82:
383:
31:
243:
351:
The eccentric rod provides motion to the expansion link (7) which is pivoted in a central location back to the body of the locomotive. The expansion link holds the radius bar (8), captive by a die block which is integral with the radius bar but is free to move vertically in a constrained curved path
266:
Contrast this to when the die block is at the bottom of the expansion link (7), giving maximum steam injection and exhaust. This is the most powerful forward setting and is used in accelerating forward from rest. Conversely when the die block is at the top of the expansion link (7), maximal power in
373:
The
Walschaerts gear can be linked to inside or outside admission valves. This article has only considered inside-admission piston valves until now, but outside-admission valves (slide valves and some piston valves) can use Walschaerts valve gear. If the valves have outside admission the radius bar
229:
When greater power is necessary, e.g. when gaining speed when pulling out of a station and when ascending a gradient, the
Walschaerts valve gear enables the engine driver to set the cutoff point near the end of the stroke, so that the full pressure of the boiler is exerted on the piston for almost
396:
To lay out
Walschaerts gear, the proportions of the combination lever must be chosen. A displacement of the union link end by half the piston travel must cause a valve rod displacement of the valve lead plus the valve lap. The ratio of distance from union link end to pivot with radius rod to the
233:
This sudden pulse of pressure causes the loud puffing sound that members of the public associate with steam engines, because they mostly encounter engines at stations, where efficiency is sacrificed as trains pull away. A steam engine well adjusted for efficiency makes a soft hissing sound that
211:
In an economical setting, steam is admitted to the expanding space for only part of the stroke; at a point set by the driver, the intake is cut off. Since the exhaust is also shut, during the rest of the stroke the steam that has entered the cylinder expands in isolation, and so its pressure
199:
The
Walschaerts valve gear is an improvement on the earlier Stephenson valve gear in that it enables the driver to operate the steam engine in a continuous range of settings from maximum economy to maximum power. At any setting, the valve gear satisfies the following two conditions:
250:
The valve gear operation combines two motions; one is the primary lead motion which is imparted at the bottom of the combination lever (12). The secondary is the directional/amplitude motion which is imparted at the top. Consider that the driver has adjusted the
230:
the entire stroke. With such a setting, when the exhaust opens, the steam in the cylinder is near full boiler pressure. The pressure in the steam at that moment serves no useful purpose; it drives a sudden pulse of pressure into the atmosphere and is wasted .
270:
Once the locomotive has accelerated the driver can adjust the reverser toward the mid-gear position, decreasing cut-off to give a more economical use of steam. The engine's tractive effort is then less than it was at starting, but its power is greater.
694:
See The
Encyclopedia of Railroads, O. S. Nock, 1977 The name is Walschaert, changed by the family in 1830 when Belgium became independent of the Netherlands. It was patented under the name Walschaert because that is how the name was spelled in
339:
The eccentric crank (UK: return crank) (1) is rigidly attached to the con-rod pin connected to the main drive wheel. Note that this is the only suitable attachment point on any of the drive wheels that is not fouled by the passage of the
355:
The vertical position of the radius bar is controlled in the cab by the driver adjusting the reverser which in turn controls the mechanical linkage; reach rod (3), lifting link (4), lifting arm (5) and reverse arm and shaft (6).
100:
remained the most commonly used valve gear on 19th-century locomotives. However, the
Walschaerts valve gear had the advantage that it could be mounted entirely on the outside of the locomotives, leaving the space between the
458:
400:
When the piston is at either dead centre movement of the radius rod should not move the valve rod. Therefore the expansion link die slot should be an arc of a circle of radius equal to the length of the radius rod.
191:, who invented the mechanism independently in 1849. Heusinger's gear was closer to the form generally adopted, but most authorities accept Walschaerts' invention as sufficiently close to the final form.
226:. For economy, a steam engine is used of a size such that the most economical settings yield the right amount of power most of the time, such as when a train is running at steady speed on level track.
362:
The combination lever combines these two motions with the resultant acting upon the valve stem (13), suitably restrained by the valve stem guide (10), which in turn acts upon the piston valve (14).
255:
such that the die block is at mid-gear. In this position the secondary motion is eliminated and the piston valve travel is shortest, giving minimal injection and exhaust of steam. The travel of the
333:
The primary lead motion is provided by the crosshead arm (9) and the union link (11). This pivoting bar gives the in phase component of motion to the bottom of the combination lever (12).
267:
reverse is obtained. (On some engines the die block was in the top of the link in forward gear. This type was generally used on tank engines, which worked in forward and reverse equally.)
