691:
791:). The animal fled, seeking refuge in the cave where Giles the hermit was quietly praying. (In some versions of the story, the hind, provided by God, was Giles' sole companion and sustained him on its milk.) Wamba shot his arrow into the opening. But he missed the hind, striking Giles instead, wounding him in the leg and causing a permanent disability. The king's hunting dogs then rushed in for the kill. But when Wamba arrived he found his dogs miraculously rooted to the spot. Discovering what he had done, he begged forgiveness and tried to make amends. But Giles continued his prayers, refusing all help or recompense. The king nonetheless had doctors care for the wound. He also offered Giles the land upon which to build a
824:
462:
430:
foreign foe. This law was created to solve a problem of desertion: "For, whenever an enemy invades the provinces of our kingdom … those who inhabit the border … disappear so that, by this means, there is no mutual support in battle." This rationale may imply a frequency of raids. That the people were often unwilling to defend the kingdom is further shown by another of Wamba's edicts, in which slaves were freed in order to the fill the ranks of the army. This suggests not only a shortage of volunteers from among the
Hispano-Romans who made up the bulk of the population ruled by the Visigothic lords, but also an army heavy in conscripts and the coerced.
36:
1618:
526:
102:
759:, southwest of Braga in the Costa Verde of Portugal (the northwest corner of the country). There, because Wamba never withdrew the stick afterwards, it is said it grew into an olive tree. Though the tree is now gone, the site is marked either by the monastery of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira (Our Lady of the Olive) or the Largo da Oliveira town square, each named for the legendary tree.
263:
855:. While Wamba was under, Erwig shaved the crown of his head. Erwig said he did it at Wamba's request. As before, Gothic law was clear. Wamba could no longer be king. Erwig became king in his place. Wamba accepted this change and happily assumed monastic orders, abdicating the throne to live out the last seven years of his life as a monk.
710:
they had come upon the youth they sought and declared: "You are the rightful king and we must ask you to come with us to the palace." Wamba was unwilling, or at least pretended to be. He took his stick and thrust it into the ground, saying, "I will only accept the throne if this stick takes root." The stick he carried was of chopo or
751:
After he thrust it into the ground, all were astonished to see it suddenly become a green plant with leaves growing out of the top. Everyone believed heaven had decided the matter. So Wamba "went with the heralds to the electoral congress". Once there, however, he again tried to refuse the throne. At
709:
When the time came to groom a successor for the king, there seemed to be no suitable heir. Soldiers were dispatched to the village to find the illegitimate children. After their arrival, they overheard a peasant woman call to her son named Wamba, who was tending cattle with a stick. The soldiers knew
429:
The law books and decrees of the time reveal a substantial erosion of domestic tranquility and order within the kingdom. In the
Visigothic law books, Wamba decrees that all the people, regardless of their religion, and even if they are clergy, are required to defend the kingdom if it is attacked by a
839:
One ambitious noble named Paul, who thought it would be an easy thing to take the throne from an old man who had shown so plainly that he did not want it, rose in rebellion. He soon learned his mistake. Wamba met him in battle, routed his army, and took him prisoner. Paul expected nothing less than
743:
Saint Leo, declaring he had been given divine guidance, instructed the electors to seek out a husbandman named Wamba. So scouts were dispersed until Wamba was found tilling one of his fields. "Leave your plough in the furrow", they said to him; "nobler work awaits you. You have been elected king of
705:
One legend begins with Wamba's father, king of the
Visigoths, who in this story was also named Wamba. Two women of his court, a servant girl and a noble lady, became pregnant at the same time. To avoid a scandal that might implicate the king, both women fled the capital. They found their way to an
738:
had sought health and found death. Hither came the electors—the great nobles, the bishops, and the generals—and here they debated who should be king, finally settling on a venerable Goth named Wamba, the one man of note in all the kingdom who throughout his life had declined to accept rank and
747:
The heralds did not know what to make of this. To them, the man who would not be king must be a saint—or an idiot. They reasoned, begged and implored until Wamba, who wanted to get rid of them, said: "I will accept the crown when the dry rod in my hand grows green again—and not till then."
