 2641: 2442:

have opened the miniature wargaming hobby to a new demographic.

2398:

has inspired numerous collectible, skirmish miniature wargames.

1473:

had very simple rules to make it fun and accessible to anyone.

887:

referee too, often referring to them as "the GameMaster" (e.g.

30:"Wargamer" and "wargaming" redirect here. For the website, see 2073:

where game pieces depicted a single soldier. An adaptation of

1349:

A reconstruction of the wargame developed in 1824 by Reisswitz

3160:

In a letter from Hellwig, dated 26 September 1801, quoted in

2243:

combat, in which each game piece represented a single person.

1191:, making it accessible to any computer that can run a modern 3580:

A reprint is available from history of Wargaming Project at

2623:, 2000) – not the first 3D tactical wargame (titles such as 2077:

also became one of the first multi-player computer wargames.

1986:(Avalon Hill, 1958) – the wargame that launched Avalon Hill. 1507:

self-published the world's first wargaming magazine, titled

1465:(1913). This is widely remembered as the first rulebook for 5212: 4412: 2670: 2463: 4364: 4326: 4316: 4246: 4233: 3581: 3569: 3012:"The "Four Levels" of Wargaming: A New Scope on the Hobby" 3901:

War Gamers' Handbook: A Guide for Professional War Gamers

2542: 1192: 3506: 1786:– considered "The Dean of Modern Wargaming", founder of 5069: 4400:

Dice against the Nazis: Propaganda aimed to reduce fear

4206:

Dorca Alejo, "My Toy Soldiers & Me" Second edition.

561:

is one played for fun, often in a competitive context.

1768:– A co-founder of Game Designers Workshop (along with 1274: 1128:

In the recent years, programs have been developed for

4396:, by Dr. Brett Holman, PhD in History, 5 August 2007. 4242:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2009 by the 4229:, Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1980, reprinted 2008 by the 3860:

Tabletop Wargames: A Designers' and Writers' Handbook

2521:) – a series of turn-based wargames released for the 1144:

easier), while supporting the industry (and reducing

581:

bluntly obliged to use whatever is provided to them.

4340:

Airfix magazine Guides: American Civil War Wargaming

3763:

Pat Harrigan; Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, eds. (2016).

3762: 3492: 3456: 2892: 2890: 805:

even simpler, with the complexity of these games an

3642:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz (1824). 1302:

