414:
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49:
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233:
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Commercial-grade radios are often designed to be used on allocations such as GMRS or MURS (the latter of which has had very little readily available purpose-built equipment). In addition, CB walkie-talkies are available, but less popular due to the propagation characteristics of the 27 MHz band and the general bulkiness of the gear involved.
694:
While the bulk of personal walkie-talkie traffic is in the 27 MHz and 400–500 MHz area of the UHF spectrum, there are some units that use the "Part 15" 49 MHz band (shared with cordless phones, baby monitors, and similar devices) as well as the "Part 15" 900 MHz band; in the US at
388:
radios, with "walkie-talkie" often used as a layman's term or specifically to refer to a toy. Public safety and commercial users generally refer to their handhelds simply as "radios". Surplus
Motorola Handie-Talkies found their way into the hands of ham radio operators immediately following World War
896:
where mounting a fixed radio might be impractical or expensive. Often such units will have switches to provide quick access to emergency and information channels. They are also used in recreational UTVs to coordinate logistics, keep riders out of the dust and are usually connected to an intercom and
643:
use of the GMRS frequencies. Use of the GMRS frequencies (USA) requires a license; however most users either disregard this requirement or are unaware. Canada reallocated frequencies for licence-free use due to heavy interference from US GMRS users. The
European PMR446 channels fall in the middle of
609:
As mentioned, commercial walkie-talkies can sometimes be reprogrammed to operate on amateur frequencies. Amateur radio operators may do this for cost reasons or due to the fact that Public Safety grade commercial gear is more solidly constructed and better designed than purpose-built amateur gear
467:
Walkie-talkies, thanks to increasing use of miniaturized electronics, can be made very small, with some personal two-way UHF radio models being smaller than a deck of cards (though VHF and HF units can be substantially larger due to the need for larger antennas and battery packs). In addition, as
1185:
659:
allocations, and are designed to be very compact, with buttons for changing channels and other settings on the face of the radio and a short, fixed antenna. Most such units are made of heavy, often brightly colored plastic, though some more expensive units have ruggedized metal or plastic cases.
770:
receivers, and may lack even a volume control, but they may nevertheless be elaborately decorated, often superficially resembling more "grown-up" radios such as FRS or public safety gear. Unlike more costly units, low-cost toy walkie-talkies may not have separate microphones and speakers; the
495:
Consumer and commercial equipment differ in a number of ways; commercial gear is generally ruggedized, with metal cases, and often has only a few specific frequencies programmed into it (often, though not always, with a computer or other outside programming device; older units can simply swap
912:
There are various types of accessories available for walkie-talkies such as rechargeable batteries, drop-in rechargers, multi-unit rechargers for charging as many as six units at a time, and an audio accessory jack that can be used for headsets or speaker microphones. Newer models allow the
563:
Since amateur allocations usually are not channelized, the user can dial in any frequency desired in the authorized band (whereas commercial HTs usually only allow the user to tune the radio into a number of already programmed channels). This is known as variable frequency operation ("VFO")
496:
crystals), since a given business or public safety agent must often abide by a specific frequency allocation. Consumer gear, on the other hand, is generally made to be small, lightweight, and capable of accessing any channel within the specified band, not just a subset of assigned channels.
311:
transceiver from 1941, also made by
Motorola, named the Handie-Talkie (HT). The terms are often confused today, but the original walkie-talkie referred to the back mounted model, while the handie-talkie was the device which could be held entirely in the hand. Both devices used
644:
a United States UHF amateur allocation, and the US FRS channels interfere with public safety communications in the United
Kingdom. Designs for personal walkie-talkies are in any case tightly regulated, generally requiring non-removable antennas (with a few exceptions such as
707:(eXtreme Radio Service—despite the name, a proprietary design, not an official allocation of the US FCC). The spread-spectrum scheme used in eXRS radios allows up to 10 billion virtual "channels" and ensures private communications between two or more units.
181:
communication device. Multiple walkie-talkies use a single radio channel, and only one radio on the channel can transmit at a time, although any number can listen. The transceiver is normally in receive mode; when the user wants to talk they must press a
1047:
634:
receivers and are a useful communication tool for both business and personal use. The boom in licence-free transceivers has, however, been a source of frustration to users of licensed services which are sometimes interfered with. For example, FRS and
903:
walkie-talkies are often required in heavy industrial settings where the radio may be used around flammable vapors. This designation means that the knobs and switches in the radio are engineered to avoid producing sparks as they are operated.
