Red fox - Knowledge

3853:. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs. They display significant individual, sexual, age and geographical variation in size. On average, adults measure 35–50 cm (14–20 in) high at the shoulder and 45–90 cm (18–35 in) in body length with tails measuring 30–55.5 cm (11.8–21.9 in). The ears measure 7.7–12.5 cm (3.0–4.9 in) and the hind feet 12–18.5 cm (4.7–7.3 in). Weights range from 2.2–14 kg (4.9–30.9 lb), with vixens typically weighing 15–20% less than males. Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129–167 mm (5.1–6.6 in), while those of vixens measure 128–159 mm (5.0–6.3 in). The forefoot print measures 60 mm (2.4 in) in length and 45 mm (1.8 in) in width, while the hind foot print measures 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 38 mm (1.5 in) wide. They trot at a speed of 6–13 km/h (3.7–8.1 mph), and have a maximum running speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). They have a stride of 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) when walking at a normal pace. North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations. The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) long male, that weighed 17.2 kg (38 lb), killed in 4608:

their ears whilst sniffing. Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs. Male foxes courting females, or after successfully evicting intruders, will turn their ears outwardly, and raise their tails in a horizontal position, with the tips raised upward. When afraid, red foxes grin in submission, arching their backs, curving their bodies, crouching their legs and lashing their tails back and forth with their ears pointing backwards and pressed against their skulls. When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal, the posture is similar, but without arching the back or curving the body. Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture, so that their muzzles reach up in greeting. When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food, they approach each other sideways and push against each other's flanks, betraying a mixture of fear and aggression through lashing tails and arched backs without crouching and pulling their ears back without flattening them against their skulls. When launching an assertive attack, red foxes approach directly rather than sideways, with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways. During such fights, red foxes will stand on each other's upper bodies with their forelegs, using open mouthed threats. Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults of the same sex.

3896:). In the typical red morph, their coats are generally bright reddish-rusty with yellowish tints. A stripe of weak, diffuse patterns of many brown-reddish-chestnut hairs occurs along the spine. Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades, which, together with the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lower lips, throat and front of the chest are white. The remaining lower surface of the body is dark, brown or reddish. During lactation, the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red. The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish, while the paws are black. The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish-rusty red, while the upper lips are white. The backs of the ears are black or brownish-reddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The top of the tail is brownish-reddish, but lighter in colour than the back and flanks. The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw-coloured tint. A black spot, the location of the 5024: 5911:, while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming. The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other fur-bearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of red fox pelts used for trimming purposes. The silver colour morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross colour morphs and the red colour morphs, respectively. In the early 1900s, over 1,000 American red fox skins were imported to Great Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia. The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985–86 was 1,543,995 pelts. Red foxes amounted to 45% of U.S. wild-caught pelts worth $ 50 million. Pelt prices are increasing, with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $ 39 and 2013 prices averaging $ 65.78. 3371: 4533:. During this period, the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers. Vixens are very protective of their kits, and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence. If the mother dies before the kits are independent, the father takes over as their provider. The kits' eyes open after 13–15 days, during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt, with the lower teeth emerging 3–4 days later. Their eyes are initially blue, but change to amber at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age, when the black eye streak appears. By one month, red and white patches are apparent on their faces. During this time, their ears erect and their muzzles elongate. Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3–4 weeks. The 5982: 774: 3148: 1170: 5990:

that simply strayed from their den sites. Kits require almost constant supervision; when still suckling, they require milk at four-hour intervals day and night. Once weaned, they may become destructive to leather objects, furniture and electric cables. Though generally friendly toward people when young, captive red foxes become fearful of humans, save for their handlers, once they reach 10 weeks of age. They maintain their wild counterparts' strong instinct of concealment and may pose a threat to domestic birds, even when well-fed. Although suspicious of strangers, they can form bonds with cats and dogs, even ones bred for fox hunting. Tame red foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds.

4971: 5055: 1040: 4351: 1096: 946: 1076: 993: 973: 890: 910: 3979: 1134: 3721: 4335: 2758: 6129: 4578:. The main passage can reach 17 m (56 ft) in length, standing an average of 5–7 m (16–23 ft). In spring, red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements, first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs, throwing the discarded soil over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) from the burrow. When kits are born, the discarded debris is trampled, thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food. They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers. Unlike badgers, which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in 1573: 4030: 3291: 2561: 2945: 2200: 5924: 4047: 4574:, porcupines and other large mammals, as well as those dug by gerbil colonies. Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes, badgers, marmots and corsac foxes, red fox dens are not overly complex. Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows, which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards (40–45°) and broadens into a den, from which numerous side tunnels branch. Burrow depth ranges from 0.5–2.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 8 ft 2 in), rarely extending to 2841: 1889: 4012: 4433: 4424: 5868: 5249: 5747: 3909: 4566:, most red foxes favour living in the open, in densely vegetated areas, though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather. Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks of water bodies, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts and neglected human environments. Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils. Dens built among tree roots can last for decades, while those dug on the steppes last only several years. They may permanently abandon their dens during 4271:. Most of those species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local fox eradication programs exist, although elimination has proven difficult due to the fox's denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management, including the introduction of state bounties. According to the Tasmanian government, red foxes were accidentally introduced to the previously fox-free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posing a significant threat to native wildlife, including the 4632: 596: 3439: 3944: 4596: 4376: 210: 3546: 3776: 5951:. Twins may be more vulnerable to red foxes than singlets, as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously. Crossbreeding small, upland ewes with larger, lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring, thus making the lambs more at risk to red fox predation. Lambs born from gimmers (ewes breeding for the first time) are more often killed by red foxes than those of experienced mothers, who stick closer to their young. 5007:, as they hunt the same prey all year. The red species is also stronger, is better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in) and is more effective in hunting and catching medium-sized to large rodents. Corsac foxes seem to only outcompete red foxes in semi-desert and steppe areas. In Israel, Blanford's foxes escape competition with red foxes by restricting themselves to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by red foxes. Red foxes dominate 2609: 2109: 2027: 137: 4457: 2467: 4319: 2151: 1730: 1807: 3866: 4063: 6023: 5932: 2806: 165: 16287: 4726: 1850: 350: 4617: 3066: 6048: 1764: 6120:

area; those that are killed are very soon replaced, either by new kits during the breeding season or by other red foxes moving into the territory of those that were killed. A more effective method of urban red fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit. Deterrents such as creosote, diesel oil, or ammonia can be used. Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage an urban red fox's return.

2519: 187: 3582: 4442: 5591: 1457: 4516: 5860: 1941: 3189: 1672: 4142: 2989: 4555: 1449: 6031: 4712:" sound. As it is commonly heard during the breeding season, it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males. When danger is detected, foxes emit a monosyllabic bark. At close quarters, it is a muffled cough, while at long distances it is sharper. Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing, these calls being especially loud when they are dissatisfied. 5915:

as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one-third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins. Most European peltries have coarse-textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries, but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness.

5047:. Where their ranges meet, the two canids compete due to near-identical diets. Red foxes ignore golden jackal scents or tracks in their territories and avoid close physical proximity with golden jackals themselves. In areas where golden jackals become very abundant, the population of red foxes decreases significantly, apparently because of 4395:

precisely control the position of the scent mark. Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory. In favourable habitats and/or areas with low hunting pressure, subordinate foxes may be present in a range. Subordinate foxes may number one or two, sometimes up to eight in one territory. These subordinates could be formerly

1235:, dating from 3.4 to 1.8 million years ago. The ancestral red fox was likely more diminutive compared to today's extant foxes, as the earliest red fox fossils have shown a smaller build than living specimens. The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene, found in association with 4931:

steering in mid-air with their tails, before landing on target up to 5 m (16 ft) away. They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night. They are extremely possessive of their food and will defend their catches from even dominant animals. Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of

4652: 4676:, which grade into each other. Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits. The majority of sounds can be divided into "contact" and "interaction" calls. The former vary according to the distance between individuals, while the latter vary according to the level of aggression. 5015:. Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments, though red foxes have been increasing in ranges formerly occupied by kit foxes due to human-induced environmental changes. Red foxes will kill both species and compete with them for food and den sites. 5914:

North American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs of a silky texture which, after dressing, allow the wearer unrestricted mobility. Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception,

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The grays furnished more fun, the reds more excitement. The grays did not run so far, but usually kept near home, going in a circuit of six or eight miles. 'An old red, generally so called irrespective of age, as a tribute to his prowess, might lead the dogs all day, and end by losing them as evening

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Interaction calls: When greeting one another, red foxes emit high pitched whines, particularly submissive animals. A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren-like shriek. During aggressive encounters with conspecifics, they emit a throaty rattling sound, similar to a

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animals, but are mostly young from the previous year, who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen's kits. Alternatively, their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success. Non-breeding vixens will guard, play, groom,

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Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. It is uncommon to spot them during the day, but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds. Urban red foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban

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generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north, where food is too scarce to support the larger-bodied red species. Although the red species' northern limit is linked to the availability of food, the Arctic species' southern range is limited by the presence of the former. Red and

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and adjacent cities). In spite of the red fox's adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with

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In 2006, it was estimated that there were 10,000 red foxes in London. City-dwelling red foxes may have the potential to consistently grow larger than their rural counterparts as a result of abundant scraps and a relative lack of predators. In cities, red foxes may scavenge food from litter bins and

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who, over a 40-year period, bred several generations selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. Eventually, Belyayev's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans, thus resulting in a population of silver foxes whose behaviour and appearance

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Urban red foxes can cause problems for local residents. They have been known to steal chickens, disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens. Most complaints about urban red foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late January/early February or from late April to August when

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Red foxes have been exceedingly successful in colonising built-up environments, especially lower-density suburbs, although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside. Throughout the 20th century, they have established themselves in many Australian, European, Japanese

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In their unmodified wild state, red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets. Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well-meaning people during the spring period, though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young. Actual orphans are rare and the ones that are adopted are likely kits

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on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to striped hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for red foxes. Red foxes may harass striped hyenas, using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks. Sometimes, red

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Red foxes prefer to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening. Although they typically forage alone, they may aggregate in resource-rich environments. When hunting mouse-like prey, they first pinpoint their prey's location by sound, then leap, sailing high above their quarry,

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The average litter size consists of four to six kits, though litters of up to 13 kits have occurred. Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high. Kits are born blind, deaf and toothless, with dark brown fluffy fur. At birth, they weigh 56–110 g (2.0–3.9 oz) and measure

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sites, used to store found food, as reminders not to waste time investigating them. Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar. The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to

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by its slightly smaller size, distinctly smaller teeth and widely spaced premolars. Red foxes present in Great Britain (and therefore Australia) are usually ascribed to this subspecies, though many populations there display a great degree of tooth compaction not present in continental European red

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extensively with red foxes imported from Germany, France, Belgium, Sardinia and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia. However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe. Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species,

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In the U.K., hunting red foxes in urban areas is banned and shooting them in an urban environment is not suitable. One alternative to hunting urban red foxes has been to trap them, which appears to be a more viable method. However, killing red foxes has little effect on the population in an urban

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Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests, with human-caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species. Annual red fox kills are: UK 21,500–25,000 (2000); Germany 600,000 (2000–2001); Austria 58,000 (2000–2001); Sweden 58,000 (1999–2000); Finland 56,000 (2000–2001); Denmark

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majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached. Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together. In Israel, red foxes share their habitat with

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at 0.25–0.5 km (0.16–0.31 mi) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 m (330 ft). They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700–3,000 Hz, though less accurately at higher frequencies. Their sense of smell is good, but weaker than that of specialised dogs.