The playing field and pieces from Hellwig's wargame

1042:(a board wargame company) produced two card games, 3857: 3421:"Make It Do – Metal Shortages During World War II" 3122: 3069: 1613:The first successful commercial board wargame was 488:are classified as physical sports. Wargaming is a 2887: 2131:(Martial Enterprises, 1974) Later republished by 1589: 5378: 4325:, reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project 1836:, and other games in the Axis and Allies Series. 3378: 3376: 3038:. Research Analysis Corporation. Archived from 2795:– (Avalon Hill, 1983) – A popular card wargame. 1110:The US Navy Electronic Warfare Simulator (1958) 709:that simulates land battles during World War 2. 506: 4378:Wargaming for International Relations Research 4315:reprinted by the History of Wargaming Project 3952:The Complete Wargames Handbook Revised Edition 3550: 3439:"History of the British Model Soldier Society" 3028: 1603:(1954) was the first successful board wargame. 1494:began making inexpensive miniature models for 744:is a fantasy wargame whose rules are based on 468:as well as many that combine various domains. 27:Strategy game that realistically simulates war 5106: 4905: 4428: 4295:Airfix magazine Guides: World War 2 Wargaming 4020:Military Modelling Guide to Siege War Gaming 3877:Perla, Peter P.; Barrett, Raymond T. (1985). 3245: 3009: 2113:, and as a far more complex descendant game, 417: 4363:Printed by the History of Wargaming Project 4288:Airfix magazine Guides: Napoleonic Wargaming 4183:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 2 1420–1783 4113:, Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, NY 1980. 4027:Military Modelling Guide to Solo War Gaming 3876: 3373: 3134: 2559:series of tactical role-playing video games. 1675:– Pioneer in miniature wargaming, author of 1514:Around the same time in the United Kingdom, 1421:in 1880, and William R. Livermore published 1246:, and Forgotten Realms: War of the Avatars. 918:, a miniature wargame set during World War 2 4919: 4382:European Journal of International Relations 4190:War Games Through the Ages Vol. 3 1792–1859 3765:Zones of Control: Perspectives on Wargaming 3746:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games 3055:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1644:became the most widely-played wargame yet. 1408:(the German word for "wargame"). The first 448:, to train military officers in the art of 5120: 5113: 5099: 4912: 4898: 4435: 4421: 4349:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1972. 4215:, Model and Allied Publishing (MAP) 1970. 4092:The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming 3677:Peter P. Perla (2012) . John Curry (ed.). 2177:" not counting Deluxe and Historical maps. 1388:, which is the German word for "wargame". 1359:Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von Reisswitz 424: 410: 4041:Airfix magazine Guides: Ancient Wargaming 3880:An Introduction to Wargaming and its Uses 3841:Die Auftritte des Krieges sinnlich machen 3838: 3734: 3724: 3706: 3661: 3641: 3319: 3293: 3251: 3189: 3096: 3029:Lawrence J. Dondero; et al. (1966). 1944:Learn how and when to remove this message 1249: 4240:Sprawling Wargames multiplayer Wargaming 3937: 3918: 3782:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig (1803). 3382: 3305: 3279: 3227: 3213: 3201: 3175: 3161: 3146: 3108: 2969: 1889:– Former baseball player and commentator 1632:, which was a retooling of the rules of 1593: 1438: 1344: 1113: 1105: 965: 908: 526: 510: 44: 4013:Military Modelling Guide to War Gaming 3858:Rick Priestley; John Lambshead (2016). 3815: 3796: 3781: 3618: 3595: 3477: 3356: 3262: 3239: 2945: 2933: 2909: 2297:Miniature Wargames du temps de Napoleon 2028:by Avalon Hill in 1970. The very first 1731: 1656: 621: 14: 5379: 4837:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers 4157:, Sportshelf & Soccer Assoc 1969. 3818:Wargames: From Gladiators to Gigabytes 3743: 3630:(in German) (3): 59–78. Archived from 3368: 2744: 1681:. His usual companion in wargames was 1428: 341:Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers 5094: 4893: 4827:International Federation of Wargaming 4416: 3897: 3839:Nohr, Rolf F.; Böhme, Stefan (2009). 3695: 3676: 3393: 3342: 2995: 2981: 2921: 2041:reflecting tactical armored vehicles. 2022:Magazine game, 1969); re-released as 1502:. Scruby's major contribution to the 1331: 1202: 321:International Federation of Wargaming 4094:, Arthur Baker Limited London 1977. 3968: 3949: 3681:. The History of Wargaming Project. 3662:George Leopold von Reiswitz (1812). 3330: 3081: 2877: 1926:adding citations to reliable sources 1897: 1469:(for terrestrial armies, at least). 1101: 823:projection. Contrarily, in wargames 5007:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich 4390:, Time Magazine, December 14, 1942. 4029:, Special Interest Model Books 1989 4022:, Special Interest Model Books 1990 4015:, Special Interest Model Books 1987 3914:from the original on July 28, 2018. 3893:from the original on March 5, 2020. 2101:Rise and Decline of the Third Reich 1893: 1395: 1275:Early Prussian wargames (1780–1806) 848:Every wargame must have a sense of 172: 24: 4485: 4407:Return of the hex-crazed wargamers 3986: 3493:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016) 3457:Harrigan & Kirschenbaum (2016) 2235:– (Victory Games, 1983) the first 1874: 1860:, and other well-received designs. 1636:, and was based on the historical 1308:The first wargame was invented in 25: 5403: 4832:International Wargames Federation 4127:Featherstone's Complete Wargaming 3862:. Pen & Sword Books Limited. 3843:. Appelhans-Verlag Braunschweig. 2831:International Wargames Federation 2275:Rules for the Jane Naval War Game 2032:. The game pioneered the use of " 1651: 1229:, was an early PBM game in 1970. 