606:. Handheld radios with these technologies have several advanced features, including narrower bandwidth, simultaneous voice and messaging, GPS position reporting, and callsign routed radio calls over a wide-ranging international network.
690:
propagation of UHF signals, experienced users consider such ratings to be wildly exaggerated, and some manufacturers have begun printing range ratings on the package based on terrain as opposed to simple power output.
782:
attached as a sticker to the radio. However, as Morse Code has fallen out of wide use outside amateur radio circles, some such units either have a grossly simplified code label or no longer provide a sticker at all.
678:
in the same package as an FRS/GMRS walkie-talkie (allowing Rino users to transmit digital location data to each other) Some personal radios also include receivers for AM and FM broadcast radio and, where applicable,
536:
design models specifically for amateur use. While superficially similar to commercial and personal units (including such things as CTCSS and DCS squelch functions, used primarily to activate amateur radio
817:
style interaction. They are marketed as low-latency, asynchronous communication. The advantages touted over two-way voice calls include: the asynchronous nature not requiring full user interaction (like
1060:
193:
Some units have additional features such as sending calls, call reception with vibration alarm, keypad locking, and a stopwatch. Smaller walkie-talkies are also very popular among young children.
155:. First used for infantry, similar designs were created for field artillery and tank units, and after the war, walkie-talkies spread to public safety and eventually commercial and jobsite work.
244:
Handheld two-way radios were developed by the military from backpack radios carried by a soldier in an infantry squad to keep the squad in contact with their commanders. The
Canadian inventor
860:
and BearTooth, and offer a radio interface. Unlike mobile data dependent applications, these products work by pairing to an app on the user's smartphone and working over a radio interface.
602:
are available on some amateur HTs. For example, newer additions to the
Amateur Radio service are Next Generation Digital Narrowband (NXDN) and Digital Smart Technology for Amateur Radio or
1309:
1330:
190:
offer a push-to-talk handset that allows walkie-talkie-like operation over the cellular network, without dialing a call each time. However, the cellphone provider must be accessible.
480:(digital squelch) (often marketed as "privacy codes") to inexpensive radios, as well as voice scrambling and trunking capabilities. Some units (especially amateur HTs) also include
774:
An unusual feature, common on children's walkie-talkies but seldom available otherwise even on amateur models, is a "code key", that is, a button allowing the operator to transmit
256:
for the device's significance to the war effort. Hings' model C-58 "Handie-Talkie" was in military service by 1942, the result of a secret R&D effort that began in 1940.
686:
While jobsite and government radios are often rated in power output, consumer radios are frequently and controversially rated in mile or kilometer ratings. Because of the
276:. It was created by an engineering team in 1940 at the Galvin Manufacturing Company (forerunner of Motorola). The team consisted of Marion Bond, Lloyd Morris, Bill Vogel,
362:. There was an optional handset that could be connected to the AN/PRC-6 by a 5-foot cable. An adjustable strap was provided for carrying and support while operating.
778:
or similar tones to another walkie-talkie operating on the same frequency. Generally the operator depresses the PTT button and taps out a message using a Morse Code
437:, military, outdoor recreation, and the like, and devices are available at numerous price points from inexpensive analog units sold as toys up to ruggedized (i.e.
683:
and similar systems broadcasting on the same frequencies. Some designs also allow the sending of text messages and pictures between similarly equipped units.
1801:
393:
program. To avoid trademark infringement, other manufacturers use designations such as "Handheld
Transceiver" or "Handie Transceiver" for their products.
857:
1158:
846:
630:) in other countries. While FRS walkie-talkies are also sometimes used as toys because mass-production makes them low in cost, they have proper
2509:
2481:
2476:
1501:
842:
445:) analog and digital units for use on boats or in heavy industry. Most countries allow the sale of walkie-talkies for, at least, business,
354:(receiver and transmitter); a second set of thirteen tubes was supplied with the unit as running spares. The unit was factory set with one
696:
1399:"Two-Way Radio Success: How to Choose Two-Way Radios, Commercial Intercoms, and Other Wireless Communication Devices for Your Business"
373:
radio to replace the unsatisfactory helmet-mounted AN/PRR-9 receiver and receiver/transmitter handheld AN/PRT-4 (both developed by the
1474:
266:, also worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1938 and 1941, and is sometimes credited with inventing it.
460:, which dynamically allocate radio channels for more efficient use of the limited radio spectrum. Such systems always work with a
2593:
464:
that acts as a repeater and controller, although individual handsets and mobiles may have a mode that bypasses the base station.
