Algerian War - Knowledge

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of Arabian nights with the infinite and hazy vistas of the Sahara to create a powerful confection of tragic heroism and passionate love." During the war itself, French censors banned the entire subject of the war. Since 1962, when film censorship relating to the war eased, French films dealing with the conflict have consistently portrayed the war as a set of conflicting memories and rival narratives (which ones being correct are left unclear), with most films dealing with the war taking a disjointed chronological structure in which scenes before, during and after the war are juxtaposed out of sequence with one film critic referring to the cinematic Algeria as "an ambiguous world marked by the displacements and repetitions of dreams". The consistent message of French films dealing with the war is that something horrible happened, but what happened, who was involved and why are left unexplained. Atrocities, especially torture by French forces are acknowledged, the French soldiers who fought in Algeria were and are always portrayed in French cinema as the "lost soldiers" and tragic victims of the war who are more deserving of sympathy than the FLN people they tortured, which are almost invariably portrayed as vicious, psychopathic terrorists, an approach to the war that has raised anger in Algeria.

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d'apaisement, les populations auront pu prendre conscience de l'enjeu et, d'autre part, accomplir, grâce à nous, les progrès nécessaires dans les domaines, politique, économique, social, scolaire, etc., alors ce seront les Algériens qui diront ce qu'ils veulent être. ... Français d'Algérie, comment pouvez-vous écouter les menteurs et les conspirateurs qui vous disent qu'en accordant le libre choix aux Algériens, la France et De Gaulle veulent vous abandonner, se retirer de l'Algérie et vous livrer à la rébellion? ... Je dis à tous nos soldats: votre mission ne comporte ni équivoque, ni interprétation. Vous avez à liquider la force rebelle qui veut chasser la France de l'Algérie et faire régner sur ce pays sa dictature de misère et de stérilité. ... Enfin, je m'adresse à la France. Eh bien! mon cher et vieux pays, nous voici donc ensemble, encore une fois, face à une lourde épreuve. En vertu du mandat que le peuple m'a donné et de la légitimité nationale que j'incarne depuis vingt ans (sic), je demande à tous et à toutes de me soutenir quoi qu'il arrive

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will have become conscious of the stakes and, thanks to us, realised the necessary progress in political, economic, social, educational, and other domains. Then it will be the Algerians who will tell us what they want to be.... Your French of Algeria, how can you listen to the liars and the conspirators who tell you that, if you grant free choice to the Algerians, France and de Gaulle want to abandon you, retreat from Algeria, and deliver you to the rebellion?.... I say to all of our soldiers: your mission comprises neither equivocation nor interpretation. You have to liquidate the rebellious forces, which want to oust France from Algeria and impose on this country its dictatorship of misery and sterility.... Finally, I address myself to France. Well, well, my dear and old country, here we face together, once again, a serious ordeal. In virtue of the mandate that the people have given me and of the national legitimacy, which I have embodied for 20 years, I ask everyone to support me whatever happens.

3814:, which had as its objectives the seizure of Paris and the removal of the French government. Resurrection was to be implemented in the event of one of three following scenarios: Were de Gaulle not approved as leader of France by the parliament; were de Gaulle to ask for military assistance to take power; or if it seemed that communist forces were making any move to take power in France. De Gaulle was approved by the French parliament on May 29, by 329 votes against 224, 15 hours before the projected launch of Operation Resurrection. This indicated that the Fourth Republic by 1958 no longer had any support from the French Army in Algeria and was at its mercy even in civilian political matters. This decisive shift in the balance of power in civil-military relations in France in 1958, and the threat of force, was the primary factor in the return of de Gaulle to power in France. 4466:

Disenchantment in France at least has never been greater. The mindless cruelty of it all has never been more absurd and savage. This last year, stretching from the hopeful spring of 1961 to the ceasefire of 18 March 1962 spanned a season of shadow boxing, false threats, capitulation and murderous hysteria. French Algeria died badly. Its agony was marked by panic and brutality as ugly as the record of European imperialism could show. In the spring of 1962 the unhappy corpse of empire still shuddered and lashed out and stained itself in fratricide. The whole episode of its death, measured at least seven and half years, constituted perhaps the most pathetic and sordid event in the entire history of colonialism. It is hard to see how anybody of importance in the tangled web of the conflict came out looking well. Nobody won the conflict, nobody dominated it."

3919:, then one of the country's strongest political forces, which supported the Algerian Revolution. Thousands of relatives of conscripts and reserve soldiers suffered loss and pain; revelations of torture and the indiscriminate brutality of the army against the Muslim population prompted widespread revulsion, and a significant constituency supported the principle of national liberation. By 1959, it was clear that the status quo was untenable and France could either grant Algeria independence or allow real equality with the Muslims. De Gaulle told an advisor: "If we integrate them, if all the Arabs and the Berbers of Algeria were considered French, how could they be prevented from settling in France, where the living standard is so much higher? My village would no longer be called Colombey-les-Deux-Églises but Colombey-les-Deux-Mosquées". 5477:, in which presented a detailed account of torture and extrajudicial killings in the name of the republic, which he wrote were all done under orders from Paris; that confirmed what had been long suspected. As a result of the interviews and Aussaresses's book, the Algerian War was finally extensively discussed by the French media, which had ignored the subject as much as possible for decades, but no consensus emerged about how to best remember the war. Adding to the interest was the decision by one war veteran, Georges Fogel, to come forward to confirm that he had seen Ighiahriz and many others tortured in 1957, and the politician and war veteran Jean Marie Faure decided in February 2001 to release extracts from the diary that he had kept and showed "acts of sadism and horror" that he had witnessed. The French historian 5179: 3717: 2602: 3341:, as hindering the work of his administration, and he undertook the rule of Algeria by decree. He favored stepping up French military operations and granted the army exceptional police powers—a concession of dubious legality under French law—to deal with the mounting political violence. At the same time, Lacoste proposed a new administrative structure to give Algeria some autonomy and a decentralized government. Whilst remaining an integral part of France, Algeria was to be divided into five districts, each of which would have a territorial assembly elected from a single slate of candidates. Until 1958, deputies representing Algerian districts were able to delay the passage of the measure by the 5250: 5167: 3941: 12344: 5657:, France claimed torture to be isolated acts, instead of admitting its responsibility for the frequent use of torture to break the insurgents' morale, not, as Aussaresses had claimed, to "save lives" by gaining short-term information which would stop "terrorists". The state now claims that torture was a regrettable aberration because of the context of the exceptionally-savage war. However, academic research has proved both theses to be false. "Torture in Algeria was engraved in the colonial act; it is a 'normal' illustration of an abnormal system", wrote Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire, who discussed the phenomena of " 5000:

ease against fellow Algerians. The FLN's struggle to overthrow colonial rule and the ruthlessness exhibited by both sides in that struggle were mirrored 30 years later by the passion, determination, and brutality of the conflict between the FLN government and the Islamist opposition. The American journalist Adam Shatz wrote that much of the same methods employed by the FLN against the French such as "the militarization of politics, the use of Islam as a rallying cry, the exaltation of jihad" to create an essentially secular state in 1962, were used by Islamic fundamentalists in their efforts to overthrow the FLN regime in the 1990s.

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for information. What made the interview very touching for many French people was that Ighilahriz was not demanding vengeance but wished to express thanks to Dr. François Richaud, the army doctor who extended her much kindness and who, she believed, saved her life by treating her every time she was tortured. She asked if it were possible for her to see Dr. Richaud one last time to thank him personally, but it later turned out that Dr. Richaud had died in 1997. As Ighilahriz had been an attractive woman in her youth, university-educated, secular, fluent in French and fond of quoting

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only Muslim officials of the colonial regime; later, they coerced, maimed, or killed village elders, government employees, and even simple peasants who refused to support them. Throat slitting and decapitation were commonly used by the FLN as mechanisms of terror. Some other atrocities were committed by the more militant sections of the FLN as collective reprisals against the pieds-noirs population in response to French repression. The more extreme cases occurred in places like the town of Al-Halia, where some European residents were raped and

204: 3666:" to work for the French forces included by the use of torture and threats against their family; these agents "mingled with FLN cadres. They planted incriminating forged documents, spread false rumors of treachery and fomented distrust. ... As a frenzy of throat-cutting and disemboweling broke out among confused and suspicious FLN cadres, nationalist slaughtered nationalist from April to September 1957 and did France's work for her." But this type of operation involved individual operatives rather than organized covert units. 84: 4555:, but by 1965 there were 117. This upturned the balance of power in the UN, with the recently decolonized countries now a majority with great influence. Most of the new states were part of the Third-World movement, proclaiming a third, non-aligned path in a bipolar world, and opposing colonialism in favor of national renewal and modernization. They felt concerned in the Algerian conflict and supported the FLN on the international stage. For example, a few days after the first insurrection in 1954, Radio 4899:

350,000, but this was regarded by many as an underestimate. French military authorities listed their losses at nearly 25,600 dead (6,000 from non-combat-related causes) and 65,000 wounded. European-descended civilian casualties exceeded 10,000 (including 3,000 dead) in 42,000 recorded violent incidents. According to French official figures during the war, the army, security forces and militias killed 141,000 presumed rebel combatants. But it is still unclear whether this includes some civilians.

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Muslims. It was the most wanton carnage that Algeria had witnessed in eight years of savage warfare. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day in March, with targets including hospitals and schools. On June 7, 1962 the University of Algiers Library was burned by the OAS. This cultural devastation was commemorated by Muslim countries issuing postage stamps commemorating the tragic event. These included Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen.

5393:. Ruedy wrote that under French rule the traditional social structure had been so completely destroyed that when the FLN launched its independence struggle in 1954, the only way of asserting one's interests was through "the law of the gun", which explains why the FLN was so violent not only in regards to its enemies but also within the movement. The FLN, thus, according to Ruedy, formed the basis of an "alternative political culture", based on "brute force" that has persisted ever since. 1511: 3530: 4028:(Secret Army Organization, OAS) on December 3, 1960, with the purpose of continuing the fight for French Algeria. Highly organized and well-armed, the OAS stepped up its terrorist activities, which were directed against both Algerians and pro-government French citizens, as the move toward negotiated settlement of the war and self-determination gained momentum. To the FLN rebellion against France were added civil wars between extremists in the two communities and between the 440: 396: 4625: 5461:, and her duties in the FLN had been as an information courier, she made for a most sympathetic victim since she was a woman who did not come across as Algerian. William Cohen commented that had she been an uneducated man who had been involved in killings and was not coming forward to express thanks for a Frenchman, her story might not had resonated the same way. The Ighiahriz case led to a public letter signed by 12 people who been involved in the war to President 2494: 18428: 17564: 12219: 5374:. Kedorie condemned the Western intellectuals who excuse terrorism when committed by Third World revolutionaries. Kedourie claimed that far from a mass movement, the FLN were a "small gang" of "murderous intellectuals" who used brutal, terrorist tactics against the French citizens and military, and against any Muslim loyal to the French. He further claimed that the Front had been beaten by 1959. Kedourie charged that de Gaulle had cynically sacrificed the 6433: 3279: 3106: 2907:, which set the tone of French policy for five years. He declared in the National Assembly, "One does not compromise when it comes to defending the internal peace of the nation, the unity and integrity of the Republic. The Algerian departments are part of the French Republic. They have been French for a long time, and they are irrevocably French. ... Between them and metropolitan France there can be no conceivable secession." At first, and despite the 3701:(surveillance using a grid pattern), dividing the country into sectors, each permanently garrisoned by troops responsible for suppressing rebel operations in their assigned territory. Salan's methods sharply reduced the instances of FLN terrorism but tied down a large number of troops in static defense. Salan also constructed a heavily patrolled system of barriers to limit infiltration from Tunisia and Morocco. The best known of these was the 3478: 3463:, Camus said that when faced with a radical choice he would eventually support his community. This statement made him lose his status among left-wing intellectuals; when he died in 1960 in a car crash, the official thesis of an ordinary accident (a quick open-and-shut case) left more than a few observers doubtful. His widow claimed that Camus, though discreet, was in fact an ardent supporter of French Algeria in the last years of his life. 12278: 3226: 2946: 6419: 4887: 1068: 1000: 986: 970: 958: 934: 910: 894: 878: 854: 838: 822: 798: 782: 766: 750: 6391: 4322: 3846:" ("Long live French Algeria") to cheering crowds in Mostaganem. At the same time, he proposed economic, social, and political reforms to improve the situation of the Muslims. Nonetheless, de Gaulle later admitted to having harbored deep pessimism about the outcome of the Algerian situation even then. Meanwhile, he looked for a "third force" among the population of Algeria, uncontaminated by the FLN or the "ultras" ( 277: 238: 222: 5281:" (a derogatory Arabic word meaning "road-cutters" but often mistranslated as "throat-cutters" in reference to the FLN's frequent method of execution, which made people wear the "Kabylian smile" by cutting their throats, pulling their tongues out, and leaving them to bleed to death). After reports of the widespread use of torture by French forces started to reach France in 1956–57, the war become commonly known as 3554:

Specializing in ambushes and night raids and avoiding direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. Once an engagement was broken off, the guerrillas merged with the population in the countryside, in accordance with Mao's theories.

12230: 6405: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1080: 293: 8214:"L'indigène musulman est français; néanmoins il continuera à être régi par la loi musulmane. Il peut être admis à servir dans les armées de terre et de mer. Il peut être appelé à des fonctions et emplois civils en Algérie. Il peut, sur sa demande, être admis à jouir des droits de citoyen français; dans ce cas, il est régi par les lois civiles et politiques de la France" (article 1 of the 1865 5277:" ("the war without a name") while it was being fought. The government variously described the war as the "Algerian events", the "Algerian problem" and the "Algerian dispute"; the mission of the French Army was "ensuring security", "maintaining order" and "pacification" but was never described as fighting a war. The FLN were referred to as "criminals", "bandits", "outlaws", "terrorists" and " 4792:, including soldiers, destroyed their property before departure, to protest and as a desperate symbolic attempt to leave no trace of over a century of European presence, but the vast majority of their goods and houses were left intact and abandoned. A large number of panicked people camped for weeks on the docks of Algerian harbors, waiting for a space on a boat to France. About 100,000 5382:, as he had chosen to disregard his constitutional oath as president to protect all Frenchmen and ensure that "the French withdrew and handed over power to the only organized body of armed men who were on the scene – a civilized government, thus, acting for all the world like the votary of some Mao or Ho, in the barbarous belief that legitimacy comes from the power of the gun". 4809: 5350:, regarded by some authors as the leading book written on the subject in English, though written from a French, rather than Algerian perspective. Fifteen years after the end of the war, Horne was accused of not being concerned about "right or wrong" but rather about "cause and effect". Living in Paris at the time of the war, Horne had condemned French intervention during the 3776:

The feeling was widespread that another debacle like that of Indochina in 1954 was in the offing and that the government would order another precipitate pullout and sacrifice French honor to political expediency. Many saw in de Gaulle, who had not held office since 1946, the only public figure capable of rallying the nation and giving direction to the French government.

3431:, a member of the outlawed Algerian Communist party, mathematics professor at the University of Algiers and a suspected FLN member whom the French Army arrested in June 1957. Audin was tortured and killed and his body was never found. As Audin was French rather than Algerian, his "disappearance" while in the custody of the French Army led to the case becoming a 4310:. Only the paratroop divisions and the Foreign Legion joined the coup, while the Air Force, Navy and most of the Army stayed loyal to General de Gaulle, but at one moment de Gaulle went on French television to ask for public support with the normally lofty de Gaulle saying "Frenchmen, Frenchwomen, help me!" De Gaulle was now prepared to abandon the 4586:(PGAR) was created, naming official representatives to negotiate with France. Tense negotiations lasted three years, eventually turning to Algeria's advantage. The PGAR was supported by the Third World and the communist bloc, while France had few allies. Under pressure from the UN, the USA, and a war-weary public, France eventually conceded in the 3725:

caves or other remote hiding places were tracked and hunted down. In one episode, FLN guerrillas who refused to surrender and withdraw from a cave complex were dealt with by French Foreign Legion Pioneer troops, who, lacking flamethrowers or explosives, simply bricked up each cave, leaving the residents to die of suffocation.

3536: 3534: 3531: 2673: 2779:(Algerians of European origin) violently demonstrated against it and the North African Party also opposed it, leading to its abandonment. The pro-independence party was dissolved in 1937, and its leaders were charged with the illegal reconstitution of a dissolved league, leading to Messali Hadj's 1937 founding of the 3535: 4984:. Bella returned to Algeria and requested that France withdraw from its bases there. In November, his government banned political parties, providing that the FLN would be the only party allowed to function overtly. Shortly thereafter, in 1965, Bella was deposed and placed under house arrest (and later exiled) by 5217: 5079:, a 23-years old Algerian woman who was arrested in 1960, accused of attempting to bomb a cafe in Algiers. Her confession was obtained through torture and rape. Her subsequent trial affected French public opinion about the French army's methods in Algeria after publicity of the case by 3285: 3283: 3280: 4536:. FLN sought material support from the Communists, goading the Americans to support Algerian independence to keep the country on the western side. Furthermore, the FLN used the tensions within each bloc, including between France and the US and between the USSR and Mao's China. The US, which generally opposed 4378:

classified as aliens with the attendant loss of rights. The agreement also allowed France to establish military bases in Algeria even after independence (including the nuclear test site of Regghane, the naval base of Mers-el-Kebir and the air base of Bou Sfer) and to have privileges vis-à-vis Algerian oil.

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of purported FLN members displayed by the unit were in fact those of dissidents and members of other Algerian groups killed by the FLN. The French Army finally discovered the war ruse and tried to hunt down Force K members. However, some 600 managed to escape and join the FLN with weapons and equipment.

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He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who,

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published an interview with Louisette Ighilahriz, a former FLN member who described in graphic detail her torture at the hands of the French Army and made the sensational claim that the war heroes General Jacques Massu and General Marcel Bigeard had personally been present when she was being tortured

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defence that asked the judges "is a crime against humanity is to be defined as only one of Nazis against the Jews or if it applies to more seriously crimes... the crimes of imperialists against people struggling for their independence?". He went on to say that nothing that his client had done against

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Specializing in ambushes and night raids to avoid direct contact with superior French firepower, the internal forces targeted army patrols, military encampments, police posts, and colonial farms, mines, and factories, as well as transportation and communications facilities. At first, the FLN targeted

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Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 1 million. Uncounted thousands of Muslim civilians died in French Army ratissages, bombing raids, or vigilante reprisals. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians, who were forced to relocate in French camps or

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and members of their families were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria, often in atrocious circumstances or after torture. The abandonment of the "Harkis" both the lack of recognition of those who died defending French Algeria and the neglect of those who escaped to France, remains an issue

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Urban and rural women's experiences in the revolution differed greatly. Urban women, who constituted about twenty percent of the overall force, had received some kind of education and usually chose to enter on the side of the FLN of their own accord. Largely illiterate rural women, on the other hand,

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On 29 June 1961, de Gaulle announced on TV that fighting was "virtually finished" and afterwards there were no major battles between the French Army and the FLN. During the summer of 1961 the OAS and the FLN engaged in a civil war, in which the greater numbers of the Muslims predominated. To pressure

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We are not making war for ourselves, not making a colonialist war, Bigeard wears no shirt (he shows his opened uniform) as do my officers. We are fighting right here right now for them, for the evolution, to see the evolution of these people and this war is for them. We are defending their freedom as

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De Gaulle immediately appointed a committee to draft a new constitution for France's Fifth Republic, which would be declared early the next year, with which Algeria would be associated but of which it would not form an integral part. All Muslims, including women, were registered for the first time on

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effectively denied the use of remote villages to FLN guerrillas, who had used them as a source of rations and manpower, but also caused significant resentment on the part of the displaced villagers. Relocation's social and economic disruption continued to be felt a generation later. At the same time,

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Finding it impossible to control all of Algeria's remote farms and villages, the French government also initiated a program of concentrating large segments of the rural population, including whole villages, in camps under military supervision to prevent them from aiding the rebels. In the three years

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On the political front, the FLN worked to persuade—and to coerce—the Algerian masses to support the aims of the independence movement through contributions. FLN-influenced labor unions, professional associations, and students' and women's organizations were created to lead opinion in diverse segments

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by Mohammed Harbi, a former advisor to Ben Bella, was published in which Harbi wrote: "Because they weren't supported at the moment of their arrival on the scene by a real and dynamic popular movement, they took power of the movement by force and they maintained it by force. Convinced that they had

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Before the war, Algeria was a popular setting for French films; the British professor Leslie Hill having written: "In the late 1920s and 1930s, for instance, North Africa provided film-makers in France with a ready fund of familiar images of the exotics, mingling, for instance, the languid eroticism

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Women participated in a variety of roles during the Algerian War. The majority of Muslim women who became active participants did so on the side of the National Liberation Front (FLN). The French included some women, both Muslim and French, in their war effort, but they were not as fully integrated,

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During the three months between the cease-fire and the French referendum on Algeria, the OAS unleashed a new campaign. The OAS sought to provoke a major breach in the ceasefire by the FLN, but the attacks now were aimed also against the French army and police enforcing the accords as well as against

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The FLN also used pseudo-guerrilla strategies against the French Army on one occasion, with Force K, a group of 1,000 Algerians who volunteered to serve in Force K as guerrillas for the French. But most of these members were either already FLN members or were turned by the FLN once enlisted. Corpses

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was instructed to use whatever methods deemed necessary to restore order in the city and to find and eliminate terrorists. Using paratroopers, he broke the strike and, in the succeeding months, destroyed the FLN infrastructure in Algiers. But the FLN had succeeded in showing its ability to strike at

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detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its

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and was located in a decrepit area of Paris rarely visited by tourists, as if to hide the monument. Further adding to the silence were the vested interests of French politicians. François Mitterrand, the French president 1981 to 1995, had been the Interior Minister from 1954 to 1955 and the Justice

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For Algerians of many political factions, the legacy of their War of Independence was a legitimization or even sanctification of the unrestricted use of force in achieving a goal deemed to be justified. Once invoked against foreign colonialists, the same principle could also be turned with relative

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Death toll estimates vary. Algerian historians and the FLN estimated that nearly eight years of revolution caused 1.5 million Algerian deaths. Some other French and Algerian sources later put the figure at approximately 960,000 dead, while French officials and historians estimated it at around

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and Sephardi Jewish descent), and accounted for 10.4% of the total population of Algeria. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 of them fled, the first third prior to the referendum, in the largest relocation of population to Europe since the Second World War. A motto used in the FLN message to the

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and 110 French military personnel dead or injured. A journalist who saw the massacre on 26 March 1962, Henry Tanner, described the scene: "When the shooting stopped, the street was littered with bodies, of women, as well as men, dead, wounded or dying. The black pavement looked grey, as if bleached

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and increased the misgivings of the army and of the pieds-noirs that the security of Algeria was being undermined by party politics. Army commanders chafed at what they took to be inadequate and incompetent political initiatives by the government in support of military efforts to end the rebellion.

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The French military command ruthlessly applied the principle of collective responsibility to villages suspected of sheltering, supplying, or in any way cooperating with the guerrillas. Villages that could not be reached by mobile units were subject to aerial bombardment. FLN guerrillas that fled to

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Despite complaints from the military command in Algiers, the French government was reluctant for many months to admit that the Algerian situation was out of control and that what was viewed officially as a pacification operation had developed into a war. By 1956, there were more than 400,000 French

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Although successfully provoking fear and uncertainty within both communities in Algeria, the revolutionaries' coercive tactics suggested that they had not yet inspired the bulk of the Muslim people to revolt against French colonial rule. Gradually, however, the FLN gained control in certain sectors

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As Algerians do not appear in an "indigenous" condition, and their sub-citizens status, as the history of nationalist movement, is never evoked as their being one of great figures of the resistance, such as Messali Hadj and Ferhat Abbas. They neither emerge nor are being given attention. No one is

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was a great shock in France and led to uncomfortable questions being raised about what had happened during the Algerian War. The American historian William Cohen wrote that the Papon trial "sharpened the focus" on the Algerian War but not provide "clarity", as Papon's role as a civil servant under

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The French government claimed not to have anticipated such a massive exodus; it estimated that a maximum of 250–300,000 might enter metropolitan France temporarily. Nothing was planned for their move to France, and many had to sleep in the streets or abandoned farms on their arrival. A minority of

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As proclaimed in the statement of 1954, the FLN developed a strategy to avoid large-scale warfare and internationalize the conflict, appealing politically and diplomatically to influence French and world opinion. This political aspect would reinforce the legitimacy of the FLN in Algeria, which was

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Many people, regardless of citizenship, greeted de Gaulle's return to power as the breakthrough needed to end the hostilities. On his trip to Algeria on 4 June 1958, de Gaulle calculatedly made an ambiguous and broad emotional appeal to all the inhabitants, declaring, "Je vous ai compris" ("I have

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The loss of competent field commanders both on the battlefield and through defections and political purges created difficulties for the FLN. Moreover, power struggles in the early years of the war split leadership in the wilayat, particularly in the Aurès. Some officers created their own fiefdoms,

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The indigenous Muslim is French; however, he will continue to be subjected to Muslim law. He may be admitted to serve in the army (armée de terre) and the navy (armée de mer). He may be called to functions and civil employment in Algeria. He may, on his demand, be admitted to enjoy the rights of a

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Women operated in a number of different areas during the course of the rebellion. "Women participated actively as combatants, spies, fundraisers, as well as nurses, launderers, and cooks", "women assisted the male fighting forces in areas like transportation, communication and administration" the

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The Algerian revolution began with the insurrection of November 1, when the FLN organized a series of attacks against the French army and military infrastructure, and published a statement calling on Algerians to get involved in the revolution. This initial campaign had limited impact: the events

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equal legal protection with Algerians over a three-year period. These rights included respect for property, participation in public affairs, and a full range of civil and cultural rights. At the end of that period, however, all Algerian residents would be obliged to become Algerian citizens or be

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in May 1961; after several false starts, the French government decreed that a ceasefire would take effect on March 18, 1962. A major difficulty at the talks was de Gaulle's decision to grant independence only to the coastal regions of Algeria, where the bulk of the population lived, while hanging

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I took, in the name of France, the following decision—the Algerians will have the free choice of their destiny. When, in one way or another – by ceasefire or by complete crushing of the rebels – we will have put an end to the fighting, when, after a prolonged period of appeasement, the population

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In February 1959, de Gaulle was elected president of the new Fifth Republic. He visited Constantine in October to announce a program to end the war and create an Algeria closely linked to France. De Gaulle's call on the rebel leaders to end hostilities and to participate in elections was met with

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allies. In a 16 September 1959, statement, de Gaulle dramatically reversed his stand and uttered the words "self-determination" as the third and preferred solution, which he envisioned as leading to majority rule in an Algeria formally associated with France. In Tunis, Abbas acknowledged that de

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In August and September 1956, the leadership of the FLN guerrillas operating within Algeria (popularly known as "internals") met to organize a formal policy-making body to synchronize the movement's political and military activities. The highest authority of the FLN was vested in the thirty-four

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in Algeria, alienated support in metropolitan France, and discredited French prestige abroad. As the war dragged on, the French public slowly turned against it and many of France's key allies, including the United States, switched from supporting France to abstaining in the UN debate on Algeria.

6062: 5510:

Even though Stora has counted 3,000 publications in French on the war, there still is no work produced by French and Algerian authors co-operating with each other. Although according to Stora, there can "no longer be talk about a 'war without a name', a number of problems remain, especially the

5156:

newspaper on June 20, 2000, as "lies". An ALN activist, Louisette Ighilahriz had been tortured by General Massu. However, since General Massu's revelations, Bigeard has admitted the use of torture, although he denies having personally used it, and has declared, "You are striking the heart of an

4633:

nor were they charged with the same breadth of tasks as the women on the Algerian side. The total number of women involved in the conflict, as determined by post-war veteran registration, is numbered at 11,000, but it is possible that this number was significantly higher due to underreporting.

3591:

bore the brunt of offensive counterinsurgency combat operations, approximately 170,000 Muslim Algerians also served in the regular French army, most of them volunteers. France also sent air force and naval units to the Algerian theater, including helicopters. In addition to service as a flying

2455:

by the FLN or by lynch mobs, often after being abducted and tortured. About 20,000 Harki families (around 90,000 people) managed to flee to France, some with help from their French officers acting against orders, and today they and their descendants form a significant part of the population of

5330:

by the American journalist Herb Greer in 1962, depicted very favorably the Algerian struggle for independence. Most work in English in the 1960s and 1970s were the work of left-wing scholars, who were focused on explaining the FLN as a part of a generational change in Algerian nationalism and

4389:

of Algiers, the FLN gave orders for no retaliatory attacks. In the spring of 1962, the OAS turned to bank robbery to finance its war against both the FLN and the French state, and bombed special units sent by Paris to hunt them down. Only eighty deputies voted against the Évian Accords in the

4327: 4326: 4323: 3553:

theory. Whilst some of this was aimed at military targets, a significant amount was invested in a terror campaign against those in any way deemed to support or encourage French authority. This resulted in acts of sadistic torture and brutal violence against all, including women and children.