495:Modern wargaming was invented in 326:International Wargames Federation 5028:Eclipse: New Dawn for the Galaxy 4472:Western Approaches Tactical Unit 3656:translation by Bill Leeson, 1989 3504: 3123:Priestley & Lambshead (2016) 3070:Priestley & Lambshead (2016) 1902: 1490:In 1955, a California man named 1419:Strategos, the American War Game 1292: 1283: 761: 72: 4875:World Boardgaming Championships 4129:, David & Charles UK 1989. 3604:(43). Naval War College Press. 3596:Matthew B. Caffrey Jr. (2019). 3589: 3574: 3562: 3521: 3498: 3485: 3471: 3462: 3449: 3431: 3413: 3401: 3387: 3362: 3350: 3336: 3324: 3313: 3299: 3287: 3273: 3256: 3233: 3221: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3169: 3154: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3102: 3090: 3075: 3063: 3022: 3003: 2989: 2857: 2848: 1913:needs additional citations for 1665:, who with his father invented 1314:Johann Christian Ludwig Hellwig 1179:is in turn an outgrowth of the 705:is a tactical-level historical 657: 368:World Boardgaming Championships 4822:Game Manufacturers Association 4255:, Naval Institute Press 1990. 3084:The Complete Wargames Handbook 3010:James Johnson (30 June 2014). 2975: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2902: 2880:The Complete Wargames Handbook 2871: 2267: 1590:Board wargaming (1954–present) 1435:History of miniature wargaming 890:Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader 316:Game Manufacturers Association 49:A board wargame displaying an 13: 1: 4347:Introduction to Battle Gaming 4074:The Complete Book of Wargames 3726:10.1080/01916599.2017.1366928 2523:Nintendo Entertainment System 2496: 2036:" and PanzerBlitz was a game 870: 792: 4817:Castle & Crusade Society 4442: 4244:History of Wargaming Project 4231:History of Wargaming Project 4227:Napoleonic Wargaming For Fun 4061:This is available online at 3619:Phillip von Hilgers (2000). 2841: 2440:collectible miniatures games 2392:collectible miniatures games 1195:, while the other three are 904: 507:Professional vs recreational 311:Castle & Crusade Society 7: 5308:Collectible miniatures game 5298:Constructible strategy game 4563:Julius von Verdy du Vernois 4370: 4213:Battle! Practical Wargaming 4110:The Best of Board Wargaming 4077:, Simon and Schuster 1980. 3816:Martin van Creveld (2013). 2799: 2571:Strategic Simulations, Inc. 1079: 801:are relatively simple, and 694: 588: 521:US Marine Corps War College 195:Julius von Verdy du Vernois 83: 10: 5408: 5366:Tabletop role-playing game 3950:James F. Dunnigan (1992). 3822:Cambridge University Press 3744:Michael J. Tresca (2011). 3135:Perla & Barrett (1985) 2836:List of wargame publishers 2726:Command: Modern Operations 2609:boardgame to the computer. 2491:List of miniature wargames 1956: 1622:Roberts later founded the 1606: 1432: 1338: 1269: 1206: 1121: 1083: 1025:An early card wargame was 981: 943: 921: 766: 753:Command: Modern Operations 542: 539:) in play at CSW Expo 2009 396:List of wargame publishers 391:List of miniature wargames 36:Wargaming (disambiguation) 29: 5323: 5271: 5223: 5129: 5080:Hobby Games: The 100 Best 5057: 5041: 5015: 4979: 4953: 4927: 4845: 4809: 4802: 4720: 4578: 4541: 4534: 4496: 4483: 4450: 4307:, Hippocrene Books, 1974 4065:(verified December 2011). 4034:Know The Game: War Gaming 3898:Shawn Burns, ed. (2013). 3713:History of European Ideas 3507:"Wargames Research Group" 2127:La Bataille de la Moskowa 2083:Wooden Ships and Iron Men 2063:(SPI, 1973) – along with 1762:, and best selling author 1701:, and community building. 1522:. Titles included : 1236:Middle-Earth Play-By-Mail 331:Johnny Reb Gaming Society 40:War game (disambiguation) 5243:Dedicated deck card game 4853:Charles S. Roberts Award 3991: 3975:Naval War College Review 3907:. US Naval War College. 3797:Tristan Donovan (2017). 2340:Warhammer Fantasy Battle 2163:(Avalon Hill, 1977) and 2133:Games Designers Workshop 2107:John Prados' Third Reich 1624:Avalon Hill Game Company 1540:Battles with Model Tanks 1446:and his friends playing 1423:The American Kriegsspiel 1130:computer-assisted gaming 1124:Computer-assisted gaming 961: 939: 899: 843: 779:Warhammer Fantasy Battle 474:field training exercises 353:Charles S. Roberts Award 5392:Military historiography 4921:Grand strategy wargames 3999:Wargaming World War Two 3707:Paul Schuurman (2017). 3190:Nohr & Böhme (2009) 2462:is a wargame that uses 2374:Wargames Research Group 2237:solitaire board wargame 2215:" in tactical wargames. 2089:Battleline Publications 1725:Wargames Research Group 1239:is still active today. 1040:Battleline Publications 1010: 642:Warhammer Age of Sigmar 5281:Abstract strategy game 5149:Cooperative board game 4569:William McCarty Little 4506:Recreational wargaming 4490: 4460:Professional wargaming 4342:, P.Stephens Ltd 1977. 4290:, P.Stephens Ltd 1974. 4043:, P.Stephens Ltd 1975. 3538:"Peter Cushing (1956)" 2432:Milton Bradley Company 2368:De Bellis Antiquitatis 2322:Dungeons & Dragons 2317:Dungeons & Dragons 2199:Amarillo Design Bureau 2019:Strategy & Tactics 1834:Conquest of the Empire 1817:Dungeons & Dragons 1604: 1562:Dungeons & Dragons 1452: 1350: 1250:E-mail and traditional 1119: 1111: 979: 919: 626:A wargame must have a 549:Recreational wargaming 545:Professional wargaming 540: 524: 386:List of board wargames 336:Naval Wargames Society 108:Grand strategy wargame 96:Recreational wargaming 54: 34:. For other uses, see 5361:Social deduction game 5356:Paper-and-pencil game 5233:Collectible card game 5169:Cross and circle game 5033:Star Trek: Ascendancy 4489: 4297:, P.Stephens Ltd 1976 4274:Wargaming for Leaders 4171:, P.Stephens Ltd 1973 4036:, EP Publishing 1978. 3919:Jon Peterson (2012). 3045:on February 14, 2017. 