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or council-rented houses predominate. In these latter areas, the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources; the home range of these foxes average from 80–90 ha (0.80–0.90 km; 200–220 acres), whereas those in more residential areas average from

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populations are sympatric, red fox ranges tend to be located outside coyote territories. The principal cause of this separation is believed to be active avoidance of coyotes by the red foxes. Interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism to indifference. The

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Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears, tail and postures, with their body markings emphasising certain gestures. Postures can be divided into aggressive/dominant and fearful/submissive categories. Some postures may blend the two together. Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick

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In Australia, estimates in 2012 indicated that there were more than 7.2 million red foxes, with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland. They became established in Australia through successive introductions in the 1830s and 1840s, by settlers in the British colonies of

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in red foxes. It causes extensive hair loss, starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet, then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body. In the final stages of the condition, red foxes can lose most of their fur, 50% of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities. In the

1399:) were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s, recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox mitochondrial haplotypes in any North American populations. Additionally, introduced eastern North American red foxes have colonised most of inland California, from 5019:

are exceptional, as they dominate red foxes wherever their ranges meet. Historically, interactions between the two species were rare, as grey foxes favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones preferred by red foxes. However, interactions have become more

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While urban red foxes will scavenge successfully in the city (and the red foxes tend to eat anything that humans eat) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals, finding them endearing. Doing this regularly can attract urban red foxes to one's home; they can become

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Statham, Mark J.; Murdoch, James; Janecka, Jan; Aubry, Keith B.; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Berry, Oliver; Wang, Zhenghuan; et al. (2014). "Range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct

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was significantly changed. After about 10 generations of controlled breeding, these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection. These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations, which included

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The fur has a darker colouration than the colour morph listed directly above. The rump and lower back are dark brown or dark grey, with varying degrees of silver on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is black or brown, sometimes with light silvery fur. The head and feet are brown.

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and may feed alongside them. In physical confrontations, the cats usually have the upper hand. Authenticated cases of red foxes killing cats usually involve kittens. Although most red foxes do not prey on cats, some may do so and may treat them more as competitors rather than food.

4517: 4836:. They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in weight, and they require 500 g (18 oz) of food daily. Red foxes readily eat plant material and in some areas fruit can amount to 100% of their diet in autumn. Commonly consumed fruits include 4518: 5152:

in Russia, red foxes are absent or are seen only occasionally where Eurasian lynxes establish permanent territories. Researchers consider Eurasian lynxes to represent considerably less danger to red foxes than wolves do. North American felid predators of red foxes include

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lined by sebaceous glands, both of which open through a single duct. The size and volume of the anal sacs increases with age, ranging in size from 5–40mm in length, 1–3mm in diameter, and with a capacity of 1–5 mL. The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which

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collar stopped transmitting due to suspected water damage. Along with setting a record for the longest journey undertaken by a tracked red fox in the United Kingdom, his travels have highlighted the fluidity of movement between rural and urban red fox populations.

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following its introduction to the island by humans. It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introductions of animals from different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory may explain the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.

6038: 6037: 6032: 5682:, the fox is considered a cowardly, weak, deceitful, and cunning animal, said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey. The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the 3787:

The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length), is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented.

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The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. For the northern foxes, the fur is very long, dense and fluffy, but it is shorter, sparser and coarser in southern forms. Among northern foxes, the North American varieties generally have the silkiest

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A small subspecies; it measures 76.7–105.3 cm in body length, 30.2–40.1 cm in tail length and weighs 1.8–3.8 kg. It is ruddy to grey-brown above and darker on the back of the neck. The flanks are greyer and tinged with buff. It is larger than

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period lasts 6–7 weeks. Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks. By the age of 3–4 months, the kits are long-legged, narrow-chested and sinewy. They reach adult proportions at the age of 6–7 months. Some vixens may reach

3878:, while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur. The fur in "thermal windows" areas such as the head and the lower legs is kept dense and short all year round, while fur in other areas changes with the seasons. The foxes actively control the peripheral 5070:, sometimes killing their kits or biting adults to death. Cases are known of red foxes killing raccoon dogs after entering their dens. Both species compete for mouse-like prey. This competition reaches a peak during early spring when food is scarce. In 1239:

and refuse left by early human settlements. This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans (as both a source of food and pelts); the possibility also exists of red foxes scavenging from middens or butchered animal carcasses.

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in males begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February. The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks, during which the dog-foxes mate with the vixens for several days, often in burrows. The male's

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foxes seem to deliberately torment striped hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some red foxes may mistime their attacks and are killed. Red fox remains are often found in striped hyena dens and striped hyenas may steal red foxes from traps.

4520: 5121:; red foxes provide Eurasian badgers with food scraps, while Eurasian badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness. However, cases are known of Eurasian badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them. 1778:

A small subspecies weighing 4 kg; its maximum skull length is 132–39 mm in males and 121–26 mm in females. The fur is rusty grey or rusty brown, with a brighter rusty stripe along the spine. The coat is short, coarse and sparse.

1336:. Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan, the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes. 3997:

The melanistic colour morph of the Eurasian red foxes. Has blackish-brown or black skin with a light brownish tint. The skin area usually has a variable admixture of silver. Reddish hairs are either completely absent or in small quantities.

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The melanistic colour morph of the North American red foxes, but introduced to the Old World by the fur trade. Characterised by pure black colour with skin that usually has a variable admixture of silver (covering 25–100% of the skin area)

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A large subspecies measuring 70–90 cm in length and weighing 5–10 kg; the maximum length of the skull for males is 163.2 mm. The fur is bright red with a strongly developed whitish and yellow ripple on the lower back.

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and their young, or a male with several females having kinship ties. The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits. The species primarily feeds on small rodents, though it may also target

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during the 1830s–1930s by fur companies. The red foxes invariably displaced the Arctic foxes, with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866. Where they are

483:. Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with other colourings, including 4529:

14.5 cm (5.7 in) in body length and 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in tail length. At birth, they are short-legged, large-headed and have broad chests. Mothers remain with the kits for 2–3 weeks, as they are unable to

4153:. It occurs all across Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is absent in 562:

for many centuries, as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology. Because of its widespread distribution and large population, the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the

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traits than the northern foxes and they are much smaller; the maximum sizes attained by southern grey desert foxes are invariably less than the average sizes of northern foxes. Their limbs are also longer and their ears

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A large subspecies; the colour along its spine is light, dull yellowish-reddish with a strongly developed white ripple and greyish longitudinal stripes on the anterior side of the limbs. The coat is coarse but fluffy.

4404:. Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high. If not, they will stay with their parents, at the cost of postponing their own reproduction. 4696:" call at the age of 19 days, when craving attention. When red foxes draw close together, they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens. Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises. 4390:. A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him, whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs. Urine is also used to mark empty 6951:

Basuony, Ali E; Saleh, Mostafa; Sarhan, Moustafa; Younes, Mahmoud; Abdel-Hamid, Fouad; Rodriguez Fernandes, Carlos; Vercammen, Paul; Aboshaala, Faraj; Bounaceur, Farid; Chadwick, Elizabeth A; Hailer, Frank (2023).

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is very important for hunting, two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory, auditory and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes and coyotes.

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A large subspecies; it is the most brightly coloured of the Old World red foxes, the fur being saturated bright-reddish and almost lacking the bright ripple along the back and flanks. The coat is fluffy and soft.

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A medium-sized subspecies; its yellowish-fulvous or reddish-brown pelt lacks the whitish shading on the upper back. The tail is not grey, as in most other red fox subspecies. It is primarily distinguished from

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of mtDNA between the two species. Based on fossil record evidence, the last scenario seems most likely, which is further supported by the clear ecological and morphological differences between the two species.

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in 1737). The popularity of fox hunting in Great Britain reached a peak during the 1700s. Although already native to North America, red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and

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caused a drop in deer populations, fox hunting grew in popularity. By the mid-1600s, Great Britain was divided into fox hunting territories, with the first fox hunting clubs being formed (the first was the

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re-classed foxes as Beasts of the Chase, a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery. Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase, to the point that by the late 1200s,

6085:, Switzerland, they only started appearing in the 1980s. Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned, low-density housing. They are rare in areas where industry, 4650: 4740:

with a highly varied diet. Research conducted in the former Soviet Union showed red foxes consuming over 300 animal species and a few dozen species of plants. They primarily feed on small rodents like

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A large subspecies; its coat is variable in colour, ranging from reddish to red-grey and nearly grey. The fur is short and coarse. This subspecies could be a hybrid caused by mixing the populations of

3598:, it has smaller teeth and more widely spaced premolars. The fur is dull buff without any yellowish or reddish tints. The hindquarters are frosted with white and the tail is clear grey in colour. 8711: 5148:. The Eurasian lynxes chase red foxes into deep snow, where their long legs and larger paws give them an advantage over red foxes, especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one meter. In the 2384:

A very pale-coloured form; its light, straw-yellow fur deepens to golden yellow or buff-fulvous in some places. The tail lacks the usual black basal spot. The hind feet and claws are very large.

531:. Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes. Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators, including other fox species, it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as 4519: 4939:

each, with peaks during dark, windy hours when flying conditions were unfavourable. Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this. Red foxes seem to dislike the

4133:. The presence of foot glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, with a reddish tinge and smell strongly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible. 2493: 479:

at least 400,000 years ago and later colonised North America sometime prior to 130,000 years ago. Among the true foxes, the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of

10314: 7097: 5962:

if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens. This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs. Urban red foxes frequently encounter

4512:

and mixed paternity litters. Subordinate vixens may become pregnant, but usually fail to whelp, or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates.

10537: 4684:" sound, which is often made by two foxes approaching one another. This call is most frequently heard from December to February (when they can be confused with the territorial calls of 2322: 6035: 1344:

exist in North America, which have been separated since the Wisconsinan. The northern (or boreal) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada, and consists of the larger subspecies

5943:

Red foxes may on occasion prey on lambs. Usually, lambs targeted by red foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens, but not always. Lambs belonging to small breeds, such as the

9398: 10283: 10337: 8243:

Klir, J. J. & Heath, J. E. (1992). "An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in relation to external thermal stress in three species of foxes: The Red Fox (

4692:" call varies according to individual; captive foxes have been recorded to answer pre-recorded calls of their pen-mates, but not those of strangers. Kits begin emitting the " 10217: 2621:

This large subspecies has an enormous tail and coarse, wolf-like fur on the tail and lower back. The hairs on the neck and shoulders are greatly elongated and form a ruff.

3965:

The rump and spine is brown or grey with light yellowish bands on the guard hairs. The cross on the shoulders is brown, rusty brown or reddish-brown. The limbs are brown.

8008: 9215: 2089: 7640:

Kutschera, Verena E.; Lecomte, Nicolas; Janke, Axel; Selva, Nuria; Sokolov, Alexander A.; Haun, Timm; Steyer, Katharina; Nowak, Carsten & Hailer, Frank (2013).

6954:"Paraphyly of the widespread generalist red fox (Vulpes vulpes): introgression rather than recent divergence of the arid-adapted Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii)?" 6107:

accustomed to human presence, warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with, particularly young kits.

5678:. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others, other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives. In 9652:

Utekhina, I.; Potapov, E. & McGrady, M.J. (2000). "Diet of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk". In Ueta, M. & McGrady, M.J. (eds.).

5830:

fell, after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles. The capture of a gray was what men boasted of; a chase after 'an old red' was what they 'yarned' about.

5003:

and flotsam rather than voles, as favoured by red foxes. Both species will kill each other's kits, given the opportunity. Red foxes are serious competitors of

3084:

by its smaller size, proportionately smaller skull and teeth and coarser fur. The hairs on the sole of the feet are copiously mixed with softer, woolly hairs.

1392:

has been separated from all other red fox populations since at least the last glacial maximum, and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations.

5651:. Many of Reynard's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes. 8372: 6355:

Kutschera, Verena E; Lecomte, Nicolas; Janke, Axel; Selva, Nuria; Sokolov, Alexander A; Haun, Timm; Steyer, Katharina; Nowak, Carsten; Hailer, Frank (2013).

5797:

of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman. In this period, foxes were increasingly hunted above ground with hounds, rather than underground with terriers.

5383: 5023: 3696:

This large subspecies has yellowish-rusty or dirty-reddish fur with a well-developed cross and often a black area on the belly. The coat is long and fluffy.

1260:

demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that

17584: 5817: 4641: 5728:

story tells of how Fox, portrayed as a beautiful woman, tricks a hunter into marrying her, only to resume her true form and leave after he offends her. A

3823:

of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes, with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males, with wider nasal regions and hard

3451:

The largest North American red fox subspecies; it has very large and broad ears and a very long tail. It is a golden-yellow colour with pure black feet.

6896: 2479:

A small subspecies with an infantile-looking skull and an overall grey-coloured coat; its body length is 49–57.5 cm and it weighs 2.2–3.2 kg.

8536: 8221: 7583:) in Europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change" 5491: 2965:; its fur is pale yellow or light grey, sometimes brownish-reddish and is fluffier and denser than that of the other two Caucasian red fox subspecies. 16913: 5513: 2863: 469: 17336: 9910:

Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019).

8354: 3796:. They are very agile, being capable of jumping over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high fences, and swim well. Vixens normally have four pairs of 17201: 7492: 7118: 6278:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

5907:. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps. The pelts of silver foxes are popular as 4170: 2387: 2121:

A short-tailed, small-toothed subspecies with yellow rather than fulvous fur; it is the subspecies most likely to produce "cross" colour morphs.

10646: 10052: 6761: 5074:, red fox predation accounted for 11.1% of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs and amounted to 14.3% of 186 raccoon dog deaths in northwestern Russia. 16892: 15521: 10451: 10306: 7116:

Middle Pleistocene fox from the Vallparadís Section (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) and the earliest records of the extant red fox

7094: 5776:, who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man's education, advocated the killing of foxes as pests, as they distracted hounds from hares. The 1428:) only in a narrow hybrid zone. In addition, no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern American red foxes in California with the montane 17305: 17253: 16195: 15592: 8644:

Fawcett, John K.; Fawcett, Jeanne M. & Soulsbury, Carl D. (2012). "Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes

7155: 4149:

The red fox is a wide-ranging species. Its range covers nearly 70,000,000 km (27,000,000 sq mi) including as far north as the

2223:

All of Europe except Scandinavia, the Iberian Peninsula and some islands of the Mediterranean Sea; introduced to Australia and North America

9875:

Tavakol, Sareh; Amin, Omar M.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Halajian, Ali (22 October 2015). "The acanthocephalan fauna of Iran, a check list".

8622: 1523:. These foxes display transitional features between the northern foxes and other, smaller fox species; their skulls possess more primitive, 17519: 9684: 5413: 2737: 2349: 10274: 16918: 9367: 5633:

symbolises trickery and deceit. He originally appeared (then under the name of "Reinardus") as a secondary character in the 1150 poem "

5315:

was noted among local red foxes, but the cause was undetermined. The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of

4276: 824:. Several hypotheses have been suggested to explain this, including (1) recent divergence of Rüppell's fox from a red fox lineage, (2) 805:

traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed. It is, however, not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the

777:

Comparative illustration of skulls of the red fox (left) and Rüppell's fox (right): note the more developed facial area of the former.

10250: 7362:

Sacks, B. N.; Moore, M.; Statham, M. J. & Wittmer, H. U. (2011). "A restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox

10376: 8394: 4231:

The red fox has been implicated in the extinction or decline of several native Australian species, particularly those of the family

17564: 17450: 17162: 10663: 7126:, Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol.127, pp.179-187, DOI:10.13130/2039-4942/15229, Retrieved on 26 October 2021 5117:

may live alongside red foxes in isolated sections of large burrows. It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of

4295:, Italy is uncertain, as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland. It is possible it originated during the 3370: 2416: 5674:

are fox-like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to

4471:(typically December), the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size. By the time they enter their oestrus period, their 17463: 17227: 10632: 10208: 9324: 4582:, red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens. The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9.8 hours per day. 567:. Too small to pose a threat to humans, it has extensively benefited from the presence of human habitation, and has successfully 10393: 9114: 9060:

Morton, F. Blake; Gartner, Marieke; Norrie, Ellie-Mae; Haddou, Yacob; Soulsbury, Carl D.; Adaway, Kristy A. (1 September 2023).

4958:

found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the red fox with the Earth's

3792:

are present, but move only when the eyes are closed. The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack

3147: 16629: 8019: 2293: 17549: 17271: 16923: 10586: 10157: 10132: 10101: 10035: 10010: 9578: 9307: 8978: 8913: 8747: 8601: 8164: 7927: 6613: 5981: 17468: 17232: 10624: 8863:

Fawcett, J.; Fawcett, J. & Soulsbury, C. (2013). "Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes

4570:

outbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease. In the Eurasian desert regions, foxes may use the

820:

markers, with Rüppell's fox nested inside the lineages of red foxes. Such a nesting of one species within another is called

17574: 17331: 6783:

Fedriani, J. M.; Palomares, F. & Delibes, M. (1999). "Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores".

5825:

in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters. These American fox hunters considered the red fox more sporting than the grey fox.

4386:

Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode. They use their

773: 7331:"The origin of recently established red fox populations in the United States: translocations or natural range expansions?" 5051:. However, there is one record of multiple red foxes interacting peacefully with a golden jackal in southwestern Germany. 17524: 10691: 5798: 615:, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English. 9615:

Heptner, Vladimir G., ed. Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume 2 Part 2 Carnivora (Hyenas and Cats). Vol. 2. Brill, 1989.

8579: 8154: 1532:

Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern foxes and southern grey desert foxes.

17569: 17437: 10507: 10435: 9515: 9486: 9015:"The diet of urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and the availability of anthropogenic food in the city of Zurich, Switzerland" 6691: 6572: 5125:

may kill red foxes, often while the latter is sleeping or near carrion. Red foxes, in turn, may kill young wolverines.

4704:, called "gekkering". Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances. 2847: 17375: 9135:

Asa, C. S. & Mech, D. (1995). "A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history," in

7419:"Genetic distinctiveness of red foxes in the Intermountain West as revealed through expanded mitochondrial sequencing" 6926: 6141:

In January 2014 it was reported that "Fleet", a relatively tame urban red fox tracked as part of a wider study by the

16943: 16188: 12061: 8137: 7836: 7809: 7313: 6737: 17131: 6595: 6014:

coats, floppy ears in kits and curled tails, similar to the traits that distinguish domestic dogs from grey wolves.