207:
Soon before the space on one side of the piston starts to contract, the valve starts to release steam from that space to the atmosphere, so as not to impede the movement of the piston.
280:
112:
The first locomotive fitted with the
Walschaerts valve gear was built at the Belgian Tubize workshops, and was awarded a gold medal at the 1873 Universal Exhibition in
1265:
359:
In this way the secondary, out of phase, driver controlled component of motion is imparted to the top of the combination lever (12) by the radius bar (8).
865:
397:
distance between the valve rod end to the pivot with the radius rod should be in the same proportion as half piston travel to valve lap plus lead.
1980:
204:
The valve opens to admit steam to the cylinder just before the start of a piston stroke. The pressure of this steam provides the driving force.
348:. The eccentric crank is of a length such that the pin attachment to the eccentric rod (2) is 90 degrees out of phase with the lead motion.
135:; the first use in New Zealand of Walschaerts valve gear and probably the first time that a British manufacturer had supplied it. They were
870:
772:
549:
165:, the locomotive saw very little service as nobody seems to have known how to set the valves and this led to enormous coal consumption.
1258:
219:
The
Walschaerts valve gear enables the engine driver to change the cutoff point without changing the points at which intake starts.
158:
85:
2140:
2013:
2150:
172:, its use was almost universal, whilst in North America, the Walschaerts gear outnumbered its closest competitor, the derived
622:
1408:
894:
234:
lasts throughout the exhaust stroke, with the sounds from the two cylinders overlapping to produce a nearly constant sound.
2046:
1819:
1251:
222:
Economy also requires that the throttle be wide open and that the boiler pressure is at the maximum safe level to maximise
1715:
73:
under that name. It was extensively used in steam locomotives from the late 19th century until the end of the steam era.
700:
168:
In the 20th century, the
Walschaerts valve gear was the most commonly used type, especially on larger locomotives. In
1710:
588:
509:
1858:
2174:
2086:
1213:
1168:
1053:
914:
765:
128:
120:
2040:
2215:
2145:
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336:
The secondary directional/amplitude motion is derived from a mechanical linkage made up of several components.
929:
2034:
1433:
934:
673:
453:
260:
183:
and some neighbouring countries, like Poland and
Czechoslovakia, the Walschaerts gear is generally named the
2021:
1809:
904:
426:
188:
2159:
1877:
1849:
1733:
1345:
1288:
256:
17:
1748:
1627:
758:
105:
clear and allowing easy access for service and adjustment, which resulted in it being adopted in some
2179:
2168:
2026:
1725:
1338:
1158:
988:
739:
583:. The Oakwood Library of Railway History (2nd ed.). Headington: Oakwood Press. pp. 37, 43.
1953:
1885:
448:
2189:
2184:
2105:
1974:
1829:
1774:
1496:
1452:
479:
431:
132:
1992:
1753:
2194:
2092:
1966:
1933:
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1028:
735:
106:
63:
92:
0-4-4T of 1878. This was the first British locomotive to be fitted with Walschaerts valve gear
2059:
1784:
1705:
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1393:
1303:
1143:
1043:
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1804:
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1308:
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939:
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8:
2113:
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959:
919:
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404:
The throw of the return crank must give the required oscillation of the expansion link.
1609:
1118:
909:
842:
421:
223:
124:
89:
146:, a modified Fairlie locomotive of 1874, was the first to use the Walschaerts gear in
69:
in 1844. The gear is sometimes named without the final "s", since it was incorrectly
1910:
1758:
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66:
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1986:
1947:
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630:
1892:
1834:
1642:
1637:
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1506:
1202:
1103:
723:
252:
212:
decreases. Thus, the most energy available from the steam (in the absence of a
2078:
1927:
1899:
1576:
1398:
1388:
1298:
1197:
1187:
1148:
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154:
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81:
2209:
1866:
1839:
1738:
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1123:
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35:
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1824:
1571:
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1511:
1365:
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1023:
1003:
341:
729:
374:
connects to the combination lever below the valve stem rather than above.
1919:
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1941:
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436:
136:
51:
30:
1794:
1779:
1222:
832:
827:
812:
799:
750:
412:
There have been many variants of Walschaerts valve gear, including:
279:
1683:
1227:
822:
609:
Locomotive and Train working in the latter part of the 19th Century
1182:
1078:
390:
242:
180:
59:
1243:
1799:
1536:
837:
169:
113:
70:
745:
1318:
979:
96:
The Walschaerts valve gear was slow to gain popularity. The
732:
Online program for designing valve gears semi-automatically
157:
0-4-4T, exhibited in Paris in 1878 and purchased by the
708:. New York: Norman W. Henry Publishing Co. – via
368:
654:. London: Locomotive Publishing Co. 1924. p. 67.