358:
which could be changed to a different frequency in the field by replacing the crystal and re-tuning the unit. It used a 24-inch
2503:
754:(FM), shared with cordless phones and baby monitors. The lowest cost devices are very simple electronically (single-frequency,
695:
least, units in these bands do not require licenses as long as they adhere to FCC Part 15 power output rules. A company called
269:
The first device to be widely nicknamed a "walkie-talkie" was developed by the US military during World War II, the backpacked
2498:
2488:
2468:
2270:
1456:
995:
252:
in 1937. He called the system a "packset", although it later became known as a "walkie-talkie". In 2001, Hings received the
2833:
1635:
1077:
2843:
2560:
2493:
2339:
2987:
2265:
1099:
599:
384:
The abbreviation HT, derived from
Motorola's "Handie-Talkie" trademark, is commonly used to refer to portable handheld
1128:
727:
such as the Fisher Price Walkie-Talkie for children illustrated in the top image on the right. Prior to the change of
2896:
2704:
2359:
1248:
793:
radios will sometimes be bought and used as toys, though they are not generally explicitly marketed as such (but see
700:
433:
Walkie-talkies are widely used in any setting where portable radio communications are necessary, including business,
2992:
2144:
1692:
1494:
524:
operators. While converted commercial gear by companies such as
Motorola are not uncommon, many companies such as
508:
Multiband Inter/Intra Team Radio (MBITR) can communicate on a variety of bands and modulation schemes and include
2255:
960:
663:
Personal walkie-talkies are generally designed to give easy access to all available channels (and, if supplied,
2250:
389:
II. Motorola's public safety radios of the 1950s and 1960s were loaned or donated to ham groups as part of the
35:
739:
was limited to 100 milliwatts of power on transmit and using one or two crystal-controlled channels in the 27
2813:
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17:
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capability for hands-free operation, as well as the ability to attach external microphones and speakers.
289:
178:
2901:
2399:
2321:
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1967:
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366:
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The personal walkie-talkie has become popular also because of licence-free services (such as the U.S.
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2719:
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2132:
1977:
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Multiple modulation schemes: a few amateur HTs may allow modulation modes other than FM, including
2982:
2911:
2858:
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2149:
2072:
1972:
1650:
1536:
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649:
2621:
2579:
2291:
2077:
1892:
1837:
1832:
1645:
1610:
1358:
930:
541:), amateur gear usually has a number of features that are not common to other gear, including:
504:
Military organizations use handheld radios for a variety of purposes. Modern units such as the
985:
735:
to "permitted by part" (FCC rules Part 95) status, the typical toy walkie-talkie available in
2916:
2193:
1997:
1962:
1882:
1862:
1784:
1672:
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829:
Applications on the market that offer this walkie-talkie style interaction for audio include
704:
489:
477:
197:
174:
1526:
1210:
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2107:
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1132:
790:
787:
767:
751:
747:
619:
568:
457:
281:
216:
177:
mounted on the top of the unit. They are held up to the face to talk. A walkie-talkie is a
1243:(4th ed.). Newington, Connecticut: American Radio Relay League. 2002. p. 10-16.
8:
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2803:
2689:
2626:
2117:
2057:
1816:
1778:
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1561:
893:
868:
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is, as of July 2007, marketing a series of walkie-talkies in the United States, based on
533:
263:
205:
31:
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2301:
2232:
2102:
2032:
2007:
1942:
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1510:
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335:
187:
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2012:
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1254:
1244:
1055:
1011:
991:
664:
529:
2052:
520:
Walkie-talkies (also known as HTs or "handheld transceivers") are widely used among
456:
Walkie-talkies for public safety, and commercial and industrial uses may be part of
2808:
2389:
2349:
2329:
2296:
2225:
2183:
2097:
1952:
1937:
1912:
1887:
1847:
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885:
884:
In addition to land mobile use, waterproof walkie talkie designs are also used for
670:
Personal two-way radios are also sometimes combined with other electronic devices;
446:
331:
136:
723:
Low-power versions, exempt from licence requirements, are also popular children's
381:, was issued to the Marines in the 1980s, and was adopted by the US Army as well.
2941:
2891:
2017:
1872:
1640:
1615:
1603:
1029:
631:
576:
285:
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259:
253:
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in the other (in some devices the speaker also is used as the microphone) and an
148:
144:
750:(AM) only. Later toy walkie-talkies operated in the 49 MHz band, some with
2762:
2215:
2087:
2062:
2022:
1992:
1867:
1702:
1655:
1630:
1588:
1272:
1085:
950:
940:
560:, others support several UHF and VHF amateur allocations available to the user.