1035:(2nd ed., 1990, Blackwell: Cambridge, Mass.) points out that "there exists a measure of looseness about the use of the name of Cantabria" both before and after Wamba's time, so it could include a wider area than at present. See Collins, pp. 92–93, 138–39.
729:
In those days, when a king died and left no son, the Goths elected a new one, seeking their best and worthiest, and holding the election in the place where the old king had died. It was in the little village of
Gerticos, some eight miles from the city of
714:, which easily takes root in fertile soil. When it began to grow, Wamba agreed to go with the soldiers to become the new king of the Visigoths, being elected and crowned in what is today the tiny village of Wamba in the region around
403:(written 200 years later) it stated, "In Wamba's time, 270 Saracen ships attacked the coast of Hispania and there all of them were burned." A single attack of this size is doubtful, however, because no other source mentions it. The
858:
According to Morris, Wamba acquitted himself well in all his stations—farmer, king, and monk—and his name has come down to us from the mists of time as one of those rare men of whom we know little, but all that we know is good.
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Over time, however, because of the saint's fame as a sage and miracle worker, multitudes gathered at his cave. Around 674, Wamba built them a monastery. Giles became its first abbot. Soon a little town grew up there, known as
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Andalusian village that, because it was so well hidden in the forest, provided an ideal place for secret births. Both women brought forth boys, and they were placed in the care of a servant girl to be raised in the area.
361:. Wamba's forces quickly subdued Narbonne and then, after some difficulty, secured the surrender of Nîmes on September 3, 673. Paul and the other rebel leaders surrendered and, three days later, were brought to trial,
333:
campaigning against the
Basques. In response, Wamba marched into the Tarraconensis region, and in a few days turned most of the cities back to his side. He then divided his forces into three groups, attacking over the
392:(Luggones) under his control and incorporated them into a new province. They had been fighting for their independence since the Visigothic invasions of the 5th century but now finally relented.
481:
associated with early pactualism. This manoeuvre was successfully blocked by the metropolitan church of Emérita with the full support of the fathers of the XIIth
Council of Toledo (681)."
682:
river in southern Spain. The ruins of Molino de
Capilla (Mill of the Chapel) are nearby, and close to which lay the village of Cenay, which some consider to be Wamba's actual birthplace.
812:
noted that the king in this story must have originally been a Frank, "since the Franks had expelled the
Visigoths from the neighbourhood of Nîmes almost a century and a half earlier".
1402:
1305:
659:, a possibility sustained by the fact of his being a humble man of royal descent, since his father was deposed at a young age, and when his own sons were still infants.
513:, who was made primate of the Visigothic church by Erwig (in reward for his services?). But Julian perpetuated the memory of Wamba in his account of the revolt of Paul,
725:("The Good King Wamba"). In this version, instead of being a boy, Wamba was an old man in the village, and owned land and possessions there. According to Morris:
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conclave promulgated eight decrees affecting ritual, the handling of sacred vessels, who may or may not live with a priest, unacceptable forms of punishment of
775:, written for the benefit of pilgrims, a legend is recorded about how, one day, when King Wamba (also known as Flavius) was out hunting in the forest between
1199:
655:, refers to this possibility, adding that he was of the lineage of the Gothic kings, but so poor that he was a farmer. Modern genealogists make him a son of
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this, one of the
Visigothic chieftains drew his sword and threatened to behead Wamba if he did not accept the crown. Wamba relented and consented.
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501:. He received the order of penance in anticipation of his death, and as a result was forced to step down as king upon his recovery. The
1409:
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mentions Wamba's building projects in Toledo and the
Eleventh Council of Toledo, but does not identify any Muslim raids in his time.
426:, holds that this refers to the year before the defeat of King Roderic by the Moors, over three decades after the removal of Wamba.
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Because of this tradition, Giles became the patron saint of cripples, lepers, and nursing mothers. His emblem is an arrow. The
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380:(Fuenterrabia), a small village in Spain facing the French border over the Txingurri bay, as a military thrust along the
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875:
Charles Julian Bishko, "Portuguese Pactual Monasticism in the Eleventh Century: The Case of São Salvador De Vacariça",
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Hispania." "There is no nobler work", answered Wamba. "Seek elsewhere your monarch. I prefer to rule over my fields."