54:
used to regulate the flow of steam to the pistons in
736:
Video: simple explanation of Walschaerts valve gear
459:
List of locomotives that use Walschaerts valve gear
2207:
486:. Chicago: The World Railway Publishing Company.
579:Sands, T.B. & Jenkins, Stanley C. (1990) .
611:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Heffer. p. 122.
581:The Midland and South Western Junction Railway
283:The key components of Walschaerts Valve Gear:
1259:
766:
668:
578:
501:
537:
42:Note that the radius bar is set to reverse.
1266:
1252:
773:
759:
680:(Revised ed.). Watford: Argus Books.
597:
521:. London: Sydney White: 620–621, 630. 1902
153:The first application in Britain was on a
652:Locomotive Valve Gears and Valve Setting
381:
278:
241:
159:Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway
86:Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway
80:
29:
2141:Glossary of steam locomotive components
478:
14:
2208:
603:
550:"History of Walschaerts' Valve Motion"
1247:
780:
754:
726:Charles Dockstader's Valve Gear Demos
746:Danbury Railway Museum - Danbury, CT
702:The Walscheart Locomotive Valve Gear
698:
560:: Baldwin & Rayward. p. 212
274:
543:
369:Inside and outside admission valves
287:Eccentric crank (UK: return crank)
34:A set of Walschaerts valve gear on
24:
1993:National Museum of Scotland engine
25:
2227:
1273:
717:
2175:List of steam technology patents
386:The Walschaerts valve gear on a
1054:Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
662:
2160:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2146:History of steam road vehicles
644:
615:
572:
471:
13:
1:
2087:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
494:
454:Steam locomotive nomenclature
1810:Return connecting rod engine
510:"The Walschaerts Valve Gear"
311:Crosshead arm (UK Drop link)
189:Edmund Heusinger von Waldegg
161:in March 1882. According to
7:
1734:Condensing steam locomotive
442:
407:
10:
2232:
2041:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
352:along the expansion link.
194:
76:
2133:
2104:
2077:
2058:
2047:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2012:
1965:
1918:
1909:
1876:
1857:
1848:
1767:
1724:
1716:Single- and double-acting
1696:
1666:
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1535:
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1379:
1326:
1317:
1281:
1211:
1167:
1062:
989:AAR type A switcher truck
978:
884:
851:
789:
740:BR Standard Class 5 73096
623:"Danbury Railway Museum,
484:The Walschaert Valve Gear
432:J. T. Marshall valve gear
377:
237:
131:locomotives, supplied by
1886:Newcomen Memorial Engine
464:
449:Johnson Bar (locomotive)
427:Bagnall–Price valve gear
2190:Timeline of steam power
2185:Stationary steam engine
2068:Woolf's compound engine
1975:Soho Manufactory engine
1830:Steeple compound engine
1497:straight line mechanism
246:Walschaerts In movement
127:locomotives. They were
107:articulated locomotives
2195:Water-returning engine
2169:Lean's Engine Reporter
1942:Chacewater Mine engine
1815:Six-column beam engine
1029:Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
678:Walschaerts Valve Gear
393:
330:
259:is twice the total of
247:
93:
48:Walschaerts valve gear
43:
2216:Locomotive valve gear
2035:London Steam Carriage
1044:Radial steering truck
861:AAR wheel arrangement
730:ValveGear Constructor
388:Pennsylvania Railroad
385:
282:
245:
98:Stephenson valve gear
84:
33:
1981:Bradley Works engine
1805:Reciprocating engine
1628:Babcock & Wilcox
1471:Centrifugal governor
871:Swiss classification
699:Wood, W. W. (1906).
480:Kirkman, Marshall M.
185:Heusinger valve gear
176:, by a wide margin.