4465:

until 1967. (The Evian Accords had permitted France to maintain its military presence for fifteen years, so the withdrawal in 1967 was significantly ahead of schedule.) Cairns writing from Paris in 1962 declared: "In some ways the last year has been the worse. Tension has never been higher.

8934:

J'ai pris, au nom de la France, la décision que voici: les Algériens auront le libre choix de leur destin. Quand d'une manière ou d'une autre – conclusion d'un cessez-le-feu ou écrasement total des rebelles – nous aurons mis un terme aux combats, quand, ensuite, après une période prolongée

3325:

into calling for more repressive measures against the rebels. The French authorities stated that 1,273 guerrillas died in what Soustelle admitted were "severe" reprisals. The FLN subsequently claimed that 12,000 Muslims were killed. Soustelle's repression was an early cause of the Algerian

3533: 3406:

During 1957, support for the FLN weakened as the breach between the internals and externals widened. To halt the drift, the FLN expanded its executive committee to include Abbas, as well as imprisoned political leaders such as Ben Bella. It also convinced communist and Arab members of the

2644:

of 7 May 1946, which granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories and overseas departments, and by the 1946 Constitution. The Law of 20 September 1947 granted French citizenship to all Algerian subjects, who were not required to renounce their Muslim personal status.

4441:, held in April 1962, 91 percent of the French electorate approved the Evian Accords. On 1 July 1962, some 6 million of a total Algerian electorate of 6.5 million cast their ballots. The vote was nearly unanimous, with 5,992,115 votes for independence, 16,534 against, with most 4349:

and Muslim communities engaged in a low level civil war with bombings, shootings, throat-cutting and assassinations being the preferred methods. The Canadian historian John Cairns wrote at times it seemed like both communities were "going berserk" as everyday "murder was indiscriminate".

3737:, and resettled in the plains, where it was difficult to reestablish their previous economic and social systems. Living conditions in the fortified villages were poor. In hundreds of villages, orchards and croplands not already burned by French troops went to seed for lack of care. These 8163:

In Algeria, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. From 1830 to 1847, its European settler population quadrupled to 104,000. Of the native Algerian population of approximately 3 million in 1830, about 500,000 to 1 million perished in the first three decades of French

4328: 4902:

More than 12,000 Algerians died in internal FLN purges during the war. In France, an additional 5,000 died in the "café wars" between the FLN and rival Algerian groups. French sources also estimated that 70,000 Muslim civilians were killed, or abducted and presumed killed, by the FLN.

5445:

Vichy led to misleading conclusions in France that it was former collaborators who were responsible for the terror in Algeria, but most of the men responsible, like Guy Mollet, General Marcel Bigeard, Robert Lacoste, General Jacques Massu and Jacques Soustelle, had actually all been

5354:

and the French bombing of the Tunisian village of Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1958. He'd argued that the "inflexibility" of the FLN had won Algeria independence, creating a sense of Algerian national identity, and leading the Front to rule over authoritarian but "progressive" FLN regime.

3537: 5505:

There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and personal paths through it. Everyone involved considers that they lived through it in their own way, and any attempt to understand the Algerian War globally is immediately rejected by

5108:

in Algeria?". D. Huf, in his seminal work on the subject, argued that the use of torture was one of the major factors in developing French opposition to the war. Huf argued, "Such tactics sat uncomfortably with France's revolutionary history, and brought unbearable comparisons with

5297:", no monuments were built for decades to honour the about 25,000 French soldiers killed in the war, and the Defense Ministry refused to classify veterans as veterans until the 1970s. When a monument to the Unknown Soldier of the Algerian War was erected in 1977, French President 2436:) fled to France within a few months for fear of the FLN's revenge. The French government was unprepared to receive such a vast number of refugees, which caused turmoil in France. The majority of Algerian Muslims who had worked for the French were disarmed and left behind, as the 3286: 3282: 7192:

citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

4329: 6626:

The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 ... received its decisive death

5068:(regrouping centres), which were built for forcibly displaced civilian populations, in order to separate them from FLN guerrilla combatants. Over 8,000 villages were destroyed. Over 2 million Algerians were resettled in regrouping internment camps, with some being 4842:. The term also came to include civilian indigenous Algerians who supported a French Algeria. According to French government figures, there were 236,000 Algerian Muslims serving in the French Army in 1962 (four times more than in the FLN), either in regular units ( 3877:

adamant refusal. "The problem of a cease-fire in Algeria is not simply a military problem", said the GPRA's Abbas. "It is essentially political, and negotiation must cover the whole question of Algeria." Secret discussions that had been underway were broken off.

4325: 11087:

Shapiro, Michael J. (1 August 2008). "Slow Looking: The Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics: Jill Bennett, Empathic Vision: Affect, Trauma, and Contemporary Art (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005); Mark Reinhardt, Holly Edwards, and Erina Duganne,

4105: 5301:, in his dedication speech, refused to use the words war or Algeria but instead used the phrase "the unknown soldier of North Africa". A national monument to the French war dead was not built until 1996 and, even then spoke only of those killed fighting in 3509:

the heart of French Algeria and to assemble a mass response to its demands among urban Muslims. The publicity given to the brutal methods used by the army to win the Battle of Algiers, including the use of torture, strong movement control and curfew called

4445:

and Harkis either having fled or abstaining. De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July. The Provisional Executive, however, proclaimed 5 July, the 132nd anniversary of the French entry into Algeria, as the day of national independence.

2911:

of 8 May 1945, and the pro-Independence struggle before World War II, most Algerians were in favor of a relative status-quo. While Messali Hadj had radicalized by forming the FLN, Ferhat Abbas maintained a more moderate, electoral strategy. Fewer than 500

4115: 3301:

The FLN adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist groups in Asia, and the French did not realize the seriousness of the challenge they faced until 1955, when the FLN moved into urbanized areas. An important watershed in the War of Independence was

4645:

was a notable contributor to the Revolution as a distributor of pamphlets for the FLN's underground newspaper. While most women's tasks were non-combatant, their less frequent, violent acts were more noticed. The reality was that "rural women in maquis

8527:

Meanwhile, Muslim villages were destroyed and whole populations forced to move to accommodate European farms and industry. As the pieds-noirs grew in number and status, the native Algerians, who had no nationality under French law, did not officially

3357:, CCE) formed the executive. The leadership of the regular FLN forces based in Tunisia and Morocco ("externals"), including Ben Bella, knew the conference was taking place but by chance or design on the part of the "internals" were unable to attend. 9618:

On 19 March 1962 Joxe ordered attempts by French officers to transfer Harkis and their families to France to cease, followed by a statement that "the Auxiliary troops landing in the Metropolis in deviation from the general plan will be sent back to

5190: 3203:

By 1955, effective political action groups within the Algerian colonial community succeeded in convincing many of the Governors General sent by Paris that the military was not the way to resolve the conflict. A major success was the conversion of

4314:, which no previous French government was willing to do. The army had been discredited by the putsch and kept a low profile politically throughout the rest of France's involvement with Algeria. The OAS was to be the main standard bearer for the 2681: 2680: 3681:

terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise. But it seemed that, as in Indochina, "the French focused on developing native guerrilla groups that would fight against the FLN", one of whom fought in the Southern

2678: 2677: 2674: 6686:

The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the

6945:

The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths (French sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 were

5436:, a career French civil servant was brought to trial for crimes against humanity for sending 1600 Jews from Bordeaux to be killed at Auschwitz in 1942, it emerged over the course of the trial that on 17 October 1961, Papon had organized a 2679: 3653:

stated, "The extent of these pseudo-operations appears to have been very limited both in time and scope. ... The most widespread use of pseudo type operations was during the 'Battle of Algiers' in 1957. The principal French employer of

3570:. In these places, the FLN established a simple but effective—although frequently temporary—military administration that was able to collect taxes and food and to recruit manpower. But it was never able to hold large, fixed positions. 2411:(OAS), an underground organization formed mainly from French military personnel supporting a French Algeria, which committed a large number of bombings and murders both in Algeria and in the homeland to stop the planned independence. 9575: 5339:, who wrote with unabashed admiration for French high command during the war and saw the FLN as a terrorist group. O'Ballance concluded that the tactics which won the war militarily for the French lost the war for them politically. 3926:

annually considered the Algerian question, and the FLN position was gaining support. France's seeming intransigence in settling a colonial war that tied down half the manpower of its armed forces was also a source of concern to its

7902:

The Algerian war for independence had lasted eight years. More than 8,000 villages had been destroyed in the fighting. Some three million people were displaced, and more than one million Algerians and some 10,000 colons lost their

7527:

Then, in 1962, came the FLN's victory in Algeria, a defining moment in the history of the Third Worldism, for the battle had lasted so long, had been so violent, and had been won by a movement so acutely aware of its international

7434:

SACRISTE Fabien, « Les « regroupements » de la guerre d'Algérie, des « villages stratégiques » ? », Critique internationale, 2018/2 (N° 79), p. 25-43. DOI : 10.3917/crii.079.0025. URL :

4925:

to flee into the Algerian hinterland, where many thousands died of starvation, disease, and exposure. One source estimates 300,000 Algerians civilians perished of starvation, depredation, and disease inside and outside the camps.

3411:(UN) to put diplomatic pressure on the French government to negotiate a cease-fire. In 1957, it became common knowledge in France that the French Army was routinely using torture to extract information from suspected FLN members. 12832: 3395:'s material and political assistance to the FLN, which some French analysts believed was the revolution's main sustenance. This attitude was a factor in persuading France to participate in the November 1956 attempt to seize the 4286:(MNA), which the FLN objected to. Since the FLN was the by far stronger movement with the MNA almost wiped out by this time, the French were finally forced to exclude the MNA from the talks after the FLN walked out for a time. 2536:, including massacres, mass rapes and other atrocities. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000, from approximately 3 million Algerians, were killed in the first three decades of the conquest. French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 3,336 12570: 12558: 2894:

calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam." It was the reaction of Premier

5468:

In response to the Ighilahriz case, General Paul Aussaresses gave an interview on 23 November 2000 in which he candidly admitted to ordering torture and extrajudicial executions and stated he had personally executed 24

4674:

was initially accused of being an accomplice to the bombing and was forced to flee from the colonial authorities. In September 1957, though, Drif and Saâdi were arrested and sentenced to twenty years hard labor in the

4517:. The French counter-strategy aimed to keep the conflict internal and strictly French to maintain its image abroad. The FLN succeeded, and the conflict rapidly became international, embroiled with the tensions of the 5511:

absence of sites in France to commemorate" the war. Furthermore, conflicts have arisen on an exact commemoration date to end the war. Although many sources as well as the French state place it on 19 March 1962, the

10483: 7502:

The Algerians' victory enabled the French to become free--free from their colonial charges, and free from the United States....... Although France was obviously eager to get out, it had to accept the terms of its

4180: 3532: 4665:

office in the Mauritania building in Algiers, which did not explode, one in a cafeteria on the Rue Michelet, and another at the Milk Bar Café, which killed 3 young women and injured multiple adults and children.

4013:

leaders who were imprisoned or transferred to other areas did not deter the French Algeria militants. Sent to prison in Paris and then paroled, Lagaillarde fled to Spain. There, with another French army officer,

5178: 3326:

population's rallying to the FLN. After Philippeville, Soustelle declared sterner measures and an all-out war began. In 1956, demonstrations by French Algerians caused the French government to not make reforms.

5677:, the repression in Algeria used the same methods. Following the Sétif massacres, other riots against the European presence occurred in Guelma, Batna, Biskra, and Kherrata that resulted in 103 deaths among the 2676: 3613:, SAS), created in 1955. The SAS's mission was to establish contact with the Muslim population and weaken nationalist influence in the rural areas by asserting the "French presence" there. SAS officers—called 3090: 3384:, and forced it to land in Algiers. Lacoste had the FLN external political leaders arrested and imprisoned for the duration of the war. This action caused the remaining rebel leaders to harden their stance. 3281: 3350: 4354:

de Gaulle to give up claims to the Sahara, the FLN organized demonstrations by Algerians living in France during the fall of 1961, which the French police crushed. At a demonstration on 17 October 1961,

4293:

in April 1961, aimed at canceling the government's negotiations with the FLN, marked the turning point in the official attitude toward the Algerian war. Leading the coup attempt to depose de Gaulle were

4229: 8327: 3985:

incorrectly believed that they would be supported by General Massu. The insurrection order was given by Colonel Jean Garde of the Fifth Bureau. As the army, police, and supporters stood by, civilian

2648:

Algeria was unique to France because unlike all other overseas possessions acquired by France during the 19th century, Algeria was considered and legally classified to be an integral part of France.

4366:

with a bomb in his apartment building; it failed to kill him, but left a four-year girl in the adjoining apartment blinded by shrapnel. The incident did much to turn French opinion against the OAS.

4324: 2388:

took place on 8 April 1962 and the French electorate approved the Évian Accords. The final result was 91% in favor of the ratification of this agreement and on 1 July, the Accords were subject to a

3609: 12546: 9198:

Total d'inscrits dans les 15 départements : 6.549.736 — Votants : 6.017.800 — Blancs ou nul : 25.565 — Suffrages exprimés : 5.992.115 — OUI : 5.975.581 — NON : 16.534

5331:

depicted the war as a reaction to intolerable oppression and/or an attempt by the peasants, impoverished by French policies, to improve their lot. One of the few military histories of the war was

12837: 8361: 4961:; this led to several disputes among his rivals in the FLN, which were quickly suppressed by Ben Bella's rapidly growing support, most notably within the armed forces. By September, Bella was in 10459: 3048:, who had made no move to cooperate in the uprising at the start, later tried to infiltrate the FLN, but FLN leaders publicly repudiated the support of the party. In April 1956, Abbas flew to 2715:

had the fifth read: "A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of

12565: 12553: 11702: 3060:

also threw the full weight of its prestige behind the FLN. Bendjelloul and the pro-integrationist moderates had already abandoned their efforts to mediate between the French and the rebels.

9787:

It was undeniably and horribly savage , bringing death to an estimated one million Muslim Algerians and the expulsion from their homes of approximately the same number of European settlers.

9571: 4401:

community and their former protectors in the French Army. An OAS ambush of French troops on 20 March was followed by 20,000 gendarmes and soldiers being ordered to occupy the predominantly-

2246: 10328: 3208:, who went to Algeria as governor general in January 1955 determined to restore peace. Soustelle, a one-time leftist and by 1955 an ardent Gaullist, began an ambitious reform program (the 3182:, capital punishment for political crimes, denunciation of all separatists, and most ominously, a call for 'tit-for-tat' reprisal operations by police, military, and para-military forces. 9441: 7061: 264: 4714:

accounted for 13% of the total population of Algeria in 1962. For the sake of clarity, each group's exodus is described separately here, although their fate shared many common elements.

2918:(pro-Independence fighters) could be counted at the beginning of the conflict. The Algerian population radicalized itself in particular because of the terrorist acts of French-sponsored 7552:

During this war of independence, Algeria was at the center of world politics. The FLN's victory made the country one of the most prominent in the Third World during the 1960s and 1970s.

5318:

population fleeing to France, usually with only the clothes they were wearing, as they had lost everything they had in Algeria, a circumstance further embarrassing the defeated nation.

4009:

Most of the Army heeded his call, and the siege of Algiers ended on 1 February with Lagaillarde surrendering to General Challe's command of the French Army in Algeria. The loss of many

12614: 7323: 6471: 15598: 12541: 10553: 3835: 1263: 4756:

or Berber Jews. The Maghrebi Jewish population was outnumbered by the Sephardic Jews, who were driven out of Spain in 1492, and was further strengthened by Marrano refugees from the

10867: 6836: 5709: 4637:

the remaining eighty percent, due to their geographic location in respect to the operations of FLN often became involved in the conflict as a result of proximity paired with force.

3897: 3795:. General Salan assumed leadership of a Committee of Public Safety formed to replace the civil authority and pressed the junta's demands that de Gaulle be named by French president 1453: 4965:

control of Algeria and was elected premier in a one-sided election on September 20, and was recognised by the U.S. on September 29. Algeria was admitted as the 109th member of the

4358:

ordered an attack that became a massacre of Algerians. On 10 January 1962, the FLN started a "general offensive" to pressure the OAS in Algeria, staging a series of attacks on the

2719:

the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined." Some Algerian intellectuals, dubbed

11795: 4748:

population as well, which likewise emigrated after 1962. Europeans arrived in Algeria as immigrants from all over the western Mediterranean (particularly France, Spain, Italy and

4474:

At the beginning of the war, on the Algerian side, it was necessary to compensate for military weakness with political and diplomatic struggle. In the asymmetric conflict between

5530:

Alongside a heated debate in France, the February 23, 2005, law had the effect of jeopardising the treaty of friendship that President Chirac was supposed to sign with President

3596:

for the first time in a ground attack role in order to pursue and destroy fleeing FLN guerrilla units. The American military later used the same helicopter combat methods in the

3088:

operation in Algeria, and Messali Hadj's movement lost what weak influence it had had there. However, the MNA retained the support of many Algerian workers in France through the

5432:

the French Resistance that was not done by "certain French officers in Algeria" who, Vergès noted, could not be prosecuted because of de Gaulle's amnesty of 1962. In 1997, when

4509:

was also underdeveloped, having only 3,000 men badly equipped and trained, unable to compete with the French army. The nationalist forces also suffered from internal divisions.

3321:/region, however, decided a drastic escalation was needed. The killing by the FLN and its supporters of 123 people, including 71 French, including old women and babies, shocked 9676: 4917:

to French repression; and estimates an additional to 50,000 to 150,000 democides committed by Algerian independence fighters. 6,000 to 20,000 Algerians were killed in the 1945

18483: 12266: 1143:

470,000 troops (maximum reached and maintained by the French military from 1956 to 1962) or 700,000 men (it is unclear whether the latter estimate includes the Harkis or not)

17110: 16933: 9238:

Frank, Robert (2012). "L'arme secrète du FLN. Comment de Gaulle a perdu la guerre d'Algérie, de Matthew Connelly. Paris, Payot, traduit de l'anglais par François Bouillot".

5649:

After having denied or downplayed its use for 40 years, France has finally recognized its history of torture, but there was never an official proclamation about it. General

5031:, which started in 1830. Atrocities committed against Algerians by the French army during the war included indiscriminate shootings into civilian crowds (such as during the 3932:

Gaulle's statement might be accepted as a basis for settlement, but the French government refused to recognize the GPRA as the representative of Algeria's Muslim community.

2675: 8440: 4430:

screamed that they were not French anymore. One woman screamed "Stop firing! My God, we're French..." before she was shot down. The massacre served to greatly embitter the

12786: 12475: 4245: 2761:

The North African Star broke from the Communist Party in 1928, before being dissolved in 1929 at Paris's demand. Amid growing discontent from the Algerian population, the

10475: 9646: 6873:

Martin S. Alexander; Martin Evans; J. F. V. Keiger (2002). "The 'War without a Name', the French Army and the Algerians: Recovering Experiences, Images and Testimonies".

4850:) or as irregulars (harkis and moghaznis). Some estimates suggest that, with their families, the indigenous Muslim loyalists may have numbered as many as 1 million. 4796:

chose to remain, but most of those gradually left in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily due to residual hostility against them, including machine-gunning of public places in

4278:

on 8 January 1961, which 75% of the voters (both in France and Algeria) approved and de Gaulle's government began secret peace negotiations with the FLN. In the Algerian

4044: 3905:

we are, in my opinion, defending the West's freedom. We are here ambassadors, Crusaders, who are hanging on in order to still be able to talk and to be able to speak for.

7410: 9549: 7175: 5310:

started to become willing to talk about the war and, even then, remained very guarded about his role. Likewise, de Gaulle had promised in the Évian Agreements that the

12602: 5519:

took place later. Stora further points out, "The phase of memorial reconciliation between the two sides of the sea is still a long way off." That was evidenced by the

5133:

denounced it, following Aussaresses's revelations and, before his death, pronounced himself in favor of an official condemnation of the use of torture during the war.

4909:

citing Gilert Meyinier implies at least 55,000 to up to 60,000 non-Harki Algerian civilians were killed during the conflict without specifying which side killed them.

1443: 12781: 12619: 5703: 2513:

of Algiers. By early 1830 however, the real motive was to distract and assuage with a foreign conquest French opinion hostile to the increasingly authoritarian king.

12626: 10019: 7939: 4410: 4040: 3779:

After his time as governor general, Soustelle returned to France to organize support for de Gaulle's return to power, while retaining close ties to the army and the

12607: 8193: 8108: 7362: 7035: 3145:

who became the FLN's leading political theorist, provided a sophisticated intellectual justification for the use of violence in achieving national liberation. From

12291: 7976: 5473:. He argued that they were justified, as torture and extrajudicial executions were the only way to defeat the FLN. In May 2001, Aussaresses published his memoirs, 4381:

The OAS started a campaign of spectacular terrorist attacks to sabotage the Évian Accords, hoping that if enough Muslims were killed, a general pogrom against the

7219: 4123:, Algeria, directed by Colonel Marcel Bigeard. The French army officers' uprising was due to a perceived second betrayal by the government, the first having been 4000:

In Paris on 29 January 1960, de Gaulle called on his ineffective army to remain loyal and rallied popular support for his Algerian policy in a televised address:

5940: 5262: 3028:

The FLN uprising presented nationalist groups with the question of whether to adopt armed revolt as the main course of action. During the first year of the war,

1463: 1458: 5681:. The suppression of the riots officially saw 1,500 other deaths, but N. Bancel, P. Blanchard and S. Lemaire estimate the number to be between 6,000 and 8,000. 5440:

in central Paris, which was the first time that most French had ever heard of the massacre. The revelation that hundreds of people had been killed by the Paris

11934: 7952:

From 1957 to 1960 more than two million Algerians were thus relocated, leaving behind their houses. crops, and livestock, and over 800 villages were destroyed.

7755: 7391:"The Migration of Jews from Algeria to France: An Opportunity for French Jews to Recover Their Independence in the Face of American Judaism in Postwar France?" 5626: 4275: 1893: 1256: 7058:"Déclaration de M. Emmanuel Macron, président de la République, sur le 60ème anniversaire des accords d'Évian et la guerre d'Algérie, à Paris le 19 mars 2022" 5166: 3489:

and also to plant bombs in public places. The most notable instance was the Battle of Algiers, which began on September 30, 1956, when three women, including

3419:, declared in an edition on 13 March 1957: "From now on, Frenchman must know that they don't have the right to condemn in the same terms as ten years ago the 15784: 11961: 8388: 6893: 1473: 10419:

Guerre d'Algérie: Mgr Joseph Doré et Marc Lienhard réagissent aux déclarations du général Bigeard justifiant la pratique de la torture par l'armée française

7581: 4036: 3709:), which consisted of an electrified fence, barbed wire, and mines over a 320-kilometer stretch of the Tunisian border. Despite ruthless clashes during the 15215: 13775: 12769: 11849: 4394:

against de Gaulle were only "...the traditional verbal excesses of third-rate firebrands without a substantial following and without a constructive idea".

3969: 2755: 2582:

of 14 July 1865. It allowed Muslims to apply for full French citizenship, a measure that few took since it involved renouncing the right to be governed by

1468: 1428: 802: 10514: 3078:(MNA), which advocated a policy of violent revolution and total independence similar to that of the FLN, but aimed to compete with that organisation. The 13426: 12282: 11707: 11640: 8978: 5736: 3650: 3334: 1958: 1448: 1438: 12774: 8357: 5907: 5784: 5641:) was a factor of criminality" (sic). Following outcries, the definitive version of the report finally made bilingualism an asset, rather than a fault. 5223:"Gégène", a device used by the French forces to generate electricity; electrodes would then be attached to the victim's body parts for electric torture. 3989:

threw up barricades in the streets and seized government buildings. General Maurice Challe, responsible for the army in Algeria, declared Algiers under

3485:

To increase international and domestic French attention to their struggle, the FLN decided to bring the conflict to the cities and to call a nationwide

770: 18187: 15263: 12259: 5882: 5100: 754: 736: 17: 12480: 11061: 5306:

Minister from 1955 to 1957, when he had been deeply involved in the repression of the FLN, and it was only after Mitterrand's death in 1996, that his

5113:. The French national psyche would not tolerate any parallels between their experiences of occupation and their colonial mastery of Algeria." General 914: 18503: 11334: 11041: 10350: 8121:

Within the first three decades, the French military massacred between half a million to one million from approximately three million Algerian people.

7439: 6039: 6029: 5766: 5421:, the slum districts in which most Algerian immigrants in France live, reading: "Barbie in France! When will Massu be in Algeria!". Barbie's lawyer, 4929: 3449:, native of Algiers, tried unsuccessfully to persuade both sides to at least leave civilians alone, writing editorials against the use of torture in 2785:(Algerian People's Party, PPA), which, no longer espoused full independence but only extensive autonomy. This new party was dissolved in 1939. Under 2445: 1249: 8414: 4385:

would break out, leading the French Army to turn its guns against the government. Despite ample provocation with OAS lobbing mortar shells into the

18463: 16918: 16445: 15195: 13650: 4570:

After the Battle of Algiers greatly weakened the FLN, it was forced to accept more direct support from abroad. Financial and military support from

4048: 3501:. The FLN carried out shootings and bombings in the spring of 1957, resulting in civilian casualties and a crushing response from the authorities. 3064: 786: 513: 10968: 10928:

Rapport préliminaire de la commission prévention du groupe d'études parlementaire sur la sécurité intérieure – Sur la prévention de la délinquance

5137: 3662:

branch. "The Fifth Bureau" made extensive use of 'turned' FLN members, one such network being run by Captain Paul-Alain Leger of the 10th Paras. "

858: 14762: 10320: 8645: 5141: 4928:

In addition, large numbers of Harkis were murdered when the FLN settled accounts after independence, with 30,000 to 150,000 killed in Algeria in

4583: 4461:

community, had joined the exodus. Despite the declaration of independence on 5 July 1962, the last French forces did not leave the naval base of

4282:

69.51% voted in favor of self-determination. The talks that began in March 1961 broke down when de Gaulle insisted on including the much smaller

4233: 4192: 4188: 4184: 3858: 2900: 2140: 2033: 13907: 10446: 10374: 9998: 9437: 7057: 5117:

admitted in 2000 that systematic torture techniques were used during the war and justified them. He also recognized the assassination of lawyer

1169:

140,000 to 152,863 FLN soldiers killed (including 12,000 internal purges and 4,300 Algerians from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)

18513: 17004: 14513: 14322: 5144:, president of the Lutheran Church of Augsbourg Confession in Alsace-Lorraine, and others. In June 2000, Bigeard declared that he was based in 3174:

and other Algerian cities. After a series of bloody, random massacres and bombings by Muslim Algerians in several towns and cities, the French

10421: 9267:"La Guerre d'Algérie, facteur de changement du système international" de Jeffrey James Byrne dans Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale 7319: 6312:

by Nicole Garcia (2010). About the adult lives of two children who survive the siege of Oran. The title translates to, "Balcony on the Ocean".

4183:(FNAF, National Front for French Algeria) was created in June 1960 in Paris, gathering around de Gaulle's former Secretary Jacques Soustelle, 3633:

were mostly used in conventional formations, either in all-Algerian units commanded by French officers or in mixed units. Other uses included

2789:, the French State attempted to abrogate the Crémieux Decree to suppress the Jews' French citizenship, but the measure was never implemented. 18217: 17664: 17265: 12252: 12244: 11241: 10930: 8911: 8838: 8817: 7100: 2174: 450: 12013: 10537: 2613:

Prior to 1870, fewer than 200 demands were registered by Muslims and 152 by Jewish Algerians. The 1865 decree was then modified by the 1870

18538: 17505: 17376: 16994: 11098: 11053: 10833: 9946:

Reports of French soldiers, especially members from the French Legion, cutting up pregnant women's bellies were not uncommon during the war

6231:(2005). Adapted from a novel by Claude Sales on the presence of Muslim soldiers in the French Army. The title translates to, "The Treason". 5847: 4127:(1947–1954). In some aspects the Dien Bien Phu garrison was sacrificed with no metropolitan support, order was given to commanding officer 2281: 2240: 2179: 534: 13496: 13486: 10057: 8545: 6828: 4969:

on October 8, 1962. Afterward, Ben Bella declared that Algeria would follow a neutral course in world politics; within a week he met with

3178:

and urban French population began to demand that the French government engage in sterner countermeasures, including the proclamation of a

17085: 16968: 15855: 11422: 10639: 10281: 10234: 10106: 9714: 3880:

From 1958 to 1959, the French army won military control in Algeria and was the closest it would be to victory. In late July 1959, during

2837:, was determined not to lose the next colonial war, particularly in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as a part of 2740:, spearheaded the resistance against the French in the first half of the 20th century and was a member of the directing committee of the 2096: 2023: 11800: 7889: 7781: 6749: 4426:

by fire. Crumpled French flags were lying in pools of blood. Shattered glass and spent cartridges were everywhere". A number of shocked

4064: 3627:, who eventually numbered about 180,000 volunteers, more than the FLN activists, were an ideal instrument of counterinsurgency warfare. 3102:", resulting in nearly 5,000 deaths, were waged in France between the two rebel groups throughout the years of the War of Independence. 18172: 17600: 16958: 6922: 5241:

During the first two and a half years of the conflict, the guerrillas killed an estimated 6,352 Muslim and 1,035 non-Muslim civilians.