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in an old house with a shield. Manuel de Sousa da Silva, a seventeenth-century Portuguese genealogist, in his work
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1167:, 2nd ed., New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, pp. 77–78, regards this as "quite unnecessarily Machiavellian."
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Wamba was a reformist king who, according to Charles Julian Bishko, "tried to set up at Aquis (Chaves) in
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head meant that Paul had assumed monastic orders, so he could not serve as king or chieftain.
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As Wamba moved on Narbonne, Paul placed General Wittimer in charge of the city and retired to
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808:
443:
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1178:"Archaeological Monuments and Sites: Architectural and Archaeological Set of Idanha-a-Velha"
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Portuguese Pactual Monasticism in the Eleventh Century: The Case of Sao Salvador De Vacariça
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1060:"CAAD and Historical Buildings: The Importance of the Simulation of the Historical Process"
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8:
965:, trans. Thomas J. Dunlap (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 463 n. 326
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Later an ambitious youth named Erwig, pursuing the overthrow of the king, administered a
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979:, Scriptorum rerum Merovingicarum tomus V, Passiones Vitaeque Sanctorum Aevi Merovingici
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The legend of the stick thrust into the ground is also associated with the town of
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302:, he induced his officers to renounce their loyalty to Wamba and elect him king as
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to have his head stricken off, but Wamba simply ordered that it should be shaved.
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The Goths: from the Earliest Times to the End of the Gothic Dominion in Spain
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up to the Pyrenees is attested to in contemporary sources. Wamba brought the
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a monastic see of the same type as Dume–Braga, i. e., involving the sort of
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306:. He was joined by Hilderic and his followers, as well as Duke Ranosind of
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See Wolf, tr., "Conquerors and Chroniclers", pp. 162–163; Roger Collins,
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735:
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After ascending the throne on 1 September 672, Wamba faced a revolt from
233:: "Wampe", cognate to English "womb") and may have been a nickname. Both
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However, the most famous tradition says he held land and possessions in
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There are at least two legends associated with how Wamba became king.
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Estudos de HistĂłria de Portugal: Homenagen a A.H. de Oliveira Margues
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and a large part of northeastern Hispania came over to Paul's side.
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After the rebellion, the kingdom faced a new threat in the form of
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Ironically, it was Wamba's nephew, son of his sister Ariberga,
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to bolster his forces. Following this the Visigothic cities in
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298:(general) Paul to put down the rebels, but upon his arrival at
267:
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Sanchez, Santiago; Zulueta, Alberto; Barrallo, Javier (2009).
974:"Historia Wambae Regis auctore Juliano episcopo Toletano", in
631:, a settlement surrounded by Roman walls that is today called
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415:, "and simultaneously devastating many cities"; however, the
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998:, accuses Paul of crowning himself with a votive crown King
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347:
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886:, chapter 33. 2nd ed., 1883, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
376:. He also fortified other sites about this time, possibly
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A period of peace followed and, in 674, Wamba rebuilt the
295:
1057:
1087:, 2nd ed., Liverpool University Press, 1999, p. 131.
1133:– via The Library of Iberian Resources Online.
550:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1165:Early Medieval Spain; Unity in Diversity, 400–1000
1111:"Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600–1300
1085:Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain
910:Historical Tales, the Romance of Reality: Spanish.
820:Charles Morris writes that, during Wamba's reign:
450:, and unacceptable forms of payment of clergy and
1298:"Historical Tales: Spanish 'The Good King Wamba'"
643:in Portugal. A Spanish tradition has him born in
350:, and the coastal road, taking the fortresses of
1629:
895:Mon. Ger. Hist., Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum
721:A second legend is related by Charles Morris in
694:The Election of Wamba as King. Oil on canvas by
509:for this; some modern commentators have blamed
438:In 675, the Third Council of Braga was held in
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917:Nobiliário das Gerações de Entre-Douro-e-Minho
653:Nobiliário das Gerações de Entre-Douro-e-Minho
639:municipality, and located to the northeast of
627:According to one tradition, Wamba was born in
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465:Wamba renouncing the Crown. Oil on canvas by
1010:) had dedicated to the body of St. Felix in
912:1898, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.
489:In 680, Wamba fell ill or (according to the
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1002:(the king who converted the Visigoths from
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1250:Wawn, Chris; Gill, John (August 5, 2011).
