1002:
51:
986:
361:
903:
301:
823:
963:
gunsights. This is, however, no great disadvantage for them, for extensive fields of fire are rare in the wooded country where we did battle with them.... They fight generally on foot and in order. They employ firearms and appear not to like hand-to-hand fighting.... On the defensive they adopt the same tactic as in attack, defending the terrain step by step, retiring from shelter to shelter...
946:, the army of Sultan Ali (1858–1874) buried a copper-coated basket full of gunpowder near the walls of Massenya. The basket was connected to the Wadai camp by gunpowder wrapped in cloth and further covered with dirt. The cloth was lit from its end leading to an explosion of the mine and the breach of Massenya's walls.
962:
are deployed in one or more lines.... They advance under fire in dashes,from shelter to shelter. They shoot badly and only at short range, when they come within 400 metres from the enemy. Their shooting at any rate is only effective from this point, since they do not know how to make use of
1001:
671:), who at the time was led by a king named Daud. Abd al-Karim secured and centralized his power in the area by marrying the Tunjur King Daud's daughter, Meiram Aisa, and then forming other marriage pacts with local dynasties and tribes, such as the
830:
Europeans under the German Gustav
Nachtigal first explored the area in 1873. It would eventually lose its independence from the French in 1904. However, fighting against the French still continued until 1908 when Sultan
772:, rejected Darfur's meddling and asserted his own authority. In doing so, he gained acceptance from Wadai's various factions and went on to become Wadai's ablest ruler. Sharif conducted military campaigns as far west as
826:
Armed with spear, bow and sword, and accompanied by deafening music, Wadai's forces held to the old methods- mass cavalry charges followed by the infantry. These were insufficient against modern weapons.
918:
whiles several more wore steel armor. Infantry could amount up to 56–60,000. The army was divided into two wings and a centre with the Sultan located behind the centre. The Sultan was protected by
701:. They fought for a period to rule the Wadai's regions . Under the rule of Abd al-Karim's grandson, Ya'qub Arus (1681–1707), the country suffered terrible drought that lasted for several years.
637:
757:
to fill the state's treasury. Many kingdoms were either conquered or forced to become tributaries, giving horses for the cavalry and trade, servants for the Kolak along with
753:, along with using the wealth generated from the trade of exotic animals like giraffes, lions, antelopes and camels, with there also being the trade of elephants and their
843:
839:
769:
958:
states the Wadai army preferred to go on offence with cavalry and rely on firearms only for defense. Another source within that period documented that Wadai soldiers;
276:
262:
1647:
656:
1642:
761:. Sabun's successors were less able than he, and Darfur took advantage of a disputed political succession in 1838 to put its own candidate in power in
1622:
1012:
442:
171:
943:
922:
who bore iron shields as well as "the troop of path makers" who cleared way for the Sultan's mobility through the bush. There existed the
713:(r. 1804 – c. 1815), the Sultanate of Wadai began to expand its power as it profited considerably from its strategic position astride the
1366:
1657:
523:
842:
becoming Kolak, or sultan. The sultanate continues under the suzerainty of the
Republic of Chad and its current Kolak since 1977 is
641:
1652:
954:
Wadai forces were noted by French sources for their poor gun handling and insufficient training. In 1902, a French source from
676:
632:
kingdom, established around 1501. The Arab migrants to the area for trade which became Wadai claimed to be descendants of the
1072:
985:
934:
stood at the centre with royal slaves armed with muskets. Evidence exists for the use of explosives in warfare such as the
835:
proclaimed jihad against the French. However, by 1912 the French managed to pacify the region and abolished the sultanate.
1612:
1306:
50:
1627:
1602:
1320:
1190:
1159:
492:
422:
1176:
1145:
1637:
1632:
1617:
1359:
1217:
640:. Yame, a Bargo leader brought Islam to their people after he himself embraced Islam, Arab migrants settled in
776:
and eventually established Wadai's hegemony over the
Bagirmi Sultanate and other kingdoms as far away as the
516:
462:
109:
17:
1284:
432:
1607:
1352:
1182:
793:
686:
During much of the 17th and 18th century, the history of Wadai is marked by wars between Wadai and the
679:
tribes. Abd al-Karim became the first Kolak (Sultan) of a dynasty that lasted until the arrival of the
884:
by the 1870s. Sultan Ali (1858–1874) hired
Turkish and Egyptian mechanics to cast 12 bronze and small
758:
714:
1285:"About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
1312:
592:
509:
340:
319:
294:
663:
tribe noble family, led an empire from the lake of Chad to Darfur empire and overthrew the ruling
1032:
805:
1481:
1431:
698:
452:
372:
1062:
482:
612:
412:
1456:
1436:
1391:
691:
382:
1178:
Power over
Peoples: Technology, Environments, and Western Imperialism, 1400 to the Present
877:
and firearms. In the 1840s–50s, Wadai possessed 300 guns. The figure went upwards to 4000
8:
1421:
1151:
687:
604:
281:
185:
1242:
1234:
1117:
870:
832:
737:, and Sabun outfitted royal caravans to take advantage of it. He began minting his own
159:
1556:
1411:
1375:
1316:
1246:
1186:
1155:
1141:
1068:
967:
854:
1576:
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1226:
896:
595:. It emerged in the seventeenth century under the leadership of the first sultan,
1581:
1536:
1531:
633:
576:
552:
541:
349:
628:
Prior to the 1630s, Wadai region people, also known as Bargo, was a pre-Islamic
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1546:
1526:
1506:
1501:
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710:
695:
672:
267:
91:
1230:
1596:
1491:
1396:
919:
857:
of modern Chad covers part of the area of the old kingdom. Its major town is
87:
838:
The Wadai
Sultanate was reconstituted under French suzerainty in 1935, with
1571:
1466:
1446:
1416:
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750:
596:
560:
146:
99:
73:
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817:
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402:
1441:
874:
804:), which became a dominant political force and source of resistance to
742:
472:
1238:
655:
and other small groups in the region rallied to the
Islamic banner of
992:
878:
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781:
584:
1344:
939:
915:
892:
822:
746:
734:
360:
974:
were documented as a tactic of Wadai for the first time in 1908.