3670: 3033: 2809: 12517: 11536: 9489: 5554: 4752:), starting in 1830. The Jews arrived in several waves, some coming as early as 600 BC and during the Roman period, known as the 4139: 3791:

with sympathetic Gaullists. An army junta under General Massu seized power in Algiers on the night of May 13, thereafter known as the

18167: 17047: 12192: 10402: 10022: 9668: 5621:

in the outskirts of Lyon. It is impossible to understand the third-generation of Algerian immigrants to France without recalling the

3314:) in August 1955. Before this operation, FLN policy was to attack only military and government-related targets. The commander of the 3170:), many of whom lived on lands taken from Muslim communities during the nineteenth century, sold their holdings and sought refuge in 13897: 3757:, appeared to have suppressed major rebel resistance, but political developments had already overtaken the French Army's successes. 2389: 18297: 18227: 18192: 16999: 15032: 13710: 12883: 7847: 5590:

explaining to students what colonization has been. We have prevented students from understanding why the decolonization took place.

4556: 4505:

Furthermore, the FLN was weak militarily at the beginning of the war. It was created in 1954 and had few members, and its ally the

2509:

activities and their ransoming of Christian captives and slaves, and the refusal of Marseilles merchants to pay their debts to the

9422:

Vince, Natalya "Transgressing Boundaries: Gender, Race, Religion and 'Fracaises Musulmannes during Algerian War of Independence."

8975:"Declaration on the Right to Insubordination in the War in Algeria by 121 French citizens - Manifeste des 121, transl. in English" 3716: 18488: 18157: 17248: 16435: 15079: 13419: 12917: 12806: 12631: 11653: 10902: 10600: 8692: 8436: 4157: 3865:

and based in Tunis. Before the referendum, Abbas lobbied for international support for the GPRA, which was quickly recognized by

2667: 2164: 1604: 518: 12440: 11971: 11513: 7290: 7256: 5157:

84-year-old man." Bigeard also recognized that Larbi Ben M'Hidi was assassinated and that his death was disguised as a suicide.

4438: 2385: 2372:

and several other cities in favor of independence (1960) and a United Nations resolution recognizing the right to independence,

17669: 16928: 15200: 11563: 9638: 9409:

Turshen, Meredith. "Algerian Women in the Liberation Struggle and the Civil War: From Active Participants to Passive Victims".

7588: 6461: 2053: 13765: 7390: 5501:, one of the leading historians on the war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of: 4563:

internationally recognized the FLN as representing Algeria; and Third-World countries brought up the Algerian conflict at the

3188:

vigilante units, whose unauthorized activities were conducted with the passive cooperation of police authorities, carried out

17396: 17334: 17180: 16923: 14858: 14545: 14523: 12940: 12078: 11978: 11477: 11432: 11411: 11373: 11344: 11251: 11219: 11200: 11181: 10845: 10695: 10176: 10136: 10042: 9969: 9912: 9810: 9780: 9753: 9541: 9155: 9122: 8761: 8678: 8300: 8156: 8102: 8075: 7883: 7674: 7545: 7520: 7495: 7167: 7029: 6743: 6679: 6650: 6619: 6574: 5901: 5838: 5815: 5713: 5691: 5489:

to act with resolution in order to protect themselves against their enemies, they deliberately chose an authoritarian path."

3840: 17795: 15946: 10956: 10091: 2773:

in 1936, which was supposed to enlighten the Indigenous Code by giving French citizenship to a small number of Muslims. The

17835: 15765: 15690: 15350: 14950: 13912: 13133: 12066: 12030: 10577:"Internement, emprisonnement et guerre d'indépendance algérienne en métropole : l'exemple du camp de Thol (1958-1965)" 8274: 8233: 6056: 4865:

were seen as traitors by many Algerians, and many of those who stayed behind suffered severe reprisals after independence.

4142:

student trade-union to the participation of conscripts in the war led to a secession in May 1960, with the creation of the

3710: 3353:(Conseil National de la Révolution Algérienne, CNRA), within which the five-man Committee of Coordination and Enforcement ( 3057: 1433: 1373: 9182: 7814: 6581:

The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.

18478: 18207: 18152: 17428: 17199: 17105: 16963: 15370: 14503: 12105: 6493: 6066: 5481:

called that a moment of "catharsis" that was "explainable only in near-French terms: it is the return of the repressed".

5023:

Algerian submerged in water and tortured by the French army using electricity, while two tires serve as containers (1961)

4650:

support networks" contained the overwhelming majority of those who participated; female combatants were in the minority.

4479: 2813: 2313: 2028: 1951: 184: 14612: 14540: 12597: 9004: 7973: 7751: 5775:

Derradji, Abder-Rahmane, The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign Strategy & Tactics, The Edwin Mellen Press, New York, 1997.

3574:

using units under their command to settle old scores and engage in private wars against military rivals within the FLN.

3513:

and where all authority was under the military, created doubt in France about its role in Algeria. What was originally "

18147: 17052: 16405: 15500: 14478: 14363: 14317: 14312: 14258: 13780: 13583: 13412: 13118: 12955: 12110: 9524: 9472: 8851: 8020: 7701: 7199: 6923:"Why a War Without a Name May Need One: Policy-Based Application of International Humanitarian Law in the Algerian War" 6887: 4948: 4506: 4345:

onto the Sahara, which happened to be rich in oil and gas, while the FLN claimed all of Algeria. During the talks, the

4144: 3607:

The French army resumed an important role in local Algerian administration through the Special Administration Section (

3080: 3017: 3002: 2818: 2808:

of May 8, 1945, when the French Army and pieds-noirs mobs killed between 6,000 and 30,000 Algerians, Abbas founded the

2135: 2085: 11015: 6083:, which was critically acclaimed for its sense of historical authenticity and cast who had lived through the real war. 4653:

Perhaps the most famous incident involving Algerian women revolutionaries was the Milk Bar Café bombing of 1956, when

2601: 2380:

of the Fifth Republic, decided to open a series of negotiations with the FLN. These concluded with the signing of the

259: 18473: 18289: 18212: 17386: 17317: 17168: 16137: 15700: 14970: 14911: 14009: 13807: 13379: 13030: 12896: 12699: 12318: 12061: 12051: 11839: 11834: 11774: 11128: 10672: 10633: 10228: 10201: 9939: 9882: 9499: 9378: 8337: 8187: 7933: 7728: 7647: 7620: 7462: 7356: 7150: 7129: 7094: 7002: 6783: 6716: 5985: 5973: 5876: 5653:

was sentenced following his justification of the use of torture for "apology of war crimes". As they occurred during

4771:

numbered 1,025,000 (85% of European Christian descent, and 15% were made up of the indigenous Algerian population of

4595: 4200: 3361: 3265: 2985: 2414:

The war caused the deaths of between 400,000 and 1.5 million Algerians, 25,600 French soldiers, and 6,000 Europeans.

1323: 14708: 2423: 18077: 18069: 17733: 17322: 17226: 15840: 15835: 15330: 15293: 15022: 14468: 14191: 14046: 13892: 13770: 13715: 13578: 12811: 11663: 11453: 8777:

Alexander, Martin S.; Kieger, J. F. V. (2002). "France and the Algerian War: Strategy, Operations, and Diplomacy".

8511: 3833:

and the professional military, disaffected by the indecisiveness of previous governments, with his exclamation of "

3799:

to head a government of national unity invested with extraordinary powers to prevent the "abandonment of Algeria".

2274: 1745: 1552: 1520: 15518: 15380: 15064: 8384: 6874: 6336: 5055:. Torture methods included beatings, mutilations, burning, hanging by the feet or hands, torture by electroshock, 4857:

took refuge in France, despite French government policy against this. Pierre Messmer, Minister of the Armies, and

4369:

On 20 February 1962, a peace accord was reached granting independence to all of Algeria. In their final form, the

18523: 18468: 17346: 17138: 17078: 16560: 15941: 15870: 15770: 15648: 15420: 15410: 14997: 14384: 12970: 12176: 12056: 11881: 11261:

LeJeune, John (July 2019). "Revolutionary Terror and Nation-Building: Frantz Fanon and the Algerian Revolution".

8046: 7592: 6118: 5417:, the "Butcher of Lyon", was brought to trial for crimes against humanity, graffiti appeared on the walls of the 5257:

Although the opening of the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after a 30-year lock-up enabled some new

5009: 4564: 4024: 3823: 3472: 2419: 2406: 2193: 2159: 1690: 297: 17815: 15335: 15222: 15210: 12950: 11939: 5625:

experience. An official parliamentary report on the "prevention of criminality", commanded by Interior Minister

3857:

De Gaulle's initiative threatened the FLN with decreased support among Muslims. In reaction, the FLN set up the

2830:

had strong sympathy for the Vietnamese fighting against France and took up their experience to support the ALN.

2101: 18528: 18508: 18237: 17999: 17593: 15991: 15760: 15340: 15242: 14975: 14419: 14414: 13012: 12816: 12295: 11812: 10964: 10506: 10087: 9844:

Githens-Mazer, Jonathan (2009). "The Blowback of Repression and the Dynamics of North African Radicalization".

7021:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005)

6642:

Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940–2005)

5285:("the dirty war"), a term that is still used today and reflects the very negative memory of the war in France. 5249: 4830:(soldier), were indigenous Muslim Algerians (as opposed to European-descended Catholics or indigenous Algerian 3247: 3164:

As the FLN campaign of influence spread through the countryside, many European farmers in the interior (called

2967: 2887: 2855: 2689:

Both Muslim and European Algerians took part in World War II and fought for France. Algerian Muslims served as

2233: 2154: 100: 38: 15660: 15390: 14901: 14673: 12274: 10989: 8974: 8437:"Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)" 5545:

Another matter concerns the teaching of the war as well as of colonialism and decolonization, particularly in

5534:, which was no longer on the agenda. Following that controversial law, Bouteflika has talked about a cultural 5298: 3742:

the French tried to gain support from the civilian population by providing money, jobs and housing to farmers

3075: 18533: 18518: 18498: 16938: 15953: 15906: 15670: 15593: 15325: 14004: 13957: 13947: 13932: 13755: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13456: 13207: 13123: 13017: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12234: 12073: 11296: 10034: 4957:

quickly became more popular and thereby more powerful. In June 1962, he challenged the leadership of Premier

4052: 3993:, but forbade the troops to fire on the insurgents. Nevertheless, six rioters were killed during shooting on 3243: 3200:

being a racist term for denigrating Muslim Algerians) against suspected FLN members of the Muslim community.

3179: 3161:

community acceptable to the French through whom a compromise or reforms within the system might be achieved.

2963: 1556: 17805: 17785: 17765: 17478: 15385: 15094: 15017: 14688: 10038: 2332:

between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of

539: 18182: 18142: 18132: 17681: 15971: 15931: 15901: 15850: 15710: 15628: 15624: 15495: 15425: 15190: 15007: 14773: 14668: 14600: 14196: 13942: 13862: 13745: 13593: 13174: 13096: 13045: 12876: 12171: 8779: 8470: 8385:"The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015) Relations (1946-2015)" 8283: 8242: 6166: 5314:

could remain in Algeria, but after independence, the FLN freely violated the accords and led to the entire

4196: 2440:

between French and Algerian authorities declared that no actions could be taken against them. However, the

2203: 1353: 281: 17698: 14221: 11723: 7436: 7283:"STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 7249:"STATISTICS OF DEMOCIDE Chapter 14 THE HORDE OF CENTI-KILO MURDERERS Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 5035:), execution of civilians when rebel attacks occurred, bombings of villages suspected of helping the FLN, 4918: 4582:

intensified moral support for the Algerian rebellion, which in turn pushed the USA to react. In 1958, the

2805: 2661: 2002: 18307: 18137: 18127: 16943: 16415: 16410: 16127: 15805: 15533: 15278: 15237: 15181: 15084: 14965: 14923: 14828: 14353: 14307: 13872: 13842: 13353: 13236: 12997: 12647: 12371: 11291: 8410: 8006: 6316: 6155: 4513:

all the more necessary since Algeria, unlike other colonies, had been formally incorporated as a part of

3733:

program was followed, more than 2 million Algerians were removed from their villages, mostly in the

3342: 2544: 2505:

and his ministers in January 1830. An invasion had already been discussed in 1827 in part in reaction to

2267: 2227: 1490: 9315:

A diplomatic revolution : Algeria's fight for independence and the origins of the post-cold war era

5269:(The Algerian War According to the Documents), many remain inaccessible. The recognition in 1999 by the 1039: 18278: 18271: 18202: 17881: 17643: 17567: 17423: 17071: 16780: 16001: 15986: 15976: 15830: 15430: 14918: 14721: 14488: 14051: 14014: 13962: 13857: 13837: 13832: 13812: 13623: 13528: 13273: 13197: 13113: 12714: 12640: 12452: 12424: 12355: 12117: 11603: 11598: 11556: 9335:"L'action internationale du FLN" of Jeffrey James Byrne in Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale 8947: 6592:"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire". Jo McCormack (2010). 6476: 5520: 5270: 5129:, who called FLN activists "savages", claimed torture was a "necessary evil". To the contrary, General 3994: 3940: 3420: 3098:

of Algerian Workers). The FLN also established a strong organization in France to oppose the MNA. The "

2781: 2517: 2484: 1946: 1388: 1368: 196: 11696: 11386:

On genocide.: And a summary of the evidence and the judgments of the International War Crimes Tribunal

6657:

The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.

3915:

During this period in France, however, popular opposition to the conflict was growing, notably in the

1992: 18431: 18232: 18122: 18019: 17708: 17686: 17586: 17309: 17243: 17009: 16885: 16830: 16650: 15638: 15345: 14906: 14518: 14435: 14181: 14146: 14141: 13852: 13700: 13143: 13040: 13002: 12719: 12446: 12202: 11996: 11886: 11854: 10371: 9988: 9817:

Alistair Horne estimates one million Algerians and twenty thousand French were casualties of the war.

6450: 5524: 4619: 4603: 4080: 3976: 3854:

electoral rolls to participate in a referendum to be held on the new constitution in September 1958.

3766: 3460: 2560: 2525: 2363:

with a strengthened presidency. The brutality of the methods employed by the French forces failed to

1378: 146: 12434: 8215: 7344: 5370:

attacked Horne as an "apologist for terrorism" and accused him of engaging in the "cosy pieties" of

5273:

permitted the Algerian War to enter the syllabi of French schools. In France, the war was known as "

2563:. Many French and other Europeans (Spanish, Italians, Maltese and others) later settled in Algeria. 17740: 17483: 16635: 16202: 15465: 15355: 15109: 14653: 13258: 12912: 12677: 12592: 12505: 12343: 12122: 11891: 11748: 11620: 10418: 10358: 10054: 9874:

Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945

9542:"Reality and Representation of Algerian Women: The Complex Dynamic of Heroines and Repressed Women" 8737: 6860:

Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945

6328: 5238:, while children had been murdered by slitting their throats or banging their heads against walls. 4667: 3968:

staged an insurrection in the Algerian capital starting on 24 January 1960, and known in France as

3041: 2872:(guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the 2860: 1383: 1303: 716: 706: 208: 75: 16375: 14176: 10938: 10927: 8907: 8857: 7487:

A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-cold War Era

7084: 6007: 5630: 4594:, this strategy of internationalization became a model for other revolutionary groups such as the 4161: 3922:

International pressure was also building on France to grant Algeria independence. Since 1955, the

2746: 18393: 18312: 18097: 15865: 15810: 15795: 15735: 15543: 15523: 15283: 14960: 14565: 14151: 14136: 13937: 13817: 13248: 13217: 13101: 13081: 12925: 12869: 12682: 12458: 11824: 11608: 8476: 6357: 5036: 5019: 4985: 4642: 3889: 3303: 3236: 2956: 2770: 2488: 2253: 2149: 1975: 1963: 1738: 1650: 1646: 1358: 1308: 1293: 17458: 17401: 14768: 11292:"The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962" 10830: 10774:

Brett, Michael (1994). "Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: The Algerian War of Independence in Retrospect".

8148: 4981: 2896: 2444:

in particular, having served as auxiliaries with the French army, were regarded as traitors and

1674: 17820: 17526: 17364: 17329: 17260: 17238: 16655: 16159: 15553: 15227: 14703: 14463: 14458: 14251: 13987: 13435: 13331: 13106: 12731: 12470: 12388: 12143: 11896: 11861: 11756: 9712:« Mémoire et histoire de la guerre d'Algérie, de part et d'autre de la Méditerranée » 9209:

Eberhart, George M. "Biblio-Philately: Libraries and Librarians on World Postage Stamps."

8753: 8741: 8542: 6267: 6254: 6238: 5566: 5437: 5307: 5032: 4934: 4891: 4261: 4237: 3916: 3811: 3772: 3642: 3307: 3009: 2766: 2741: 2704: 2473: 2450: 2356: 2169: 2043: 1970: 1413: 1408: 1338: 681: 597: 455: 226: 150: 141: 16865: 13827: 12672: 10625:

Small Wars, Faraway Places - Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945-1965

10623: 10278: 10218: 9959: 9929: 9902: 9872: 9711: 9147: 9140: 8063: 7923: 7720:

Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012)

7664: 7485: 6669: 6609: 5716:

archives, see also Benjamin Stora's warning about the conditions of creation of these images).

4744:), who had resided in Algeria for generations; it is sometimes used to include the indigenous 4499: 3114: 1298: 1210:

250,000–300,000 (including 55,000 to 250,000 civilians) Algerian casualties (French estimate)

362: 18458: 18378: 18112: 18107: 17984: 17964: 17775: 17745: 17488: 17281: 17255: 16890: 16174: 16169: 15936: 15825: 15780: 15740: 15675: 15619: 15538: 15320: 15134: 15012: 14930: 14838: 14803: 14713: 14658: 14555: 14396: 14086: 13705: 13603: 13598: 13128: 13086: 12736: 12511: 12412: 12394: 12382: 12223: 12001: 11549: 11024: 10704: 10662: 10538:"France may have apologised for atrocities in Algeria, but the war still casts a long shadow" 9800: 9745: 9739: 8552: 8495: 8177: 8094:

Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden

8092: 8034: 8015: 7873: 7777: 7718: 7637: 7535: 7510: 7346: 7019: 6733: 6640: 6075: 5581:. Indeed, the Algerian War is not even the subject of a specific chapter in the textbook for 4741: 4684: 4128: 4110: 4076: 4072: 4019: 3861:(Gouvernement Provisoire de la République Algérienne, GPRA), a government-in-exile headed by 3659: 3588: 2762: 2521: 2360: 1900: 1591: 1418: 1333: 1328: 242: 156: 12376: 11339:. Cambridge Middle East studies. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 10906: 10447:"Le témoignage de cette femme est un tissu de mensonges. Tout est faux, c'est une manoeuvre" 6937: 6594: 6564: 6215: 3873:, China, and several other African, Arab, and Asian countries, but not by the Soviet Union. 18413: 18383: 18343: 18338: 18242: 18117: 17954: 17270: 17204: 16430: 16197: 16052: 16006: 15921: 15916: 15715: 15614: 15563: 15558: 15450: 15405: 15360: 15298: 15129: 15104: 15054: 14982: 14896: 14746: 14348: 14327: 14076: 13999: 13967: 13695: 13533: 13466: 13278: 13263: 13253: 13222: 13138: 13091: 13035: 13007: 12985: 12704: 12493: 12464: 12313: 12018: 11929: 11645: 11363: 9770: 8749: 6482: 6302: 6143: 6114: 6089: 5531: 5385:

In 1992, American historian John Ruedy, the focus of whose research was the history of the

5208: 5149: 4958: 4761: 4486:

remained largely unreported, especially by the French press (only two newspaper columns in

3965: 3738: 3315: 3021: 2657: 2606: 2567: 2364: 2018: 1709: 1343: 1024: 11143:

Bradby, David (October 1994). "Images of the Algerian War on the French Stage 1988-1992".

10399: 10270: 10110: 7983:

and Pierre Daum's "The Last Taboo: Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962". November 2017

7691: 5666: 4740:(literally "black foot") is a term used to name the European-descended population (mostly 4212: 4208: 3412: 3013: 8: 18493: 18403: 17760: 17693: 17531: 17275: 17209: 16875: 16790: 16785: 16685: 16548: 16345: 16229: 16144: 16032: 15885: 15880: 15860: 15845: 15755: 15750: 15655: 15588: 15578: 15490: 15485: 15475: 15375: 15315: 15288: 15114: 15099: 15069: 15047: 14833: 14823: 14550: 14473: 14443: 14427: 14201: 14171: 14166: 13952: 13867: 13822: 13675: 13343: 13321: 13316: 13202: 13064: 13050: 13022: 12687: 12499: 12365: 12154: 12148: 11762: 11588: 10083: 9735: 6291: 6013: 5961: 5600: 5546: 5478: 5465:

to ask October 31 be made a public day of remembrance for victims of torture in Algeria.

5336: 5122: 5091: 4757: 4726: 4514: 4290: 3961: 3923: 3669:

One organized pseudo-guerrilla unit, however, was created in December 1956 by the French

3546: 3436: 3130: 2903:), who only a few months before had completed the liquidation of France's tete empire in 2838: 2827: 2502: 2457: 2377: 2337: 1917: 1698: 1666: 1313: 1120: 726: 696: 390: 352: 15730: 15643: 11384: 7839: 4988:, who served as president until his death in 1978. Algeria remained stable, though in a 4722: 3381: 2998: 2891: 2597:

French citizen; in this case, he is subjected to the political and civil laws of France.

2578: 646: 559: 495: 18408: 18388: 18348: 18264: 18247: 18222: 18029: 17840: 17830: 17810: 17780: 17755: 17381: 17029: 16825: 16810: 16735: 16715: 16710: 16695: 16542: 16290: 16042: 15926: 15680: 15583: 15568: 15480: 15470: 15445: 15440: 15205: 15159: 15074: 15059: 15002: 14818: 14741: 14617: 14508: 14498: 14161: 13972: 13760: 13750: 13720: 13655: 13573: 13491: 13372: 13293: 13212: 13157: 13076: 12960: 12930: 12904: 12724: 12709: 12694: 12487: 11829: 11488: 11467: 11321: 11160: 10884: 10791: 10592: 10400:

La torture pendant la guerre d'Algérie / 1954 – 1962 40 ans après, l'exigence de vérité

9082: 8796: 8684: 8627: 8141: 6286: 5410:

From time to time, the memory of the Algerian War surfaced in France. In 1987, when SS-

5080: 4993: 4835: 4560: 4418: 4333: 4092: 4079:

branch, which had ordered the rebellion. These units had theorized the principles of a

3957: 3881: 3750: 3584: 3451: 3392: 2879: 2826:

against French authority. Many Algerian soldiers who served for the French Army in the

2691: 2618: 2552: 2548: 2352: 2321: 2222: 2130: 2113: 1929: 1885: 1560: 1499: 1393: 1363: 1348: 1318: 1084: 721: 641: 603: 593: 583: 565: 555: 530: 509: 491: 481: 463: 446: 430: 420: 402: 386: 376: 358: 348: 338: 320: 31: 18024: 16725: 16554: 11677: 11524: 8688: 8666: 8064:"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period" 7563: 4760:

through the 16th century. Algerian Jews largely embraced French citizenship after the

4641:

range of involvement by a woman could include both combatant and non-combatant roles.

4469: 4457:

fled to France. Within a year, 1.4 million refugees, including almost the entire

4341: 2614: 18368: 18059: 17994: 17909: 17889: 17541: 17521: 17446: 17153: 17094: 17042: 16895: 16840: 16815: 16770: 16700: 16675: 16640: 16630: 16599: 16486: 16370: 16340: 16077: 16067: 15981: 15875: 15720: 15435: 15232: 15089: 15042: 14940: 14891: 14865: 14843: 14683: 14663: 14607: 14595: 14409: 14244: 14156: 14081: 13306: 13268: 13192: 13187: 12754: 12522: 11924: 11844: 11768: 11518: 11473: 11463: 11428: 11407: 11369: 11350: 11340: 11325: 11313: 11278: 11247: 11225: 11215: 11196: 11177: 10888: 10795: 10668: 10629: 10596: 10576: 10545: 10224: 10197: 10172: 10132: 9965: 9935: 9908: 9878: 9857: 9806: 9776: 9749: 9520: 9495: 9468: 9374: 9151: 9118: 9086: 8847: 8800: 8757: 8674: 8333: 8183: 8152: 8098: 8071: 7974:

http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/qa-happened-algeria-harkis-150531082955192.html

7929: 7879: 7724: 7697: 7670: 7643: 7616: 7541: 7516: 7491: 7352: 7282: 7248: 7146: 7125: 7090: 7025: 6998: 6883: 6779: 6739: 6712: 6675: 6646: 6615: 6570: 5981: 5969: 5897: 5872: 5834: 5827: 5811: 5605: 5184:

Camp de Thol, one of the French concentration camps for Algerians used during the war

4866: 4680: 4671: 4579: 4391: 4224: 4059:, believed to be too pro-French Algeria, and granting the Minister of Information to 4056: 3807: 3734: 3720:

Electrified barriers along the entire length of Algeria's eastern and western borders

3638: 3550: 3322: 3205: 3085: 2733: 2556: 2422:; the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to 2373: 2325: 1924: 1841: 1833: 1753: 1682: 1564: 1054: 938: 826: 569: 522: 17019: 16690: 10664:

Military Occupations in the Age of Self-Determination: The History Neocons Neglected

6193: 5539: 5422: 4421:. Total casualties in these three incidents were 326 killed and wounded amongst the 4241: 3784: 3439:

determinedly sought to have the men responsible for her husband's death prosecuted.

2908: 2400: 2355:"), the conflict led to serious political crises in France, causing the fall of the 1044: 731: 424: 18302: 18009: 17974: 17944: 17939: 17914: 17723: 17609: 17535: 17359: 17189: 17158: 17145: 16805: 16730: 16660: 16645: 16625: 16572: 16355: 16350: 16330: 16280: 16270: 16097: 16062: 16047: 15996: 15725: 15665: 15505: 15164: 15144: 14853: 14795: 14789: 14756: 14736: 14726: 14575: 14376: 14368: 13994: 13523: 13388: 13348: 13338: 13326: 13301: 13283: 12965: 11919: 11912: 11530: 11305: 11270: 11152: 11107: 10876: 10783: 10584: 9853: 9247: 9074: 8884: 8788: 8143:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

7533: 7402: 7211: 6341: 6321: 6171: 6098: 6080: 5650: 5114: 5076: 5052: 4834:) who fought as auxiliaries on the French side. Some of these were veterans of the 4591: 4362:

communities. On 7 February 1962, the OAS attempted to assassinate Culture Minister

4165: 4149: 4100: 4060: 3623:. Armed with shotguns and using guerrilla tactics similar to those of the FLN, the 3490: 3373: 3122: 2904: 2834: 2725:, began to nurture the desire for independence or, at the very least, autonomy and 2537: 2122: 1865: 1777: 1719: 1616: 962: 942: 918: 862: 806: 701: 627: 573: 545: 499: 471: 410: 366: 328: 12764: 11966: 10383: 9993: 9172:"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" 8646:"'My father was tortured and murdered in Algeria. At last France has admitted it'" 8304: 7804:"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" 5512: 5084: 4587: 4462: 4370: 4363: 4265: 3893: 3617:(blue caps)—also recruited and trained bands of loyal Muslim irregulars, known as 2520:

in June 1830. In following years the conquest spread to the interior. Directed by

2437: 2381: 2048: 18353: 18322: 18317: 18162: 18102: 18049: 17979: 17959: 17934: 17924: 17825: 17703: 17451: 17024: 16880: 16870: 16855: 16835: 16820: 16795: 16740: 16505: 16473: 16365: 16325: 16087: 16082: 16022: 15963: 15695: 15573: 15400: 15365: 15273: 15268: 14992: 14886: 14560: 14493: 14483: 14448: 14404: 14391: 14343: 14186: 14131: 13982: 13977: 13685: 13588: 13311: 13169: 12975: 12759: 12667: 12406: 12304: 11818: 11670: 11390: 11274: 11019: 10993: 10972: 10960: 10953: 10934: 10837: 10810: 10699: 10692: 10425: 10406: 10378: 10285: 10166: 10095: 10079: 10061: 10026: 9718: 8792: 8650: 8618:

Cohen, William (2002). "The Algerian War, the French State and Official Memory".