3195: 17476: 17383: 17175: 2537:, with a smaller, sharper face, a shorter tail, a lighter pelt more profusely mixed with whitish and darker limbs. 9531:

Jankowiak, L. & Tryjanowski, P. (2013). "Cooccurrence and food niche overlap of two common predators (red fox

8368: 17579: 17310: 17144: 12405: 10576: 5405:

phase of the disease, it usually takes red foxes four months to die after infection. Other endoparasites include

5048: 1770: 325: 194: 17056: 10658: 9185:

Wells, M. C. & Lehner, P. N. (1978). "Relative importance of distance senses in Coyote predatory behavior".

5606:, or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of 5598:

Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In

1360:. The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the 1169: 17554: 17544: 8530: 8188: 7977:

Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe (Europe Exclusive of Russia) in the Collection of the British Museum

7732: 7288: 6237: 4387: 4243:, and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals, including 9478: 17494: 17292: 14623: 9507: 8480:

Short, J. (1998). "The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia".

8213: 7452:"North American montane red foxes: Expansion, fragmentation, and the origin of the Sacramento Valley red fox" 6888: 5647: 5378:

are not uncommon in red foxes, and are typically found on nursing vixens and kits still in their earths. The

4970: 1341: 17: 8515: 6989:) confirms phylogenetic placement within the Palaearctic clade shared with its sister species, the red fox ( 603:

Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young are known as cubs or kits. Although the

17559: 17539: 16181: 9838: 7880:

The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Mammalia Volume 2, Carnivora: Aeluroidea, Arctoidea

7154:

Aubry, Keith B.; Statham, Mark J.; Sacks, Benjamin N.; Perrines, John D. & Wisely, Samantha M. (2009).

663: 7450:

Sacks, Benjamin N.; Statham, Mark J.; Perrine, John D.; Wisely, Samantha M. & Aubry, Keith B. (2010).

6318:"Unraveling the fossil record of foxes: An updated review on the Plio-Pleistocene Vulpes spp. from Europe" 4413: 3654:, with shorter, coarser fur. Specimens from the Crimean Mountains have brighter, fluffier and denser fur. 2206: 17266: 17214: 17074: 17038: 16866: 14614: 11817: 9368:"Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment" 6006: 5531: 2231: 495:

are currently recognised, which are divided into two categories: the large northern foxes and the small,

17079: 9139:

eds. Carbyn, L. D.; Fritts, S. H. & Seip, D. R. (Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute): 287–291.

6103:

areas as well as on the edges of a city, visiting at night for sustenance. They sleep at night in dens.

5054: 3827:, as well as having larger canines. Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower 2774:. The back, neck and shoulders are brownish-rusty, while the flanks are bright ocherous reddish-yellow. 2525: 558:

The species has a long history of association with humans, having been extensively hunted as a pest and

16622: 16079: 15735: 9237:Červený, Jaroslav; Begall, Sabine; Koubek, Petr; Nováková, Petra & Burda, Hynek (12 January 2011). 6729:

Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation: Biology, Management and Economics

5781: 825: 17481: 17388: 14101: 9666:

Larivière, S., & Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). Vulpes vulpes. Mammalian species, (537), 1-11.

9014: 8562: 7451: 7115: 1479:

studies. Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the Old World red fox and nine subspecies of the

17154: 12940: 10067: 7449: 7329:

Mark J. Statham; Benjamin N. Sacks; Keith B. Aubry; John D. Perrine & Samantha M. Wisely (2012).

6753: 5716:, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that leave just before the arrival of humans. The 5702: 4571: 4350: 4264: 4239:. The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of 3847:. However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus 3493: 2033: 145: 10459: 9165:

Wells, M. C. (1978). "Coyote senses in predation – environmental influences on their relative use".

6805: 6280:(in Latin). Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 40. 6215: 4542:

at the age of 9–10 months, thus bearing their first litters at one year of age. In captivity, their

4035:

Distinguished from the silver colour morph by its pale, almost silvery-white fur with a bluish cast

17534: 15998: 15893: 14632: 12922: 12650: 12617: 12593: 12414: 11666: 9425:"Interspecific social interaction between golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" 7416: 7104:, authorized by Alan Turner, Liverpool John Moores University. Entry by H. O'Regan, 8 December 2003 5288: 5038:

may kill and eat red foxes in disputes over carcasses. In areas in North America where red fox and

4182: 1468:

listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox (

209: 31: 17284: 16607: 9557:

Ziesemer, F. (1981). "Methods of assessing goshawk predation". Understanding the goshawk, 144–150.

7202: 7153: 6269: 4546:

can be as long as 15 years, though in the wild they typically do not survive past 5 years of age.

1039: 17016: 16231: 15660: 14641: 14372: 14065: 14000: 13382: 12958: 12431: 11953: 10684: 10485: 8931:"Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox 8614: 6317: 6061:

and North American cities. The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s, entering

5998: 5976: 5525: 5319:, which was first observed in captive-bred silver foxes. Individual cases of foxes infected with 4365: 2995: 2690: 1988: 1095: 945: 584: 10124: 10118: 1075: 992: 972: 889: 17362: 17206: 16978: 16933: 16723: 15884: 15636: 15449: 15325: 14937: 14919: 14747: 14441: 14432: 14074: 12812: 11604: 9966: 9676: 9148:

Osterholm, H. (1964). "The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (

6800: 6357:"A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" 6142: 5567: 5561: 5479: 5340: 5217: 5201: 4380: 4129:

is 25 mm (0.98 in) long and 13 mm (0.51 in) wide, and reportedly smells of

3887: 1698: 1412: 909: 8903: 7953: 7826: 7755: 6562: 4334: 3978: 1133: 17357: 16615: 16510: 16286: 16173: 16061: 15316: 15298: 15289: 15280: 14765: 14756: 14128: 12898: 12889: 12880: 12829: 12767: 12749: 12740: 12677: 12626: 12464: 12455: 10892: 10000: 9568: 8570: 8348: 7328: 5352: 5334: 5292: 5149: 4991: 4228:. Consequently, the fox has become one of the continent's most destructive invasive species. 4217: 4196:

of New South Wales (as early as 1845), who wanted to foster the traditional English sport of

4193: 3455: 3137: 3072: 2391: 1895: 1746: 1429: 636: 496: 304: 17349: 14083: 13979: 10185: 9779:

Mechouk, N.; Deak, G.; Ionică, A. M.; Toma, C. G.; Bouslama, Z.; Daniel Mihalca, A. (2023).

6603: 3007:, but with a much longer tail, larger hind feet and more extensive blackening of the limbs. 1572: 17370: 17245: 17100: 17025: 16928: 16809: 16667: 15902: 15803: 15762: 15476: 14987: 14715: 14041: 13106: 12856: 12847: 12803: 12758: 12381: 11887: 11622: 11448: 10352: 9026: 8489: 7657: 7639: 7594: 7466: 7375: 7237: 7170: 7041: 6792: 6368: 6329: 6128: 5551: 5541: 5503: 5485: 5407: 5224:) have also been known to kill red foxes less frequently. Additionally, large owls such as 5192:) regularly takes young red foxes and prey on adults if needed. Other large eagles such as 4708:

Another call that does not fit into the two categories is a long, drawn-out, monosyllabic "

4701: 4489: 4396: 4240: 4189: 3789: 2757: 2261: 1964: 1678: 1369: 624: 10242: 9606:

Lewis, C. F. (1957). Wedge-tailed eagle takes a fox. Victorian Naturalist, 74, 89-90.

9236: 8763:

Henry, J. D. (1977). "The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (

5923: 3720: 8: 16819: 16384: 16306: 16256: 16142: 16088: 15860: 15307: 15193: 15175: 15020: 14869: 14774: 14024: 13970: 13719: 13461: 13452: 12716: 11989: 11971: 11826: 11675: 11178: 10578:

Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

10094:

The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Japanese Inari Worship

9208:"Foxes use the Earth's magnetic field as a targeting system - Not Exactly Rocket Science" 8423: 7549: 6591: 5994: 5790: 5761: 5607: 5275:

is common in foxes, being particularly frequent in the spine. Foxes may be infected with

5118: 4680:

Contact calls: The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking "

4505: 4501: 4236: 4084: 4004: 3290: 3171: 3092: 1593: 1565: 1400: 716: 685: 433: 154: 13212: 10529: 10356: 9809: 9780: 9724:

Lalošević, V.; Lalošević, D.; Čapo, I.; Simin, V.; Galfi, A. & Traversa, D. (2013).

9030: 8685:"Some observations and field experiments on the urine marking behaviour of the red fox, 8493: 7661: 7598: 7470: 7379: 7241: 7174: 7156:"Phylogeography of the North American red fox: Vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia" 7045: 6796: 6372: 6333: 5020:

frequent due to deforestation, allowing red foxes to colonise grey fox-inhabited areas.

4029: 968: 813: 16718: 16480: 15957: 15184: 14706: 14396: 14119: 14092: 13355: 13097: 12949: 12052: 11944: 11844: 11784: 11169: 11105: 10782: 10677: 10652: 10368: 9944: 9911: 9756: 9725: 9390: 9352: 9344: 9263: 9238: 8884: 8800: 8784: 8707: 8665: 8462: 8369:"Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms" 8336: 8272: 7724: 7680: 7641: 7617: 7578: 7484: 7417:

Volkmann, Logan A.; Statham, Mark J.; Mooers, Arne Ø. & Sacks, Benjamin N. (2015).

7399: 7261: 7194: 6834: 6818: 6399: 6356: 5944: 5803: 5784:

in Europe, foxes were considered secondary quarries, but gradually grew in importance.