2331:The Lord of the Rings 2166:Advanced Squad Leader 1597: 1442: 1348: 1117: 1109: 1086:Wargame (video games) 969: 912: 530: 514: 208:20th century Pioneers 179:19th century pioneers 48: 5154:Deduction board game 5139:Adventure board game 5049:Computer Third Reich 4966:History of the World 4928:Abstract board games 4323:With Pike and Musket 4276:, McGraw-Hill 2009. 4253:The Art of Wargaming 4188:Donald Featherstone 4181:Donald Featherstone 4174:Donald Featherstone 4167:Donald Featherstone 4153:Donald Featherstone 4139:Donald Featherstone 3969:Vego, Milan (2012). 3696:H. G. Wells (1913). 3557:The General Magazine 3407:H. G. Wells (1913). 2897:War Gamer's Handbook 2175:geomorphic mapboards 2034:geomorphic mapboards 1922:improve this article 1743:Terrible Swift Sword 1732:Designers/developers 1657:Wargaming as a hobby 1638:Battle of Gettysburg 1233:Hall-of-Fame member 1187:) project, and uses 622:Setting and scenario 611:US Naval War College 559:recreational wargame 555:professional wargame 533:recreational wargame 517:professional wargame 5248:Shedding-type games 4557:Georg von Reisswitz 4511:Miniature wargaming 4305:Practical wargaming 4124:Donald Featherstone 3971:"German War Gaming" 3939:"Foreign War Games" 3425:www.sarahsundin.com 3016:www.beastsofwar.com 2816:Miniature wargaming 2783:Steve Jackson Games 2745:Unique game systems 2704:Paradox Interactive 2652:Wargame: Red Dragon 2515:Intelligent Systems 2071:Man to Man wargames 1688:Three Men in a Boat 1663:Georg von Reisswitz 1580:Warhammer Fantasy's 1568:From 1983 to 2015, 1516:Donald Featherstone 1509:The War Game Digest 1504:miniature wargaming 1467:miniature wargaming 1455:The English writer 1429:Miniature wargaming 1402:Franco-Prussian War 1357:army officer named 1263:turn-based strategy 1222:Nuclear Destruction 956:miniature wargaming 929:Miniature wargaming 924:Miniature wargaming 567:military historians 501:Franco-Prussian War 190:Georg von Reisswitz 155:Miniature wargaming 118:Operational wargame 60:Part of a series on 5238:Deck-building game 5181:Running-fight game 5075:Tabletop Simulator 4961:Age of Renaissance 4612:Charles S. Roberts 4491: 4388:Sport: Little Wars 4176:War Game Campaigns 4155:Advanced War Games 3954:. William Morrow. 3923:. Unreason Press. 3652:] (in German). 3602:The Newport Papers 3559:, Volume 27, No. 5 3443:www.bmssonline.com 2958:Wargaming Handbook 2826:Business war games 2519:Kuju Entertainment 2183:Star Fleet Battles 1963:comprehensive list 1711:Charles S. Roberts 1605: 1544:Skirmish Wargaming 1496:miniature wargames 1453: 1351: 1203:Play-by-mail (PBM) 1120: 1112: 1038:In the late 1970s 980: 920: 858:miniature wargames 632:historical setting 541: 525: 450:strategic thinking 232:Charles S. Roberts 91:Military wargaming 55: 51:amphibious assault 32:Wargamer (website) 5374: 5373: 5263:Trick-taking game 5088: 5087: 5023:Twilight Imperium 4980:Detailed wargames 4954:World epoch games 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4863:Origins Game Fair 4798: 4797: 4684:Larry Harris, Jr. 4618:Allan B. Calhamer 4313:978-0-88254-271-3 4282:978-0-07-159688-6 4149:978-1-4092-1676-6 4007:978-1-85486-000-2 3850:978-3-941737-02-0 3688:978-1-4716-2242-7 3611:978-1-935352-65-5 3491:Jon Peterson, in 3455:Jon Peterson, in 3082:Dunnigan (1992), 2960:(MoD 2017), p. 21 2878:Dunnigan (1992), 2621:Big Time Software 2207:Storm Over Arnhem 2153:(GMT Games, 1992) 1954: 1953: 1946: 1792:tactical wargames 1723:– Co-founder of ( 1575:Warhammer Fantasy 1536:Wargame Campaigns 1528:Advanced Wargames 1415:Oxford University 1209:Play-by-mail game 1197:Microsoft Windows 1102:Computer-assisted 1090:Wargame (hacking) 807:emergent property 741:Star Wars: X-Wing 727:Hearts of Iron IV 707:miniature wargame 682:operational level 600:Business wargames 434: 433: 363:Origins Game Fair 298:Larry Harris, Jr. 238:Allan B. Calhamer 150:Computer wargames 113:Strategic wargame 16:(Redirected from 5399: 5258:Tarot card games 5201:Chinese dominoes 5115: 5108: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5016:Space "4x" games 4914: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4890: 4807: 4806: 4636:Redmond Simonsen 4600:Don Featherstone 4539: 4538: 4521:Computer wargame 4488: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4321:C.F. Wesencraft 4303:C.F. Wesencraft 3982: 3965: 3946: 3934: 3915: 3913: 3906: 3894: 3892: 3885: 3873: 3854: 3835: 3812: 3793: 3778: 3759: 3740: 3738: 3728: 3703: 3692: 3673: 3653: 3638: 3636: 3625: 3615: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3320:Reisswitz (1824) 3317: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3294:Reisswitz (1824) 3291: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3252:Schuurman (2017) 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3097:Schuurman (2017) 3094: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2885: 2875: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2821:Tactical wargame 2636:to the computer. 2535:Game Boy Advance 2354:Warhammer 40,000 2189:Task Force Games 2030:tactical wargame 1949: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1906: 1898: 1894:Notable examples 1866:– Co-founder of 1864:Redmond Simonsen 1746:, and worked at 1705:Don Featherstone 1683:Jerome K. Jerome 1396:Worldwide spread 1296: 1287: 478:capture the flag 426: 419: 412: 256:Redmond Simonsen 220:Don Featherstone 123:Tactical wargame 76: 57: 56: 21: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5346:Icehouse pieces 5319: 5303:Miniatures game 5286:Connection game 5267: 5219: 5191:Tile-based game 5125: 5119: 5089: 5084: 5053: 5037: 5011: 4992:Empires in Arms 4975: 4949: 4940:Axis and Allies 4923: 4918: 4888: 4879: 4841: 4794: 4722: 4716: 4711:Gilbert Roberts 4700:Stephen V. Cole 4666:S. Craig Taylor 4580: 4574: 4543: 4530: 4526:Naval wargaming 4498: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4477:Sigma war games 4452: 4446: 4441: 4373: 4335:, Penguin 1970. 