8549: 8278: 8237: 7980: 7610: 7582:"The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria (1954–1962)" 7443: 6531: 6517: 6446: 6353: 6257:. The movie is often known in English by its French name's translation, "Hidden". 6228: 6110: 6105: 6094: 5778: 5726: 4989: 4973: 4954: 4772: 4745: 4676: 4088: 3792: 3683: 3369: 3184: 3150: 3118: 2874: 2737: 2712: 2506: 2346: 2198: 2038: 1997: 1985: 1912: 1905: 1849: 1785: 1761: 1543: 1288: 1049: 1004: 671: 651: 342: 324: 83: 14987: 10880: 8271: 8230: 8011:"Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – Liberty, Equality and Colony" 6816:

The French Experience in Algeria, 1954–62: Blueprint for U.S. Operations in Iraq

6245: 5613:, the delegate Minister for Equal Opportunities, wrote an autobiographic novel, 5562: 5527:

on 23 February 2005 that asserted that colonialism had overall been "positive".

4299: 3706: 1072: 18358: 18197: 18092: 18087: 18054: 18044: 18034: 18004: 17929: 17919: 17800: 17728: 17623: 17498: 16850: 16775: 16765: 16760: 16620: 16360: 16149: 16072: 15800: 15705: 15455: 15395: 15027: 14945: 14848: 14808: 14778: 14678: 14633: 14111: 14061: 13725: 13690: 13680: 13461: 13393: 13179: 12935: 12583: 12008: 11632: 11615: 11237: 10841: 10588: 9628:"Chirac hails Algerians who fought for France", The Telegraph 26 September 2001 9438:"Inside the Battle of Algiers: Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter – Book Review" 9350: 9171: 9078: 8715: 7803: 7345:

Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000).

6771: 6498: 6488: 6410: 6250: 5864: 5822: 5756: 5498: 5462: 5343: 5258: 5235: 5196: 5118: 5095: 5040: 5028: 4970: 4966: 4910: 4875: 4607: 4552: 4548: 4522: 4307: 4303: 4219:

rebellion occurred in December 1960, which led de Gaulle to dissolve the FNAF.

4204: 4068: 3952:

Convinced that de Gaulle had betrayed them, some units of European volunteers (

3885: 3754: 3486: 3481:

Algiers: Muslim quarters (green), European quarters (orange), terrorist attacks

3442: 3408: 3377: 3330: 3209: 2928:

region (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria), killing, for example, Tunisian activist

2823: 2708: 2529: 2469: 1980: 1937: 1857: 1658: 1637: 1535: 1108: 974: 882: 691: 467: 114: 11092:(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Gillo Pontecorvo, director, 10787: 6872: 5570: 3771:

Recurrent cabinet crises focused attention on the inherent instability of the

3637:

or smaller size units, attached to French battalions, in a similar way as the

3497:, simultaneously placed bombs at three sites including the downtown office of 2754:, also a member of the Communist Party and of its affiliated trade union, the 18452: 18363: 17989: 17969: 17904: 17856: 17770: 17304: 17014: 16860: 16755: 16720: 16705: 16665: 16207: 16037: 15775: 15685: 15548: 15528: 15415: 15176: 15154: 15119: 14698: 14693: 14648: 14570: 14530: 14279: 14066: 13847: 12400: 12163: 11317: 11282: 11229: 11111: 10693:

Colonialism Through the School Books – The hidden history of the Algerian war

10549: 10255: 9000: 8813: 8720: 6909:

The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed.

6396: 6382: 6136: 6131: 5622: 5433: 5367: 5294: 5200: 5130: 5069: 5056: 5048: 4839: 4831: 4753: 4705: 4599: 4355: 4228:

against the use of torture and the war, the opponents to the war created the

4124: 4084: 3655: 3505: 3428: 3126: 2929: 2396: 2108: 1817: 1423: 898: 686: 656: 623: 607: 439: 406: 395: 380: 254: 13404: 12848: 11404:

The invention of decolonization: the Algerian War and the remaking of France

11354: 9904:

The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Middle Eastern and North African History

9297:

La guerre d'Algérie revisitée : nouvelles générations, nouveaux regards

9101:

The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France

5968:,453 pages. La Découverte (15 September 2004). Collection: Cahiers libres. ( 5948: 5542:. Chirac finally had the law repealed by a complex institutional mechanism. 5449:

in World War II, which many French historians found to be very unpalatable.

5160:

In 2018 France officially admitted that torture was systematic and routine.

4559:(Third-Worldist) begun to vocally support the struggle of Algeria; the 1955 18398: 18039: 17899: 17894: 17676: 17628: 17371: 16800: 16750: 16680: 16670: 16524: 16512: 16499: 16305: 16132: 15633: 14881: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14286: 14096: 11690: 11541: 11449: 11394: 11195:. Oxford : New York: Clarendon Press ; Oxford University Press. 10030: 8490: 8465: 8010: 7348:

The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action

6876:

Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62: Experiences, Images, Testimonies

6466: 6456: 6438: 6424: 6361: 6348: 6203: 6150: 5791:

Beograd: Prosveta; Beograd: Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta, 1967.

5746: 5634: 5414: 5145: 5110: 4977: 4906: 4838:

who participated in the liberation of France during World War II or in the

4701: 4575: 4544: 4537: 4529: 4494: 4248:

trade-union, UNEF trade-union, etc., which supported de Gaulle against the

4153: 4035:

Beside Pierre Lagaillarde, Jean-Baptiste Biaggi was also imprisoned, while

3862: 3810:

in a bloodless action. Subsequently, preparations were made in Algeria for

3518: 3459:

considered him a traitor. Nevertheless, in his speech when he received the

3446: 3138: 3068: 3029: 2793: 2786: 2751: 2633: 2395:

The planned French withdrawal led to a state crisis. This included various

661: 636: 434: 11537:

Algeria celebrates 50 years of independence – France keeps mum RFI English

11012: 10321:"L'accablante confession du général Aussaresses sur la torture en Algérie" 9251: 7458: 7215: 5928:

Translations may be available for some of these works. See specific cases.

5915: 3944:

Barricades in Algiers, January 1960. The banner reads: "Long live Massu" (

3796: 3745:

The French Army shifted its tactics at the end of 1958 from dependence on

3566:, and other mountainous areas around Constantine and south of Algiers and 3099: 2572: 1510: 18014: 17871: 17718: 17713: 17659: 17638: 17221: 16845: 16450: 16420: 16275: 16265: 16164: 16027: 15820: 15309: 15139: 15124: 14935: 14783: 14751: 14638: 14453: 14358: 14297: 14101: 13568: 12127: 11683: 11658: 10507:"France Resets African Relations: a Potential Lesson for President Trump" 8665:

Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Grill, Beth; Dunigan, Molly (2013),

8512:"Algiers: a city where France is the promised land – and still the enemy" 8136: 6274: 6070: 5610: 5497:

The Algerian War remains a contentious event. According to the historian

5458: 5351: 5098:

denounced acts of torture in Algeria on 6 December 1951, in the magazine

4847: 4658: 4647: 4624: 4540:, had every interest in pushing France to give Algeria its independence. 4406: 4295: 4015: 3702: 3694: 3597: 3400: 3110: 3095: 2775: 2716: 2543:

In 1834, Algeria became a French military colony. It was declared by the

2493: 2430: 2343:

Effectively started by members of the FLN on 1 November 1954, during the

2070: 2060: 1769: 1096: 1029: 842: 711: 666: 587: 485: 8631: 7512:

The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam

7406: 6026:(1960). "La guerre d'Algérie" ("The War in Algeria", 1961, Grove Press). 4921:

which is considered by some historians to have been a cause of the war.

2392:

in Algeria, where 99.72% voted for independence and just 0.28% against.

17949: 17866: 17861: 17790: 16604: 16315: 16285: 16239: 16154: 16122: 16114: 16057: 15745: 15460: 15149: 15037: 14643: 13902: 12533: 11164: 10581:

Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines

10463: 9607:

Les combattants musulmans de la guerre d'Algérie: des soldats sacrifiés

7534:

Ruud van Dijk; William Glenn Gray; Svetlana Savranskaya (13 May 2013).

7437:

https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2018-2-page-25.htm

6210: 5047:

in small cells (some of which were small enough to impede lying down),

5044: 4858: 4662: 4654: 4096: 3678: 3663: 3646: 3593: 3498: 3494: 3396: 3250: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3142: 3105: 2970: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2920: 1629: 1034: 15258: 11424:

The first helicopter war: logistics and mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962

8673:, Detailed Insurgency Case Studies, RAND Corporation, pp. 75–93, 7143:

America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror

6127:

by Jacques Panijel (1961). The title translates to "October in Paris".

5894:

Architecture of Counterrevolution. The French Army in Northern Algeria

5704:

Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rushes Interview Pied-Noir, ORTF, July 1, 1962

4784:"ultras" when rallying the European community to their hardcore line. 3753:

missions against FLN strongholds. In 1959, Salan's successor, General

3677:(ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists had as its mission to carry out 3427:." Another case that attracted much media attention was the murder of 3212:) aimed at improving economic conditions among the Muslim population. 2721: 2621:

to Jews living in one of the three Algerian departments. In 1881, the

17633: 16900: 16745: 16594: 16567: 16380: 16335: 16244: 16212: 16192: 16184: 15513: 15303: 14056: 14041: 11717: 10304: 10080:

Des guerres d'Indochine et d'Algérie aux dictatures d'Amérique latine

8840:

Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons From Other Countries

6023: 5658: 5578: 5427: 4733:

regiment. Zouave regiments were mostly composed of European settlers.

4696: 4533: 4502:, the French Minister of the Interior, sent 600 soldiers to Algeria. 4269: 4169: 4075:, was named Minister of Defense, and dissolved the Fifth Bureau, the 3583:

troops in Algeria. Although the elite airborne infantry units of the

3477: 3166: 3045: 2914: 2726: 2329: 1825: 1793: 1611: 1577: 17063: 11156: 10740:: Myth, Metaphor and Memory in the French Cinema of the Algerian War 10476:"France admits systematic torture during Algeria war for first time" 7925:

The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend

5696:

see Benjamin Stora's comments on their politically-oriented creation

5148:, a torture center where Algerians were murdered. Bigeard qualified 4413:(an 80% Muslim unit with French officers) opened fire on a crowd of 3225: 3084:(ALN), the military wing of the FLN, subsequently wiped out the MNA 2945: 2625:

made the discrimination official by creating specific penalties for

2418:

committed during the war included massacres of civilians, rape, and

18373: 18082: 17578: 17493: 16479: 16320: 16217: 16092: 15911: 15815: 14955: 14813: 14267: 14106: 12861: 12798: 12746: 11743: 11309: 10986: 10451: 10430: 10351:"Guerre d'Algérie: le général Bigeard et la pratique de la torture" 10066: 6566:

Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism

6061: 5856: 5674: 5535: 4914: 4518: 4488: 4470:

Strategy of internationalisation of the Algerian War led by the FLN

3291: 3137:

of the population, but here too, violent coercion was widely used.

2589: 1809: 1801: 1724: 1714: 676: 71: 15599:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

10831:

Bringing down the barriers – people's memories of the Algerian War

5644: 5515:, others point out that massacres of harkis and the kidnapping of 5062:

During the war, the French military relocated entire villages to

4980:

and expressed approval of Castro's demands for the abandonment of

4886: 3649:

in support of their intelligence collection. U.S. military expert

3559: 16425: 16310: 16300: 16249: 15790: 14535: 14071: 12892: 9517:

From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence

6279: 5852: 5710:

Cinq Colonnes à la une, Rétrospective Algérie, ORTF, June 9, 1963

5565:. Thus, many are not surprised that the first to speak about the 5386: 5126: 5105: 4861:, Minister for Algerian Affairs, gave orders to this effect. The 4528:

Firstly, the FLN exploited the tensions between the American-led

4458: 4103:

to support the fight. The officers were initially trained in the

3870: 3866: 3803: 3802:

On May 24, French paratroopers from the Algerian corps landed on

3634: 3563: 3424: 3171: 3072: 2925: 2924:(Red Hand) group, which targeted anti-colonialists in all of the 2812:(UDMA) in 1946 and was elected as a deputy. Founded in 1954, the 2800:) in 1938. In 1943, Abbas wrote the Algerian People's Manifesto ( 2700: 2369: 2333: 2317: 1621: 1527: 1215:~1,500,000 total Algerian deaths (Algerian historians' estimate) 11013:"Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France – False memory" 10865:

history class: teaching about torture during the Algerian war".

5980:), 539 pages. Sudamericana; Édition: Translatio (October 2005) ( 4878:

made efforts to recognize the suffering of these former allies.

3697:, commanding the French Army in Algeria, instituted a system of 3052:, where he formally joined the FLN. This action brought in many 2532:" policy designed to reduce the power of the native rulers, the 17391: 16493: 16295: 16234: 15169: 11176:. Modern wars in perspective. London ; New York: Longman. 10997: 10987:

The French Army and Torture during the Algerian War (1954–1962)

10289: 10279:

The French Army and Torture During the Algerian War (1954–1962)

10114: 10107:

THE FRENCH ARMY AND TORTURE DURING THE ALGERIAN WAR (1954–1962)

9465:

Inside the Battle of Algiers: Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter

6295: 5914:

Currently being translated into English by Dubravka Juraga at:

5670: 5550: 4894:

thanking for the safe return of a son from Algeria, August 1958

4843: 4730: 4710: 4475: 4120: 3601: 3311: 3158: 2584: 2309: 1582: 1572: 1241: 1146: 1067: 999: 985: 969: 957: 933: 909: 893: 877: 853: 837: 821: 797: 781: 765: 749: 11526:

French President Charles De Gaulle and the Six-Year War (1960)

11193:

Images of the Algerian War: French fiction and film, 1954-1992

10309:

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: France and Algeria, 1954–1962

8559:, French governmental site – URL accessed on February 17, 2007 5665:(slaughter by smoke inhalation) of the Darha caves in 1844 by 5594: 5027:

Massacres and torture were frequent from the beginning of the

4874:

that France has not fully resolved—although the government of

18177: 16978: 16934:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

16440: 16223: 14302: 12197: 11049: 11046:

Chroniques d'un massacre. 8 mai 1945. Sétif, Guelma, Kherrata

6264: 5996: 5993:

Chroniques d'un massacre. 8 mai 1945. Sétif, Guelma, Kherrata

5569:

were music bands, including hip-hop bands such as the famous

4822: 4813: 4749: 4571: 4434:

community and led to a massive surge of support for the OAS.

3990: 3619: 3514: 3388: 3365: 3146: 3049: 3037: 2883: 2696: 2441: 2065: 10275:

La torture et l'armée pendant la guerre d'Algérie, 1954–1962

9669:"France admits torture during Algeria's war of independence" 8951: 7570:, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139 6294:(2007). Scenario by Patrick Rotman which depicts the use of 4543:

Secondly, the FLN could count on Third World support. After

2629:

and organising the seizure or appropriation of their lands.

2547:

to be an integral part of France and was divided into three

17548: 16518: 16400: 14292: 14236: 9596:

Philippe Denoix, "Harkis" in Encyclopædia Universalis, 2010

8667:"Algerian Independence, 1954–1962: Case Outcome: COIN Loss" 8556: 8005: 6674:. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. 4797: 4106:

Centre d'instruction et de préparation à la contre-guérilla

3928: 3567: 3044:(PCA) maintained a friendly neutrality toward the FLN. The 105:(7 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 4 days) 12039: 10168:

Identity in Algerian Politics: The Legacy of Colonial Rule

9900: 9491:

We Are No Longer in France: Communists in Colonial Algeria

8287:(LDH), August 25, 2004 – URL accessed on January 17, 2007 7994:

Paris Between Empires - Monarchy and Revolutions 1814–1852

6671:

France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative

6595:

Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962)

5136:

Bigeard's justification of torture has been criticized by

4808: 16973: 16953: 16948: 12025: 11490:

The thirteenth of May: the advent of De Gaulle's Republic

9371:

A Soldier and a Woman: Sexual Integration in the Military

8360:. Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche. 7996:, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2003 (2001), pp. 231–232. 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 6607: 6472:

History of the Armée de l'Air in the colonies (1939–1962)

6453:

who worked for FLN, draft dodgers, etc., to make false ID

5654: 4397:

Following the cease fire, tensions developed between the

4390:

National Assembly. Cairns wrote that the fulminations of

4116:

Centre d'entraînement à la guerre subversive Jeanne-d'Arc

2533: 2510: 2426:. Upon independence in 1962, 900,000 European-Algerians ( 11090:

Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain

9392: 9390: 8972: 8246:(LDH), March 6, 2005 – URL accessed on January 17, 2007 5781:, Journal 1955–1962, University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 4498:), and the insurrection all but subsided. Nevertheless, 3592:

ambulance and cargo carrier, French forces utilized the

2588:

law in personal matters and was widely considered to be

12833:

List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830

9989:"Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?" 8260:

Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation

6810: 6808: 6278:

by Laurent Herbier (2007). The title translates to "My

5014: 4942: 4780:"), repurposing a slogan first coined years earlier by 4690: 3577: 10131:. New York Review (published 2006). pp. 198–200. 9639:"France returns Algerian remains as nations mend ways" 8664: 8301:"Interpretation of President Wilson's Fourteen Points" 7483: 7305: 5690:

Note: concerning the audio and film archives from the

5253:

French North African Operations medal, 11 January 1958

4232:(Assembly of the Democratic Left), which included the 4119:(Center of Training to Subversive War Joan of Arc) in 18484:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

11962:

1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination

11368:(1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University press. 9387: 9368: 8948:"Accueil – CVCE Website - French Army audio archives" 4567:. The French government grew more and more isolated. 3850:

extremists), through whom a solution might be found.

9931:

The Eloquence of Silence: Algerian Women in Question

8886:

St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper

8742:"The French Army: From Indochina to Chad, 1946–1984" 8411:"UQAM | Guerre d'Indochine | ALGERIAN WAR" 7867: 7865: 7122:

Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z

6805: 6372: 5741:

St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper

4913:

attributes at least 100,000 deaths in what he calls

4055:. De Gaulle also modified the government, excluding 3829:

understood you"). De Gaulle raised the hopes of the

1219:~400,000 total deaths (French historians' estimate) 9961:

Les crimes de l'armée française: Algérie, 1954-1962

9957: 6196:(1972). The title translates to "The Algerian War". 5391:

Modern Algeria: Origins and Development of a Nation

4869:estimate that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 4409:in Algiers. A week later, French soldiers from the 3713:, the ALN failed to penetrate these defence lines. 3545:During 1956 and 1957, the FLN successfully applied 3455:newspaper. The FLN considered him a fool, and some 3337:. Lacoste saw the assembly, which was dominated by 3215: 2868:In the early morning hours of 1 November 1954, FLN 2695:(such regiments were created as early as 1842) and 2320:winning its independence from France. An important 1217:~1,000,000 total Algerian deaths (Horne's estimate) 18188:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 11529:is available for free viewing and download at the 9792: 9139: 8883: 8140: 7921: 7666:West Germany, Cold War Europe and the Algerian War 7662: 7615:. University of California Press. pp. 68–69. 6562: 5826: 5731:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency 5492: 5321: 5051:and into the sea with concrete on their feet, and 4482:at this time, victory seemed extremely difficult. 4246:Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens 4131:to "let the affair die of its own, in serenity" (" 3517:" or a "public order operation" had turned into a 3362:French Air Force intercepted a Moroccan DC-3 plane 2399:attempts on de Gaulle as well as some attempts at 27:1954–1962 war of Algerian independence from France 11336:History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria 10971:of the Bénisti report given to Interior Minister 9951: 9798: 9369:De Groot, Gerard; Peniston-Bird, Corinna (2000). 9065:Cairns, John (1962). "Algeria: The Last Ordeal". 8329:Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders 8272:les tirailleurs, bras armé de la France coloniale 7871: 7862: 7573: 7453: 7451: 6732:Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (25 March 2022). 5937:, La Découverte, coll. "Textes à l'appui", Paris. 5326:One of the first books about the war in English, 5172:Algerian woman sexually abused by the French Army 4148:(FEN, Federation of Nationalist Students) around 18450: 16919:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 11497: 11096:(Criterion: Special Three-Disc Edition, 2004)". 11040:Bancel, Blanchard and Lemaire (op.cit.) quote ** 11034: 10621: 10158: 9426:. Vol. 33 No. 3 (Summer 2010) pp. 445–474, p.445 9103:Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008 page 183. 7840:"Ombres et lumières de la révolution algérienne" 7770: 7320:"France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on" 6920: 6020:(1970) and many others, more recent (see entry). 5978:Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/ the Death Squadron 4133:laissez mourir l'affaire d'elle même en sérénité 4099:'s strategic doctrine and acquired knowledge of 3787:, bringing together dissident army officers and 3749:to the use of mobile forces deployed on massive 2516:On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the 15356:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 14763:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 10954:Analyse de la version finale du rapport Benisti 10826: 10824: 10822: 10574: 9762: 9001:"Référendum sur l'autodétermination en Algérie" 8776: 8744:. In Beckett, Ian F. W.; Pimlott, John (eds.). 8231:le code de l'indigénat dans l'Algérie coloniale 7963:Évian accords, Chapitre II, partie A, article 2 7612:France, the United States, and the Algerian War 7602: 7082: 6800:Les combatants musulmans de la guerre d'Algérie 6735:Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution 6706: 6174:(1966). It was banned in France for five years. 6121:. The title translates to "The Little Soldier". 5821: 5645:French recognition of historical use of torture 5090:Torture was also used by both sides during the 4584:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic 4276:referendum on the self-determination of Algeria 4022:, and with Jean-Jacques Susini, he created the 3859:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic 2765:(1871–1940) acknowledged some demands, and the 1233:Over 2 million Algerians resettled or displaced 11006: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10667:. Praeger Security International. p. 48. 10090:(LDH, Human Rights League), 10 January 2007. 9768: 8131: 8129: 7635: 7515:. University of California Press. p. 81. 7448: 6731: 6638: 5751:Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice 4547:, many new states were created in the wave of 3760: 3675:Organization of the French Algerian Resistance 2415: 18218:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 17665:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 17594: 17079: 14252: 13434: 13420: 12877: 12853: 12260: 11631: 11557: 11519:Algerian Independence Archive at marxists.org 10223:. University of Illinois Press. p. 272. 9927: 9843: 8382: 8262:, Amsterdam University Press, 2009, pp. 94–95 8226: 8224: 8179:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987 8066:. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). 7608: 7508: 7490:. Oxford University Press. pp. 263–277. 6556: 6034:Treillis au djebel- Les Piliers de Tiahmaïne 6004:La Guerre d'Algérie. Histoire d'une déchirure 5770:Treillis au djebel – Les Piliers de Tiahmaïne 5389:and French colonialism in Algeria, published 4953:After Algeria's independence was recognised, 4574:helped to rebuild the ALN to 20 000 men. The 2403:. Most of the former were carried out by the 2324:, it was a complex conflict characterized by 2275: 1257: 16995:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 14546:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 13449: 11571: 11099:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10819: 10372:Torture Bigeard: " La presse en parle trop " 10055:Henri Pouillot, mon combat contre la torture 9514: 8973:Jean-Paul Sartre; Henri Curiel; et al. 8746:Armed Forces & Modern Counter-Insurgency 8711: 8709: 8489: 8358:"Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945)" 7875:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set 7716: 7459:"Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change" 7276: 7274: 7204:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 7161: 7159: 6632: 6525: 5720: 5063: 5003: 4234:French Section of the Workers' International 3056:who had supported the UDMA in the past. The 2528:, the conquest was violent and marked by a " 2501:The decision to capture Algiers was made by 2428: 2404: 2344: 60: 54: 15856:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 11406:. Ithaca (N.Y.): Cornell university press. 10681: 9896: 9894: 9413:Vol. 69 No. 3 (Fall 2002) p. 889-911, p.890 8993: 8126: 7999: 7669:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170. 7242: 7240: 7238: 6645:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. 6263:by Alain Tasma (2006). The title refers to 5595:Socioeconomic situation of French Algerians 4776:pieds-noirs was "a suitcase or a coffin" (" 4083:, including the use of torture. During the 3641:by the U.S. in Vietnam. A third use was an 3351:National Council of the Algerian Revolution 3157:, those independent representatives of the 2849: 2822:(National Liberation Army) to engage in an 2640:of 7 March 1944 and later confirmed by the 2636:, equality of rights was proclaimed by the 2328:and war crimes. The conflict also became a 17601: 17587: 17086: 17072: 16959:United States involvement in regime change 14514:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 14259: 14245: 13427: 13413: 12884: 12870: 12267: 12253: 11564: 11550: 11493:. New York : Oxford University Press. 10769: 9983: 9981: 9831:Frontiersmen: Warfare In Africa Since 1950 9364: 9362: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 8881: 8875: 8846:. Strategic Studies Institute. p. 8. 8460: 8458: 8221: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7911: 5617:, about his experiences while living in a 5603:in 1963, 43% of French Algerians lived in 3091:Union Syndicale des Travailleurs Algériens 3034:Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto 2810:Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto 2792:On the other hand, the nationalist leader 2756:Confédération générale du travail unitaire 2282: 2268: 1264: 1250: 12193:Defectors from the French army to the ALN 11361: 11332: 11289: 10860: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10191: 9691: 9112: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 8706: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8355: 7656: 7629: 7579: 7430: 7428: 7271: 7156: 7017: 6997:. New York Review of Books. p. 358. 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6778:. Cornell University Press. p. 101. 6702: 6700: 5438:massacre of between 100 and 200 Algerians 5228: 5059:, sleep deprivation and sexual assaults. 4439:referendum on the independence of Algeria 3888:, whose elite paratrooper unit fought at 3266:Learn how and when to remove this message 2986:Learn how and when to remove this message 2576:(Indigenous Code) was implemented by the 18504:Resistance to the French colonial empire 18298:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 18228:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 18193:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 11243:A savage war of peace: Algeria 1954-1962 11064:, coll. "Textes à l'appui", Paris, 1994 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10216: 10196:(in French). Paris: Terra. p. 127. 10129:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962 9958:Pierre VIDAL-NAQUET (20 November 2014). 9907:. Oxford University Press. p. 261. 9891: 9870: 9822: 9332: 9312: 9264: 9146:. New York : Viking Press. p. 8966: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8832: 8830: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8356:Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (21 March 2008). 8351: 8349: 8175: 8097:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. 8070:. Oxford University Press. p. 356. 8061: 7642:. Cornell University Press. p. 87. 7568:Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie 7235: 6995:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6707:Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). 6241:. The title translates to "Black Night". 6060: 5829:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 5549:. Hence, there is only one reference to 5288: 5248: 5125:, which had been disguised as suicides. 5018: 4885: 4826:, from the Algerian-Arabic dialect word 4807: 4721: 4623: 4320: 3939: 3715: 3705:(named for the French defense minister, 3528: 3476: 3329:Soustelle's successor, Governor General 3277: 3104: 3008: 2997: 2864:Algerian rebel fighters in the mountains 2859: 2671: 2600: 2492: 18464:20th-century military history of France 18173:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 18158:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 15085:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 12807:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition 12598:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871) 12542:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830) 12518:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846) 11498:Servan-Schreiber, Jean Jacques (1957). 11420: 11401: 11260: 11171: 11086: 10736:France At War In the Twentieth Century 9978: 9828: 9772:A Savage War of Peace Algeria 1954-1962 9359: 8736: 8538: 8536: 8455: 8135: 8068:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies 7908: 7710: 7351:. Oxford University Press. p. 38. 7338: 7200:"Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962" 7197: 6139:(1962). "Muriel" is a character's name. 5966:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française 5553:in a French textbook, one published by 5075:A notable instance of rape was that of 4976:, requesting more aid for Algeria with 4230:Rassemblement de la gauche démocratique 4181:Front national pour l'Algérie française 4172:" movement. The FEN then published the 4168:, who would theorize in the 1980s the " 3109:The six historical Leaders of the FLN: 2841:(rather than a colony), by French law. 2668:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition 2651: 1181:25,600 to 30,000 French soldiers killed 14: 18451: 18168:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 16929:Russian espionage in the United States 15201:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12838:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt 11462: 11382: 11214:. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. 11209: 11142: 10903:"Français, histoire - Écoles, collège" 10746: 10660: 10535: 9734: 9539: 9435: 9355:La torture pendant la guerre d'Algérie 9279: 9064: 9019: 8509: 8090: 7850:from the original on 29 September 2017 7589:University of North Carolina Asheville 7425: 7388: 7076: 6857: 6839:from the original on 29 September 2017 6697: 6462:France and weapons of mass destruction 5947:(first tome, 1990; second tome, 1998; 5761:O Mon Pays Perdu: De Bou-Sfer a Tulle. 5335:, by the retired British Army officer 5199:'s troops were accused of practicing " 4551:: in 1945 there were 51 states in the 4145:Fédération des étudiants nationalistes 4032:and the French government in Algeria. 3964:, café owner Joseph Ortiz, and lawyer 2478: 2316:(FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to 18514:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars 17582: 17093: 17067: 16924:Soviet espionage in the United States 15080:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 14859:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 14524:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 14240: 14034: 13800: 13643: 13516: 13408: 12865: 12852: 12812:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People 12248: 12079:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria 11545: 11486: 11469:Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor 11448: 11236: 10808: 10773: 10714: 10504: 10331:from the original on 4 September 2015 10126: 9901:Jens Hanssen; Amal N. Ghazal (2020). 9346: 9344: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9308: 9306: 9294: 9237: 9231: 9222: 9188:from the original on 31 December 2018 9137: 8981:from the original on 20 November 2019 8905: 8894: 8836: 8827: 8617: 8562: 8346: 7820:from the original on 31 December 2018 7752:"Document officiel des Nations Unies" 7689: 7663:Mathilde Von Bulow (22 August 2016). 7293:from the original on 17 February 2021 7259:from the original on 17 February 2021 6992: 6951: 6829:"Algérie : Une guerre d'appelés" 6770: 6044:Histoire intérieure du FLN 1954–1962 5945:La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents 5795: 5763:Paris: Librarie Artheme Fayard, 1969. 5538:, particularly referring to the 1945 5267:La Guerre d'Algérie par les documents 4453:During the summer of 1962, a rush of 3935: 3658:in Algiers was the Fifth Bureau, the 3355:Comité de Coordination et d'Exécution 3304:the massacre of Pieds-Noirs civilians 3153:ordered the liquidation of potential 2308:) was a major armed conflict between 1245: 17608: 17506:Things named after Charles de Gaulle 17000:Soviet Union–United States relations 15351:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 13858:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) 12891: 12566:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833) 12554:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832) 12441:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha 12283:Conflicts between France and Algeria 12229: 11190: 10733: 10642:from the original on 23 October 2022 10603:from the original on 7 November 2022 10237:from the original on 23 October 2022 10217:Beauvoir, Simone de (15 July 2012). 10164: 10145: 9679:from the original on 1 December 2020 9649:from the original on 1 December 2020 9564: 9487: 9462: 9213:, vol. 13, no. 6, 1982, pp. 382–386. 8533: 8325: 8176:Bennoune, Mahfoud (22 August 2002). 7465:from the original on 3 November 2016 7413:from the original on 13 October 2022 7379:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7326:from the original on 7 December 2017 7145:, Cambridge University Press, 2014 ( 7064:from the original on 1 December 2022 7018:Beigbeder, Yves (1 September 2006). 6764: 6611:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities 6608:Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). 6057:List of films about the Algerian War 5916:Zdravko Pečar: Alžir do nezavisnosti 5121:and the head of the FLN in Algiers, 5015:French atrocities and use of torture 4943:Lasting effects in Algerian politics 4691:Exodus of the Pieds-Noirs and Harkis 3956:) in Algiers led by student leaders 3783:. By early 1958, he had organized a 3578:French counter-insurgency operations 3466: 3435:as his widow aided by the historian 3248:adding citations to reliable sources 3219: 2968:adding citations to reliable sources 2939: 2796:founded the Algerian Popular Union ( 2518:French attacked and captured Algiers 88:Collage of the French war in Algeria 18539:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 18208:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 17429:Union of Democrats for the Republic 16964:Soviet involvement in regime change 13873:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) 13863:Second Madagascar expedition (1895) 11263:Journal for the Study of Radicalism 11071:Aux origines de la guerre d'Algérie 10996:, Raphaëlle Branche, Université de 10536:Samuel, Henry (15 September 2018). 10288:, Raphaëlle Branche, Université de 9609:, Editions L'Harmattan, 1995, p.124 9481: 9179:Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien 8940: 8391:from the original on 10 August 2020 8326:Lane, A. Thomas (1 December 1995). 7811:Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien 7693:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History 7639:Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History 7477: 7222:from the original on 13 August 2016 6521: 6494:List of French governors of Algeria 6221:"Deserter" by Martin Huberty (2002) 5956:Aux origines de la guerre d'Algérie 5887:Algeria: a revolution that failed. 5800: 5585:Henceforth, Benjamin Stora stated: 5486:Une Vie Debout: Mémoires Politiques 5475:Services spéciaux Algérie 1955–1957 5104:, rhetorically asking, "Is there a 5049:throwing detainees from helicopters 4419:killing between 50 and 80 civilians 3445:writer, philosopher and playwright 2758:(CGTU), joined the following year. 2247:List of people on stamps of Algeria 137:Independence of Algeria from France 55: 24: 18148:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 17670:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 17005:Soviet Union–United States summits 14479:1947 Polish parliamentary election 14364:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 12342: 11442: 11212:Pacification in Algeria, 1956-1958 11136: 10846:Institut national de l'audiovisuel 10277:, Paris, Gallimard, 2001 See also 9578:from the original on 19 April 2007 9341: 9321: 9303: 8695:from the original on 21 March 2023 8510:Hussey, Andrew (27 January 2013). 8196:from the original on 28 March 2024 8147:. Yale University Press. pp. 8111:from the original on 28 March 2024 7942:from the original on 28 March 2024 7892:from the original on 26 March 2023 7744: 7509:Robert Malley (20 November 1996). 7375:Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. 7124:, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 ( 6776:Algeria 1830-2000: A Short History 6752:from the original on 26 March 2023 5922: 5889:London: Pall mall Press Ltd, 1966. 5692:Institut national de l'audiovisuel 3929:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 3673:domestic intelligence agency. The 3610:Section Administrative Spécialisée 25: 18:War crimes during the Algerian War 18550: 18213:Palestine Liberation Organization 17169:French Military Mission to Poland 15766:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 15701:United States invasion of Grenada 14971:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 14912:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 13833:French conquest of Senegal (1854) 11775:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris 11507: 11174:The wars of French decolonization 11129:Library of Congress Country Study 10575:Arthur Grosjean (10 March 2014). 10001:from the original on 25 June 2005 9488:Drew, Allison (1 November 2014). 9444:from the original on 28 July 2020 9007:from the original on 26 July 2011 8417:from the original on 25 July 2020 8364:from the original on 9 April 2018 7758:from the original on 27 June 2020 6899:from the original on 8 April 2021 6882:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. 6711:. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. 6539:(and sometimes in Algeria as the 6356:(2014). Based on the short story 6162:, translates to "The Centurions". 5871:London: Osprey Publishing, 1997. 5244: 5152:'s revelations, published in the 4596:Palestine Liberation Organization 4255: 3295:Rebellion Spreads in North Africa 2844: 2816:(FLN) created an armed wing, the 2750:("North African Star"), to which 2359:(1946–58), to be replaced by the 1149:(pro-French Algerian auxiliaries) 18427: 18426: 18153:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 17836:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 17563: 17562: 15841:United States invasion of Panama 15691:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 15331:1971 Turkish military memorandum 15294:Communist insurgency in Thailand 15264:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 15196:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 15023:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 14951:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 14469:Restatement of Policy on Germany 14222:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) 13913:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) 13853:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) 13746:Burma–France relations (1729–56) 12276: 12228: 12218: 12217: 11455:Resistance, Rebellion, and Death 11080: 10980: 10967:(LDH, Human Rights League), and 10947: 10921: 10895: 10868:Modern & Contemporary France 10854: 10802: 10654: 10615: 10568: 10529: 10498: 10486:from the original on 17 May 2023 10468: 10440: 10412: 10393: 10365: 10343: 10313: 10298: 10264: 10249: 10210: 10185: 10120: 10100: 10073: 10048: 10013: 9921: 9864: 9858:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00844.x 9837: 9728: 9704: 9661: 9631: 9622: 9612: 9599: 9590: 9533: 9508: 9436:Vlazna, Vacy (9 November 2017). 9400:. London: Routledge, 1994 p. 120 8914:from the original on 15 May 2018 8906:Shatz, Adam (21 November 2002). 8718:, "Avoir 20 ans en Kabylie", in 8383:Ngoc H. Huynh (5 January 2016). 8023:from the original on 2 June 2020 7784:from the original on 4 July 2017 7377:Algeria: France's Undeclared War 7365:from the original on 21 May 2024 7198:Meynier, Gilbert (15 May 2024). 7178:from the original on 14 May 2021 7103:from the original on 21 May 2024 7038:from the original on 21 May 2024 6431: 6417: 6403: 6389: 6375: 6332:(2011). French documentary film. 5810:, New York: Enigma Books, 2010, 5342:In 1977, the British journalist 5216: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5043:of pregnant women, imprisonment 4661:planted three bombs: one in the 4613: 3981:("the week of barricades"). The 3524: 3224: 3216:After the Philippeville massacre 2944: 2592:. Its first article stipulated: 1509: 1271: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1066: 998: 984: 968: 956: 932: 908: 892: 876: 852: 836: 820: 796: 780: 764: 748: 602: 592: 582: 564: 554: 529: 508: 490: 480: 462: 445: 438: 429: 419: 401: 394: 385: 375: 357: 347: 337: 319: 291: 275: 236: 220: 202: 190: 178: 82: 17796:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 16561:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 15942:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15871:Fall of the inner German border 15771:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 15421:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 15411:Spanish transition to democracy 15371:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 14998:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 14504:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 14385:Occupation of the Baltic states 14087:Tunisian independence (1952–56) 13868:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) 13706:French and Indian War (1754–60) 10742:. Berghahan Books. p. 144. 10556:from the original on 1 May 2019 10517:from the original on 1 May 2019 9721:, Guy Pervillé, page 157-68 in 9552:from the original on 6 May 2021 9456: 9429: 9416: 9403: 9333:Bouchène, Abderrahmane (2014). 9288: 9273: 9265:Bouchène, Abderrahmane (2014). 9258: 9225:Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie 9216: 9203: 9164: 9131: 9117:. Pygmalion. pp. 425–426. 9106: 9093: 8926: 8807: 8770: 8730: 8658: 8638: 8503: 8483: 8480:, January 10, 2007, n°4498, p.7 8443:from the original on 9 May 2015 8429: 8403: 8376: 8319: 8293: 8265: 8252: 8208: 8169: 8084: 8055: 7986: 7966: 7957: 7832: 7796: 7683: 7557: 7484:Matthew James Connelly (2002). 7382: 7135: 7115: 7050: 7011: 6930:Texas International Law Journal 6914: 6866: 6851: 6821: 6511: 5954:Rey-Goldzeiguer, Annie (2001). 5684: 5493:Continued controversy in France 5366:, Iraqi-born British historian 5322:English-language historiography 5010:Torture during the Algerian War 4340:Talks with the FLN reopened at 4215:and Jean-Marie Le Pen. Another 4071:, who had been a member of the 3824:Presidency of Charles de Gaulle 3686:, equipped by the French Army. 3645:role, with some reported minor 3235:needs additional citations for 2955:needs additional citations for 1187:50,000 Harkis killed or missing 18489:Civil wars of the 20th century 18238:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 18000:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 15341:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 14976:Mozambican War of Independence 14415:Indonesian National Revolution 14137:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) 14077:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) 13968:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) 13721:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 12817:Declaration of 1 November 1954 12615:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871) 12296:Declaration of 1 November 1954 11813:Declaration of 1 November 1954 10776:The Journal of African History 10738:A la recherche du soldat perdu 10505:Genin, Aaron (30 April 2019). 9964:. La Découverte. p. 118. 8724:n°324, October 2007, pp.28–29 8387:. University of Pennsylvania. 8332:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 8182:. Cambridge University Press. 7846:(in French). 1 November 1982. 7609:Irwin M. Wall (20 July 2001). 7168:"Algeria: War of independence" 6792: 6725: 6662: 6601: 6586: 6569:. Lexington Books. p. 1. 6237:by Alain Tasma (2005). On the 6117:because some scenes contained 5861:, New York: Prager Publishers. 5561:students, those passing their 5358:In a 1977 column published in 4949:History of Algeria (1962–1999) 4717: 4047:dissolved, as well as General 2888:declaration of 1 November 1954 2856:Declaration of 1 November 1954 2685:1954 film about French Algeria 2540:and 92,329 dying in hospital. 2368:After major demonstrations in 2234:List of wars involving Algeria 1190:6,000 European civilian deaths 39:List of wars involving Algeria 13: 1: 16939:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 15954:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 15907:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 15629:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 15594:Seven Days to the River Rhine 15326:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 14613:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 14541:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 14202:First Indochina War (1946–54) 13953:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) 12334:Bombardment of Algiers (1688) 12329:Bombardment of Algiers (1683) 12324:Bombardment of Algiers (1682) 12319:French-Algerian War 1681–1688 11935:Proposed partition of Algeria 11427:. Westport (Conn.): Praeger. 11297:The Journal of Modern History 11073:, La Découverte, Paris, 2001. 10357:. 4 July 2000. Archived from 8062:Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). 7280: 7246: 6550: 6337:Ce que le jour doit à la nuit 6018:La Torture sous la République 5360:The Times Literary Supplement 5293:As the war was officially a " 5203:", whose victims were called 4881: 4274:De Gaulle convoked the first 4222:After the publication of the 3333:, a socialist, abolished the 3081:Armée de Libération Nationale 2819:Armée de Libération Nationale 2463: 18183:Federation of Arab Republics 18143:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 18133:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 17734:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 17682:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 15932:Fall of communism in Albania 15902:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 15851:Polish Round Table Agreement 15191:1968 Polish political crisis 15008:Eritrean War of Independence 14774:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 14669:East German uprising of 1953 14601:Chinese Communist Revolution 14266: 14015:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 13599:King William's War (1689–97) 12026:Effects in Algerian politics 11421:Shrader, Charles R. (1999). 11275:10.14321/jstudradi.13.2.0001 10171:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 9802:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 9725:(No. 19), automne 1996. 9546:Illinois Wesleyan University 9515:Whaley Eager, Paige (2016). 8793:10.1080/01402390412331302635 8780:Journal of Strategic Studies 7696:. Cornell University Press. 7537:Encyclopedia of the Cold War 7089:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–272. 7086:A Military History of Africa 6738:. Univ of California Press. 6079:(1966) by Italian filmmaker 6002:Slama, Alain-Gérard (1996). 5669:to the 1945 riots in Sétif, 5405: 5140:, archbishop of Strasbourg, 4236:(SFIO) socialist party, the 4197:Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour 4087:(1947–54), officers such as 3817: 3306:by the FLN near the town of 2833:France, which had just lost 2802:Manifeste du peuple algérien 2306:Algerian War of Independence 7: 18308:Flag of the Arab Federation 18138:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 18128:Arab Socialist Action Party 15806:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 15534:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 15279:Corrective Movement (Syria) 15243:New People's Army rebellion 15238:Sino-Soviet border conflict 14966:Angolan War of Independence 14829:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 14709:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 14354:Jamaican political conflict 14082:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) 13908:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) 13781:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) 13696:King George's War (1744–48) 12372:Invasion of Algiers in 1830 11641:Algerian popular resistance 10965:Ligue des droits de l'homme 10881:10.1080/0963948042000196379 10088:Ligue des droits de l'homme 9997:(in French). 24 June 2000. 9494:. Oxford University Press. 8882:Leulliette, Pierre (1964). 8464:"Alger-Bagdad", account of 8007:Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison 7928:. Peter Lang. p. 179. 7922:Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010). 6814:Major Gregory D. Peterson, 6563:Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). 6526: 6368: 6184:Avoir 20 ans dans les Aurès 6156:Mark Robson (film director) 5896:, gta Verlag, Zürich 2017. 5806:Aussaresses, General Paul. 4284:Mouvement national algérien 4199:(who later competed in the 3761:Fall of the Fourth Republic 3729:(1957–60) during which the 3541:1956 newsreel about the war 3473:Battle of Algiers (1956–57) 3343:National Assembly of France 3076:Mouvement National Algérien 3016:(right), the leader of the 2526:Governor-General of Algeria 2228:Military history of Algeria 10: 18555: 18479:Public holidays in Algeria 18279:On the Way of Resurrection 18272:The Battle for One Destiny 18203:Lebanese National Movement 17644:Third International Theory 17479:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle 17424:Rally of the French People 17387:1965 presidential election 17111:Names and terms of address 16002:Sino-Indian border dispute 15831:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 15761:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 15519:1976 Argentine coup d'état 15431:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 15381:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 15065:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 15033:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 14722:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 14489:Asian Relations Conference 13963:French conquest of Vietnam 13676:Queen Anne's War (1702–13) 13124:People's National Assembly 12941:Nationalism and resistance 12476:Battle of Boudouaou (1840) 12453:First Battle of the Issers 12425:French conquest of Algeria 12356:French conquest of Algeria 12177:Organisation armée secrète 12118:Algerian National Movement 11840:Hijacking of the FLN plane 11599:French conquest of Algeria 11487:Maier, Charles S. (1968). 11383:Sartre, Jean-Paul (1968). 11246:. New York: Viking Press. 11121: 10589:10.4000/criminocorpus.2676 10039:Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc 9934:. Routledge. p. 122. 9877:. Routledge. p. 137. 9799:David P. Forsythe (2009). 9519:. Routledge. p. 109. 9317:. Oxford University Press. 9313:Connelly, Matthew (2002). 9280:Westad, Odd Warne (2007). 9113:Montagnon, Pierre (2012). 9079:10.1177/002070206201700201 8824:, Flammarion, 1999, p. 174 8548:February 19, 2007, at the 8047:Bibliothèque de la Pléiade 7872:Kevin Shillington (2013). 7196:Meynier's work cited was: 7153:, lire en ligne ), p. 184. 