121:New Zealand Railways
1522:Sun and planet gear
2022:Richard Trevithick
1620:Water-tube boilers
1434:Gresley conjugated
1119:Klien-Lindner axle
866:UIC classification
843:Dual Control Stand
742:as the visual aid)
422:Baguley valve gear
394:
331:
248:
224:thermal efficiency
94:
44:
27:Type of valve gear
2203:
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2008:
2007:
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1592:Fire-tube boilers
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1144:Road–rail vehicle
1129:Luttermöller axle
999:Articulated bogie
853:Wheel arrangement
625:the reversing bar
544:Fry, Lawford H. (
320:Combination lever
275:Technical details
67:Egide Walschaerts
56:steam locomotives
16:(Redirected from
2223:
2153:fardier Ă vapeur
1987:Whitbread Engine
1948:Smethwick Engine
1916:
1915:
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1854:
1674:Feedwater heater
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1014:Cleminson system
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724:Valve Gear Demos
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710:Internet Archive
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629:. Archived from
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487:
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417:Baker valve gear
314:Valve stem guide
174:Baker valve gear
21:
2231:
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2222:
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2206:
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2004:
1961:
1905:
1893:Fairbottom Bobs
1878:Newcomen engine
1872:
1844:
1790:Expansion valve
1763:
1749:Watt's separate
1720:
1688:
1662:
1614:
1586:
1531:
1507:Parallel motion
1443:
1394:Stephenson link
1375:
1313:
1282:Operating cycle
1277:
1272:
1242:
1237:
1207:
1163:
1104:Equalising beam
1058:
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497:
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491:
476:
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467:
445:
410:
380:
371:
365:
329:
277:
253:reversing lever
240:
197:
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
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2126:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1928:Kinneil Engine
1924:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1900:Elsecar Engine
1897:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Steeple engine
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
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1728:
1722:
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1713:
1708:
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1700:
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1690:
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1686:
1681:
1679:Feedwater pump
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
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1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1545:Simple boilers
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1527:Watt's linkage
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Connecting rod
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1214:exhaust system
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1169:Exhaust system
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Trailing wheel
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:Carrying wheel
1086:
1084:Beugniot lever
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1049:Scheffel bogie
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
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983:
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927:
922:
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876:Whyte notation
873:
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835:
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820:
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718:External links
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670:Greenly, Henry
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346:connecting rod
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305:Expansion link
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155:Single Fairlie
129:Double Fairlie
78:
75:
58:, invented by
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3:
2:
2228:
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2048:
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2042:
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2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:Puffing Devil
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2014:High-pressure
2011:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:Rotative beam
1964:
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1868:
1867:Savery Engine
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
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1847:
1841:
1840:Working fluid
1838:
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1517:Rotative beam
1515:
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1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:hypocycloidal
1492:
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1297:
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1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:Steam engines
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
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1199:
1196:
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1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Leading wheel
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Gölsdorf axle
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Driving wheel
1097:
1095:
1094:Coupled wheel
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
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1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
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1032:
1030:
1027:
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1022:
1020:
1019:Grovers bogie
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Arnoux system
992:
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987:
986:
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911:
908:
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905:Bagnall–Price
903:
901:
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893:
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872:
869:
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839:
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797:
792:
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741:
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734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:
711:
704:
703:
697:
693:
689:
683:
679:
675:
674:Evans, Martin
671:
667:
666:
653:
647:
633:on 2007-05-20
632:
628:
626:
618:
610:
606:
605:Ahrons, E. L.
600:
592:
590:0-85361-402-4
586:
582:
575:
559:
555:
551:
547:
540:
532:
520:
516:
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481:
477:For example,
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298:
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292:
290:Eccentric rod
289:
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272:
268:
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206:
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192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
163:Ernest Ahrons
160:
156:
151:
149:
148:North America
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
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117:
115:
110:
108:
104:
99:
91:
87:
83:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:is a type of
49:
41:
39:
32:
19:
2180:Modern steam
2167:
2152:
2114:Porter-Allen
2093:
2027:
1954:
1934:
1891:
1825:Safety valve
1754:"Pickle-pot"
1648:Thimble tube
1403:
1139:Railway tire
1065:running gear
1024:Jacobs bogie
1004:Bissel truck
969:
793:positioning
701:
677:
663:Bibliography
651:
646:
635:. Retrieved
631:the original
624:
617:
608:
599:
580:
574:
562:. Retrieved
553:
545:
539:
529:– via
523:. Retrieved
518:
515:The Engineer
514:
503:
483:
473:
411:
403:
399:
395:
372:
364:
361:
358:
354:
350:
342:coupling rod
338:
335:
332:
326:Piston valve
296:Lifting link
269:
265:
257:piston valve
249:
232:
228:
221:
218:
210:
198:
184:
178:
167:
152:
141:
123:ordered two
118:
111:
95:
47:
45:
37:
1911:Watt engine
1711:Oscillating
1667:Boiler feed
1512:Plate chain
1491:Tusi couple
1404:Walschaerts
1289:Atmospheric
1154:Train wheel
1134:Radial axle
1114:Journal box
1034:Mason Bogie
970:Walschaerts
808:Cab forward
302:Reverse arm
299:Lifting arm
263:plus lead.