211:
1428:
Old Waves and New Wires: The
History of the Telegraph, Telephone, and Wireless
1290:
413:
186:" (PTT) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the transmitter. Some
48:
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2747:
2616:
2602:
2364:
2137:
2127:
2042:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1902:
1724:
1583:
771:
receiver's speaker sometimes doubles as a microphone while in transmit mode.
736:
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546:
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434:
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385:
201:
129:
1258:
323:
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2752:
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2082:
2027:
1957:
1922:
1857:
1756:
1746:
1598:
1136:
814:
675:
640:
592:
461:
359:
351:
248:
was the first to create a portable radio signaling system for his employer
245:
183:
140:
70:
2946:
2936:
2931:
2442:
2092:
2002:
1987:
1947:
1907:
1766:
1238:
877:
852:
Other smartphone-based walkie-talkie products are made by companies like
313:
166:
132:
295:
2447:
2154:
1852:
1761:
1717:
1687:
1665:
955:
810:
779:
775:
759:
509:
505:
438:
406:
334:, July 1944. A US soldier (foreground) uses a Handie-Talkie during the
170:
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2432:
1897:
1712:
1479:
935:
914:
740:
425:
401:
159:
1240:
Now You're Talking! All You Need to Get Your First Ham Radio License
801:
line, which transmits both voice and digital data on the FRS band).
2848:
2793:
2714:
2427:
2417:
2334:
2159:
1982:
918:
645:
553:
538:
485:
450:
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Multiple bands; while some operate only on specific bands such as
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2407:
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853:
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2412:
1734:
987:
Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century
830:
794:
671:
627:
623:
603:
1381:"Motorola XiR P8600i Radio - Quantum Communications Solutions"
303:
US military "handie talkie", the first hand-held walkie-talkie
2437:
2374:
1682:
917:. Some models also came up with the wifi integration such as
838:
834:
655:
Most personal walkie-talkies sold are designed to operate in
584:
557:
473:
370:
30:
For the building in London known as "the Walkie Talkie", see
703:
technology operating in this frequency range under the name
2379:
873:
823:
636:
481:
220:
819:
724:
656:
232:
1469:
804:
715:
549:
functionality, for listening to non-amateur radio bands.
484:
keypads for remote operation of various devices such as
240:
military backpack transceiver, nicknamed "walkie talkie"
1475:
U.S. Army Signal Corp Museum - exhibits and collections
639:
overlap in the United States, resulting in substantial
1186:"Riding Radio Waves For 75 Years, Motorola Milestones"
1030:"User manual Stabo Freecomm 650 (English - 2 pages)"
262:, a radio engineer and one of the developers of the
346:developed the SCR-536's military replacement, the
53:Recreational, toy and amateur radio walkie-talkies
1307:
1048:"Walkie-Talkie Inventor Receives Order of Canada"
826:) so it does not use minutes on a cellular plan.
200:, article 1.73, a walkie-talkie is classified as
2969:
892:communications, especially on smaller boats and
468:costs come down, it is possible to add advanced
27:Hand-held portable two-way communications device
876:grain inspector with RCA TacTec walkie-talkie,
595:data transmission without additional hardware.
2587:
1495:
1435:Radidselopments in Telecommunications 2nd Ed.
762:circuit where "grown-up" walkie-talkies use
667:) within the device's specified allocation.
377:). The AN/PRC-68, first produced in 1976 by
307:The first handheld walkie-talkie was the AM
2510:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
977:
2594:
2580:
2546:
1502:
1488:
1310:"Hytera Launches PoC Walkie Talkie PNC370"
1078:"CBC.ca - The Greatest Canadian Invention"
47:
1322:
449:, and some limited personal uses such as
1451:. (Wiley Publishing, Hoboken, NH, 2005,
1444:. (Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey: 1978)
1437:, (Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey: 1977)
1430:. (Appleton-Century Co., New York: 1936)
1356:
1183:
1012:"Stabo FREECOMM 600 Bedienungsanleitung"
983:
867:
714:
453:, as well as for amateur radio designs.
424:
421:, a popular inexpensive radio from China
412:
400:
322:
294:
231:
210:
1449:Two-Way Radios and Scanners for Dummies
1177:
758:, generally based on a simple discrete
719:An inexpensive children's walkie-talkie
14:
2970:
1509:
2575:
1483:
1328:
1150:
805:Smartphone apps and connected devices
545:Wide-band receivers, often including
2556:
913:connection to wireless headsets via
280:, who conceived of the design using
1357:Anderson, Sophie (September 2020).