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902:
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789:
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629:
600:
95:
1566:
1516:
1476:
1451:
1406:
1215:
Fisher, Humphrey J. (1971). "Firearms in the
Central Sudan".
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801:
785:
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722:
645:
608:
327:
113:
67:
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people of the area. It occupied land previously held by the
1401:
899:
concluded in the 19th century that they were ineffective.
873:
in the early 19th century, Wadai forces were equipped with
850:
738:
726:
588:
323:
1011:, with buildings constructed by the last sultan of Wadai,
1336:
780:. Sharif ruled between 1835 and 1858; he introduced the
1056:
1054:
1052:
853:
on the day of the country's independence in 1960. The
768:
This tactic backfired, however, when Darfur's choice,
796:, his movement being strong among the inhabitants of
1049:
207:• Abd al-Karim overthrows the Tunjur King Daud
1064:
Sahara and Sudan: Kawar, Bornu, Kanem, Borku, Enned
583:), was an African sultanate located to the east of
227:• Wadai reconstituted under French suzerainty
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1594:
849:It became a part of the independent Republic of
717:. A new trade route to the north was found, via
1199:
1067:. University of California Press. p. 206.
1648:States and territories disestablished in 1909
1360:
517:
34:
1140:
571:; 1501–1912), sometimes referred to as the
1643:States and territories established in 1635
1367:
1353:
1147:Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1
524:
510:
49:
1304:
1271:
1259:
1095:"Wadai | historical kingdom, Africa"
1060:
914:of which a third of the cavalry men wore
667:dynasty (who originated from the east in
1174:
942:in 1870. Under directions from a man of
901:
821:
1623:History of the Central African Republic
14:
1595:
1214:
906:Wadai warriors in the mid 19th century
784:Islamic brotherhood to the region. In
1374:
1348:
1308:Sahara and Sudan IV: Wadai and Darfur
1118:"Ouaddaï | region, Chad | Britannica"
55:Wadai and surrounding states in 1750.
1112:
1110:
1108:
788:, Sharif had met the founder of the
545:
35:
24:
25:
1669:
1330:
1105:
1015:. Photo after French annexation,
1658:1909 disestablishments in Africa
1000:
984:
910:Wadai could deploy about 5–6000
709:After 1804, during the reign of
359:
299:
274:
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1265:
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1218:The Journal of African History
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13:
1:
1653:1635 establishments in Africa
1043:
1016:
749:, and military advisers from
659:, who was descended from the
644:, near the future capital of
1175:Headrick, Daniel R. (2012).
704:
638:Salih ibn Abdallah ibn Abbas
110:Traditional African religion
7:
1026:
926:who were mostly armed with
864:
794:Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi
599:, who overthrew the ruling
10:
1674:
1305:Nachtigal, Gustav (2021).
1183:Princeton University Press
977:
949:
844:Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Urada
840:Muhammad Urada ibn Ibrahim
815:
811:
715:trans-Saharan trade routes
623:
618:
611:) to the northeast of the
1613:History of Central Africa
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1231:10.1017/S0021853700010641
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1628:French Equatorial Africa
1603:Former empires in Africa
1313:Univ of California Press
991:Wadai sultanate east of
765:, the capital of Wadai.
593:Central African Republic
320:Central African Republic
295:French Equatorial Africa
1099:Encyclopedia Britannica
1033:List of rulers of Wadai
891:. These cannons lacked
443:Transitional Government
1638:18th century in Africa
1633:17th century in Africa
1618:2nd millennium in Chad
1061:Nachtigal, G. (1971).