5706: 5667: 5429: 5312: 5225: 5209: 5193: 4114: 3971: 2944: 2840: 2560: 2199: 2133: 1864: 1404: 548: 502:

Red foxes are usually found in pairs or small groups consisting of families, such as a

476: 461: 384: 204: 17030: 9102: 8501: 7283:. Columbus: State of Ohio, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. 6985:

Basuony, A. E.; Saleh, M.; Hailer, F. (2024). "Mitogenomic analysis of Rüppell's fox (

6192: 4947:, but will nonetheless catch them alive and present them to their kits as playthings. 4011: 17424: 17344: 17087: 17043: 16753: 16738: 16687: 16576: 16424: 16298: 16261: 16216: 15836: 15753: 15533: 15029: 14996: 13920: 13427: 13149: 12931: 12785: 12659: 12543: 11896: 11726: 11684: 11631: 11411: 11393: 11151: 10605: 10582: 10563: 10431: 10397: 10372: 10179: 10153: 10128: 10097: 10031: 10006: 9949: 9892: 9857: 9814: 9761: 9626: 9574: 9511: 9482: 9303: 9268: 9194: 9174: 9083: 9042: 9013:

Contesse, P.; Hegglin, D.; Gloor, S.; Bontadina, F.; Deplazes, P. (1 February 2004).

8974: 8909: 8888: 8845: 8792: 8743: 8597: 8526: 8454: 8410: 8184: 8160: 8133: 7975: 7947: 7923: 7902: 7832: 7805: 7685: 7622: 7391: 7387: 7309: 7284: 7253: 7186: 7182: 7059: 7010: 6826: 6733: 6687: 6619: 6609: 6568: 6404: 6386: 5896: 5812: 5519: 5419: 5392: 5316: 4936: 4935:; during one breeding season, four red foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 4915:

and hunting farms where ground-nesting birds are protected and raised, as well as in

4908: 4046: 3897: 3820: 3602: 3011: 2304: 2125: 1960: 1473: 1421: 1249: 1248:

Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves: before and during the

1220: 1071: 817: 9394: 8804: 8669: 8643: 8466: 8340: 8276: 7265: 7198: 6838: 6341: 5867: 5283:, though they are not overly susceptible to the latter. They may also fall ill from 3486:

A large-sized subspecies with a large, broad tail and larger teeth and rostrum than

17092: 16938: 16897: 16773: 16758: 16556: 16515: 16371: 16341: 16221: 16115: 15948: 15226: 14656: 13946: 13728: 13478: 12668: 12567: 12351: 12342: 11926: 11717: 11708: 11502: 11493: 11051: 10360: 9939: 9931: 9920:(Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species" 9884: 9847: 9804: 9796: 9751: 9741: 9436: 9382: 9336: 9258: 9250: 9190: 9170: 9073: 9034: 8946: 8876: 8835: 8776: 8703: 8657: 8497: 8446: 8328: 8268: 8264: 7716: 7675: 7665: 7612: 7602: 7488: 7474: 7430: 7403: 7383: 7342: 7245: 7178: 7049: 7030:"Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog" 7002: 6965: 6810: 6394: 6376: 6337: 6210: 6160: 5993:

White to black individual red foxes have been selected and raised on fur farms as "

5746: 5642: 5614: 5585: 5556: 5497: 5374: 5177: 5106: 4987: 4579: 4530: 4497: 4423: 4221: 4216:

is more prevalent, but it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved

4110: 4080: 3883: 3459: 3403: 3361: 3331: 2713: 2509: 2441: 1786: 1706: 1480: 750:, which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail. 696: 17429: 9386: 9365: 9078: 9061: 8450: 7006: 6163:, at the eastern edge of the county. He was still continuing his journey when the 3908: 2010: 1472:), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through 17529: 17415: 17318: 17180: 16850: 16743: 16657: 16351: 16241: 16133: 16124: 16052: 16007: 15669: 15619: 15610: 15485: 15431: 15375: 15244: 15217: 15110: 14928: 14887: 14852: 14597: 13660: 13373: 13340: 13331: 12838: 12576: 12025: 11475: 11402: 11360: 11096: 10901: 10835: 10812: 9800: 9597:

and small game populations in Finland in 1957-96." Ornis Fennica 76 (1999): 1-16.

8737: 7801: 7576: 7361: 7122: 7101: 6970: 6953: 6727: 5955: 5754: 5709:. Fox, however, is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote's food. In the 5687: 5630: 5599: 5358: 5321: 5114: 5102: 4932: 4916: 4749: 4563: 4539: 4480: 4391: 4341: 4272: 4205: 3023: 3015: 2927: 2859:; its fur is short, coarse and of a light sandy-yellow or yellowish-grey colour. 2129: 2099: 1957:, but with smaller ears and less pronounced black markings on the ears and legs. 1906: 1868: 1840: 1813: 1437: 1361: 1337: 1289: 740: 652: 612: 17297: 17258: 7642:"A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox ( 5248: 4432: 1888: 1498:

Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into two categories:

17139: 17126: 16778: 16768: 16677: 16662: 16596: 16399: 16346: 16246: 16226: 16106: 16025: 15827: 15574: 15467: 15440: 14493: 14110: 13710: 13574: 13257: 12794: 12776: 12707: 12318: 12309: 11911: 11872: 10826: 10738: 9935: 9852: 9833: 9746: 9441: 9424: 8317:"Morphometrische Analbeutelmessungen beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes, Linné 1758)" 8290: 6002: 5785: 5769: 5675: 5603: 5546: 5473: 5368: 5346: 5169: 4959: 4951: 4817: 4493: 4485: 4252: 4130: 3748: 3627: 2641: 2457: 1228: 1216: 643: 628: 10481: 9888: 9062:"Urban foxes are bolder but not more innovative than their rural conspecifics" 8880: 8840: 8819: 8661: 7878: 7479: 6291: 4672:

Red foxes have a wide vocal range, and produce different sounds spanning five

464:, where it is considered harmful to native small and medium-sized rodents and 17513: 17240: 16948: 16887: 16840: 16783: 16733: 16713: 16561: 16535: 16434: 16379: 16326: 16266: 16251: 16236: 16070: 15966: 15939: 15565: 15263: 15208: 14730: 14674: 14415: 14056: 13511: 13073: 12238: 12205: 12007: 11998: 11935: 11835: 11793: 11645: 11238: 10609: 10600:

Spagnesi, Mario & De Marina Marinis, Maria (2002). "Mammiferi d'Italia".

9916:

Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati

9087: 9046: 7670: 7607: 7435: 7418: 6599: 6390: 6381: 6265: 6201: 5888: 5794: 5765: 5760:

The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the 4th century BC;

5724:, and tied him to a hill, causing him to burn a great hole in the ground. An 5713: 5691: 5679: 5276: 5145: 5129: 5044: 5028: 4944: 4857: 4773: 4765: 4401: 4209: 4150: 3854: 3775: 3545: 2667: 2624: 2046: 1999: 1910: 1827: 1491: 1416: 1365: 1277: 1265: 1165: 829: 595: 540: 457: 453: 437: 321: 174: 169: 80: 17442: 12695: 12507: 10575:

Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael & MacDonald, David W. (2004).

10499: 9714:

Dixon, Charles C. (1970). "Red Fox Predated by Snowy Owl". Blue Jay. 33 (2).

9624: 9038: 8951: 8930: 8780: 7553: 7347: 7330: 6623: 3943: 3900:, is usually present at the base of the tail. The tip of the tail is white. 3438: 2108: 1495:

with one red fox covering 320 km (200 mi) in under a year's time.

17219: 16728: 16692: 16682: 16591: 16566: 16551: 16500: 16331: 16311: 16097: 16043: 15744: 15512: 15458: 15235: 15134: 14689: 14665: 14484: 14475: 14295: 14262: 14185: 14146: 13556: 13538: 13400: 13272: 12731: 12132: 12095: 11980: 11962: 11375: 11321: 11247: 10925: 10669: 9953: 9896: 9818: 9765: 9723: 9272: 9254: 8849: 8458: 7874: 7689: 7626: 7395: 7257: 7190: 7063: 7027: 7014: 6918: 6830: 6408: 6151:, had unexpectedly traveled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in 5836: 5777: 5308: 5304: 5185: 5086: 5082: 5059: 4912: 4809: 4575: 4472: 4200:. A permanent red fox population did not establish itself on the island of 4126: 4088: 3879: 3816: 2567: 2466: 2376: 2250: 2026: 1924: 1592:

and the northern and middle (forest) districts of the European part of the

1408: 1285: 1257: 559: 544: 524: 449: 136: 10120:

Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible

6814: 5835:

50,000 (1976–1977); Switzerland 34,832 (2001); Norway 17,000 (2000–2001);

4595: 4375: 3916:

Atypical colouration in the red fox usually represents stages toward full

2150: 1806: 1729: 468:. Due to its impact on native species, it is included on the list of the " 17279: 17188: 17010: 17001: 16953: 16748: 16638: 16571: 16271: 15711: 14902: 14819: 14792: 14541: 14455: 14387: 14313: 14304: 14271: 14229: 14194: 13911: 13804: 13636: 13176: 13088: 12996: 12641: 12214: 12034: 11699: 11613: 11596: 11573: 11536: 11420: 11384: 11229: 11018: 10873: 10752: 9861: 8928: 8796: 7795: 7113:

David M. Alba, Saverio Bartolini Lucenti, Joan Madurell Malapeira, 2021,

6242: 6156: 6147: 6134: 5880: 5840: 5808: 5741: 5717: 5300: 5284: 5158: 5090: 5067: 4777: 4757: 4318: 4197: 4166: 4062: 3865: 3536: 3497: 3352: 2586: 2175: 1589: 1273: 1253: 1129: 806: 678: 568: 125: 55: 17066: 10364: 7054: 7029: 6022: 5338:

are probably only caught from the fox's prey species, while others like

2608: 17455: 17323: 17167: 16871: 16824: 16672: 16459: 16454: 16394: 16356: 16316: 15920: 15166: 15097: 15084: 15051: 14837: 14575: 14335: 13883: 13860: 13746: 13737: 13686: 13651: 13627: 13391: 13290: 13239: 13185: 13167: 13140: 13047: 12997: 12396: 12369: 12297: 12280: 12043: 12016: 11862: 11766: 11750: 11586: 11466: 11306: 11142: 11009: 10801: 10769: 10753: 9348: 9239:"Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes" 8901: 8788: 8332: 7728: 7366:

populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion".

6822: 6782: 5959: 5936: 5931: 5848: 5634: 5296: 5004: 4982: 4881: 4841: 4825: 4769: 4664: 4456: 4275:, and an eradication program was initiated, conducted by the Tasmanian 4232: 3875: 3780: 3399: 3388: 3322: 3265: 2805: 1790: 1313: 1297: 1261: 1091: 941: 885: 794: 790: 786: 608: 604: 576: 503: 492: 100: 65: 10592: 9705:

Skrifter. (1963). Norway: I Kommisjon Hos Jacob Dybwad.