863:
396:
24:
1413:
1396:
1308:Bruno Ortiz Bisso (May 31, 2021).
1156:
1121:
652:) and forbidding modified radios.
409:capable professional walkie-talkie
158:Typical walkie-talkies resemble a
62:Wireless telecommunications device
25:
3004:
2705:Common traffic advisory frequency
2601:
1463:
1421:Marconi: The man and his wireless
1331:"Smartphone? Presto! 2-Way Radio"
1329:Pogue, David (5 September 2012).
984:Sterling, Christopher H. (2008).
813:exist that mimic a walkie-talkie/
701:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
369:initiated an effort to develop a
316:and were powered by high voltage
2555:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2145:Free-space optical communication
515:
1423:. (Arno Press., New York: 1971)
1373:
1350:
1301:
1283:
1265:
1231:
1203:
1184:Wolinsky, Howard (2003-09-25).
1100:"TM-11296 - Radio set AN/PRC-6"
961:Vehicular communication systems
613:
350:. The AN/PRC-6 circuit used 13
139:has been variously credited to
1092:
1070:
1040:
1022:
1004:
990:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 503–504.
907:
36:Walkie-talkie (disambiguation)
13:
1:
2814:Maritime mobile amateur radio
966:
849:, and HeyTell, among others.
710:
135:. Its development during the
2957:Voting (diversity combining)
2695:Aircraft emergency frequency
2642:General Mobile Radio Service
2531:Telecommunication portal
2312:Telecommunications equipment
1390:
1159:"The SCR-300 Backpack Radio"
1059:. 2001-08-17. Archived from
971:
579:, and digital modes such as
223:walkie talkies with hand mic
128:, is a hand-held, portable,
7:
2710:Mandatory frequency airport
2048:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
924:
822:) and it is voice over IP (
499:
188:cellular telephone networks
116:, more formally known as a
82:; 87 years ago
10:
3009:
2902:Automatic vehicle location
1752:Telecommunications history
1470:SCR-300-A Technical Manual
610:that is built to a price.
367:United States Marine Corps
227:
29:
2988:Law enforcement equipment
2927:Dynamic range compression
2882:
2844:Dual-tone multi-frequency
2822:
2786:
2758:Professional mobile radio
2733:
2720:Single Frequency Approach
2680:
2609:
2519:
2461:
2398:
2360:Public Switched Telephone
2320:
2284:
2241:
2182:
2172:telecommunication circuit
2133:Fiber-optic communication
2116:
1878:Francis Blake (telephone)
1825:
1673:Optical telecommunication
1517:
1359:"Best Walkie Talkie Apps"
1163:warfarehistorynetwork.com
674:'s Rino series combine a
169:built into one end and a
151:and engineering teams at
102:
94:
76:
66:
58:
46:
2952:Radiotelephony procedure
2768:Specialized Mobile Radio
2271:Orbital angular-momentum
1708:Satellite communications
1547:Communications satellite
342:Following World War II,
288:, who was the principal
2993:20th-century inventions
2662:Multi-Use Radio Service
2150:Molecular communication
1973:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1802:Undersea telegraph line
1537:Cable protection system
2734:Land-based commercial
2622:Amateur radio repeater
2292:Communication protocol
2078:Charles Sumner Tainter
1893:Walter Houser Brattain
1838:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1646:Information revolution
1419:Dunlap, Orrin E., Jr.
931:Mobile radio telephone
881:
720:
648:and the United States
488:. Some models include
430:
422:
410:
365:In the mid-1970s, the
339:
304:
241:
224:
34:. For other uses, see
2736:and government mobile
2683:(aeronautical mobile)
2266:Polarization-division
1998:Narinder Singh Kapany
1963:Erna Schneider Hoover
1883:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1863:Alexander Graham Bell
1594:online video platform
1401:. IntercomsOnline.com
1361:. Walkie Talkie Guide
1273:"Tokyo HyPower HT750"
871:
718:
476:(analog squelch) and
472:capabilities such as
458:trunked radio systems
447:marine communications
429:An Icom IC-F3GS Radio
428:
416:
404:
326:
298:
235:
214:
198:ITU Radio Regulations
2773:Trunked radio system
2637:Public Radio Service
2632:Family Radio Service
2610:Amateur and hobbyist
2108:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2068:Almon Brown Strowger
2038:Charles Grafton Page
1693:Prepaid mobile phone
1621:Electrical telegraph
1211:"Radio set AN/PCR-6"
1133:Lemelson-MIT Program
788:Family Radio Service
752:frequency modulation
748:amplitude modulation
591:built in to support
282:frequency modulation
118:handheld transceiver
2978:Canadian inventions
2804:Coast radio station
2690:Air traffic control
2627:Citizens band radio
2058:Johann Philipp Reis
1817:Wireless revolution
1779:The Telephone Cases
1636:Hydraulic telegraph
1433:Herrick, Clyde N.,
1109:. Dept. of the Army
921:XIRP 8600i series.