4238:Paddy Griffith 4225:Paddy Griffith 4105:Nicholas Palmer 4088:Nicholas Palmer 4025:Stuart Asquith 4018:Stuart Asquith 4011:Stuart Asquith 3997:Stuart Asquith 3994: 3989: 3987:Further reading 3962: 3931: 3911: 3904: 3890: 3883: 3870: 3851: 3832: 3809: 3785:Das Kriegsspiel 3775: 3756: 3689: 3672:]. Gädicke. 3634: 3623: 3612: 3592: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3533:Wayback Machine 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3427:. 11 July 2011. 3419: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383:Peterson (2012) 3381: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3306:Peterson (2012) 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280:Peterson (2012) 3278: 3274: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3228:Peterson (2012) 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214:Peterson (2012) 3212: 3208: 3202:Heistand (1898) 3200: 3196: 3192:, p. 50-58 3188: 3184: 3179: 3176:Peterson (2012) 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162:Heistand (1898) 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147:Peterson (2012) 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125:, p. 29-31 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109:Peterson (2012) 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2970:Peterson (2012) 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2811:Naval wargaming 2802: 2747: 2690:Time Commanders 2660:, 2014) – a 3D 2626:Muzzle Velocity 2499: 2410:Privateer Press 2270: 2221:Axis and Allies 2117:, published by 2111:Avalanche Press 2013:Tactical Game 3 1959: 1950: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1919: 1907: 1896: 1877: 1875:Notable players 1829:Axis and Allies 1734: 1699:War Game Digest 1659: 1654: 1611: 1592: 1437: 1431: 1398: 1367:Napoleonic Wars 1343: 1337: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1277: 1272: 1252: 1211: 1205: 1126: 1104: 1092: 1084:Main articles: 1082: 1054:Armor Supremacy 1050:Armor Supremacy 1013: 990:block wargaming 986: 964: 948: 942: 926: 907: 902: 873: 846: 795: 769: 764: 720:Sigma war games 697: 689:strategic level 660: 636:fantasy setting 624: 615:field exercises 591: 551: 543:Main articles: 509: 430: 401: 400: 381: 373: 372: 286:S. Craig Taylor 175: 165: 164: 160:Naval wargaming 86: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5405: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5122:Tabletop games 5118: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5042:Computer games 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5002:World War Two: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4785:Martin Wallace 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Mark Simonitch 4767: 4762: 4760:Rick Priestley 4757: 4755:Joseph Miranda 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Craig Besinque 4726: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4705:Greg Costikyan 4702: 4697: 4695:Frank Chadwick 4692: 4687: 4681: 4678:Marc W. Miller 4675: 4672:Paddy Griffith 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4551:Johann Hellwig 4547: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4343: 4336: 4331:Andrew Wilson 4329: 4319: 4301: 4298: 4293:Bruce Quarrie 4291: 4286:Bruce Quarrie 4284: 4272:, Robert Kurz 4263: 4249: 4236: 4223: 4207: 4204: 4193: 4192:, S. Paul 1975 4186: 4185:, S. Paul 1974 4179: 4178:, S. Paul 1970 4172: 4165: 4151: 4137: 4121: 4102: 4085: 4066: 4053:, Quill 1992. 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3935: 3929: 3916: 3895: 3874: 3868: 3855: 3849: 3836: 3830: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3779: 3773: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3719:(5): 442–455. 3704: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3659: 3639: 3637:on 2009-07-10. 3616: 3610: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3520: 3505:Phil, Barker. 3497: 3484: 3480:, p. 101: 3478:Donovan (2017) 3470: 3461: 3448: 3430: 3412: 3400: 3386: 3372: 3361: 3357:Caffrey (2019) 3349: 3335: 3323: 3312: 3298: 3286: 3272: 3265:, p. iii: 3263:Hellwig (1803) 3255: 3244: 3240:Creveld (2013) 3232: 3220: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3168: 3153: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3101: 3089: 3074: 3062: 3021: 3002: 2988: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2946:Creveld (2013) 2938: 2934:Creveld (2013) 2926: 2914: 2910:Creveld (2013) 2901: 2886: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2786: 2772: 2758: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2740:for a 3D view. 2721: 2707: 2698:Hearts of Iron 2693: 2678: 2647: 2637: 2615:Combat Mission 2610: 2590: 2579:Steel Panthers 2574: 2565:Panzer General 2560: 2498: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2477: 2467: 2453: 2443: 2421: 2399: 2377: 2363: 2349: 2346:Games Workshop 2335: 2301: 2293: 2283: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2226: 2216: 2202: 2178: 2154: 2144: 2122: 2115:A World At War 2096: 2078: 2054: 2051:Columbia Games 2042: 2009: 1999: 1987: 1977: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1910: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887:Curt Schilling 1884: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1848:– Designer of 1843: 1837: 1826:– Designer of 1821: 1814:) and publish 1805: 1795: 1781: 1766:Frank Chadwick 1763: 1756:– Designer of 1751: 1740:– Designer of 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1702: 1692: 1670: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:Notable people 1650: 1607:Main article: 1591: 1588: 1584:Games Workshop 1570:Games Workshop 1532:Solo Wargaming 