6802:, L'Harmattan, 1995, p.125 6477:Independence Day (Algeria) 6265:ethnically Algerian French 6158:(1966). The French title, 6054: 5859:in the French-Algerian War 5396: 5007: 4946: 4617: 4417:demonstrators in Algiers, 4259: 4201:1965 presidential election 4067:(French broadcasting TV). 4025:Organisation armée secrète 3821: 3764: 3470: 3067:, the veteran nationalist 3063:After the collapse of the 2890:written by the journalist 2853: 2798:Union populaire algérienne 2744:. In 1926, he founded the 2665: 2655: 2485:French conquest of Algeria 2482: 2467: 2407:Organisation armée secrète 36: 29: 18422: 18331: 18288: 18256: 18233:Unified Political Command 18123:Arab Nationalist Movement 18068: 18020:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 17880: 17849: 17816:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 17687:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 17652: 17616: 17558: 17514: 17469: 17437: 17414: 17345: 17297: 17220: 17188: 17179: 17128: 17119: 17101: 17038: 16987: 16909: 16886:William Appleman Williams 16831:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 16613: 16585: 16534: 16466: 16459: 16393: 16258: 16183: 16113: 16106: 16015: 15962: 15894: 15607: 15346:Bangladesh Liberation War 15336:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 15251: 15223:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 15211:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 14874: 14649:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 14626: 14336: 14274: 14214: 14187:Franco-Thai War (1940–41) 14124: 14027: 13983:Sino-French War (1884–85) 13978:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) 13925: 13898:Río de la Plata (1838–40) 13885: 13793: 13738: 13726:Santo Domingo (1795–1809) 13668: 13636: 13616: 13561: 13509: 13479: 13442: 13436:French colonial conflicts 13366: 13292: 13244: 13235: 13165: 13156: 13072: 13063: 12993: 12984: 12903: 12859: 12854:Links to related articles 12825: 12797: 12745: 12656: 12581: 12532: 12447:First Battle of Boudouaou 12422: 12353: 12340: 12302: 12289: 12215: 12185: 12136: 12106:National Liberation Front 12098: 12091: 12048:1 November 1954 Stadiums 11987: 11954: 11905: 11887:Killing of Saadia Mebarek 11870: 11794: 11787: 11736: 11724:Sétif and Guelma massacre 11587: 11580: 11362:McDougall, James (2017). 11333:McDougall, James (2006). 11290:McDougall, James (2017). 11172:Clayton, Anthony (1994). 10937:, presided by the deluty 10788:10.1017/S0021853700026402 10622:Michael Burleigh (2013). 10094:30 September 2007 at the 9871:Hannibal, Travis (2013). 9829:Clayton, Anthony (2001). 9744:. HarperCollins. p. 9701:, PUF, 2007, p. 115. 9540:Rohlof, Caroline (2012). 9424:French Historical Studies 7878:. Routledge. p. 60. 7778:"référendum 1962 Algérie" 7540:. Routledge. p. 16. 7389:Hobson, Faure L. (2009). 7132:, lire en ligne ), p. 86. 6921:Katherine Draper (2013). 6862:. Routledge. p. 137. 6858:Travis, Hannibal (2013). 6093:(1958). Egyptian film by 5991:Mekhaled, Boucif (1995). 5869:The Algerian War 1954–62. 5743:, Houghton Mifflin, 1964. 5721:Contemporary publications 5577:) or politically-engaged 5333:The Algerian Insurrection 5004:Atrocities and war crimes 4919:Sétif and Guelma massacre 4803: 4620:Women in the Algerian War 4604:African National Congress 4578:competed with China, and 4521:and the emergence of the 4336:about the 1962 cease fire 4318:for the rest of the war. 4174:Manifeste de la classe 60 4081:counter-revolutionary war 3971:La semaine des barricades 3892:in 1954, told journalist 3767:May 1958 crisis in France 3461:Nobel Prize in Literature 2814:National Liberation Front 2806:Sétif and Guelma massacre 2699:; and French settlers as 2662:Sétif and Guelma massacre 2314:National Liberation Front 2241:Postal history of Algeria 2180:Insurgency in the Maghreb 2003:Sétif and Guelma massacre 1281: 1206: 1161: 1151:1.5 million men mobilized 1129: 310: 168: 92: 81: 69: 50: 18474:20th-century revolutions 17741:1952 Egyptian revolution 17484:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize 15661:1980 Turkish coup d'état 15496:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 15466:1978 Somali coup attempt 15426:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 15391:1973 Chilean coup d'état 15216:Revolutionary Government 15110:South African Border War 14902:1960 Turkish coup d'état 14819:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 14674:1953 Iranian coup d'état 14654:1952 Egyptian revolution 14062:Volta-Bani War (1915–16) 13926:Asia & Pacific Ocean 13681:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) 12603:Battle of Naciria (1871) 12506:Second Assault of Dellys 12123:Algerian Communist Party 12111:National Liberation Army 11892:Charonne subway massacre 11749:Decolonisation of Africa 11389:. Boston: Beacon Press. 11112:10.1177/0305829808093770 11018:26 December 2019 at the 10628:. Penguin. p. 226. 10192:Bernardot, Marc (2008). 10127:Horne, Alistair (1977). 9723:Confluences Méditerranée 9605:General Maurice Faivre, 9572:"Alger Panse Ses Plaies" 9398:The Eloquence of Silence 9373:. Longman. p. 247. 9282:La guerre froide globale 9223:Stora, Benjamin (1993). 9138:Horne, Alistair (1978). 9003:. Université Perpignan. 8950:. ena.lu. Archived from 8908:"The Torture of Algiers" 8837:Cline, Lawrence (2005). 7690:Stora, Benjamin (2004). 7083:Stapleton, T.J. (2013). 6993:Horne, Alistair (1978). 6936:(3): 576. Archived from 6709:The Algerian War 1954–62 6527:al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah 6504: 6329:La Valise ou le Cercueil 6192:, a documentary film by 6073:starred and co-produced 6050: 5912:Algeria to Independence. 5808:The Battle of the Casbah 5575:les Arabes dans la Seine 5547:French secondary schools 5299:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 5065:centres de regroupements 4996:broke out in the 1990s. 4778:La valise ou le cercueil 4668:Algerian Communist Party 3910:Col. Bigeard (July 1959) 3836:Vive l'Algérie française 3808:taking the French island 3521:accompanied by torture. 3042:Algerian Communist Party 3018:National Liberation Army 3003:National Liberation Army 2886:, the FLN broadcast the 2850:Beginning of hostilities 2782:Parti du peuple algérien 2336:, with repercussions in 1230:8,000 villages destroyed 1224:1 million Europeans fled 1040:Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury 717:Mohammed Seddik Benyahia 707:Mohamed Lamine Debaghine 76:decolonisation of Africa 30:Not to be confused with 18394:Palestinian nationalism 18313:Flag of the Arab Revolt 17806:1966 Syrian coup d'état 17786:1963 Syrian coup d'état 17766:1961 Syrian coup d'état 15866:Fall of the Berlin Wall 15811:People Power Revolution 15796:Central American crisis 15736:1986 Black Sea incident 15386:1973 Afghan coup d'état 15284:Western Sahara conflict 15095:1966 Syrian coup d'état 15018:1963 Syrian coup d'état 14961:Portuguese Colonial War 14924:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 14689:1954 Syrian coup d'état 14566:Annexation of Hyderabad 14509:1947–1949 Palestine war 14197:South Vietnam (1945–46) 14067:Kaocen revolt (1916–17) 13995:Second Opium War (1860) 13988:North Vietnam (1886–96) 13973:North Vietnam (1873–74) 13776:East Indies (1793–1801) 13711:North America (1778–83) 13579:North America (1627–29) 13569:Beaver Wars (1609–1701) 12926:Medieval Muslim Algeria 12627:Battle of Issers (1871) 12459:First Assault of Dellys 12172:Front Algérie Française 11825:Battle of Philippeville 11210:Galula, David (2006) . 11069:Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer, 11030:(in English and French) 10933:8 December 2006 at the 10861:McCormack, J. (2004). " 10710:(in English and French) 9805:. OUP USA. p. 37. 9769:Alistair Horne (2012). 9440:. Palestine Chronicle. 8051:(in English and French) 8049:, 1991, pp 704 and 705. 7979:7 November 2017 at the 7780:. france-politique.fr. 7636:Benjamin Stora (2004). 6639:Yves Beigbeder (2006). 6614:. Rodopi. p. 117. 6186:by René Vautier (1972). 6180:by Michel Drach (1970). 5958:, La Découverte, Paris. 5629:and made by the deputy 5029:colonization of Algeria 4853:In 1962, around 90,000 4816:in uniform, summer 1961 4679:. Drif was pardoned by 4643:Eveline Safir Lavalette 4411:4th Tirailleur Regiment 4238:Radical-Socialist Party 4101:convince the population 3600:. The French also used 3423:and the torture by the 3155:interlocuteurs valables 2901:Radical-Socialist Party 2771:Blum-Viollette proposal 2524:, who became the first 2497:Battle of Somah in 1836 2489:Pacification of Algeria 2254:History of North Africa 2054:Independence referendum 1993:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1137:40,000 civilian support 18524:Wars involving Algeria 18469:20th-century conflicts 17821:1969 Libyan revolution 17699:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 17527:Operation Resurrection 17365:Algiers putsch of 1961 17266:Provisional Government 17261:Brazzaville Conference 17239:Empire Defense Council 16160:Neoclassical economics 15671:Gulf of Sidra incident 15228:1969 Libyan revolution 14919:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 14704:1954 Geneva Conference 14464:Turkish straits crisis 14459:Corfu Channel incident 14132:Boxer Rebellion (1901) 14097:Cameroon War (1955–64) 14092:Algerian War (1954–62) 14010:Leewards War (1888–97) 13808:Indian Ocean (1809–11) 13686:Dummer's War (1721–25) 13589:Carib Expulsion (1660) 12471:Battle Of Ammal (1840) 12389:Second Battle of Blida 12347: 12292:Ministry of Mujahideen 11757:Brazzaville Conference 11472:. Simon and Schuster. 11402:Shepard, Todd (2006). 10661:Gannon, James (2008). 10462:February 19, 2010, at 10377:June 24, 2005, at the 9928:Marnia Lazreg (1994). 8689:10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.16 8620:Réflexions Historiques 8091:Jalata, Asafa (2016). 7194: 7024:. BRILL. p. 198. 6535: 6306:by Mehdi Charef (2007) 6255:Paris massacre of 1961 6239:Paris massacre of 1961 6084: 5941:Jauffret, Jean-Charles 5789:Alžir do nezavisnosti. 5609:(shanty towns). Thus, 5592: 5567:Paris massacre of 1961 5508: 5308:French Socialist Party 5261:on the war, including 5254: 5229:Algerian use of terror 5064: 5033:Paris massacre of 1961 5024: 4895: 4892:Notre-Dame de la Garde 4817: 4734: 4700:(including indigenous 4683:on the anniversary of 4629: 4337: 4308:General Edmond Jouhaud 4304:General Maurice Challe 4262:Algiers putsch of 1961 4138:The opposition of the 4007: 3949: 3917:French Communist Party 3913: 3812:Operation Resurrection 3721: 3693:Late in 1957, General 3643:intelligence gathering 3542: 3482: 3421:destruction of Oradour 3298: 3141:, a psychiatrist from 3133: 3025: 3006: 2935: 2865: 2804:). Arrested after the 2742:French Communist Party 2686: 2610: 2599: 2498: 2474:French colonial empire 2429: 2405: 2345: 1536:Iberomaurusian Culture 682:Ahmed Tewfik El Madani 311:Commanders and leaders 227:French Fourth Republic 151:Fourth French Republic 142:French colonial empire 61: 56:ثورة التحرير الجزائرية 18529:Wars involving France 18509:Separatism in Algeria 18379:Jordanian nationalism 18113:Arab Islamic Republic 18108:Arab Higher Committee 17985:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 17965:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 17776:North Yemen civil war 17709:Arab–Israeli conflict 17489:Fifth French Republic 17256:Casablanca Conference 17010:Russia–NATO relations 16891:Jonathan Reed Winkler 16175:Democratic capitalism 16170:Supply-side economics 16138:American conservatism 15937:Breakup of Yugoslavia 15826:Bougainville conflict 15741:South Yemen civil war 15676:Martial law in Poland 15539:Nicaraguan Revolution 15514:Dirty War (Argentina) 15321:1971 JVP insurrection 15135:Years of Lead (Italy) 15013:North Yemen civil war 14931:Berlin Crisis of 1961 14907:Albanian–Soviet split 14839:1959 Tibetan uprising 14804:Syrian Crisis of 1957 14659:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 14519:1948 Arab–Israeli War 14112:Bizerte crisis (1961) 13943:Philippines (1844–45) 13893:West Indies (1804–10) 13848:Ivory Coast (1883–98) 13771:East Indies (1778–83) 13701:Nova Scotia (1749–55) 13691:Natchez revolt (1729) 13651:West Africa (1758–63) 13584:West Indies (1635–59) 13457:South Carolina (1562) 13087:Council of the Nation 12782:De Lamoricière Treaty 12593:Battle of Alma (1871) 12512:Battle of Sidi Brahim 12413:Battle of Constantine 12395:Massacre of El Ouffia 12383:First Battle of Blida 12346: 12002:French Fifth Republic 11979:Algerian independence 11500:Lieutenant in Algeria 11191:Dine, Philip (1994). 11094:The Battle of Algiers 11025:Le Monde diplomatique 10939:Jacques-Alain Bénisti 10836:July 5, 2007, at the 10734:Dine, Philip (2000). 10705:Le Monde diplomatique 10698:22 April 2019 at the 10511:The California Review 10482:. 13 September 2018. 10165:Hill, J.N.C. (2009). 9846:International Affairs 9717:22 April 2022 at the 9295:Kadri, Aïssa (2015). 9252:10.3917/mond.121.0159 9142:A Savage War of Peace 9067:International Journal 8496:Wretched of the Earth 8468:'s film documentary, 8258:Gianluca P. Parolin, 8039:Travail sur l'Algérie 8035:Alexis de Tocqueville 8016:Le Monde diplomatique 7844:Le Monde diplomatique 7717:Pervillé, G. (2012). 7461:. countrystudies.us. 7287:Table 14.1 B; row 694 7253:Table 14.1 B; row 664 7216:10.3917/rhmc.504.0205 7189: 7172:Mass Atrocity Endings 6178:Elise ou la vraie vie 6167:The Battle of Algiers 6076:The Battle of Algiers 6064: 6008:Découvertes Gallimard 5772:Yellow Concept, 2004. 5631:Jacques-Alain Bénisti 5587: 5503: 5364:A Savage War of Peace 5348:A Savage War of Peace 5289:Lack of commemoration 5263:Jean-Charles Jauffret 5252: 5022: 5008:Further information: 4889: 4811: 4725: 4685:Algerian independence 4627: 4332: 4152:, a former member of 4111:Jacques Chaban-Delmas 4077:psychological warfare 4002: 3943: 3902: 3719: 3711:Battle of the borders 3660:psychological warfare 3540: 3480: 3360:In October 1956, the 3289: 3108: 3012: 3001: 2863: 2747:Étoile Nord-Africaine 2732:Within that context, 2684: 2666:Further information: 2604: 2594: 2496: 2160:High Council of State 1940:(19th–20th centuries) 1901:Emirate of Beni Abbas 1888:(16th–19th centuries) 1592:Archeology of Algeria 1162:Casualties and losses 243:French Fifth Republic 157:Fifth French Republic 155:Establishment of the 18534:Wars of independence 18519:Separatism in France 18499:Rebellions in Africa 18414:Tunisian nationalism 18384:Lebanese nationalism 18344:Egyptian nationalism 18339:Algerian nationalism 18243:United Arab Republic 18118:Arab Liberation Army 18098:Arab Ba'ath Movement 17955:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 17459:Vive le Québec libre 17402:Later life and death 17271:Liberation of France 17205:Battle of Montcornet 17200:4th Armored Division 16431:Non-Aligned Movement 16053:Peaceful coexistence 16007:North Borneo dispute 15922:German reunification 15917:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 15615:Salvadoran Civil War 15564:Grand Mosque seizure 15559:Yemenite War of 1979 15451:Mozambican Civil War 15406:Carnation Revolution 15361:Yemenite War of 1972 15299:1970 Polish protests 15130:1967 Hong Kong riots 15105:Argentine Revolution 15055:Guatemalan Civil War 14983:Cuban Missile Crisis 14897:Bay of Pigs Invasion 14769:1956 Poznań protests 14747:Geneva Summit (1955) 14349:Hukbalahap Rebellion 14328:Non-Aligned Movement 13604:Santo Domingo (1691) 12648:Capture of Touggourt 12494:Battle of Beni Mered 12465:Siege of Constantine 12314:Djidjelli expedition 12019:1962 Algerian crisis 12014:Aftermath in Algeria 11930:Manifesto of the 121 11914:Communauté française 11646:Algerian nationalism 11514:Algerian War Reading 11365:A history of Algeria 10812:A Scattering of Dust 10809:Greer, Herb (1962). 10361:on 19 February 2010. 9741:My Battle of Algiers 9467:. Just World Books. 9463:Drif, Zohra (2017). 8654:. 16 September 2018. 8471:La Bataille d'Algers 8045:, Paris, Gallimard, 6943:on 7 November 2016. 6483:Manifesto of the 121 6303:Cartouches Gauloises 6268:military auxiliaries 6144:Commando (1962 film) 6090:Jamila, the Algerian 6036:Yellow Concept 2004. 6014:Vidal-Naquet, Pierre 6006:, Gallimard, coll. " 5976:) (Spanish transl.: 5962:Robin, Marie-Monique 5933:Benot, Yves (1994). 5627:Philippe de Villepin 5532:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 5328:A Scattering of Dust 5211:), "Bigeard shrimp". 5150:Louisette Ighilahriz 5053:burying people alive 4959:Benyoucef Ben Khedda 4300:General André Zeller 3995:Boulevard Laferrière 3966:Jean-Baptiste Biaggi 3954:Unités Territoriales 3739:population transfers 3244:improve this article 3022:President of Algeria 2964:improve this article 2897:Pierre Mendès France 2658:Algerian nationalism 2652:Algerian Nationalism 2545:Constitution of 1848 2365:win hearts and minds 1710:Early African Church 1691:Prefecture of Africa 1675:Kingdom of the Aurès 1025:Pierre Mendes-France 37:For other uses, see 18404:Sahrawi nationalism 17761:1959 Mosul uprising 17694:Great Syrian Revolt 17532:Order of Liberation 17210:Battle of Abbeville 16876:Alex von Tunzelmann 16866:Vladimir Tismăneanu 16791:Thomas J. McCormick 16786:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 16686:Robert Hugh Ferrell 16549:Crusade for Freedom 16346:Illiberal democracy 16230:Ho Chi Minh Thought 16033:Eisenhower Doctrine 15886:Peaceful Revolution 15881:Romanian Revolution 15861:Revolutions of 1989 15846:1988 Polish strikes 15756:Operation INFEKTION 15751:1987 Lieyu massacre 15656:Eritrean Civil Wars 15639:Peruvian Revolution 15589:1979 Herat uprising 15579:Sino-Vietnamese War 15544:Uganda–Tanzania War 15524:Egyptian–Libyan War 15491:Third Indochina War 15486:Sino-Albanian split 15476:Ethiopian Civil War 15376:Eritrean Civil Wars 15316:Ping-pong diplomacy 15289:Cambodian Civil War 15115:Korean DMZ Conflict 15100:Cultural Revolution 15070:Dominican Civil War 15048:Tlatelolco massacre 14834:1959 Mosul uprising 14824:1958 Lebanon crisis 14551:Al-Wathbah uprising 14474:First Indochina War 14444:Iran crisis of 1946 14057:Zaian War (1914–21) 14042:Wadai War (1906–11) 13818:Algeria (1835–1903) 13766:Vietnam (1777–1820) 13716:Caribbean (1778–83) 12946:War of Independence 12641:Capture of Palestro 12500:Battle of the Smala 12366:Shipwreck of Dellys 12155:Commandos de Chasse 12149:French Armed Forces 11763:First Indochina War 11604:Invasion of Algiers 11058:Massacres coloniaux 11000:, 18 November 2004 10909:on 17 February 2001 10292:, 18 November 2004 10260:La guerre d'Algérie 10084:Marie-Monique Robin 9738:(31 January 2006). 9699:La Guerre d'Algérie 9073:(2 Spring): 87–88. 8890:. Houghton Mifflin. 8863:on 16 November 2016 8822:DST, Police Secrète 8543:Number given by the 8499:. François Maspero. 8284:Human Rights League 8243:Human Rights League 8216:Code de l'indigénat 7598:on 26 October 2014. 7442:16 May 2022 at the 7407:10.3917/aj.422.0067 7281:Rummel, Rudolph J. 7247:Rummel, Rudolph J. 6292:Florent Emilio Siri 6190:La Guerre d'Algérie 5935:Massacres coloniaux 5601:Metropolitan France 5523:'s creation of the 5479:Pierre Vidal-Naquet 5362:reviewing the book 5259:historical research 5092:First Indochina War 4758:Spanish Inquisition 4727:Commandos de Chasse 4565:UN general assembly 4532:and the Soviet-led 4515:metropolitan France 4500:François Mitterrand 4296:General Raoul Salan 4129:General de Castries 3962:Jean-Jacques Susini 3924:UN General Assembly 3549:in accordance with 3547:hit-and-run tactics 3437:Pierre Vidal-Naquet 3115:Mostefa Ben Boulaïd 2839:Metropolitan France 2828:First Indochina War 2705:Chasseurs d'Afrique 2623:Code de l'Indigénat 2605:Arrival of Marshal 2573:Code de l'indigénat 2479:Conquest of Algeria 2458:Algerians in France 2424:concentration camps 2338:metropolitan France 2302:Algerian Revolution 2300:(also known as the 1918:Barbary Slave Trade 1699:Exarchate of Africa 1667:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 1121:Jean-Jacques Susini 727:Abdelhafid Boussouf 697:Benyoucef Benkhedda 363:Mustapha Benboulaïd 353:Abdelhafid Boussouf 18409:Syrian nationalism 18389:Libyan nationalism 18349:Greater Mauritania 18265:The Arab Awakening 18248:United Arab States 18223:Rejectionist Front 18030:Gamal Abdel Nasser 17841:Yemeni unification 17831:Lebanese Civil War 17811:17 July Revolution 17781:Ramadan Revolution 17756:14 July Revolution 17030:Russian Revolution 16826:Mary Elise Sarotte 16811:William B. Pickett 16736:Patrick J. Hearden 16716:Gabriel Gorodetsky 16711:Timothy Garton Ash 16696:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 16291:Ethnic nationalism 16043:Hallstein Doctrine 15927:Yemeni unification 15716:1985 Geneva Summit 15681:Casamance conflict 15584:New Jewel Movement 15569:Iranian Revolution 15554:Chadian–Libyan War 15501:Cambodian conflict 15481:Lebanese Civil War 15471:Western Sahara War 15446:June 1976 protests 15441:Cambodian genocide 15206:17 July Revolution 15160:Nigerian Civil War 15075:Rhodesian Bush War 15060:Colombian conflict 15003:Ramadan Revolution 14742:Bandung Conference 14618:Operation Valuable 14499:Partition of India 14107:Ifni War (1957–58) 14102:Suez Crisis (1956) 13208:Telecommunications 12770:De Bourmont Treaty 12488:Battle of Mazagran 12377:Battle of Staouéli 12348: 12305:Pre-1830 conflicts 11850:Week of barricades 11830:Soummam conference 11650:Attempted reforms 11464:Gaulle, Charles de 10992:2008-12-11 at the 10959:2007-08-25 at the 10424:2007-11-05 at the 10405:2007-02-09 at the 10284:2007-10-20 at the 10220:Political Writings 10151:Text published in 10117:, 18 November 2004 10070:, 1 November 2004. 10060:2007-10-20 at the 10025:2008-11-28 at the 9211:American Libraries 9115:L'Armee d' Afrique 8954:on 23 October 2006 8477:Le Canard enchaîné 8277:2007-03-14 at the 8236:2007-03-14 at the 6449:(b. 1925), famous 6085: 6010:" (n° 301), Paris. 5796:Other publications 5737:Leulliette, Pierre 5712:(concerning these 5525:law on colonialism 5275:la guerre sans nom 5255: 5081:Simone de Beauvoir 5070:forced into labour 5025: 4992:, until a violent 4986:Houari Boumédiènne 4930:post-war reprisals 4896: 4836:Free French Forces 4818: 4735: 4630: 4628:FLN female bombers 4561:Bandung conference 4338: 4334:Universal Newsreel 4244:(FO) trade union, 4162:François d'Orcival 4113:added to that the 4093:Lionel-Max Chassin 4039:was arrested, and 4018:, who had entered 3958:Pierre Lagaillarde 3950: 3936:Week of barricades 3882:Operation Jumelles 3751:search-and-destroy 3722: 3585:Troupes coloniales 3543: 3483: 3393:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3299: 3180:state of emergency 3134: 3026: 3007: 2866: 2687: 2619:French nationality 2611: 2609:in Algiers in 1857 2499: 2446:many were murdered 2322:decolonization war 2223:Outline of Algeria 2131:Algerian Civil War 1930:Second Barbary War 1886:Regency of Algiers 1454:2nd Ouled Bouachra 1384:1st Ouled Bouachra 1145:90,000 to 180,000 1135:300,000 identified 1085:Pierre Lagaillarde 803:Mohammed Bellounis 722:Lakhdar Ben Tobbal 642:Houari Boumedienne 32:Algerian Civil War 18446: 18445: 18440: 18439: 18369:Iraqi nationalism 18060:Constantin Zureiq 17910:Abdul Rahman Arif 17890:Butrus al-Bustani 17576: 17575: 17542:Trente Glorieuses 17522:French Resistance 17447:Appeal of 18 June 17417:political parties 17410: 17409: 17330:1958 constitution 17293: 17292: 17095:Charles de Gaulle 17061: 17060: 17048:List of conflicts 16896:Rudolph Winnacker 16841:Giles Scott-Smith 16816:Ronald E. Powaski 16771:Melvyn P. Leffler 16701:John Lewis Gaddis 16676:Robert D. English 16641:Warren H. Carroll 16631:Michael Beschloss 16600:Nuclear arms race 16581: 16580: 16487:Neues Deutschland 16389: 16388: 16371:White nationalism 16341:Liberal democracy 16078:Ulbricht Doctrine 16068:Brezhnev Doctrine 15876:Velvet Revolution 15620:Soviet–Afghan War 15436:Angolan Civil War 15233:Goulash Communism 15090:ASEAN Declaration 15043:Mexican Dirty War 14941:Annexation of Goa 14892:1960 U-2 incident 14866:Sino-Soviet split 14844:Laotian Civil War 14684:Bricker Amendment 14664:Mau Mau rebellion 14608:Malayan Emergency 14596:Chinese Civil War 14556:Tito–Stalin split 14410:Division of Korea 14234: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14210: 14209: 14177:Vietnam (1930–31) 14162:Cilicia (1920–21) 14152:Vietnam (1918–21) 14147:Vietnam (1917–18) 14120: 14119: 14072:Rif War (1920–26) 14052:Morocco (1911–12) 14047:Casablanca (1907) 14023: 14022: 13921: 13920: 13881: 13880: 13843:Madagascar (1883) 13813:Algeria (1830–47) 13789: 13788: 13734: 13733: 13664: 13663: 13632: 13631: 13612: 13611: 13557: 13556: 13529:Senegal (1659–77) 13505: 13504: 13475: 13474: 13462:Florida (1562–65) 13402: 13401: 13362: 13361: 13269:List of Algerians 13231: 13230: 13152: 13151: 13134:Political parties 13097:Foreign relations 13059: 13058: 12918:Classical period 12846: 12845: 12755:Desmichels Treaty 12523:Siege of Laghouat 12242: 12241: 12211: 12210: 12137:Anti-independence 12087: 12086: 12074:Martyrs' Memorial 11950: 11949: 11925:FLN football team 11845:Operation Corsica 11835:Battle of Algiers 11783: 11782: 11769:Malagasy Uprising 11732: 11731: 11479:978-0-671-21118-9 11434:978-0-275-96388-0 11413:978-0-8014-4360-2 11375:978-0-521-85164-0 11346:978-0-521-84373-7 11253:978-0-670-61964-1 11221:978-0-8330-3920-0 11202:978-0-19-815875-2 11183:978-0-582-09802-2 10844:published on the 10840:, interview with 10271:Raphaëlle Branche 10194:Camps d'étrangers 10178:978-1-58826-608-8 10138:978-1-59017-218-6 10111:Raphaëlle Branche 10082:, interview with 9971:978-2-7071-8309-5 9914:978-0-19-165279-0 9852:(5): 1015–1029 . 9812:978-0-19-533402-9 9782:978-1-4472-3343-5 9775:. Pan Macmillan. 9755:978-0-06-085224-5 9673:www.aljazeera.com 9157:978-0-670-61964-1 9124:978-2-7564-0574-2 8910:. Algeria-Watch. 8763:978-0-312-04924-9 8750:St Martin's Press 8680:978-0-8330-8109-4 8158:978-0-300-10098-3 8104:978-1-137-55234-1 8077:978-0-19-923211-6 7885:978-1-135-45670-2 7676:978-1-107-08859-7 7547:978-1-135-92311-2 7522:978-0-520-91702-6 7497:978-0-19-514513-7 7322:. 16 March 2012. 7031:978-90-474-1070-6 6835:. 19 March 2012. 6745:978-0-520-35711-2 6681:978-1-78316-585-8 6652:978-90-04-15329-5 6621:978-90-420-2406-9 6576:978-0-7391-0821-5 6541:War of 1 November 6310:Balcon sur la mer 6115:Banned until 1963 5902:978-3-85676-376-3 5840:978-0-670-61964-1 5816:978-1-929631-30-8 5667:Aimable Pélissier 5615:Le Gone du Chaâba 5521:National Assembly 5452:On 15 June 2000, 5271:National Assembly 5205:crevettes Bigeard 4867:French historians 4681:Charles de Gaulle 4677:Barbarossa prison 4672:Raymonde Peschard 4392:Jean-Marie Le Pen 4330: 4225:Manifeste des 121 4213:François Brigneau 4209:Victor Barthélemy 4095:were inspired by 4057:Jacques Soustelle 3735:mountainous areas 3651:Lawrence E. Cline 3647:pseudo-operations 3639:Kit Carson Scouts 3551:guerrilla warfare 3538: 3467:Battle of Algiers 3413:Hubert Beuve-Méry 3335:Algerian Assembly 3323:Jacques Soustelle 3287: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3206:Jacques Soustelle 3014:Houari Boumediène 2996: 2995: 2988: 2734:Khalid ibn Hashim 2682: 2570:(1852–1871), the 2390:second referendum 2384:in March 1962. A 2374:Charles de Gaulle 2326:guerrilla warfare 2312:and the Algerian 2292: 2291: 2204:COVID-19 pandemic 1925:First Barbary War 1894:Ottoman governors 1754:Umayyad Caliphate 1683:Kingdom of Altava 1482: 1481: 1240: 1239: 1227:200,000 Jews fled 1055:Charles de Gaulle 1010: 994: 980: 952: 939:Pierre Jeanpierre 928: 904: 888: 872: 848: 832: 827:Jacques Soustelle 816: 792: 776: 760: 598:Houari Boumédiène 570:Colonel Amirouche 303: 287: 248: 232: 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 18546: 18430: 18429: 18303:Eagle of Saladin 18010:Amin al-Husseini 17975:Faisal I of Iraq 17945:Sultan al-Atrash 17940:Mansur al-Atrash 17915:Abdul Salam Arif 17724:War of Attrition 17610:Arab nationalism 17603: 17596: 17589: 17580: 17579: 17566: 17565: 17536:Resistance Medal 17360:Constantine Plan 17282:Épuration légale 17235:Administrations 17186: 17185: 17165:Interwar period 17159:Battle of Dinant 17126: 17125: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17065: 17064: 16806:David S. Painter 16731:John Earl Haynes 16661:Nicholas J. Cull 16646:Adrian Cioroianu 16626:Thomas A. Bailey 16573:Voice of America 16464: 16463: 16376:White separatism 16356:Social democracy 16351:Guided democracy 16331:Authoritarianism 16281:Ultranationalism 16271:Anti-imperialism 16198:Marxism–Leninism 16111: 16110: 16098:Kinmen Agreement 16063:Johnson Doctrine 16048:Kennedy Doctrine 15964:Frozen conflicts 15947:1991 August Coup 15836:Afghan Civil War 15731:Reykjavík Summit 15726:Somali Rebellion 15666:Ugandan Bush War 15644:Gdańsk Agreement 15165:Protests of 1968 15145:War of Attrition 14854:Cuban Revolution 14790:We will bury you 14757:Cyprus Emergency 14737:Kashmir Princess 14727:Jebel Akhdar War 14576:Western betrayal 14261: 14254: 14247: 14238: 14237: 14212: 14211: 14192:Indochina (1945) 14122: 14121: 14032: 14031: 13923: 13922: 13903:Mexico (1838–39) 13883: 13882: 13798: 13797: 13736: 13735: 13666: 13665: 13641: 13640: 13614: 13613: 13574:Brazil (1612–15) 13559: 13558: 13534:Djidjelli (1664) 13514: 13513: 13497:Brazil (1590–04) 13492:Brazil (1555–67) 13477: 13476: 13447: 13446: 13429: 13422: 13415: 13406: 13405: 13382: 13375: 13242: 13241: 13183: 13163: 13162: 13070: 13069: 13026: 12991: 12990: 12951:1965 coup d'état 12921: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12863: 12862: 12850: 12849: 12790: 12778: 12715:Bab El Bekkouche 12635: 12623: 12611: 12574: 12562: 12550: 12484: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12246: 12245: 12232: 12231: 12221: 12220: 12099:Pro-independence 12096: 12095: 12037: 12036: 11943: 11920:Constantine Plan 11858: 11804: 11792: 11791: 11711: 11629: 11628: 11585: 11584: 11566: 11559: 11552: 11543: 11542: 11531:Internet Archive 11503: 11494: 11483: 11459: 11438: 11417: 11398: 11379: 11358: 11329: 11286: 11257: 11233: 11206: 11187: 11168: 11116: 11115: 11084: 11078: 11052:, Paris, 1995 ** 11038: 11032: 11031: 11010: 11004: 11003: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10925: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10905:. Archived from 10899: 10893: 10892: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10848:archive website 10828: 10817: 10816: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10771: 10744: 10743: 10731: 10712: 10711: 10690: 10679: 10678: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10472: 10466: 10458: 10455:, June 22, 2000 10444: 10438: 10437: 10434:, July 15, 2000 10416: 10410: 10397: 10391: 10390: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10317: 10311: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10268: 10262: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10214: 10208: 10207: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10162: 10156: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10124: 10118: 10113:, Université de 10104: 10098: 10077: 10071: 10052: 10046: 10045:archive website 10035:Jacques Duquesne 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9985: 9976: 9975: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9898: 9889: 9888: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9732: 9726: 9708: 9702: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9635: 9629: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9433: 9427: 9420: 9414: 9407: 9401: 9396:Lazreg, Marnia. 9394: 9385: 9384: 9366: 9357: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9337:. La Découverte. 9330: 9319: 9318: 9310: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9277: 9271: 9270: 9269:. La Découverte. 9262: 9256: 9255: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9227:. La Découverte. 9220: 9214: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9187: 9176: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9145: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9062: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8977:. marxists.org. 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8903: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8862: 8856:. Archived from 8845: 8834: 8825: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8734: 8728: 8727: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8671:Paths to Victory 8662: 8656: 8655: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8615: 8560: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8522: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8487: 8481: 8462: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8353: 8344: 8343: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8303:. Archived from 8297: 8291: 8290: 8269: 8263: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8228: 8219: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8146: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8116: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8043:Œuvres complètes 8032: 8030: 8028: 8003: 7997: 7990: 7984: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7919: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7897: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7808: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7723:. Armand Colin. 