674:mountain village, nestled amid forests of
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1046:MGH, Scriptorum rerum Merovingicarum t. V
1029:MGH, Scriptorum rerum Merovingicarum t. V
1016:MGH, Scriptorum rerum Merovingicarum t. V
610:Learn how and when to remove this message
493:two hundred years later) was poisoned in
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1062:. The University of the Basque Country.
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43:This article includes a list of general
198:from 672 to 680. During his reign, the
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666:(or Buxarra as it was once called) in
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27:King of the Visigoths from 672 to 680
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1125:from the original on 5 February 2012
901:, V, 207–212, 217–218; R. Altamira,
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548:adding citations to reliable sources
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29:
1262:from the original on April 14, 2022
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194:630 – 687/688) was the king of the
24:
1327:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Giles"
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879:(Lisbon: Editorial Estampa, 1982).
422:s most recent English translator,
329:During these events, Wamba was in
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49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1374:1 September 672 – 14 October 680
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122:1 September 672 – 14 October 680
106:Coin of Wamba bearing his effigy
34:
1648:7th-century Visigothic monarchs
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1232:from the original on 2004-04-17
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1109:Bishko, Charles Julian (1982).
1066:from the original on 2016-03-03
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535:needs additional citations for
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1014:. "Historia Wambae Regis" in
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977:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
787:, he began to pursue a hind (
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897:, V, 486–535; and cf. Dahn,
696:Francisco de Paula Van Halen
7:
1200:"DozĂłn: Historical Aspects"
1044:"Historia Wambae Regis" in
1027:"Historia Wambae Regis" in
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828:The tonsuring of king Wamba
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442:(Bracara), Gallaecia. This
365:, and imprisoned for life.
245:) and the decisions of the
10:
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1083:Kenneth Baxter Wolf, tr.,
1031:, p. 507. Roger Collins,
915:Manuel de Sousa da Silva,
903:Cambridge Medieval History
458:was convened in November.
456:Eleventh Council of Toledo
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454:. In the same year, the
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401:Chronicle of Alfonso III
1302:Gateway to the Classics
64:more precise citations.
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834:. Oil on canvas (1894)
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467:Juan Antonio de Ribera
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795:. But Giles refused.
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963:History of the Goths
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801:Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
649:Santa MarĂa de DozĂłn
544:improve this article
479:episcopus sub regula
292:Bishop of Maguelonne
188:VVamba, Vamba, Wamba
899:Könige der Germanen
424:Kenneth Baxter Wolf
202:encompassed all of
889:Julian of Toledo,
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1008:Catholicism
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763:Saint Giles
378:Hondarribia
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131:Recceswinth
127:Predecessor
62:introducing
1632:Categories
1518:Reccared I
1503:Athanagild
1458:Thorismund
1419:Visigothic
1341:2022-06-10
1312:2019-05-18
1236:2005-08-31
1070:2005-09-04
905:, II, 179.
832:Joan Brull
736:Recesuinto
732:Valladolid
672:Andalusian
623:Birthplace
570:newspapers
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212:Septimania
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1252:"Pujerra"
1222:"Pujerra"
1149:ignored (
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793:monastery
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600:June 2022
495:Pampliega
475:Gallaecia
413:Andalusia
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352:Collioure
331:Cantabria
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196:Visigoths
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1558:Chintila
1553:Sisenand
1548:Suintila
1533:Gundemar
1528:Witteric
1523:Liuva II
1483:Amalaric
1433:Alaric I
1335:Archived
1306:Archived
1266:June 10,
1260:Archived
1230:Archived
1123:Archived
1064:Archived
1004:Arianism
1000:Reccared
923:See also
846:tonsured
785:Provence
739:station.
686:Kingship
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629:Egitânia
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344:Cerdanya
336:Pyrenees
310:and the
300:Narbonne
280:Hilderic
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645:Galicia
635:in the
584:scholar
497:, near
452:rectors
397:Saracen
386:Astures
363:scalped
320:Basques
288:Gunhild
253:History
237:in his
169:687/688
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864:Ergica
716:Madrid
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448:clergy
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1182:IPPAR
950:Notes
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577:books
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1151:help
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1095:The
1089:ISBN
789:deer
779:and
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563:news
388:and
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