1433:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1397: 1394: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1330: 1301: 1300: 1291: 1290: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1261:At this time, 1251: 1248: 1227:Flying Buffalo 1207:Main article: 1204: 1201: 1122:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1081: 1078: 1033:Flying Buffalo 1012: 1009: 1005:Columbia Games 982:Main article: 976:Columbia Games 963: 960: 944:Main article: 941: 938: 922:Main article: 906: 903: 901: 898: 872: 869: 845: 842: 799:rules of chess 794: 791: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 749: 737: 731: 723: 716: 710: 696: 693: 668:tactical level 659: 656: 623: 620: 619: 618: 607: 603: 590: 587: 508: 505: 432: 431: 429: 428: 421: 414: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 393: 388: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 349: 348: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 306: 302: 301: 295: 292:Paddy Griffith 289: 283: 277: 271: 265: 259: 253: 247: 241: 235: 229: 223: 217: 210: 209: 205: 204: 198: 192: 187: 185:Johann Hellwig 181: 180: 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 145:Board wargames 142: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 87: 82: 81: 78: 77: 69: 68: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5404: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Matching game 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5273:Strategy game 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5104: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:War and Peace 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4868:Origins Award 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4803:Organizations 4801: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765:Andy Chambers 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Don Greenwood 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660:Tom Dalgliesh 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Board wargame 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4495: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4359:Terence Wise 4358: 4356: 4355:0-85344-014-X 4352: 4348: 4345:Terence Wise 4344: 4341: 4338:Terence Wise 4337: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:0-87021-050-5 4258: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4221:0-85344-034-4 4218: 4214: 4211: 4210:Charles Grant 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201:99920-1-701-5 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4163:0-392-00441-0 4160: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4143:, Lulu 2008, 4142: 4138: 4136: 4135:0-7153-9262-X 4132: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119:0-88254-525-6 4116: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4100:0-213-16646-1 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4083:0-671-25374-3 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4059:0-688-10368-5 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3961:0-688-10368-5 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3930:9780615642048 3926: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3869:9781783831487 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3831:9781107036956 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3808:9781250082732 3804: 3801:. Macmillan. 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3774:9780262033992 3770: 3767:. MIT Press. 3766: 3761: 3757: 3755:9780786460090 3751: 3748:. McFarland. 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3370: 3369:Tresca (2011) 3365: 3358: 3353: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3290: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3248: 3242:, p. 146 3241: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3215: 3210: 3204:, p. 240 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 443 3098: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2997: 2992: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2806:Air wargaming 2804: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2719: 2718:Longbow Games 2715: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:Eugen Systems 2655: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472:Flames of War 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2259:We the People 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2213:area movement 2210: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137:Clash of Arms 2134: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1948: 1945: 1937: 1934:December 2014 1927: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1911:This section 1909: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881:Peter Cushing 1879: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840:Bruce Quarrie 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1808:E. Gary Gygax 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798:Charles Grant 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:Loren Wiseman 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1609:Board wargame 1602: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1295: 1286: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1231:Origins Award 1228: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1116: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1076:of the game. 1075: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1008: 1006: 1002: 1001: 995: 991: 985: 984:Block wargame 977: 973: 972:Julius Caesar 968: 959: 957: 953: 952:board wargame 947: 946:Board wargame 937: 933: 930: 925: 917: 916: 911: 897: 894: 892: 891: 884: 882: 878: 868: 865: 864: 859: 853: 851: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826: 821: 816: 813:For example, 811: 808: 804: 800: 