7714: 7708: 7707: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7591:. Archived from 7586: 7577: 7571: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7530: 7505: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7455: 7446: 7432: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7244: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7163: 7154: 7139: 7133: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7015: 7009: 7008: 6990: 6949: 6948: 6942: 6927: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6881: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6803: 6798:General Faivre, 6796: 6790: 6789: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6605: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6560: 6544: 6536:Guerre d'Algérie 6529: 6523: 6522:الثورة الجزائرية 6515: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6342:Alexandre Arcady 6322:Rachid Bouchareb 6172:Gillo Pontecorvo 6099:Djamila Bouhired 6081:Gillo Pontecorvo 5883:Arslan Humbaraci 5844: 5832: 5801:English-language 5779:Feraoun, Mouloud 5767:Maignen, Etienne 5727:Trinquier, Roger 5651:Paul Aussaresses 5513:Évian Agreements 5412:Hauptsturmführer 5337:Edgar O'Ballance 5220: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5123:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 5115:Paul Aussaresses 5077:Djamila Boupacha 5067: 4938: 4592:Matthew Connelly 4588:Evian agreements 4331: 4291:generals' putsch 4166:Alain de Benoist 4150:Dominique Venner 4061:Louis Terrenoire 4037:Alain de Sérigny 3980: 3911: 3844: 3539: 3491:Djamila Bouhired 3415:, the editor of 3382:Hocine Aït Ahmed 3374:Mohammed Boudiaf 3288: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3228: 3220: 3131:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 3123:Mohammed Boudiaf 3024:, during the war 2991: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2948: 2940: 2892:Mohamed Aïchaoui 2835:French Indochina 2736:, a grandson of 2683: 2642:loi Lamine Guèye 2617:, which granted 2579:sénatus-consulte 2538:killed in action 2522:Marshall Bugeaud 2454: 2434: 2410: 2350: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2249: 2236: 2187:2010s to present 2102:1965 coup d'état 2086:Contemporary era 1952:French governors 1870: 1862: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1814: 1806: 1798: 1790: 1782: 1774: 1766: 1758: 1750: 1720:Fossatum Africae 1703: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1671: 1663: 1655: 1642: 1634: 1626: 1617:Ancient Carthage 1548: 1540: 1532: 1513: 1503: 1485: 1484: 1389:Ath Yahia Moussa 1369:Bab El Bekkouche 1276: 1266: 1259: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1008: 1003: 1002: 992: 989: 988: 978: 973: 972: 963:Paul Aussaresses 961: 960: 950: 947: 937: 936: 926: 923: 913: 912: 902: 897: 896: 886: 881: 880: 870: 867: 857: 856: 846: 841: 840: 830: 825: 824: 814: 811: 801: 800: 790: 785: 784: 774: 769: 768: 758: 755:Alphonse Djamate 753: 752: 737:Ibrahim Mazhoudi 702:Abdelhamid Mehri 647:Hocine Aït Ahmed 632: 606: 596: 586: 578: 568: 560:Hocine Aït Ahmed 558: 550: 543: 533: 526: 512: 504: 496:Benali Boudghène 494: 484: 476: 466: 459: 449: 442: 433: 423: 415: 405: 398: 391:Larbi Ben M'Hidi 389: 379: 371: 361: 351: 341: 333: 323: 301: 296: 295: 294: 285: 280: 279: 278: 246: 241: 240: 239: 230: 225: 224: 223: 207: 206: 205: 195: 194: 193: 183: 182: 181: 125:Algerian victory 94: 93: 86: 65: 64: 62:Guerre d'Algérie 58: 57: 48: 47: 21: 18554: 18553: 18549: 18548: 18547: 18545: 18544: 18543: 18449: 18448: 18447: 18442: 18441: 18436: 18418: 18354:Greater Morocco 18327: 18323:Pan-Arab colors 18318:Hawk of Quraish 18284: 18252: 18103:Arab Federation 18064: 18050:Abdullah Rimawi 18025:Mostéfa Merarda 17980:Muammar Gaddafi 17960:Ahmed Ben Bella 17935:Jamal al-Atassi 17925:Bashar al-Assad 17876: 17845: 17826:Black September 17704:Anglo-Iraqi War 17648: 17612: 17607: 17577: 17572: 17554: 17510: 17471: 17465: 17452:Bayeux speeches 17439: 17433: 17416: 17415:Governments and 17406: 17397:1969 referendum 17377:1962 referendum 17341: 17314:1958 elections 17310:May 1958 crisis 17289: 17224: 17216: 17191: 17175: 17121: 17115: 17097: 17092: 17062: 17057: 17034: 17025:Second Cold War 16983: 16911: 16905: 16881:Odd Arne Westad 16871:Patrick Vaughan 16856:Athan Theoharis 16836:Ellen Schrecker 16821:Yakov M. Rabkin 16796:Timothy Naftali 16741:Tvrtko Jakovina 16726:Jussi Hanhimäki 16609: 16587: 16577: 16555:Paix et Liberté 16530: 16474:Active measures 16455: 16385: 16366:White supremacy 16326:Totalitarianism 16254: 16179: 16102: 16088:Reagan Doctrine 16083:Carter Doctrine 16023:Truman Doctrine 16011: 15958: 15890: 15785:Soviet reaction 15696:Ndogboyosoi War 15603: 15574:Saur Revolution 15401:1973 oil crisis 15366:Munich massacre 15274:Alcora Exercise 15269:Black September 15247: 14993:Sino-Indian War 14887:Simba rebellion 14870: 14714:Capture of the 14622: 14561:Berlin Blockade 14494:May 1947 crises 14484:Truman Doctrine 14449:Greek Civil War 14438:Blacklist Forty 14405:Gouzenko Affair 14392:Cursed soldiers 14344:Morgenthau Plan 14332: 14270: 14265: 14235: 14226: 14206: 14167:Syria (1925–27) 14157:Syria (1919–21) 14116: 14019: 14000:Japan (1863–64) 13933:Moluccas (1810) 13917: 13877: 13785: 13761:India (1756–63) 13756:India (1749–54) 13751:India (1746–48) 13730: 13660: 13628: 13608: 13594:Texas (1685–89) 13553: 13501: 13471: 13438: 13433: 13403: 13398: 13385: 13378: 13371: 13358: 13288: 13274:Public holidays 13227: 13181: 13170:Bank of Algeria 13148: 13114:Law enforcement 13055: 13024: 13023:Municipalities 12980: 12919: 12899: 12890: 12855: 12847: 12842: 12821: 12793: 12784: 12772: 12741: 12720:May 1958 crisis 12668:Toussaint Rouge 12652: 12629: 12617: 12605: 12577: 12568: 12556: 12544: 12528: 12478: 12435:Raid on Reghaïa 12418: 12407:Battle of Macta 12349: 12338: 12298: 12285: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12243: 12238: 12207: 12181: 12132: 12083: 12041: 12035: 11997:May 1958 crisis 11989: 11983: 11946: 11937: 11901: 11874: 11872: 11866: 11852: 11819:Toussaint Rouge 11805: 11798: 11779: 11753: 11728: 11705: 11678:Crémieux Decree 11671:Divide and rule 11627: 11590: 11576: 11570: 11523:The short film 11510: 11480: 11445: 11443:Primary sources 11435: 11414: 11376: 11347: 11254: 11238:Horne, Alistair 11222: 11203: 11184: 11157:10.2307/3208613 11145:Theatre Journal 11139: 11137:Further reading 11124: 11119: 11085: 11081: 11042:Boucif Mekhaled 11039: 11035: 11029: 11020:Wayback Machine 11011: 11007: 11001: 10994:Wayback Machine 10985: 10981: 10975: 10973:Nicolas Sarkozy 10961:Wayback Machine 10952: 10948: 10942: 10941:, October 2004 10935:Wayback Machine 10926: 10922: 10912: 10910: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10838:Wayback Machine 10829: 10820: 10807: 10803: 10772: 10747: 10732: 10715: 10709: 10700:Wayback Machine 10691: 10682: 10675: 10659: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10636: 10620: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10573: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10456: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10426:Wayback Machine 10417: 10413: 10407:Wayback Machine 10398: 10394: 10388: 10387:, May 12, 2000 10379:Wayback Machine 10370: 10366: 10349: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10332: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10303: 10299: 10293: 10286:Wayback Machine 10269: 10265: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10204: 10190: 10186: 10179: 10163: 10159: 10150: 10146: 10139: 10125: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10096:Wayback Machine 10078: 10074: 10062:Wayback Machine 10053: 10049: 10027:Wayback Machine 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9987: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9842: 9838: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9733: 9729: 9719:Wayback Machine 9709: 9705: 9696: 9692: 9682: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9591: 9581: 9579: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9555: 9553: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9486: 9482: 9475: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9445: 9434: 9430: 9421: 9417: 9411:Social Research 9408: 9404: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9367: 9360: 9349: 9342: 9331: 9322: 9311: 9304: 9293: 9289: 9278: 9274: 9263: 9259: 9236: 9232: 9221: 9217: 9208: 9204: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9181:. 6 July 1962. 9174: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9136: 9132: 9125: 9111: 9107: 9098: 9094: 9063: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8927: 8917: 8915: 8904: 8895: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8843: 8835: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8714: 8707: 8698: 8696: 8681: 8663: 8659: 8651:TheGuardian.com 8644: 8643: 8639: 8616: 8563: 8550:Wayback Machine 8541: 8534: 8520: 8518: 8508: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8463: 8456: 8446: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8279:Wayback Machine 8270: 8266: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8238:Wayback Machine 8229: 8222: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8159: 8134: 8127: 8114: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8026: 8024: 8004: 8000: 7992:Philip Mansel, 7991: 7987: 7981:Wayback Machine 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7945: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7909: 7895: 7893: 7886: 7870: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7813:. 6 July 1962. 7806: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7584: 7580:Keith Brannum. 7578: 7574: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7532: 7531: 7523: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7449: 7444:Wayback Machine 7433: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7395:Archives Juives 7387: 7383: 7368: 7366: 7359: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7279: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7236: 7225: 7223: 7181: 7179: 7166: 7164: 7157: 7140: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7032: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6991: 6952: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6813: 6806: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6772:Stora, Benjamin 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6705: 6698: 6682: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6637: 6633: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6447:Adolfo Kaminsky 6437: 6432: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6354:David Oelhoffen 6317:Outside the Law 6287:L'Ennemi Intime 6229:Philippe Faucon 6125:Octobre à Paris 6111:Jean-Luc Godard 6106:Le Petit Soldat 6095:Youssef Chahine 6059: 6053: 6040:Gilbert Meynier 6030:Etienne Maignen 5925: 5923:French language 5865:Windrow, Martin 5841: 5823:Horne, Alistair 5803: 5798: 5757:Jouhaud, Edmond 5723: 5687: 5647: 5597: 5557:publishers for 5495: 5408: 5399: 5324: 5303:Afrique du nord 5291: 5247: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5212: 5194: 5185: 5182: 5173: 5170: 5083: and 5017: 5012: 5006: 4990:one-party state 4974:John F. Kennedy 4955:Ahmed Ben Bella 4951: 4945: 4932: 4884: 4806: 4762:décret Crémieux 4746:Maghrebi Jewish 4720: 4693: 4622: 4616: 4590:. According to 4472: 4321: 4272: 4260:Main articles: 4258: 4089:Roger Trinquier 3974: 3938: 3912: 3909: 3886:Colonel Bigeard 3838: 3826: 3820: 3793:May 1958 crisis 3773:Fourth Republic 3769: 3763: 3684:Atlas Mountains 3580: 3529: 3527: 3475: 3469: 3387:France opposed 3370:Ahmed Ben Bella 3278: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3241: 3229: 3218: 3151:Ahmed Ben Bella 3119:Mourad Didouche 2992: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2949: 2938: 2880:All-Saints' Day 2875:Toussaint Rouge 2858: 2852: 2847: 2713:Fourteen Points 2707:. US President 2672: 2670: 2664: 2656:Main articles: 2654: 2615:Crémieux Decree 2507:Barbary pirates 2491: 2483:Main articles: 2481: 2476: 2468:Main articles: 2466: 2448: 2357:Fourth Republic 2353:All Saints' Day 2347:Toussaint Rouge 2294: 2293: 2288: 2259: 2258: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2230: 2218: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2184: 2118: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 1998:Operation Torch 1986:Cheikh Bouamama 1971:Emir Abdelkader 1947:French conquest 1934: 1913:Barbary pirates 1906:Emirate of Kuku 1882: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1844: 1836: 1828: 1820: 1812: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1780: 1772: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1741: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1677: 1669: 1661: 1654:(146 BC–590 AD) 1653: 1640: 1632: 1624: 1607: 1597: 1596: 1587: 1546: 1544:Capsian culture 1538: 1530: 1528:Aterian Culture 1523: 1501: 1494: 1483: 1478: 1379:May 1958 crisis 1289:Toussaint Rouge 1277: 1272: 1270: 1236: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1172:Unknown wounded 1154: 1150: 1144: 1136: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1065: 1059: 1050:Pierre Pflimlin 1021: 1020: 1013: 1007: 1005:Fernand Gambiez 997: 991: 983: 977: 967: 955: 949: 943: 931: 925: 919: 907: 901: 891: 885: 875: 869: 863: 851: 845: 835: 829: 819: 813: 807: 795: 789: 779: 773: 763: 757: 747: 741: 672:Mohamed Boudiaf 652:Ahmed Ben Bella 628: 620: 619: 612: 574: 546: 537: 516: 500: 472: 453: 411: 367: 343:Mohamed Boudiaf 329: 325:Mourad Didouche 306: 300: 292: 290: 284: 276: 274: 251: 245: 237: 235: 229: 221: 219: 213: 203: 201: 191: 189: 179: 177: 131: 117: 104: 103:– 19 March 1962 101:1 November 1954 87: 59: 53: 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18552: 18542: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18501: 18496: 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18461: 18444: 18443: 18438: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18335: 18333: 18332:Related topics 18329: 18328: 18326: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18294: 18292: 18286: 18285: 18283: 18282: 18275: 18268: 18260: 18258: 18254: 18253: 18251: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18198:Islamic Legion 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18088:Al-Mourabitoun 18085: 18080: 18074: 18072: 18066: 18065: 18063: 18062: 18057: 18055:Hamdeen Sabahi 18052: 18047: 18045:Fuad al-Rikabi 18042: 18037: 18035:Adnan Pachachi 18032: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18005:Saddam Hussein 18002: 17997: 17995:Sati' al-Husri 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17930:Hafez al-Assad 17927: 17922: 17920:Zaki al-Arsuzi 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17886: 17884: 17878: 17877: 17875: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17853: 17851: 17847: 17846: 17844: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17801:Aden Emergency 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17746:Iraqi Intifada 17743: 17738: 17737: 17736: 17731: 17729:Yom Kippur War 17726: 17721: 17716: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17690: 17689: 17679: 17674: 17673: 17672: 17662: 17656: 17654: 17650: 17649: 17647: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17624:Arab socialism 17620: 17618: 17614: 17613: 17606: 17605: 17598: 17591: 17583: 17574: 17573: 17571: 17570: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17529: 17524: 17518: 17516: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17508: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17499:Gaullist Party 17491: 17486: 17481: 17475: 17473: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17463: 17454: 17449: 17443: 17441: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17418: 17412: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17368: 17367: 17362: 17351: 17349: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17339: 17338: 17337: 17327: 17326: 17325: 17320: 17312: 17307: 17301: 17299: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17285: 17278: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17232: 17230: 17218: 17217: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17207: 17196: 17194: 17183: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17171: 17163: 17162: 17161: 17156: 17148: 17143: 17142: 17141: 17132: 17130: 17123: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17113: 17108: 17106:Foreign policy 17102: 17099: 17098: 17091: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17068: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17039: 17036: 17035: 17033: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16915: 16913: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16851:Timothy Snyder 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16781:Vojtech Mastny 16778: 16776:Geir Lundestad 16773: 16768: 16766:Walter Laqueur 16763: 16761:Walter LaFeber 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16691:André Fontaine 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16621:Gar Alperovitz 16617: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16591: 16589: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16575: 16570: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16551: 16546: 16538: 16536: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16528: 16521: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16497: 16490: 16483: 16476: 16470: 16468: 16461: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16361:Third-Worldism 16358: 16353: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16262: 16260: 16256: 16255: 16253: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16189: 16187: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16150:Libertarianism 16147: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16130: 16128:Chicago school 16125: 16119: 16117: 16108: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16073:Nixon Doctrine 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16019: 16017: 16016:Foreign policy 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15968: 15966: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15898: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15801:Operation RYAN 15798: 15793: 15788: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15706:Able Archer 83 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15652: 15651: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15622: 15617: 15611: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15456:Oromo conflict 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15396:Yom Kippur War 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15248: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15179: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15028:Aden Emergency 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14946:Papua conflict 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14927: 14926: 14916: 14915: 14914: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14851: 14849:Kitchen Debate 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14809:Sputnik crisis 14806: 14801: 14793: 14786: 14781: 14779:Polish October 14776: 14771: 14766: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14679:Pact of Madrid 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14634:Bamboo Curtain 14630: 14628: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14604: 14603: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14433: 14425: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14394: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14374: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14340: 14338: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14283: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14264: 14263: 14256: 14249: 14241: 14232: 14231: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14218: 14216: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14182:Vietnam (1940) 14179: 14174: 14172:Vietnam (1930) 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14142:Vietnam (1916) 14139: 14134: 14128: 14126: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14038: 14036: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13960: 13958:Tourane (1856) 13955: 13950: 13948:Tourane (1847) 13945: 13940: 13935: 13929: 13927: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13889: 13887: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13838:Tunisia (1881) 13835: 13830: 13825: 13823:Morocco (1844) 13820: 13815: 13810: 13804: 13802: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13742: 13740: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13672: 13670: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13656:Morocco (1765) 13653: 13647: 13645: 13638: 13634: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13626: 13624:Siam (1687–90) 13620: 13618: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13565: 13563: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13549:Algiers (1688) 13546: 13544:Algiers (1683) 13541: 13539:Algiers (1682) 13536: 13531: 13526: 13524:Morocco (1629) 13520: 13518: 13511: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13481: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13467:Florida (1568) 13464: 13459: 13453: 13451: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13432: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13409: 13400: 13399: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13384: 13383: 13376: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13335: 13334: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13144:Prime Minister 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13073: 13067: 13061: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13031:National parks 13028: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12976:Hirak Movement 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12915: 12909: 12907: 12901: 12900: 12889: 12888: 12881: 12874: 12866: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12840: 12835: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12791: 12779: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12732:Algiers putsch 12729: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12662: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12637: 12636: 12624: 12612: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12587: 12584:Mokrani Revolt 12579: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12563: 12551: 12538: 12536: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12520: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12473: 12468: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12431: 12429: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12386: 12380: 12374: 12369: 12362: 12360: 12351: 12350: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12310: 12308: 12300: 12299: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12272: 12271: 12264: 12257: 12249: 12240: 12239: 12216: 12213: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12102: 12100: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12045: 12043: 12042:commemorations 12034: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12011: 12009:Year of Africa 12006: 12005: 12004: 11993: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11964: 11958: 11956: 11955:End of the war 11952: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11944: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11897:Paris massacre 11894: 11889: 11884: 11878: 11876: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11862:Algiers putsch 11859: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11815: 11809: 11807: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11777: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11664:1943 manifesto 11661: 11656: 11648: 11643: 11637: 11635: 11633:French Algeria 11626: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11616:Mokrani Revolt 11613: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11595: 11593: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11569: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11534: 11521: 11516: 11509: 11508:External links 11506: 11505: 11504: 11495: 11484: 11478: 11460: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11433: 11418: 11412: 11399: 11380: 11374: 11359: 11345: 11330: 11310:10.1086/694427 11304:(4): 772–811. 11287: 11258: 11252: 11234: 11220: 11207: 11201: 11188: 11182: 11169: 11151:(3): 375–384. 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11033: 11005: 10979: 10946: 10920: 10894: 10853: 10842:Benjamin Stora 10818: 10801: 10745: 10713: 10680: 10673: 10653: 10634: 10614: 10567: 10528: 10497: 10467: 10439: 10411: 10392: 10364: 10342: 10327:. 3 May 2001. 10312: 10297: 10263: 10248: 10229: 10209: 10202: 10184: 10177: 10157: 10153:Vérité Liberté 10144: 10137: 10119: 10099: 10072: 10047: 10020:Film testimony 10012: 9977: 9970: 9950: 9940: 9920: 9913: 9890: 9883: 9863: 9836: 9821: 9811: 9791: 9781: 9761: 9754: 9727: 9703: 9697:Guy Pervillé, 9690: 9660: 9630: 9621: 9611: 9598: 9589: 9563: 9532: 9526:978-1317132288 9525: 9507: 9500: 9480: 9474:978-1682570753 9473: 9455: 9428: 9415: 9402: 9386: 9379: 9358: 9351:Benjamin Stora 9340: 9320: 9302: 9287: 9272: 9257: 9230: 9215: 9202: 9163: 9156: 9130: 9123: 9105: 9099:Shepard, Todd 9092: 9018: 8992: 8965: 8939: 8925: 8893: 8874: 8853:978-1584871996 8852: 8826: 8806: 8769: 8762: 8729: 8716:Benjamin Stora 8705: 8679: 8657: 8637: 8626:(2): 219–239. 8561: 8532: 8502: 8482: 8454: 8428: 8402: 8375: 8345: 8338: 8318: 8292: 8264: 8251: 8220: 8207: 8188: 8168: 8157: 8125: 8103: 8083: 8076: 8054: 7998: 7985: 7965: 7956: 7934: 7907: 7884: 7861: 7831: 7795: 7769: 7743: 7729: 7709: 7703:978-0801489167 7702: 7682: 7675: 7655: 7648: 7628: 7621: 7601: 7572: 7556: 7546: 7521: 7496: 7476: 7447: 7424: 7381: 7357: 7337: 7304: 7270: 7234: 7210:(4): 205–206. 7155: 7141:Crandall, R., 7134: 7114: 7095: 7075: 7049: 7030: 7010: 7003: 6950: 6913: 6889:978-0333774564 6888: 6865: 6850: 6820: 6804: 6791: 6784: 6763: 6744: 6724: 6717: 6696: 6692:colonial past. 6680: 6661: 6651: 6631: 6620: 6600: 6585: 6575: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6499:Year of Africa 6496: 6491: 6489:Mokrani Revolt 6486: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6428: 6414: 6411:History portal 6400: 6386: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6345: 6333: 6325: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6283: 6271: 6258: 6253:(2005) On the 6251:Michael Haneke 6242: 6232: 6222: 6219: 6207: 6197: 6194:Yves Courrière 6187: 6181: 6175: 6163: 6160:Les Centurions 6147: 6140: 6128: 6122: 6102: 6055:Main article: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6027: 6021: 6011: 6000: 5999:, Paris, 1995. 5989: 5959: 5952: 5938: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5908:Pečar, Zdravko 5905: 5890: 5880: 5862: 5855:: The Role of 5845: 5839: 5819: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5785:Pečar, Zdravko 5782: 5776: 5773: 5764: 5754: 5744: 5734: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5707: 5686: 5683: 5646: 5643: 5596: 5593: 5540:Sétif massacre 5499:Benjamin Stora 5494: 5491: 5463:Jacques Chirac 5423:Jacques Vergès 5407: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5344:Alistair Horne 5323: 5320: 5290: 5287: 5283:la sale guerre 5246: 5245:Historiography 5243: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5197:Marcel Bigeard 5195: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5164: 5127:Marcel Bigeard 5119:Ali Boumendjel 5096:Claude Bourdet 5041:disembowelment 5016: 5013: 5005: 5002: 4982:Guantanamo Bay 4971:U.S. President 4967:United Nations 4947:Main article: 4944: 4941: 4911:Rudolph Rummel 4883: 4880: 4876:Jacques Chirac 4820:The so-called 4805: 4802: 4719: 4716: 4692: 4689: 4618:Main article: 4615: 4612: 4608:Nelson Mandela 4549:decolonization 4534:Communist bloc 4471: 4468: 4437:In the second 4257: 4256:End of the war 4254: 4242:Force ouvrière 4205:Jacques Isorni 4073:Foreign Legion 4069:Pierre Messmer 4049:Lionel Chassin 3937: 3934: 3907: 3822:Main article: 3819: 3816: 3765:Main article: 3762: 3759: 3755:Maurice Challe 3589:Foreign Legion 3579: 3576: 3526: 3523: 3487:general strike 3471:Main article: 3468: 3465: 3443:Existentialist 3409:United Nations 3378:Mohamed Khider 3331:Robert Lacoste 3310:(now known as 3274: 3273: 3232: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3210:Soustelle Plan 2994: 2993: 2952: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2909:Sétif massacre 2854:Main article: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2845:War chronology 2843: 2824:armed struggle 2769:initiated the 2763:Third Republic 2709:Woodrow Wilson 2653: 2650: 2530:scorched earth 2480: 2477: 2470:French Algeria 2465: 2462: 2401:military coups 2361:Fifth Republic 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2238: 2225: 2219: 2217:Related topics 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2199:Hirak Movement 2196: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2127: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1981:Mokrani Revolt 1978: 1976:Fatma N'Soumer 1973: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1938:French Algeria 1933: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1869:(1235–1556 AD) 1863: 1861:(1229–1574 AD) 1855: 1853:(1215–1465 AD) 1847: 1845:(1121–1269 AD) 1839: 1837:(1040–1147 AD) 1831: 1829:(1014–1152 AD) 1823: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1791: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1664: 1659:Vandal Kingdom 1656: 1643: 1638:Jugurthine War 1635: 1627: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1549: 1541: 1533: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:Ouled Rashache 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409:Algiers putsch 1400: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184:65,000 wounded 1182: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1111: 1109:Edmond Jouhaud 1099: 1087: 1075: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045:Félix Gaillard 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 995: 981: 975:Maurice Challe 965: 953: 929: 905: 889: 883:Robert Lacoste 873: 849: 833: 817: 793: 787:Henri Lorillot 777: 771:Paul Cherrière 761: 744: 742: 740: 739: 734: 732:Saïd Mohammedi 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 692:Mohamed Khider 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 615: 614: 613: 611: 610: 600: 590: 580: 562: 552: 527: 514:Bachir Chihani 506: 488: 478: 468:Youcef Zighoud 460: 443: 427: 425:Saïd Mohammedi 417: 399: 383: 373: 355: 345: 335: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 305: 304: 288: 271: 269: 268: 267: 262: 257: 250: 249: 233: 216: 214: 212: 211: 199: 187: 174: 171: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 160: 159: 153: 144: 138: 133: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115:French Algeria 113: 111: 107: 106: 98: 90: 89: 79: 78: 67: 66: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18551: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18456: 18454: 18433: 18425: 18424: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18364:Greater Yemen 18362: 18360: 18359:Greater Syria 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18336: 18334: 18330: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18295: 18293: 18291: 18287: 18281: 18280: 18276: 18274: 18273: 18269: 18267: 18266: 18262: 18261: 18259: 18255: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18071: 18070:Organizations 18067: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17990:George Habash 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17970:Izzat Darwaza 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17905:Yasser Arafat 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17885: 17883: 17882:Personalities 17879: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17857:Arab identity 17855: 17854: 17852: 17848: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17771:Arab Cold War 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17657: 17655: 17651: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17615: 17611: 17604: 17599: 17597: 17592: 17590: 17585: 17584: 17581: 17569: 17561: 17560: 17557: 17551: 17550: 17546: 17544: 17543: 17539: 17537: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17507: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17496: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17474: 17468: 17462: 17460: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17444: 17442: 17436: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17421: 17419: 17413: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17382:Élysée Treaty 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17350: 17348: 17344: 17336: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17305:Levant Crisis 17303: 17302: 17300: 17296: 17284: 17283: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17223: 17219: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17178: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17136: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17127: 17124: 17118: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17100: 17096: 17089: 17084: 17082: 17077: 17075: 17070: 17069: 17066: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17040: 17037: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17015:War on terror 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16986: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16910:Espionage and 16908: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16861:Andrew Thorpe 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16756:Gabriel Kolko 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16721:Fred Halliday 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16706:Lloyd Gardner 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16666:Norman Davies 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16651:John Costello 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16590: 16586:Technological 16584: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16544: 16540: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16514: 16510: 16508: 16507: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16495: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16482: 16481: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16467:Pro-communist 16465: 16462: 16458: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16394:Organizations 16392: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16208:Eurocommunism 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16190: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16109: 16105: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16038:Domino theory 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16014: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15992:South Ossetia 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15965: 15961: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15776:8888 Uprising 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15721:Iran–Iraq War 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15686:Falklands War 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15549:NDF Rebellion 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15529:German Autumn 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15509: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15416:Metapolitefsi 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15256: 15254: 15250: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15185: 15180: 15178: 15177:Prague Spring 15175: 15171: 15168: 15167: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15155:Al-Wadiah War 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15120:12-3 incident 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14764: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14717: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14699:Domino theory 14697: 14695: 14694:Petrov Affair 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14629: 14625: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14571:Madiun Affair 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14531:Marshall Plan 14529: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14439: 14434: 14432: 14431: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14400: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14380: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14280:United States 14277: 14276: 14273: 14269: 14262: 14257: 14255: 14250: 14248: 14243: 14242: 14239: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14123: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13796: 13792: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13635: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13487:Brazil (1531) 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480:South America 13478: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13450:North America 13448: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13430: 13425: 13423: 13418: 13416: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13365: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13259:Ethnic groups 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13234: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12887: 12882: 12880: 12875: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12858: 12851: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12788: 12783: 12780: 12776: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12765:Évian Accords 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12684: 12683:Philippeville 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12660: 12655: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12625: 12621: 12616: 12613: 12609: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12572: 12567: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12513: 12510: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12482: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12466: 12463: 12460: 12457: 12454: 12451: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12439: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12421: 12414: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12401:Battle of Sig 12399: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12352: 12345: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12288: 12284: 12270: 12265: 12263: 12258: 12256: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12237: 12236: 12227: / 12226: 12225: 12214: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12165: 12164:La Main Rouge 12161: 12157: 12156: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12090: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12040:Monuments and 12038: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11967:Évian Accords 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11941: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806:of key events 11802: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737:Other factors 11735: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11709: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:1920 petition 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11567: 11562: 11560: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11501: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11450:Camus, Albert 11447: 11446: 11436: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11405: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11367: 11366: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11259: 11255: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11213: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11194: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11132: 11130: 11126: 11125: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11095: 11091: 11083: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062:La Découverte 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11037: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11009: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10983: 10974: 10970: 10969:Final version 10966: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10950: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10929: 10924: 10908: 10904: 10898: 10890: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10857: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10815:. Hutchinson. 