216:) is used.
144:Mason Bogie
125:NZR B class
18:Walschaerts
2120:Ljungström
2106:High-speed
1999:Lap Engine
1955:Resolution
1859:Precursors
1744:Kirchweger
1706:Locomotive
1653:Three-drum
1633:Field-tube
1600:Locomotive
1582:Lancashire
1502:Link chain
1486:Crankshaft
1453:Mechanisms
1381:Valve gear
1074:Adams axle
1039:Pony truck
1009:Blomberg B
965:Stephenson
950:Kuhn slide
886:Valve gear
818:Steeplecab
796:Short hood
782:Locomotive
687:0853441081
637:2007-07-20
564:1 November
558:Wellington
548:) (1906).
531:HathiTrust
525:1 November
495:References
437:Kuhn slide
323:Valve stem
317:Union link
308:Radius bar
137:Cape gauge
52:valve gear
2151:Cugnot's
2094:Salamanca
1795:Hydrolock
1780:Crosshead
1726:Condenser
1562:Egg-ended
1223:Blastpipe
940:Hackworth
833:Cowl unit
828:Hood unit
813:Sharknose
800:Long hood
676:(1980) .
293:Reach rod
214:condenser
119:In 1874,
2210:Category
2134:See also
2060:Compound
1935:Old Bess
1775:Blowback
1698:Cylinder
1684:Injector
1643:Stirling
1638:Sentinel
1552:Haystack
1466:Cataract
1439:Southern
1429:Caprotti
1304:Compound
1228:Smokebox
1216:elements
1193:Lemaître
1159:Wheelset
1067:elements
960:Southern
920:Caprotti
823:Cab unit
607:(1953).
554:Progress
482:(1909).
443:See also
408:Variants
133:Avonside
71:patented
64:engineer
62:railway
1850:History
1759:Surface
1577:Cornish
1537:Boilers
1419:Corliss
1356:Corliss
1339:D slide
1309:Uniflow
1299:Cornish
1233:Chimney
1212:Common
1203:Lemprex
1183:Kylchap
1079:Axlebox
935:Gresley
915:Bulleid
910:Baguley
593:. OL16.
344:or the
195:Purpose
181:Germany
90:Fairlie
88:Single
77:History
60:Belgian
38:Tornado
2162:(1784)
2156:(1769)
2122:(1908)
2116:(1862)
2097:(1812)
2089:(1805)
2079:Murray
2070:(1803)
2049:(1804)
2043:(1803)
2037:(1803)
2031:(1801)
2001:(1788)
1995:(1786)
1989:(1785)
1983:(1783)
1977:(1782)
1958:(1781)
1950:(1779)
1944:(1778)
1938:(1777)
1930:(1768)
1902:(1795)
1896:(1760)
1888:(1725)
1869:(1698)
1835:Stroke
1800:Piston
1785:Cutoff
1658:Yarrow
1610:Launch
1605:Scotch
1366:Sleeve
1361:Poppet
1346:Piston
1327:Valves
1319:Valves
1198:Lempor
1188:Kylpor
1063:Other
838:Boxcab
784:design
738:(with
684:
672:&
587:
546:trans.
378:Layout
238:Motion
187:after
170:Europe
114:Vienna
103:frames
36:60163
1768:Other
1572:Flued
1557:Wagon
1481:Crank
1424:Lentz
1414:Baker
1409:Allan
1334:Slide
1178:Giesl
1171:types
982:types
980:Bogie
955:Lentz
930:Gooch
900:Baker
895:Allan
888:types
706:(PDF)
695:1844.
465:Notes
1920:Beam
1461:Beam
1371:Bash
1351:Drop
1294:Watt
682:ISBN
585:ISBN
566:2022
527:2022
142:The
46:The
1739:Jet
1567:Box
1399:Joy
1389:Gab
945:Joy
925:Gab
791:Cab
519:102
391:E6s
261:lap
179:In
139:.
2212::
798:/
556:.
552:.
517:.
513:.
150:.
116:.
109:.
1267:e
1260:t
1253:v
774:e
767:t
760:v
712:.
690:.
640:.
627:"
568:.
533:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