790: 787: 783: 781: 780: 773: 762:Design issues 755: 754: 750: 747: 743: 742: 738: 735: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 717: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 702:Flames of War 699: 698: 692: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 675: 674:Flames of War 670: 669: 663: 655: 652: 647: 644: 643: 637: 633: 629: 616: 612: 608: 604: 601: 597: 596: 595: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 568: 562: 560: 556: 550: 546: 538: 534: 529: 522: 518: 513: 504: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:strategy game 439: 427: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 407: 405: 404: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 377: 376: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 345: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 304: 303: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 280:Tom Dalgliesh 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 207: 206: 202: 199: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 174: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 140:Air wargaming 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 85: 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 47: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5314: 5064: 5001: 4986: 4971:Civilization 4775:Jerry Taylor 4745:James M. Day 4740:Richard Borg 4648:Richard Berg 4642:Jim Dunnigan 4497:Recreational 4464: 4451:Professional 4443: 4381: 4360: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4322: 4304: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4252: 4251:Peter Perla 4239: 4226: 4212: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4154: 4140: 4126: 4108: 4091: 4072: 4050: 4047:Jim Dunnigan 4040: 4039:Phil Barker 4033: 4032:Phil Barker 4026: 4019: 4012: 3998: 3978: 3974: 3951: 3942: 3920: 3900: 3879: 3859: 3840: 3817: 3798: 3789: 3784: 3764: 3745: 3716: 3712: 3698: 3678: 3669: 3664: 3649: 3644: 3632:the original 3627: 3601: 3590:Bibliography 3582:wargaming.co 3576: 3570:wargaming.co 3564: 3552: 3541: 3529:Ghostarchive 3527:Archived at 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3500: 3495:, p. 15 3487: 3473: 3464: 3459:, p. 19 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3394:Perla (1990) 3389: 3364: 3352: 3343:Perla (1990) 3338: 3326: 3315: 3301: 3289: 3275: 3267: 3258: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3171: 3156: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3104: 3092: 3083: 3077: 3072:, p. 12 3065: 3040:the original 3031: 3024: 3015: 3005: 2996:Perla (1990) 2991: 2982:Perla (1990) 2977: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2922:Perla (1990) 2917: 2904: 2896: 2879: 2873: 2859: 2850: 2789: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2735: 2732:Warfare Sims 2724: 2723: 2711: 2709: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2633:Squad Leader 2631: 2624: 2613: 2612: 2606:Squad Leader 2604: 2595:Close Combat 2593: 2592: 2586:Squad Leader 2584: 2577: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2435: 2424: 2423: 2412:, 2003) – A 2402: 2401: 2395: 2388:WizKids Inc. 2380: 2379: 2366: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312:Guidon Games 2304: 2303: 2296: 2295: 2286: 2285: 2274: 2273: 2257: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2229: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2164: 2159:Squad Leader 2157: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2141:Richard Berg 2125: 2124: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2098: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2069:, the first 2064: 2057: 2056: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2023: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1960: 1940: 1931: 1920:Please help 1915:verification 1912: 1855: 1851:Squad Leader 1849: 1833: 1827: 1824:Larry Harris 1815: 1812:Dave Arneson 1801: 1800:– Author of 1784:Jim Dunnigan 1757: 1741: 1738:Richard Berg 1698: 1686: 1676: 1666: 1646: 1641: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1598: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1508: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1454: 1447: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1364: 1352: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1307: 1260: 1253: 1244:Hyborian War 1241: 1234: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173:Aide de Camp 1172: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1153:Aide de Camp 1152: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1096: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1026: 1024: 1017: 1014: 998: 987: 971: 949: 934: 927: 914: 895: 888: 885: 880: 876: 874: 861: 854: 849: 847: 838: 834: 830: 815:chess pieces 812: 797:Whereas the 796: 785: 784: 777: 774: 770: 751: 746:Wings of War 745: 739: 734:Wings of War 733: 725: 712: 700: 688: 686: 681: 679: 672: 666: 664: 661: 658:Level of war 650: 649:A wargame's 648: 640: 635: 631: 627: 625: 599: 592: 583: 579: 575: 571: 563: 552: 537:Here I Stand 536: 523:(April 2019) 494: 470: 437: 435: 268:Richard Berg 262:Jim Dunnigan 201:Fred T. Jane 117: 112: 102:Level of War 65: 5186:Tables game 5176:Legacy game 4987:Napoleonic: 4780:Dan Verssen 4713:(1900–1986) 4707:(born 1959) 4686:(born 1948) 4680:(born 1947) 4674:(1947–2010) 4668:(1946–2012) 4662:(born 1945) 4656:(1945–2015) 4650:(1943–2019) 4644:(born 1943) 4638:(1942–2005) 4632:(1938–2008) 4626:(born 1932) 4624:Phil Barker 4620:(1931–2013) 4614:(1930–2010) 4608:(1926–2000) 4602:(1918–2013) 4596:(1916–1988) 4594:Jack Scruby 4590:(1866–1946) 4588:H. G. Wells 4571:(1845–1915) 4565:(1832–1910) 4559:(1794–1827) 4553:(1743–1831) 4466:Kriegsspiel 4266:Mark Herman 4069:Jon Freeman 3790:The Wargame 3736:1765/101998 3699:Little Wars 3513:7 