10814: 10813: 10805: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10708:, April 2001 10707: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10676: 10674:9780313353826 10670: 10666: 10665: 10657: 10641: 10637: 10635:9781101638033 10631: 10627: 10626: 10618: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10583:(in French). 10582: 10578: 10571: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10542:The Telegraph 10539: 10532: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10396: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10368: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10257: 10256:Mohamed Harbi 10252: 10236: 10232: 10230:9780252036941 10226: 10222: 10221: 10213: 10205: 10203:9782914968409 10199: 10195: 10188: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10155:n°9 May 1961. 10154: 10148: 10140: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10051: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9982: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9954: 9947: 9943: 9941:9781134713301 9937: 9933: 9932: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9897: 9895: 9886: 9884:9780415531252 9880: 9876: 9875: 9867: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9833:. p. 34. 9832: 9825: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9804: 9803: 9795: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9765: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9713: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9643:www.aa.com.tr 9640: 9634: 9625: 9615: 9608: 9602: 9593: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9511: 9503: 9501:9781847799203 9497: 9493: 9492: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9412: 9406: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9382: 9380:9780582414396 9376: 9372: 9365: 9363: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9345: 9336: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9316: 9309: 9307: 9298: 9291: 9283: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9199: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9159: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9134: 9126: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8913: 8909: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8888: 8887: 8878: 8859: 8855: 8849: 8842: 8841: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8814:Roger Faligot 8810: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8773: 8765: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8738:Pimlott, John 8733: 8723: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8653: 8652: 8647: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8461: 8459: 8442: 8438: 8432: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8350: 8341: 8339:9780313264566 8335: 8331: 8330: 8322: 8307:on 1 May 1997 8306: 8302: 8296: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8268: 8261: 8255: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8189:9780521524322 8185: 8181: 8180: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8087: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8009:(June 2001). 8008: 8002: 7995: 7989: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7960: 7953: 7941: 7937: 7935:9781433110740 7931: 7927: 7926: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7866: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7732: 7730:9782200281977 7726: 7722: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7686: 7678: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7649:0-8014-8916-4 7645: 7641: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7622:9780520925687 7618: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7513: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7480: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7431: 7429: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7364: 7360: 7358:9780199241040 7354: 7350: 7349: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7275: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7232: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7152: 7151:9781139915823 7148: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7130:9780122270109 7127: 7123: 7118: 7102: 7098: 7096:9780313395703 7092: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7006: 7004:9781590172186 7000: 6996: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6787: 6785:0-8014-8916-4 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6718:9781855326583 6714: 6710: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6604: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6429: 6426: 6415: 6412: 6401: 6398: 6397:France portal 6387: 6384: 6383:Africa portal 6373: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216:André Téchiné 6213: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137:Alain Resnais 6134: 6133: 6132:Muriel (film) 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986:950-07-2684-X 5983: 5979: 5975: 5974:2-7071-4163-1 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5892:Samia Henni: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5877:1-85532-658-2 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5747:Galula, David 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5506:protagonists. 5502: 5500: 5490: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434:Maurice Papon 5430: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372:bien-pensants 5369: 5368:Elie Kedourie 5365: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295:police action 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5201:death flights 5198: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5142:Marc Lienhard 5139: 5134: 5132: 5131:Jacques Massu 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5101:L'Observateur 5097: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5085:Gisèle Halimi 5082: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5057:waterboarding 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4888: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840:Indochina War 4837: 4833: 4832:Maghrebi Jews 4829: 4825: 4824: 4815: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4767:In 1959, the 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4754:Maghrebi Jews 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4706:Sephardi Jews 4703: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4614:Role of women 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600:Yasser Arafat 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4464: 4463:Mers El Kébir 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371:Évian Accords 4367: 4365: 4364:André Malraux 4361: 4357: 4356:Maurice Papon 4351: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4266:Évian Accords 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Yvon Chautard 4190: 4189:Georges Sauge 4186: 4185:Claude Dumont 4182: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121:Philippeville 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085:Indochina War 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4020:clandestinely 4017: 4012: 4006: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894:Jean Lartéguy 3891: 3890:Dien Bien Phu 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3774: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:covert agents 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3525:Guerrilla war 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3506:Jacques Massu 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433:cause célèbre 3430: 3429:Maurice Audin 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Philippeville 3305: 3296: 3293: 3270: 3267: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3233:This section 3231: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3127:Krim Belkacem 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2987: 2979: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2953:This section 2951: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2931: 2930:Farhat Hached 2927: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2862: 2857: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2767:Popular Front 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2739: 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2134: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2109:Berber Spring 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097:FFS rebellion 2095: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049:Évian Accords 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1821:(973–1152 AD) 1819: 1816: 1813:(970–1068 AD) 1811: 1808: 1805:(909–1171 AD) 1803: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1765:(742–1066 AD) 1763: 1760: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1746:Arab conquest 1744: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 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17318:presidential 17280: 17181:World War II 17150:World War I 17020:Brinkmanship 16912:intelligence 16801:Marius Oprea 16751:Harvey Klehr 16681:Herbert Feis 16671:Willem Drees 16636:Archie Brown 16553: 16541: 16523: 16513:Trybuna Ludu 16511: 16504: 16500:Radio Moscow 16492: 16485: 16478: 16306:Anti-Zionism 16222: 16145:Keynesianism 16133:Conservatism 15997:Transnistria 15977:China-Taiwan 15634:Gera Demands 15507: 15308: 15183: 14988:El Porteñazo 14882:Congo Crisis 14797: 14732:Algerian War 14731: 14715: 14591:Western Bloc 14586:Eastern Bloc 14581:Iron Curtain 14437: 14429: 14421: 14398: 14378: 14370: 14287:Soviet Union 14285: 14278: 14091: 14028:20th century 14005:Korea (1866) 13794:19th century 13637:18th century 13510:17th century 13443:16th century 13249:Demographics 13218:Trade unions 13102:Human rights 13082:Constitution 12945: 12931:Ottoman rule 12760:Tafna Treaty 12725: 12688: 12659:Algerian War 12658: 12657: 12582: 12423: 12354: 12303: 12233: 12222: 12186:Other groups 12162: 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Retrieved 6734: 6727: 6708: 6688: 6685: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6641: 6634: 6625: 6610: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6580: 6565: 6558: 6540: 6524: 6513: 6481: 6467:Frantz Fanon 6457:Cameroon War 6439:1960s portal 6425:1950s portal 6362:Albert Camus 6349:Far from Men 6347: 6335: 6327: 6315: 6309: 6301: 6285: 6273: 6260: 6244: 6234: 6224: 6209: 6204:Yves Boisset 6199: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6165: 6159: 6151:Lost Command 6149: 6142: 6130: 6124: 6104: 6088: 6074: 6046:Fayard 2004. 6043: 6033: 6017: 6003: 5992: 5977: 5965: 5955: 5949:account here 5944: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5911: 5893: 5886: 5868: 5851: 5828: 5807: 5788: 5769: 5760: 5750: 5740: 5730: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5685:INA archives 5678: 5662: 5661:". From the 5648: 5638: 5635:Bilingualism 5633:, claimed, " 5618: 5614: 5604: 5598: 5588: 5582: 5574: 5563:baccalauréat 5558: 5544: 5529: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5426: 5425:, adopted a 5418: 5415:Klaus Barbie 5411: 5409: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5292: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5256: 5240: 5236:disemboweled 5232: 5204: 5159: 5153: 5146:Sidi Ferruch 5135: 5111:Nazi Germany 5099: 5089: 5074: 5061: 5045:without food 5026: 4998: 4978:Fidel Castro 4962: 4952: 4927: 4923: 4907:Martin Evans 4905: 4901: 4897: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4737: 4736: 4709: 4695: 4694: 4652: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4569: 4545:World War II 4542: 4538:colonisation 4530:Western Bloc 4527: 4511: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4473: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4414: 4405:district of 4402: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4374: 4373:allowed the 4368: 4359: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4315: 4311: 4288: 4283: 4280:départements 4279: 4273: 4249: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4178: 4173: 4154:Jeune Nation 4143: 4137: 4132: 4114: 4104: 4041:Joseph Ortiz 4034: 4029: 4023: 4010: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3921: 3914: 3903: 3879: 3875: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3801: 3788: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3746: 3744: 3731:regroupement 3730: 3727: 3723: 3707:André Morice 3698: 3692: 3688: 3674: 3668: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3581: 3572: 3556: 3544: 3519:colonial war 3515:pacification 3510: 3503: 3484: 3456: 3450: 3447:Albert Camus 3441: 3432: 3416: 3405: 3386: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3338: 3328: 3318: 3300: 3294: 3262: 3253: 3242:Please help 3237:verification 3234: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192:(literally, 3189: 3183: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3139:Frantz Fanon 3135: 3089: 3079: 3069:Messali Hadj 3062: 3053: 3036:(UDMA), the 3030:Ferhat Abbas 3027: 2982: 2973: 2962:Please help 2957:verification 2954: 2919: 2913: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2832: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2794:Ferhat Abbas 2791: 2787:Vichy France 2780: 2774: 2760: 2752:Messali Hadj 2745: 2738:Abd el-Kadir 2731: 2720: 2690: 2688: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2634:World War II 2631: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2595: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2542: 2515: 2500: 2427: 2413: 2394: 2376:, the first 2342: 2305: 2301: 2298:Algerian War 2297: 2295: 2186: 2185: 2170:Black Spring 2120: 2119: 2090: 2010:Algerian War 2009: 2008: 2007: 1964:Pacification 1936: 1935: 1884: 1881:Modern times 1797:(800–909 AD) 1789:(789–828 AD) 1781:(776–909 AD) 1773:(771–793 AD) 1757:(703–744 AD) 1749:(647–709 AD) 1702:(585–698 AD) 1694:(534–585 AD) 1686:(578–708 AD) 1678:(484–703 AD) 1670:(477–578 AD) 1662:(435–534 AD) 1641:(111–106 BC) 1633:(264–146 BC) 1551:Rock art in 1402: 1401: 1339:Sidi Semiane 1283: 1274:Algerian War 1273: 1214: 1198:2,000 jailed 1175:198 executed 1073:Saïd Boualam 1018:Politicians: 1017: 990:Jean Crepin 944: 920: 864: 808: 662:Frantz Fanon 637:Ferhat Abbas 629: 617:Politicians: 616: 575: 547: 501: 473: 435:Ahmed Zabana 412: 368: 330: 169:Belligerents 70:Part of the 51:Algerian War 43: 18093:Arab Ba'ath 18015:Salah Jadid 17872:Arabization 17719:Six-Day War 17714:Suez Crisis 17660:Arab Revolt 17639:Pan-Arabism 17323:legislative 17222:Free France 17135:Early life 17129:Before WWII 16846:Shen Zhihua 16656:Michael Cox 16588:competition 16535:Pro-Western 16525:Soviet Life 16451:Safari Club 16421:Warsaw Pact 16276:Nationalism 16266:Imperialism 16165:Reaganomics 16028:Containment 15821:Perestroika 15310:Realpolitik 15140:Six-Day War 15125:Greek junta 14936:Berlin Wall 14784:Suez Crisis 14752:Vietnam War 14639:McCarthyism 14454:Baruch Plan 14399:Unthinkable 14359:Dekemvriana 14298:Warsaw Pact 13938:Java (1811) 13828:Salé (1851) 13013:Earthquakes 12971:Arab Spring 12936:French rule 12920:(Antiquity) 12785: [ 12773: [ 12737:Bab El Oued 12630: [ 12618: [ 12606: [ 12569: [ 12557: [ 12545: [ 12534:Allegiances 12479: [ 12427:: 1837-1870 12358:: 1830-1836 12128:Oujda Group 11938: [ 11853: [ 11799: [ 11706: [ 11684:Kabyle myth 11659:Jonnart Law 11591:colonialism 11575:(1954–1962) 11269:(2): 1–44. 11106:: 181–197. 10976:(in French) 10943:(in French) 10913:19 February 10457:(in French) 10436:(in French) 10389:(in French) 10335:12 February 10005:15 February 9736:Morgan, Ted 9683:23 November 9653:23 November 9299:. Karthala. 9246:: 159–174. 9011:5 September 8867:14 February 8818:Pascal Krop 8726:(in French) 8474:(2006), in 8368:13 November 8289:(in French) 8248:(in French) 7417:23 February 7297:13 November 7263:13 November 7068:19 December 6756:27 December 6275:Mon colonel 6225:La Trahison 6071:Saadi Yacef 5848:Maran, Rita 5679:pieds-noirs 5639:bilinguisme 5611:Azouz Begag 5606:bidonvilles 5571:Suprême NTM 5517:pieds-noirs 5459:Victor Hugo 5352:Suez Crisis 5312:pieds-noirs 5138:Joseph Doré 5094:(1946–54). 4933: [ 4890:Ex-voto in 4848:Tirailleurs 4794:pieds-noirs 4790:pieds-noirs 4769:pieds-noirs 4729:of the 4th 4718:Pieds-noirs 4697:Pieds-Noirs 4659:Yacef Saâdi 4648:rural areas 4523:Third World 4492:and one in 4407:Bab El Oued 4063:, who quit 4016:Raoul Salan 3987:pieds-noirs 3975: [ 3839: [ 3789:pieds-noirs 3785:coup d'état 3781:pieds-noirs 3747:quadrillage 3703:Morice Line 3699:quadrillage 3695:Raoul Salan 3615:képis bleus 3598:Vietnam War 3511:quadrillage 3457:Pieds-Noirs 3401:Suez Crisis 3399:during the 3368:, carrying 3339:pieds-noirs 3316:Constantine 3256:August 2014 3176:Pieds-Noirs 3167:Pieds-Noirs 3111:Rabah Bitat 3071:formed the 3020:and future 2776:pieds-noirs 2717:sovereignty 2692:tirailleurs 2561:Constantine 2549:departments 2449: [ 2431:Pieds-noirs 2194:Arab Spring 2071:Oujda Group 2061:Pieds-noirs 2044:1961 putsch 2039:1958 crisis 2019:Nationalism 2012:(1954–1962) 1770:Muhallabids 1739:Middle Ages 1625:(202–46 BC) 1547:(10,000 BC) 1539:(20,000 BC) 1531:(80,000 BC) 1500:History of 1464:Ouled Sinan 1459:Kef Lakhdar 1419:Bab El Oued 1398:(1959-1961) 1354:El Menaouer 1334:Oued Zeggar 1329:Fellaoucene 1157:3,000 (OAS) 1097:Raoul Salan 1030:Edgar Faure 859:Hervé Artur 843:Raoul Salan 712:Saad Dahlab 667:Rabah Bitat 588:Saadi Yacef 538: [ 517: [ 486:Rabah Bitat 454: [ 451:Si Azzedine 140:End of the 130:Territorial 18494:Proxy wars 18453:Categories 18257:Literature 17950:Tariq Aziz 17867:Arab world 17862:Arab Union 17791:Dhofar War 17472:depictions 17470:Legacy and 17440:statements 17347:Presidency 17335:referendum 17139:Birthplace 16614:Historians 16605:Space Race 16506:Rudé právo 16460:Propaganda 16316:Neo-Nazism 16286:Chauvinism 16240:Trotskyism 16155:Monetarism 16123:Liberalism 16115:Capitalism 16107:Ideologies 16058:Ostpolitik 15781:Solidarity 15746:Toyota War 15649:Solidarity 15506:Operation 15461:Ogaden War 15150:Dhofar War 15038:Shifta War 14796:Operation 14644:Korean War 14436:Operation 14428:Operation 14420:Operation 14397:Operation 14377:Operation 14369:Operation 13322:Literature 13182:(currency) 13129:Parliament 13025:(communes) 13018:Ecoregions 12913:Prehistory 12705:Agounennda 12678:El Djorf I 12067:Tizi Ouzou 11988:Legacy and 11972:referendum 11875:violations 11796:Chronology 11609:Atrocities 11581:Background 11131:of Algeria 11054:Yves Benot 10646:23 October 10607:7 November 10464:Archive-It 10384:L'Humanité 10241:23 October 9994:L'Humanité 9582:13 January 9574:. ina.fr. 8985:13 January 8958:4 February 8918:25 October 8787:(2): 6–7. 8752:. p. 8721:L'Histoire 8553:Préfecture 8447:21 January 8311:21 January 8200:7 December 8115:7 December 8027:17 January 7896:28 October 7854:9 February 7788:13 January 7762:13 January 7754:. un.org. 7736:13 January 7528:dimension. 7469:13 January 7369:13 January 7107:13 January 6551:References 6235:Nuit noire 6211:Wild Reeds 6024:Roy, Jules 5833:. Viking. 5659:human zoos 5623:bicultural 5619:bidonville 5583:terminales 5559:terminales 5447:résistants 5346:published 4882:Death toll 4859:Louis Joxe 4788:departing 4663:Air France 4655:Zohra Drif 4602:, and the 4580:Khrushchev 4557:Yugoslavia 4455:Pied-Noirs 4443:Pied-Noirs 4423:Pied-Noirs 4399:Pied-Noirs 4383:Pied-Noirs 4375:Pied-Noirs 4360:Pied-Noirs 4347:Pied-Noirs 4316:Pied-Noirs 4312:Pied-Noirs 4097:Mao Zedong 3946:Vive Massu 3679:false flag 3594:helicopter 3499:Air France 3495:Zohra Drif 3397:Suez Canal 3391:President 3364:bound for 3290:Universal 3190:ratonnades 3143:Martinique 3046:communists 3040:, and the 2976:March 2014 2921:Main Rouge 2870:maquisards 2638:ordonnance 2566:Under the 2464:Background 2416:War crimes 2386:referendum 2114:1988 riots 1959:Resistance 1834:Almoravids 1647:Mauretania 1630:Punic Wars 1521:Prehistory 1344:Agounennda 1304:El Djorf I 1201:4 executed 1035:Guy Mollet 535:Ali Mallah 18290:Symbolism 17634:Nasserism 17629:Ba'athism 17298:1945–1958 17227:Campaigns 17190:Battle of 16901:Ken Young 16746:Tony Judt 16595:Arms race 16568:Red Scare 16436:NN States 16381:Apartheid 16336:Autocracy 16245:Stalinism 16213:Guevarism 16203:Castroism 16193:Communism 16185:Socialism 15711:Star Wars 15304:Koza riot 14430:Beleaguer 14422:Masterdom 13279:Squatting 13264:Languages 13254:Education 13223:Transport 13175:Companies 13139:President 13092:Elections 13046:Volcanoes 13036:Provinces 13008:Districts 12986:Geography 12961:Civil War 12956:1962–1999 12799:Documents 12689:Blue Bird 12673:Véronique 11990:aftermath 11906:Reactions 11771:(1947–49) 11765:(1946–54) 11718:Pied noir 11697:Indigénat 11673:policies 11326:148602270 11318:0022-2801 11283:1930-1189 11230:227297246 10889:145083214 10863:Terminale 10796:154576215 10597:162123460 10550:0307-1235 10305:David Huf 9619:Algeria". 9087:144891906 8932:French: " 8801:154354671 8164:conquest. 8033:(quoting 6903:11 August 6833:Le Figaro 6358:The Guest 5663:enfumades 5579:La Rumeur 5484:In 2002, 5428:tu quoque 5419:banlieues 5406:Reminders 5316:pied-noir 5265:'s book, 4994:civil war 4782:pied-noir 4764:in 1871. 4738:Pied-noir 4687:in 1962. 4495:l'Express 4432:Pied-Noir 4428:Pied-Noir 4415:Pied-Noir 4403:Pied-Noir 4270:Barbouzes 4170:New Right 4125:Indochina 4109:(Arzew). 3831:pied-noir 3818:De Gaulle 3797:René Coty 3664:Persuaded 3292:Newsreels 3194:rat-hunts 3100:Café wars 3086:guerrilla 2932:in 1952. 2915:fellaghas 2905:Indochina 2727:self-rule 2627:indigènes 2503:Charles X 2438:agreement 2378:president 2330:civil war 2141:Massacres 2091:1960s–80s 1866:Ziyyanids 1826:Hammadids 1810:Maghrawas 1794:Aghlabids 1778:Rustamids 1612:Phoenicia 1605:Antiquity 1590:Related: 1578:Madghacen 1474:Kef Afoul 1314:Blue Bird 1299:Véronique 1294:Boukerker 993:(1960–61) 979:(1958–60) 951:(1957–58) 903:(1956–60) 887:(1956–58) 847:(1956–58) 831:(1955–56) 815:(1955–58) 791:(1955–56) 775:(1954–55) 759:(1955–62) 302:(1961–62) 286:(1960–61) 247:(1958–62) 231:(1954–58) 18432:Category 18374:Islamism 18083:Al-Fatat 17850:Concepts 17617:Ideology 17568:Category 17494:Gaullism 17461: !" 17154:5th Army 17120:Life and 17053:Timeline 17043:Category 16988:See also 16480:Izvestia 16321:Islamism 16218:Hoxhaism 16093:Rollback 15972:Abkhazia 15912:Gulf War 15816:Glasnost 15186:incident 14956:Sand War 14814:Ifni War 14323:Rio Pact 14268:Cold War 13886:Americas 13669:Americas 13562:Americas 13389:Category 13344:Religion 13317:Football 13203:Taxation 13119:Military 13065:Politics 13051:Wildlife 12897:articles 12747:Treaties 12726:Jumelles 12710:Bouzegza 12695:Palestro 12224:Category 11744:Cold War 11502:. Knopf. 11466:(1971). 11452:(1961). 11395:5629332M 11355:61879728 11240:(1978). 11016:Archived 10990:Archived 10957:Archived 10931:Archived 10834:Archived 10696:Archived 10640:Archived 10601:Archived 10554:Archived 10515:Archived 10484:Archived 10460:Archived 10452:Le Monde 10431:Le Monde 10422:Archived 10403:Archived 10375:Archived 10355:Le Monde 10329:Archived 10325:Le Monde 10282:Archived 10235:Archived 10092:Archived 10067:El Watan 10058:Archived 10023:Archived 9999:Archived 9715:Archived 9677:Archived 9647:Archived 9576:Archived 9550:Archived 9442:Archived 9284:. Payot. 9240:Monde(s) 9183:Archived 9005:Archived 8979:Archived 8912:Archived 8740:(1985). 8699:21 March 8693:archived 8632:41299235 8546:Archived 8493:(1961). 8441:Archived 8415:Archived 8389:Archived 8362:Archived 8275:Archived 8234:Archived 8194:Archived 8139:(2007). 8109:Archived 8021:Archived 7977:Archived 7946:4 August 7940:Archived 7890:Archived 7848:Archived 7815:Archived 7782:Archived 7756:Archived 7463:Archived 7440:Archived 7411:Archived 7363:Archived 7324:Archived 7291:Archived 7257:Archived 7220:Archived 7176:Archived 7101:Archived 7062:Archived 7036:Archived 6894:Archived 6837:Archived 6774:(2004). 6750:Archived 6369:See also 6113:(1960). 6097:; about 5857:Ideology 5850:(1989). 5825:(1978). 5675:Kherrata 5536:genocide 5471:fellagha 5454:Le Monde 5378:and the 5279:fellagha 5154:Le Monde 4963:de facto 4915:democide 4773:Maghrebi 4742:Catholic 4702:Mizrachi 4670:-member 4519:Cold War 4489:Le Monde 4478:and the 3908:— 3587:and the 3504:General 3417:Le Monde 3389:Egyptian 3005:soldiers 2882:). From 2711:'s 1918 2590:apostasy 2136:Timeline 1850:Marinids 1842:Almohads 1802:Fatimids 1786:Idrisids 1762:Ifranids 1725:Gemellae 1715:Partenia 1491:a series 1489:Part of 1469:Guergour 1434:Bouk’hil 1429:Boutaleb 1394:Jumelles 1364:Timimoun 1349:Bouzegza 1319:Palestro 1195:100 dead 1130:Strength 677:Ali Kafi 147:Collapse 110:Location 74:and the 72:Cold War 18078:Al-Awda 17653:History 17515:Related 16543:Amerika 16426:Comecon 16311:Fascism 16301:Zionism 16250:Titoism 15791:Contras 15259:Détente 14536:Comecon 14215:Pacific 13373:Outline 13354:Symbols 13302:Cuisine 13294:Culture 13237:Society 13213:Tourism 13158:Economy 13077:Cabinet 12998:Borders 12905:History 12893:Algeria 12700:Algiers 12235:Commons 12062:El Oued 12052:Algiers 11882:Torture 11589:Settler 11165:3208613 11122:Sources 10086:by the 10041:on the 9556:28 July 9192:8 April 8521:21 July 7824:8 April 7503:defeat. 7042:5 April 6946:killed. 6843:16 June 6280:Colonel 6119:torture 6069:member 6065:Former 5853:Torture 5753:, 1964. 5733:, 1961. 5694:(INA), 5655:wartime 5397:In film 5387:Maghreb 5106:Gestapo 4156:and of 3871:Tunisia 3867:Morocco 3804:Corsica 3635:platoon 3564:Kabylie 3558:of the 3425:Gestapo 3349:member 3172:Algiers 3073:leftist 3054:évolués 2926:Maghreb 2722:oulémas 2701:Zouaves 2420:torture 2370:Algiers 2334:Algeria 2318:Algeria 2304:or the 1858:Hafsids 1622:Numidia 1565:Ahaggar 1561:Tassili 1502:Algeria 1449:Flawcen 1439:Nasinsa 1374:Borders 1324:Algiers 945:† 921:† 865:† 809:† 630:† 576:† 548:† 502:† 474:† 413:† 369:† 331:† 149:of the 132:changes 17392:May 68 17192:France 17146:Family 17122:career 16494:Pravda 16296:Racism 16235:Maoism 15987:Kosovo 15508:Condor 15184:Pueblo 15170:May 68 14798:Gladio 14716:Tuapse 14379:Jungle 14371:Priboi 14035:Africa 13801:Africa 13644:Africa 13517:Africa 13394:Portal 13307:Cinema 13198:Mining 13193:Health 13188:Energy 13180:Dinar 13041:Rivers 13003:Cities 12895: 12525:(1852) 12514:(1845) 12508:(1844) 12502:(1843) 12496:(1842) 12490:(1840) 12467:(1837) 12461:(1837) 12455:(1837) 12449:(1837) 12443:(1837) 12437:(1837) 12415:(1836) 12409:(1835) 12403:(1835) 12397:(1832) 12391:(1830) 12385:(1830) 12379:(1830) 12368:(1830) 12198:Harkis 12144:France 12092:Groups 11759:(1944) 11476: 11431: 11410: 11393: 11372: 11353: 11343: 11324: 11316: 11281: 11250: 11228: 11218: 11199: 11180: 11163: 10998:Rennes 10887: 10794: 10671: 10632: 10595: 10548: 10409:, AIDH 10290:Rennes 10227: 10200: 10175: 10135: 10115:Rennes 9968: 9938: 9911: 9881: 9809: 9779: 9752: 9523: 9498: 9471: 9377: 9154: 9121: 9085: 8850: 8799: 8760: 8687: 8677: 8630: 8528:exist. 8421:26 May 8395:26 May 8336: 8186: 8155: 8101: 8074: 7932: 7903:lives. 7882: 7727: 7700: 7673: 7646: 7619: 7544: 7519: 7494: 7355: 7330:15 May 7226:6 July 7182:6 July 7149: 7128: 7093: 7028: 7001: 6886: 6818:, p.33 6782: 6742: 6715: 6678: 6649: 6618: 6573: 6532:French 6518:Arabic 6451:forger 6344:(2012) 6324:(2010) 6296:Napalm 6261:Harkis 6218:(1994) 6206:(1973) 5984: 5972: 5900: 5875: 5837: 5814: 5671:Guelma 5551:racism 5442:Sûreté 5380:harkis 5376:colons 4871:Harkis 4863:Harkis 4855:Harkis 4844:Spahis 4823:Harkis 4812:Young 4804:Harkis 4731:Zouave 4711:Harkis 4708:) and 4476:France 4459:Jewish 4387:casbah 4306:, and 4268:, and 4250:ultras 4030:ultras 3983:ultras 3898:source 3631:Harkis 3625:harkis 3620:harkis 3602:napalm 3562:, the 3452:Combat 3319:wilaya 3312:Skikda 3297:, 1955 3159:Muslim 2697:spahis 2632:After 2607:Randon 2585:sharia 2442:Harkis 2351:("Red 2310:France 2121:1990s– 2066:Harkis 1818:Zirids 1651:Africa 1645:Roman 1583:Jedars 1573:Roknia 1557:Djelfa 1493:on the 1359:Essien 1147:Harkis 1009:(1961) 941: 927:(1957) 917: 871:(1956) 861: 805: 626: 572: 544: 498: 470: 437: 409: 393: 365: 327: 122:Result 18178:Fatah 17276:Paris 16979:Stasi 16446:SAARC 16441:ASEAN 16406:SEATO 16259:Other 16224:Juche 15982:Korea 15895:1990s 15608:1980s 15252:1970s 14875:1960s 14627:1950s 14337:1940s 14318:NEATO 14313:SEATO 14303:ANZUS 13380:Index 13349:Sport 13339:Music 13332:films 13327:Media 13284:Women 12966:2000s 12826:Lists 12789:] 12777:] 12634:] 12622:] 12610:] 12573:] 12561:] 12549:] 12483:] 12203:Women 12057:Batna 12031:Films 11942:] 11857:] 11803:] 11710:] 11322:S2CID 11161:JSTOR 11050:Syros 10885:S2CID 10792:S2CID 10593:S2CID 10560:1 May 10521:1 May 9710:Voir 9448:7 May 9186:(PDF) 9175:(PDF) 9083:S2CID 8861:(PDF) 8844:(PDF) 8797:S2CID 8685:JSTOR 8628:JSTOR 8151:–ff. 7818:(PDF) 7807:(PDF) 7596:(PDF) 7585:(PDF) 7165:From 6941:(PDF) 6926:(PDF) 6897:(PDF) 6880:(PDF) 6689:harki 6627:blow. 6505:Notes 6360:, by 6246:Caché 6200:R.A.S 6051:Films 5997:Syros 5555:Bréal 4937:] 4828:harki 4814:Harki 4750:Malta 4572:China 4342:Évian 4217:ultra 4053:MP-13 4011:ultra 3991:siege 3979:] 3863:Abbas 3848:colon 3843:] 3560:Aurès 3366:Tunis 3198:raton 3185:Colon 3147:Cairo 3096:Union 3094:(the 3050:Cairo 3038:ulema 2884:Cairo 2878:(Red 2553:Alger 2453:] 2123:2000s 1414:Paris 1403:1960s 1284:1950s 542:] 525:] 458:] 17549:Ngol 17534:and 17249:CFLN 16519:TASS 16411:METO 16401:NATO 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