894:ultralight aircraft
600:Digital voice modes
264:Joan-Eleanor system
206:land mobile station
196:In accordance with
43:
32:20 Fenchurch Street
2787:Marine (shipboard)
2672:UHF CB (Australia)
2256:Frequency-division
2233:Telephone exchange
2103:Charles Wheatstone
2033:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2008:Innocenzo Manzetti
1943:Reginald Fessenden
1678:Optical telegraphy
1511:Telecommunications
1426:Harlow, Alvin F.,
1336:The New York Times
946:Signal Corps Radio
901:Intrinsically safe
882:
756:crystal-controlled
721:
681:NOAA Weather Radio
443:intrinsically safe
431:
423:
411:
340:
336:Battle of Noemfoor
305:
242:
225:
41:
2965:
2964:
2826:Selective calling
2569:
2568:
2307:Store and forward
2302:Data transmission
2216:Network switching
2167:Transmission line
2013:Guglielmo Marconi
1978:Internet pioneers
1843:Mohamed M. Atalla
1812:Whistled language
1457:978-0-7645-9582-0
1447:Silver, H. Ward.
1442:The Wired Society
1190:Chicago Sun Times
1165:. Sovereign Media
1088:on June 29, 2007.
1056:The Vancouver Sun
997:978-1-85109-732-6
768:superregenerative
215:Assorted two-way
143:, radio engineer
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
3000:
2883:System elements
2809:Marine VHF radio
2596:
2589:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2400:Notable networks
2390:Wireless network
2330:Cellular network
2322:Types of network
2297:Computer network
2184:Network topology
2098:Thomas A. Watson
1953:Oliver Heaviside
1938:Philo Farnsworth
1913:Daniel Davis Jr.
1888:Charles Bourseul
1848:John Logie Baird
1557:Data compression
1552:Computer network
1504:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1385:
1384:
1383:. March 4, 2024.
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1354:
1348:
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1345:
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1320:
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1269:
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1215:
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1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1135:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1107:radiomanual.info
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:. Archived from
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
864:Specialized uses
626:and Australia's
587:. Some may have
397:Contemporary use
332:Dutch New Guinea
137:Second World War
103:Current supplier
90:
88:
83:
51:
44:
40:
21:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2942:Rayleigh fading
2884:
2878:
2825:
2818:
2782:
2735:
2729:
2682:
2676:
2605:
2600:
2570:
2565:
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2523:
2515:
2457:
2394:
2316:
2280:
2237:
2186:
2178:
2119:
2112:
2018:Robert Metcalfe
1873:Tim Berners-Lee
1821:
1641:Information Age
1513:
1508:
1466:
1440:Martin, James.
1416:
1414:Further reading
1404:
1402:
1397:Onslow, David.
1393:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1355:
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1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
998:
982:
978:
974:
969:
927:
910:
866:
858:Fantom Dynamics
807:
713:
650:MURS allocation
632:superheterodyne
616:
518:
502:
399:
286:Henryk Magnuski
260:Alfred J. Gross
254:Order of Canada
230:
149:Henryk Magnuski
145:Alfred J. Gross
86:
84:
81:
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Walkie-talkies
2980:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2885:and principles
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
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2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
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2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Radio repeater
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
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2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
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2273:
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2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Space-division
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2239:
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2140:
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2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Camille Tissot
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Claude Shannon
2060:
2055:
2053:Tivadar Puskás
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Antonio Meucci
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1993:Charles K. Kao
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Harold Hopkins
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Emile Berliner
1865:
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1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
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1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Videotelephony
1804:
1799:
1798:
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1782:
1775:
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1764:
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1754:
1749:
1744:
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1710:
1705:
1703:Radiotelephone
1700:
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1596:
1591:
1589:Internet video
1581:
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1515:
1514:
1507:
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1499:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1464:External links
1462:
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1431:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1389:
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1386:
1372:
1349:
1321:
1300:
1295:www.rigpix.com
1282:
1277:www.rigpix.com
1264:
1249:
1230:
1218:VIRhistory.com
1202:
1176:
1157:Niesel, John.