965:
907:
827:
580:
556:
403:French colonial period
217:• Disestablished
960:
905:
825:
613:Sultanate of Baguirmi
493:Civil War (2005–2010)
423:Civil War (1965–1979)
413:Tombalbaye government
84:Common languages
1152:Taylor & Francis
792:Islamic brotherhood
636:, specifically from
387:1480/1522–1897
383:Sultanate of Bagirmi
1289:Library of Congress
806:French colonization
688:Sultanate of Darfur
605:Sultanate of Darfur
453:Conflict with Libya
282:Sultanate of Darfur
197:• Established
186:Early modern period
1492:Mahdiyya caliphate
1142:Shillington, Kevin
1122:www.britannica.com
908:
871:Abd al-Karim Sabun
828:
557:royaume du Ouaddaï
487:1990–present
433:Malloum government
373:Kanem–Bornu Empire
160:Dud Murra of Wadai
31:Sultanate of Wadai
1608:Sahelian kingdoms
1590:
1589:
1376:Sahelian kingdoms
1074:978-0-520-01789-4
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377:c. 700–1380
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167:• 1909-1912
155:• 1902–1909
142:• 1603–1637
16:(Redirected from
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1272:Nachtigal (2021)
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607:(in present-day
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1185:. p. 268.
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587:in present-day
538:Wadai Sultanate
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497:2005–2010
477:1986–1987
467:1982–1990
457:1978–1987
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407:1900–1960
397:1501–1912
393:Wadai Sultanate
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1225:(2): 215–239.
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855:Ouaddaï Region
816:Main article:
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711:Muhammad Sabun
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549:Saltanat Waday
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581:Sultanat Maba
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1299:Bibliography
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1170:
1146:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1098:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1063:
995:around 1890s
972:encirclement
966:
961:
953:
931:
923:
909:
868:
848:
837:
829:
767:
751:North Africa
708:
685:
657:Abd al-Karim
650:
627:
597:Abd al-Karim
572:
568:
564:
548:
537:
535:
392:
250:Succeeded by
249:
244:
147:Abd al-Karim
18:Wadai Empire
1482:Kanem–Bornu
1432:Futa Jallon
1340:(in Arabic)
1038:Dar al Kuti
1020: 1918
1013:'Asil Kolak
968:Outflanking
818:Ouaddai War
778:Chari River
699:Kanem-Bornu
350:History of
245:Preceded by
172:'Asil Kolak
76:(1850–1911)
70:(1635–1850)
1597:Categories
1557:Toucouleur
1457:Great Fulo
1127:2022-05-25
1080:2018-10-10
1044:References
875:chain mail
833:Doud Murra
743:chain mail
546:سلطنة وداي
473:Toyota War
121:Government
36:سلطنة وداي
1577:Wassoulou
1437:Futa Toro
1247:162746263
993:Lake Chad
893:carriages
879:flintlock
798:Cyrenaica
790:Sanusiyah
782:Sanusiyah
747:moukhalas
705:Expansion
585:Lake Chad
463:Habré Era
149:Al Abbasi
106:Religion
44:1501–1912
1144:(2005).
1027:See also
1007:View of
956:Dar Kuti
940:Massenya
865:Military
735:Benghazi
648:(Wara).
591:and the
483:Déby Era
341:a series
339:Part of
124:Monarchy
112:, later
1547:Songhai
1532:Shilluk
1502:Massina
1392:Bagirmi
978:Gallery
950:Tactics
924:korayat
912:cavalry
889:cannons
886:caliber
882:muskets
812:Decline
739:coinage
696:Masalit
692:Bagirmi
673:Masalit
624:Origins
619:History
61:Capital
1562:Tunjur
1552:Takrur
1542:Sokoto
1527:Sennar
1522:Saloum
1472:Kaarta
1422:Darfur
1412:Dagbon
1397:Bamana
1387:Alodia
1319:
1245:
1239:180880
1237:
1189:
1158:
1071:
1009:Abéché
930:. The
928:lances
869:Under
859:Abéché
759:slaves
731:Awjila
719:Ennedi
681:French
669:Darfur
665:Tunjur
630:Tunjur
601:Tunjur
577:French
553:French
542:Arabic
343:on the
132:
96:Tunjur
74:Abeche
1572:Wadai
1567:Waalo
1517:Niumi
1512:Niani
1477:Kaabu
1467:Jolof
1452:Gobir
1447:Ghana
1427:Dendi
1407:Cayor
1243:S2CID
1235:JSTOR
944:Bornu
936:siege
802:Libya
786:Mecca
774:Bornu
763:Ouara
755:ivory
723:Kufra
661:Bargo
653:Bargo
646:Ouara
642:Debba
609:Sudan
569:Birgu
565:Burgu
328:Sudan
129:Kolak
114:Islam
68:Ouara
1582:Wuli
1537:Sine
1497:Mali
1487:Kong
1417:Daju
1402:Baol
1317:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1069:ISBN
970:and
932:aqid
895:and
851:Chad
727:Jalu
725:and
677:Dajo
675:and
589:Chad
536:The
352:Chad
324:Chad
231:1935
221:1912
211:1635
201:1501
88:Maba
1442:Gao
1227:doi
938:of
733:to
567:or
561:Fur
100:Fur
1599::
1315:.
1311:.
1287:.
1241:.
1233:.
1223:12
1221:.
1201:^
1181:.
1150:.
1120:.
1107:^
1097:.
1051:^
1017:c.
861:.
846:.
808:.
745:,
721:,
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615:.
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1083:.
729:-
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