9366:

Scheinin, Shani; Yom-Tov, Yoram; Motro, Uzi & Geffen, Eli (2006).

7249: 4725: 3835:, more slender canine teeth, and concave rather than convex profiles. 1849: 1440:

to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west).

17193: 17113: 16814: 16444: 16439: 16389: 16361: 15851: 15786: 15399: 15339: 15125: 14946: 14561: 14553: 14502: 14352: 14238: 14220: 13934: 13768: 13601: 13443: 13409: 13221: 12913: 12187: 11657: 11133: 10701: 10147: 9982: 9654:

First Symposium on Steller's and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia

8316: 7028:

Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; et al. (2005).

6732:(Second ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 516–530. 6094:

bin bags, although much of their diet is similar to rural red foxes.

6078: 6066: 5884: 5872: 5844: 5729: 5656: 5618: 5536: 5424: 5402: 5280: 5272: 5233: 5122: 5071: 5012: 4923: 4896: 4892: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4789: 4781: 4761: 4685: 4616: 4543: 4534: 4325: 4296: 4225: 4154: 4122: 3869:

A red fox in its winter coat in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, U.S.

3812: 3800:, though vixens with seven, nine, or ten teats are not uncommon. The 3463: 3273: 3088: 3065: 2919:

One of the largest North American subspecies; it has softer fur than

2867: 1782: 1596:, southwards to the forest-steppe and eastwards approximately to the 1490:

mixing between different subspecies is known; British red foxes have

1487: 1476: 1321: 1292:. Fossils dating from the Wisconsinan are present in 25 sites across 821: 798: 607:

has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the

564: 516: 480: 465: 429: 349: 261: 221: 105: 49: 16972: 10216:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. p. 282 (Table 5). 9651: 9340: 7720: 7704: 6047: 5811:, fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility. After the 1763: 1207:

The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either

17409: 17118: 16995: 16804: 16799: 16642: 16637: 16505: 16404: 16276: 15548: 15011: 14828: 14804: 14165: 14015: 13961: 13897: 13892: 13845: 13777: 13695: 13565: 13314: 13305: 13203: 13158: 13038: 12871: 12608: 12517: 12486: 12446: 12333: 12265: 12173: 12164: 11484: 11280: 11033: 10916: 10883: 10732: 10720: 8862: 7577:

Teacher, Amber G. F.; Thomas, Jessica A. & Barnes, Ian (2011).

6315: 6086: 5904: 5822: 5773: 5710: 5508: 5468: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5078: 5016: 4996: 4975: 4833: 4737: 4292: 4201: 4105: 3917: 3832: 3650:

This subspecies is slightly smaller and more lightly coloured than

3564: 3560: 3407: 3056: 3027: 2824: 2705: 2701: 2582: 2518: 2179: 1968: 1329: 1309: 1301: 1293: 1272:

may be valid. In the far north, red fox fossils have been found in

1035: 528: 512: 488: 425: 241: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 10307:"Why having Mr Fox to stay is not such a fantastic idea after all" 9981:.: Τευμησίας ἀλώπεκος, also known as ἀλώπηξ τῆς Τευμησσοῦ "fox of 8473: 8397:. Game Council of New South Wales. Archived from on 18 April 2012 6686:(Fourth ed.). Southampton: Mammal Society. pp. 408–422. 6608:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. 5590: 5344:

are caught whilst traveling. Fleas that feed on red foxes include

4986:

Arctic foxes were both introduced to almost every island from the

3581: 3395:) in size, but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet. 1823: 17489: 16763: 16708: 16586: 16581: 16525: 16336: 16321: 15930: 15777: 15651: 15366: 14878: 14208: 13674: 13194: 13061: 13029: 13013: 12526: 12229: 11808: 11289: 11196: 11114: 11042: 10984: 10961: 10854: 9986: 9322: 8929:

Iossa, G.; Soulsbury, C.D.; Baker, P.J. & Harris, S. (2008).

6605:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

6316:

Bartolini Lucenti, Saverio; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (May 2020).

6123: 6070: 6065:

and London during the 1940s, and later established themselves in

6062: 6051:

An urban red fox eating from a bag of biscuits in Dorset, England

6011: 5695: 5671: 5629:

from their neighbours. In later European folklore, the figure of

5463: 5240:) will prey on young foxes, and adults on exceptional occasions. 5141: 5137: 5008: 5000: 4955: 4904: 4829: 4813: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4753: 4642:

Red fox barks, recorded in Gloucestershire, England, January 1977

4476: 4468: 4441: 4256: 4162: 4158: 3793: 3744: 3703: 3699: 3658: 3047: 3039: 3035: 2782: 2353: 2050: 1914: 1702: 1524: 1333: 1236: 1232: 905: 802: 695:'fur / fluff'. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's 552: 520: 484: 460:. Its range has increased alongside human expansion, having been 271: 110: 85: 9625:

Vrezec, A.; Bordjan, D.; Perušek, M. & Hudoklin, A. (2009).

9593:

Sulkava, Seppo, et al. "Changes in the diet of the Golden Eagle

8735: 7705:"Dispersal Patterns of Red Foxes Relative to Population Density" 5801:

assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his

5545:. A red fox from was found to be a host of intestinal parasitic 1456: 17105: 17051: 16520: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16449: 16409: 16034: 15981: 15726: 15414: 15148: 13868: 13529: 13364: 13121: 12558: 11330: 11256: 11205: 11187: 11160: 11081: 10943: 10726: 10714: 8437:

Bostanci, A. (2005). "Wildlife Biology: A Devil of a Disease".

6082: 6074: 5948: 5900: 5662: 5626: 5453: 5387:

specifically targets red foxes, but is found infrequently. The

5268: 5264: 5162: 5154: 5039: 4900: 4849: 4805: 4673: 4509: 4467:

Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring. Two months prior to

4461: 4268: 4260: 4248: 4244: 3824: 3801: 3313: 3305: 3269: 2741: 2656: 2420: 2183: 1972: 1831: 1742:

A large, long-tailed, small-eared form with golden-fulvous fur

1281: 816:, but the two species are surprisingly closely related through 580: 572: 536: 508: 441: 281: 251: 231: 16203: 10574: 9874: 9789:

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

9460: 9423:

Böcker, F; Weber, H; Arnold, J; Collet, S; Hatlauf, J (2024).

8199: 8064: 8052: 6190: 5847:(US) 4,000–8,000 (average annual trapping harvest 2002–2009); 1448: 1436:) or other populations in the Intermountain West (between the 757:

derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives

16464: 16419: 16016: 15875: 15818: 15691: 15494: 15351: 14978: 14960: 14583: 14253: 13502: 13487: 12148: 11439: 10934: 9012: 5892: 5859: 5725: 5683: 5622: 5397: 5379: 5257: 5110: 5098: 4940: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4745: 4730: 4567: 4504:, DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of 4213: 4208:. On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an 4118: 3849: 3828: 3808: 3342: 3309: 3219: 3215: 3043: 2820: 2778: 2709: 1694: 1597: 1389: 1325: 1305: 671: 9530: 9297: 8619:

Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website

7757:

A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region

6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 4204:, and it is widely held that foxes were out-competed by the 3737:, but unlike other Chinese red foxes, it closely approaches 1940: 797:

species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to

428:

and one of the most widely distributed members of the order

16429: 15390: 14286: 13611: 13547: 11220: 10952: 10810: 9656:. Tokyo, Japan: Wild Bird Society of Japan. pp. 71–92. 8181:

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife

7702: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6152: 5908: 5732:

story tells of how Fox is an untrustworthy friend to Wolf.

5705:, where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to 5388: 5363: 5329: 5035: 4865: 4821: 4741: 4092: 3886:

in these areas to regulate heat loss. There are three main

3797: 3188: 3031: 3019: 2652: 2483: 1872: 1317: 781:

The red fox is considered to be a more specialised form of

532: 445: 10564:"The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)" 8006: 7980:, British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. 7226: 6567:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 115, 341–365, 453–502, 513–562. 6354: 4832:. On very rare occasions, foxes may attack young or small 4068:

Distinguished by its woolly pelt, which lacks guard hairs

1671: 16414: 13520: 13129: 11457: 10599: 9834:"Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia" 9059: 8902:

Elbroch, L. M.; Kresky, M. R. & Evans, J. W. (2012).

8525:(Report). NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2001. 7854: 7138: 6164: 5963: 5721: 4999:, Arctic foxes may also escape competition by feeding on 4554: 4161:, the Arctic islands, the most northern parts of central 4141: 2988: 9909: 8007:

Larivière, Serge & Pasitschniak-Arts, Maria (1996).

7949:

The Contemporary Land Mammals of Egypt (including Sinai)

6950: 6725: 6630: 5997:". In the second half of the 20th century, a lineage of 4169:

and is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under the

10275:"Why we love keeping foxes at home - despite the smell" 9466: 9422: 8214:"'Largest fox killed in UK' shot on Aberdeenshire farm" 9495: 9137:

Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World

6726:

Feldhamer, G.; Thompson, B. & Chapman, J. (2003).

6043:

An urban red fox in a built-up area in London, England

5947:, are more vulnerable than larger breeds, such as the 5579: 4720: 4212:. The fox is generally less common in areas where the 10482:"Fieldsports Britain: How to call in great big bucks" 10200: 10148:

Bastian, Dawn Elaine & Mitchell, Judy K. (2004).

9778: 9325:"Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes" 8742:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 202–203. 8594:

Australia's Mammal Extinctions: A 50,000 Year History

5168:

Red foxes compete with various birds of prey such as

3164:; it has a short tail, but cranially it is more like 2579:; it has a more extensively hoary and silvered pelt. 499:

southern grey desert foxes of Asia and North Africa.