September 3409:Little Wars 3331:Vego (2012) 3137:, p. 9 2753:Ace of Aces 2675:Warsaw Pact 2556:Fire Emblem 2396:Mage Knight 2382:Mage Knight 2288:Little Wars 2093:Avalon Hill 2046:Quebec 1759 2025:PanzerBlitz 1802:The Wargame 1778:Rich Banner 1774:Marc Miller 1721:Phil Barker 1715:Avalon Hill 1695:Jack Scruby 1678:Little Wars 1667:Kriegsspiel 1520:Little Wars 1492:Jack Scruby 1480:Little Wars 1475:Little Wars 1471:Little Wars 1462:Little Wars 1457:H. G. Wells 1449:Little Wars 1444:H. G. Wells 1410:Kriegsspiel 1406:Kriegsspiel 1386:Kriegsspiel 1353:In 1824, a 1341:Kriegsspiel 1333:Kriegsspiel 1312:in 1780 by 1028:Nuclear War 1000:Quebec 1759 915:Bolt Action 863:Bolt Action 803:those of Go 300:(born 1948) 294:(1947–2010) 288:(1946–2012) 282:(born 1945) 276:(1945–2015) 270:(1943-2019) 264:(born 1943) 258:(1942–2005) 252:(1938–2008) 246:(born 1932) 244:Phil Barker 240:(1931–2013) 234:(1930–2010) 228:(1926–2000) 222:(1918–2013) 216:(1866–1946) 214:H. G. Wells 203:(1865–1916) 197:(1832–1910) 5381:Categories 5291:Tafl games 5208:Train game 5131:Board game 4750:Mike McVey 4630:Gary Gygax 4333:War Gaming 4270:Mark Frost 2763:BattleTech 2404:Warmachine 2241:man to man 2239:depicting 2004:Gettysburg 1982:Tactics II 1857:Johnny Reb 1754:Larry Bond 1673:H.G. Wells 1642:Gettysburg 1629:Gettysburg 1500:type metal 1199:programs. 1157:Cyberboard 994:Fog of War 970:A game of 871:Fog of war 793:Complexity 786:Validation 490:mind sport 462:air combat 446:recreation 250:Gary Gygax 5351:Piecepack 5331:Dice game 5225:Card game 5164:Race game 5144:Amerigame 4945:Diplomacy 4790:Matt Ward 4654:John Hill 4606:Tony Bath 4499:wargaming 4453:wargaming 4394:War games 4141:War Games 3051:cite book 2842:Footnotes 2683:Total War 2601:Microsoft 2489:See also 2436:Heroscape 2426:Heroscape 2414:steampunk 2326:Chainmail 2320:. Unlike 2306:Chainmail 2280:Fred Jane 2268:Miniature 2194:Star Trek 2119:GMT Games 1972:Diplomacy 1846:John Hill 1556:Chainmail 1551:Tony Bath 1549:In 1956, 1524:War Games 1225:, by the 1183:(Virtual 1146:copyright 1045:Naval War 905:Miniature 879:game. An 482:paintball 454:campaigns 274:John Hill 226:Tony Bath 18:War games 5387:Wargames 5341:Megagame 5253:Patience 5196:Dominoes 5159:Eurogame 5070:4x games 4735:Ty Bomba 4444:Wargames 4371:Articles 4203:, 212 p. 3909:Archived 3888:Archived 3531:and the 3086:, p. 268 2800:See also 2791:Up Front 2777:Car Wars 2712:Hegemony 2662:regiment 2539:GameCube 2531:Game Boy 2511:Nintendo 2497:Computer 2482:Malifaux 2458:BrikWars 2448:Infinity 2438:and the 2360:dystopic 2249:Blue Max 1961:While a 1526:(1962), 1371:hitpoint 1355:Prussian 1256:Internet 1080:Computer 1074:elements 1062:Up Front 825:counters 713:TACSPIEL 695:Examples 651:scenario 606:side(s). 589:Overview 128:Skirmish 66:Wargames 5315:Wargame 5124:by type 5065:Wargame 5058:Related 4858:Gen Con 4723:century 4581:century 4544:century 4063:hyw.com 3543:YouTube 2882:, p. 13 2737:Tacview 2666:brigade 2517:, with 2231:Ambush! 2091:, 1974 2075:Sniper! 2059:Sniper! 1883:– Actor 1759:Harpoon 1634:Tactics 1616:Tactics 1600:Tactics 1498:out of 1310:Prussia 1270:History 767:Realism 757:future. 687:At the 680:At the 665:At the 628:setting 519:at the 497:Prussia 486:Airsoft 438:wargame 358:Gen Con 4846:Events 4810:Groups 4535:People 4353: 4311: 4280: 4259: 4219: 4199: 4161: 4147: 4133: 4117: 4098: 4081: 4057: 4005: 3958: 3927: 3866: 3847: 3828: 3805: 3792:]. 3771: 3752: 3685: 3608: 3268:trans. 2642:TacOps 2551:Switch 2418:Hordes 2066:Patrol 2038:system 1776:, and 1691:fame). 1335:(1824) 1177:Vassal 1168:ZunTzu 1162:Vassal 992:, the 877:closed 820:Stones 484:, and 464:, and 347:Events 305:Groups 173:People 134:Genres 5324:Other 3992:Books 3912:(PDF) 3905:(PDF) 3891:(PDF) 3884:(PDF) 3788:[ 3668:[ 3648:[ 3635:(PDF) 3624:(PDF) 3509:. WRG 3043:(PDF) 3036:(PDF) 2109:from 1957:Board 974:from 962:Block 940:Board 900:Types 850:scale 844:Scale 810:are. 466:cyber 458:naval 440:is a 380:Lists 84:Types 5213:18XX 4935:Risk 4721:21st 4579:20th 4542:19th 4365:link 4351:ISBN 4327:link 4317:link 4309:ISBN 4278:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4247:link 4234:link 4217:ISBN 4197:ISBN 4159:ISBN 4145:ISBN 4131:ISBN 4115:ISBN 4096:ISBN 4079:ISBN 4055:ISBN 4003:ISBN 3981:(4). 3956:ISBN 3925:ISBN 3864:ISBN 3845:ISBN 3826:ISBN 3803:ISBN 3769:ISBN 3750:ISBN 3683:ISBN 3606:ISBN 3515:2013 3057:link 2769:FASA 2673:and 2671:NATO 2549:and 2527:SNES 2513:and 2505:Wars 2464:Lego 2149:SPQR 2135:and 1993:Risk 1685:(of 1189:Java 1181:VASL 1165:and 1088:and 1048:and 1011:Card 881:open 718:The 547:and 38:and 4380:.” 3731:hdl 3721:doi 2781:– ( 2767:– ( 2730:– ( 2716:– ( 2702:– ( 2664:or 2656:– ( 2619:– ( 2599:– ( 2569:– ( 2543:Wii 2509:– ( 2187:– ( 2171:ASL 1924:by 1868:SPI 1788:SPI 1748:SPI 1193:JVM 1185:ASL 1022:). 1019:War 1003:by 988:In 893:). 5383:: 4268:, 4107:, 4090:, 4071:, 4049:, 3979:65 3977:. 3973:. 3941:. 3886:. 3824:. 3820:. 3729:. 3717:43 3715:. 3711:. 3626:. 3600:. 3540:. 3535:: 3441:. 3423:. 3375:^ 3053:}} 3049:{{ 3014:. 2889:^ 2547:DS 2545:, 2541:, 2537:, 2533:, 2529:, 2525:, 2493:. 2394:. 2324:, 2201:). 2143:.) 1854:, 1832:, 1772:, 1717:). 1640:. 1586:. 1565:. 1542:, 1538:, 1534:, 1530:, 1171:. 1159:, 1155:, 958:. 950:A 553:A 531:A 515:A 492:. 480:, 460:, 436:A 5114:e 5107:t 5100:v 4913:e 4906:t 4899:v 4436:e 4429:t 4422:v 4405:" 4384:. 3964:. 3933:. 3872:. 3853:. 3834:. 3811:. 3777:. 3758:. 3739:. 3733:: 3723:: 3702:. 3691:. 3658:) 3654:( 3614:. 3546:. 3517:. 3445:. 3396:: 3345:: 3308:: 3282:: 3216:: 3178:: 3164:: 3149:: 3111:: 3059:) 3018:. 2998:: 2984:: 2908:" 2430:( 2408:( 2386:( 2372:( 2344:( 2310:( 2121:. 2087:( 2049:( 2016:( 1947:) 1941:( 1936:) 1932:( 1918:. 1820:. 1804:. 1794:. 1750:. 1669:. 748:. 617:. 535:( 425:e 418:t 411:v 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index