1149:
1120:
1091:
1069:
1066:on 2020-09-23.
1039:
1021:
1003:
996:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
951:Survival radio
948:
943:
941:Serval project
938:
933:
926:
923:
909:
906:
865:
862:
806:
803:
766:), may employ
744:citizens' band
712:
709:
615:
612:
597:
596:
565:
561:
550:
517:
514:
512:capabilities.
501:
498:
398:
395:
229:
226:
126:handheld radio
108:
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100:
99:
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92:
91:
78:
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68:
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26:
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2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2778:Walkie-talkie
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Business band
2746:
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2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Amateur radio
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:Two-way radio
2597:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
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2574:
2562:
2554:
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2544:
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2403:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:Code-division
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Time-division
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:and switching
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:optical fiber
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Coaxial cable
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Radia Perlman
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Lee de Forest
1931:
1929:
1928:Thomas Edison
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Donald Davies
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Claude Chappe
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
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1768:
1765:
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1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Smoke signals
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:Semiconductor
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1584:Digital media
1582:
1578:
1575:
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1568:
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1422:
1418:
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1400:
1395:
1394:
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1376:
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1337:
1332:
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1317:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
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1274:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:0-87259-797-0
1246:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1139:on 2019-11-06
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1016:www.libble.de
1013:
1007:
999:
993:
989:
988:
980:
976:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
920:
916:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
887:
879:
875:
870:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
847:Motorola Wave
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
812:
809:A variety of
802:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:In addition,
784:
781:
777:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
737:North America
734:
730:
726:
717:
708:
706:
702:
698:
692:
689:
688:line of sight
684:
682:
677:
673:
668:
666:
665:squelch codes
661:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
607:
605:
601:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:radioteletype
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
548:
547:radio scanner
544:
543:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:amateur radio
516:Amateur radio
513:
511:
507:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:public safety
427:
420:
419:Baofeng UV-5R
415:
408:
403:
394:
392:
391:Civil Defense
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
310:
302:
297:
293:
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287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
239:
234:
222:
218:
213:
209:
207:
203:
202:radio station
199:
194:
191:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:two-way radio
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:walkie-talkie
105:
101:
97:
93:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
42:Walkie-talkie
37:
33:
19:
18:Walkie talkie
2864:Quik-Call II
2854:Push-to-talk
2824:Signaling /
2777:
2753:Mobile radio
2743:Base station
2243:Multiplexing
2118:Transmission
2083:Nikola Tesla
2073:Henry Sutton
2028:Samuel Morse
1958:Robert Hooke
1923:Amos Dolbear
1858:John Bardeen
1777:
1757:Telautograph
1661:Mobile phone
1616:Edholm's law
1599:social media
1532:Broadcasting
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1403:. Retrieved
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1294:
1291:"Mizuho MX2"
1285:
1276:
1267:
1239:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:
1086:the original
1081:
1072:
1061:the original
1054:
1042:
1034:www.manua.ls
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
986:
979:
911:
899:
883:
851:
828:
815:push-to-talk
808:
785:
773:
722:
693:
685:
676:GPS receiver
669:
662:
654:
617:
614:Personal use
608:
598:
593:packet radio
519:
503:
494:
466:
462:base station
455:
432:
383:
364:
360:whip antenna
352:vacuum tubes
341:
314:vacuum tubes
306:
268:
258:
246:Donald Hings
243:
195:
192:
184:push-to-talk
157:
141:Donald Hings
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
71:Donald Hings
2947:Tone remote
2937:Link budget
2932:Fade margin
2859:Quik-Call I
2443:NPL network
2155:Radio waves
2093:Alfred Vail
2003:Hedy Lamarr
1988:Dawon Kahng
1948:Elisha Gray
1908:Yogen Dalal
1833:Nasir Ahmed
1767:Teleprinter
1631:Heliographs
1315:El Comercio
1169:28 December
908:Accessories
878:New Orleans
811:mobile apps
731:radio from
622:, Europe's
320:batteries.
290:RF engineer
179:half-duplex
133:transceiver
2972:Categories
2657:Mobile rig
2489:Antarctica
2448:Toasternet
2370:Television
1853:Paul Baran
1785:Television
1769:(teletype)
1762:Telegraphy
1740:transistor
1718:Phryctoria
1688:Photophone
1666:Smartphone
1656:Mass media
1405:2008-10-24
1342:3 December
1223:13 January
1143:2018-10-11
1129:"Al Gross"
1113:13 January
967:References
956:Tank phone
886:marine VHF
843:Orion Labs
780:crib sheet
776:Morse code
760:transistor
711:Recreation
510:encryption
506:AN/PRC-148
439:waterproof
407:Project 25
171:microphone
2917:DC remote
2907:Call sign
2681:Aviation
2473:Americas
2462:Locations
2433:Internet2
2194:Bandwidth
1898:Vint Cerf
1795:streaming
1773:Telephone
1713:Semaphore
1604:streaming
1391:Notations
972:Footnotes
936:MOTO Talk
915:Bluetooth
897:headsets
697:TriSquare
539:repeaters
486:repeaters
405:A modern
278:Dan Noble
165:, with a
160:telephone
95:Available
77:Inception
2922:Dispatch
2849:MDC-1200
2794:2182 kHz
2715:MULTICOM
2541:Category
2428:Internet
2418:CYCLADES
2335:Ethernet
2285:Concepts
2209:terminal
2160:wireless
1983:Bob Kahn
1826:Pioneers
1651:Internet
1542:Cable TV
1259:48123449
1195:23 March
1082:CBC News
925:See also
919:Motorola
890:aviation
733:licensed
646:CB radio
554:2 meters
500:Military
451:CB radio
379:Magnavox
348:AN/PRC-6
344:Raytheon
328:Noemfoor
318:dry cell
271:Motorola
250:CM&S
153:Motorola
67:Inventor
2892:Antenna
2869:Selcall
2799:500 kHz
2700:Airband
2647:KDR 444
2561:Commons
2551:Outline
2504:Oceania
2423:FidoNet
2408:ARPANET
2221:circuit
1790:digital
1519:History
854:goTenna
799:ChatNow
534:Kenwood
470:squelch
375:US Army
356:crystal
309:SCR-536
301:SCR-536
274:SCR-300
238:SCR-300
228:History
175:antenna
167:speaker
163:handset
106:Various
85: (
2874:SELCAL
2839:D-STAR
2725:UNICOM
2667:PMR446
2652:LPD433
2499:Europe
2469:Africa
2453:Usenet
2413:BITNET
2350:Mobile
2226:packet
1735:MOSFET
1730:device
1527:Beacon
1455:
1365:26 May
1257:
1247:
994:
880:, 1976
831:Hytera
795:Hasbro
746:using
672:Garmin
641:pirate
628:UHF CB
624:PMR446
604:D-STAR
575:, and
532:, and
284:, and
2834:CTCSS
2482:South
2477:North
2438:JANET
2375:Telex
2365:Radio
2204:Nodes
2199:Links
2120:media
1698:Radio
1683:Pager
1611:Drums
1577:video
1572:image
1562:audio
1214:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
839:Zello
835:Voxer
764:chips
585:PSK31
564:mode.
558:70 cm
526:Yaesu
474:CTCSS
371:squad
124:) or
2897:APRS
2494:Asia
2380:UUCP
2340:ISDN
1453:ISBN
1367:2021
1344:2012
1255:OCLC
1245:ISBN
1225:2017
1197:2012
1171:2018
1115:2017
992:ISBN
888:and
874:USDA
824:VOIP
725:toys
705:eXRS
637:GMRS
589:TNCs
530:Icom
482:DTMF
221:GMRS
219:and
87:1937
80:1937
59:Type
2912:CAD
2385:WAN
2355:NGN
2345:LAN
1626:Fax
1567:DCT
820:SMS
797:'s
791:UHF
741:MHz
657:UHF
620:FRS
583:or
573:SSB
556:or
490:VOX
478:DCS
441:or
386:ham
292:.
217:FRS
98:Yes
2974::
1333:.
1312:.
1293:.
1275:.
1253:.
1216:.
1188:.
1161:.
1131:.
1105:.
1080:.
1053:.
1032:.
1014:.
872:A
856:,
845:,
841:,
837:,
833:,
729:CB
577:CW
571:,
569:AM
528:,
417:A
330:,
299:A
236:A
208:.
147:,
122:HT
112:A
2595:e
2588:t
2581:v
2512:)
2508:(
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
1459:)
1408:.
1369:.
1346:.
1318:.
1297:.
1279:.
1261:.
1227:.
1199:.
1173:.
1146:.
1117:.
1036:.
1018:.
1000:.
338:.
204:/
182:"
120:(
89:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