14351: 11747: 10530:"Fleet the Sussex fox breaks British walking record" 10338:"Early canid domestication: The farm-fox experiment" 8993: 8516:

Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (

7797:

Preliminary Revision of the North American Red Foxes

5328:

Red foxes are not readily prone to infestation with

4324:

Red fox pressed against the trunk of a pine tree in

2698:

A small subspecies with proportionately small ears.

1709:

and in the adjoining coastal southeast Alaska (US).

1690:, but with a lighter, longer and more slender skull 10474: 9627:"Population and ecology of the White-tailed Eagle ( 8905:

Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California

8291:"Lipids of the anal sac secretions of the red fox, 7558:. London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co 6026:

An urban red fox crossing a city street in Portugal

4308: 4083:, but their sight reacts mainly to movement. Their 579:. Domestication of the red fox is also underway in 10570:. New Series (5). Field Museum of Natural History. 10273: 10053:"Foxes in Japanese culture: Beautiful or beastly?" 10025: 8736:Walters, M.; Bang, P. & Dahlstrøm, P. (2001). 8018:. American Society of Mammalogists. Archived from 6984: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6132:"Fleet", the urban red fox from the BBC TV series 5444:species are known to infect captive-bred foxes in 16914:British Association for Shooting and Conservation 10335: 10091: 10028:The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore 9323:Sargeant, Alan B & Allen, Stephen H. (1989). 8895: 8563:"Call for more dingoes to restore native species" 7278: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6292:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species" 5637:". He reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud's 5625:were thought to take the shape of foxes to steal 5495:; the latter two infect their lungs and trachea. 3804:of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes. 17511: 12147: 10500:"BBC Two - Winterwatch, Urban Fox Diary: Part 2" 8682: 8152: 7021: 6889:"10 Fascinating Facts About Foxes (With Photos)" 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6090:25–40 ha (0.25–0.40 km; 62–99 acres). 5027:Female red fox and kits interacting with a male 4981:Red foxes typically dominate other fox species. 1243: 729: 689: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10116: 9717: 8994:Holland, Jennifer S. (July 2011). "40 winks?". 8908:. University of California Press. p. 189. 8817: 8615:"Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania" 7907:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. 7825:Cook, Joseph A.; MacDonald, Stephen O. (2010). 7760:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 217. 7308:. Columbia University Press. pp. 96, 174. 6216:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T23062A193903628.en 6191:Hoffmann, M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2021) . 5467:are also known to infect them. The most common 4407: 4171:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 4165:, and in extreme deserts. It is not present in 3843:Red foxes are the largest species of the genus 16893:Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 10562:Osborn, Dale. J. & Helmy, Ibrahim (1980). 10019: 9998: 9573:(Second ed.). A&C Black. p. 92. 8964: 8962: 8560: 7917: 7303: 7279:Feldman, Rodney; Hackathorn, Merriane (1996). 6415: 6124:Relationship between urban and rural red foxes 6073:. In Ireland, they are now common in suburban 5918: 5686:who applied the word "fox" to false prophets ( 5654:Chinese folk tales tell of fox-spirits called 16623: 16189: 13011: 10852: 10685: 10304: 10141: 9785:in Africa and Eucoleus aerophilus in Algeria" 9316: 9285: 8211: 7946:Osborn, Dale J. & Helmy, Ibrahim (1980). 7850: 7848: 7824: 7134: 7132: 6776: 6700: 6560: 5780:were hunting foxes by AD 80. During the 4891:Red foxes are implicated in the predation of 4772:. Secondary prey species include birds (with 3341:Northeastern China, Southeastern Russia, and 1372:ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies 475:The red fox originated in Eurasia during the 10699: 10412: 9992: 9868: 9461:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004 9302:. University of Chicago Press. p. 269. 9298:Mech, L. David & Boitani, Luigi (2003). 9113:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 8987: 8820:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, 8762: 8637: 8430: 8353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8200:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004 8065:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004 8053:Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffman & MacDonald 2004 8002: 8000: 7998: 7952:. Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 7941: 7939: 7754:Preble, Edward Alexander (1908). "Mammals". 7520:. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ. 6868: 6681: 5574: 5136:In Eurasia, red foxes may be preyed upon by 4091:changing roosts at 600 paces, the flight of 3811:are fairly narrow and elongated, with small 656: 17585:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances 10561: 10271: 10184:. Washington: The Carnahan Press. pp. 10050: 9903: 9560: 9300:Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation 8973:. Princeton University Press. p. 106. 8959: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8093: 7945: 7904:The mammals of China and Mongolia. Volume 1 7831:. University of Alaska Press. p. 162. 7800:. Washington Academy of Sciences. pp. 7789: 7787: 7703:Allen, S. H. & Sargeant, A. B. (1993). 7220: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6077:. In Australia, red foxes were recorded in 5970: 5772:horseman in the process of spearing a fox. 5617:, the red fox is a symbolic animal. In the 4500:lasts 49–58 days. Though foxes are largely 4400:provision and retrieve kits, an example of 4136: 2770:This subspecies is large, but smaller than 709: 701: 646: 16919:Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom 16630: 16616: 16204:Game animals and shooting in North America 16196: 16182: 10872: 10692: 10678: 9631:) and its conservation status in Slovenia" 9566: 9416: 8968: 8818:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999). 8091: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 7911: 7845: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7443: 7297: 7129: 6877:(Third ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall. 6590: 6230: 5720:believed that Fox, in anger, captured the 5594:Reynard the Fox in an 1869 children's book 5448:, while 20 are known in the wild. Several 4965: 4496:which may last for more than an hour. The 4277:Department of Primary Industries and Water 3719: 3580: 3544: 3437: 3369: 3289: 3187: 3146: 3064: 2987: 2943: 2839: 2804: 2756: 2607: 2559: 2517: 2465: 2198: 2149: 2107: 2025: 1939: 1887: 1848: 1805: 1762: 1728: 1670: 1571: 348: 185: 163: 135: 16964:Rarely shot because of declining numbers. 15095: 11584: 10767: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10030:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 199–200. 9943: 9851: 9808: 9755: 9745: 9440: 9291: 9262: 9077: 8950: 8839: 8242: 8127: 7995: 7936: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7679: 7669: 7616: 7606: 7478: 7434: 7346: 7053: 6969: 6958:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6804: 6398: 6380: 6214: 5243: 4950:A 2008–2010 study of 84 red foxes in the 3490:; it is the deepest-coloured subspecies. 812:The sister lineage to the red fox is the 13441: 10484:. Fieldsports Channel. 24 October 2012. 10243:"NAFA February 2013 Fur Auction Results" 8561:Millen, Tracey (October–November 2006). 8436: 7149: 7147: 6872: 6845: 6264: 6127: 6110: 6046: 6029: 6021: 5980: 5930: 5922: 5866: 5858: 5745: 5589: 5247: 5053: 5022: 4969: 4724: 4615: 4594: 4553: 4514: 4455: 4374: 4140: 3907: 3864: 3774: 1600:and probably Central and Western Europe 1455: 1447: 1215:, both of which lived during the Middle 772: 594: 12515: 11278: 10799: 10633:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 9501: 9472: 9456: 9454: 9452: 8289:Albone, E. S. & Grönnerberg, T. O. 8179:Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (eds.), 8159:. Vol. 1. JHU Press. p. 636. 8070: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8040: 7793: 7764: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7075: 7073: 5879:Red foxes are among the most important 5433:(which infects the nasal passages) and 5184:) and even steal their kills. In turn, 4414:Mating behavior of melanistic red foxes 14: 17512: 16924:Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust 15608: 13844: 10602:Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura 10540:from the original on 15 September 2019 10488:from the original on 15 December 2021. 10425: 10206: 10166: 8625:from the original on 21 September 2013 8173: 7968: 7873: 7860: 7753: 7304:Kurtén, B. & Anderson, E. (1980). 7079: 6684:Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook 6586: 6584: 6561:Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6145:in partnership with the BBC TV series 5985:A young boy holding a tame red fox kit 5927:A carcass of a lamb near a red fox den 3080:This subspecies is distinguished from 16977: 16976: 16611: 16177: 15082: 14539: 13843: 12995: 12130: 11571: 10751: 10673: 10317:from the original on 8 September 2016 10177: 10150:Handbook of Native American Mythology 10110: 9831: 9687:from the original on 20 November 2015 9404:from the original on 13 November 2018 8479: 8314: 7989: 7920:A Field Guide to the Mammals of Egypt 7900: 7855:Spagnesi & De Marina Marinis 2002 7144: 7139:Spagnesi & De Marina Marinis 2002 6946: 6944: 5701:The cunning Fox is commonly found in 5507:rarely affects them. The most common 4907:and young ungulates, particularly in 4145:Multi-coloured North American red fox 3920:, and mostly occurs in cold regions. 670:'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the 599:Juvenile red foxes are known as kits. 17495:6F952920-2A37-46C4-924D-EE18AC2AEEF9 17145:84f2e35f-eea0-4289-99c9-e6262bb0e386 10510:from the original on 9 December 2018 10286:from the original on 11 January 2022 10207:Dexter, Margaret (8 December 2009). 9985:"; Teumessos was an ancient city in 9449: 9205: 8224:from the original on 1 December 2017 8193: 8058: 8037: 7983: 7735:from the original on 18 October 2020 7548: 7523: 7498:from the original on 18 October 2020 7306:Pleistocene Mammals of North America 7070: 6899:from the original on 20 January 2022 6682:Harris, S. & Yalden, D. (2008). 5764:is known to have hunted foxes and a 5539:species infect red foxes, including 4922:While the popular consensus is that 4558:Side and above view of a red fox den 4549: 4524:Red fox kits coming out of their den 2957:A form intermediate in size between 2540:Eastern Canada and the eastern U.S. 1340:indicates that two distinct red fox 1264:has occurred, and that the previous 17520:IUCN Red List least concern species 12062:South African small-spotted genet ( 10581:. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. 10223:from the original on 25 August 2014 9100: 8146: 6581: 6202:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6177: 6159:across rural countryside as far as 5939:garden investigating a rabbit hutch 5660:that may have up to nine tails, or 5641:, and made his debut in England in 5580:In folklore, religion and mythology 4721:Diet, hunting and feeding behaviour 4620:A pair of Wasatch Mountains foxes ( 3890:; red, silver/black and cross (see 1460:Skull of a southern grey desert fox 1223:. The earliest fossil specimens of 24: 16285: 10555: 10305:Karim, Fariha (8 September 2016). 9683:. The Owl Pages. 23 October 2015. 9681:) - Information, Pictures, Sounds" 9359: 8708:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00667.x 8582:from the original on 16 April 2012 8542:from the original on 17 March 2011 7095:PaleoDatabase collection No. 35369 6941: 6017: 5471:species found in red fox guts are 5423:(which is frequently found in the 5307:. A mysterious fatal disease near 4630: 4282: 4121:into odorous compounds, including 3892: 2712:; may have been introduced to the 2533:This is a smaller subspecies than 2271:(Douma-Petridou and Ondrias, 1980) 470:world's 100 worst invasive species 432:, being present across the entire 25: 17596: 16944:Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom 12406:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 10617: 10458:. 28 October 2010. Archived from 10396:. The fox website. Archived from 10253:from the original on 26 June 2013 10123:. London: Robson Books. pp. 9726:"High infection rate of zoonotic 9539:) in an agricultural landscape". 9117:from the original on 11 July 2021 8375:from the original on 16 June 2012 8315:Rinck, M., R., J. (1 June 2000). 7894: 6929:from the original on 12 June 2016 6764:from the original on 10 June 2022 5768:dated from 350 BC depicts a 5263:Red foxes are the most important 12131: 10522: 10492: 10444: 10386: 10329: 10298: 10265: 10235: 10085: 10044: 9960: 9825: 9772: 9708: 9699: 9669: 8321:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 7922:. American Univ in Cairo Press. 7388:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04943.x 7183:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04222.x 6296:Global Invasive Species Database 6081:as early as the 1930s, while in 4876:. Other plant material includes 4663:Problems playing this file? See 4646: 4611: 4590: 4585: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4349: 4333: 4317: 4309:Social and territorial behaviour 4061: 4045: 4028: 4010: 3977: 3942: 3903: 1505:are large and brightly coloured. 1168: 1132: 1094: 1074: 1038: 991: 971: 944: 908: 888: 543:, large predatory birds such as 208: 53: 17565:Introduced mammals of Australia 14540: 11572: 10659:Sacramento Valley red fox info1 9730:infection in foxes from Serbia" 9660: 9645: 9618: 9609: 9600: 9587: 9551: 9524: 9506:. Leiden u.a.: Brill. pp. 9477:. Leiden u.a.: Brill. pp. 9279: 9230: 9199: 9179: 9159: 9142: 9129: 9094: 9053: 9006: 8922: 8856: 8811: 8756: 8729: 8696:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 8676: 8607: 8554: 8508: 8387: 8361: 8308: 8283: 8236: 8205: 7818: 7747: 7696: 7633: 7570: 7510: 7410: 7355: 7322: 7272: 7107: 7088: 6978: 6911: 6881: 6746: 6342:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106296 6055: 5666:as they are known in Korea. In 5501:infects the red fox's bladder. 5396:is the most important cause of 4388:urine to mark their territories 4173:, which does not allow import. 4099: 801:; the skull displays far fewer 340: 15083: 10653:Natural History of the Red Fox 10096:. University of Hawaii Press. 10005:. Reaktion Books. p. 40. 8269:10.1086/physzool.65.5.30158555 8212:Wilkes, David (5 March 2012). 7794:Merriam, Clinton Hart (1900). 7709:Journal of Wildlife Management 6348: 6309: 6284: 6258: 6097: 4356:A pair of European red foxes ( 3765: 3243:(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) 3236:(Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) 662:. This, in turn, derives from 590: 551:, and medium- and large-sized 13: 1: 11818:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 10152:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–100. 9387:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022 9079:10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.07.003 8502:10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00026-3 8451:10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 8156:Walker's Mammals of the World 7974:Miller, Gerrit Smith (1912). 7579:"Modern and ancient red fox ( 7082:Pleistocene Mammals of Europe 7007:10.1080/24701394.2024.2332320 6171: 6116:the new kits are developing. 4087:is acute, being able to hear 3949:The typical colouration (see 3912:Various red fox colour morphs 3838: 1511:include the Asian subspecies 1443: 1244:Colonisation of North America 17550:Carnivorans of North America 16080:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 15736:North American river otter ( 14624:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 11678:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 9839:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9801:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.003 9206:Yong, Ed (11 January 2011). 9195:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90025-8 9175:10.1016/0376-6357(78)90041-4 7084:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5839:(Canada) 2,000 (2000–2001); 4408:Reproduction and development 4303: 4176: 768: 618: 357:Distribution of the red fox 7: 17575:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 16867:League Against Cruel Sports 12941:Somalian slender mongoose ( 10210:Trapping Harvest Statistics 10026:Monaghan, Patricia (2004). 9504:Mammals of the Soviet Union 9475:Mammals of the Soviet Union 6564:Mammals of the Soviet Union 5919:Livestock and pet predation 5887:. Their pelts are used for 5871:A red fox in a fur farm in 5799:Edward, Second Duke of York 5690:13:4) and the hypocrisy of 5128:Red foxes may compete with 4603:) in an inquisitive posture 4265:bridled nail-tail wallabies 4192:(as early as 1833) and the 3857:, Scotland, in early 2012. 3387:; it closely resembles the 1544:Trinomial authority (year) 1466:Mammal Species of the World 1374:V. v. cascadensis 10: 17601: 17525:NatureServe secure species 15894:Asian small-clawed otter ( 14633:American hog-nosed skunk ( 14615:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 12923:Angolan slender mongoose ( 12618:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 11667:Small-toothed palm civet ( 10666:, Fletcher Wildlife Garden 10452:"10,000 Foxes Roam London" 10336:Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). 10272:Jones, Lucy (7 May 2016). 10092:Smyers, Karen Ann (1999). 9970: 9936:10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6 9853:10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366 9541:Turkish Journal of Zoology 9442:10.1007/s13364-024-00737-2 8596:. Christopher N. Johnson. 8395:"Impacts of Feral Animals" 8371:. New Zealand Government. 6971:10.1093/biolinnean/blad001 6322:Quaternary Science Reviews 5974: 5854: 5843:(Canada) 491 (2000–2001); 5739: 5735: 5583: 4715: 4475:double in size, and their 4411: 4180: 3210:V. v. palaestina 2959:V. v. alpheryaki 2937:Transcaucasian montane fox 2855:A smaller subspecies than 1756:Eastern Transcaucasian fox 1521:V. v. flavescens 1509:Southern grey desert foxes 1346:V. v. alascensis 1202: 826:incomplete lineage sorting 707:, literally 'bushy', from 623:The word "fox" comes from 583:, and has resulted in the 29: 17570:Mammals described in 1758 17399: 16985: 16962: 16906: 16880: 16859: 16833: 16792: 16701: 16650: 16544: 16473: 16370: 16297: 16283: 16209: 15979: 15928: 15919: 15873: 15849: 15816: 15799: 15775: 15724: 15707: 15690: 15661:Saharan striped polecat ( 15649: 15632: 15591: 15546: 15529: 15520: 15511: 15412: 15388: 15364: 15347: 15338: 15261: 15206: 15164: 15147: 15123: 15106: 15091: 15078: 15050: 15009: 14976: 14959: 14900: 14850: 14817: 14800: 14791: 14728: 14687: 14654: 14642:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 14595: 14574: 14552: 14548: 14535: 14471: 14454: 14413: 14385: 14373:Mediterranean monk seal ( 14368: 14334: 14284: 14251: 14216: 14207: 14181: 14164: 14145: 14102:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 14066:South American fur seal ( 14054: 14037: 14013: 14001:South American sea lion ( 13996: 13959: 13942: 13933: 13909: 13881: 13859: 13855: 13839: 13803: 13776: 13767: 13708: 13682: 13673: 13649: 13625: 13610: 13599: 13500: 13474: 13426: 13383:South American gray fox ( 13353: 13327: 13303: 13286: 13271: 13256: 13119: 13086: 13069: 13060: 13027: 13007: 12991: 12959:Common slender mongoose ( 12911: 12869: 12825: 12729: 12703: 12694: 12639: 12606: 12589: 12556: 12539: 12506: 12485: 12444: 12432:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 12427: 12394: 12377: 12368: 12331: 12305: 12296: 12279: 12263: 12227: 12201: 12186: 12162: 12143: 12139: 12126: 12094: 12090: 11954:Crested servaline genet ( 11909: 11870: 11861: 11806: 11780: 11765: 11743: 11697: 11653: 11644: 11595: 11580: 11567: 11535: 11437: 11373: 11356: 11347: 11319: 11302: 11269: 11218: 11131: 11094: 11077: 11068: 11031: 11007: 10998: 10982: 10914: 10881: 10868: 10848: 10795: 10778: 10763: 10747: 10709: 10430:. London: Whittet Books. 9889:10.11646/zootaxa.4033.2.3 9286:Heptner & Naumov 1998 8881:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7 8683:Macdonald, D. W. (1979). 8662:10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7 8343:– via SpringerLink. 8303:Journal of Lipid Research 8153:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). 8128:Macdonald, David (1987). 7480:10.1007/s10592-010-0053-4 7100:27 September 2013 at the 6875:Fur: A Practical Treatise 5999:domesticated silver foxes 5883:animals harvested by the 5703:Native American mythology 5575:Relationships with humans 5511:species in red foxes are 5077:Red foxes may kill small 4479:grow 1.5–2 times larger. 4104:Red foxes have a pair of 4074: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3652:V. v. crucigera 3626:The northern and central 3196:E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 2963:V. v. caucasica 2921:V. v. harrimani 2165:V. v. stepensis 1513:V. v. griffithi 1395:Although European foxes ( 1358:V. v. rubricosa 1350:V. v. abietorum 1163: 1156: 1127: 1089: 1069: 1062: 1033: 986: 966: 959: 939: 932: 903: 883: 876: 869: 862: 855: 848: 841: 390: 383: 356: 347: 338: 333: 310: 303: 205:Scientific classification 203: 183: 161: 152: 146:Algonquin Provincial Park 143: 134: 41: 16017:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 15885:African clawless otter ( 15637:African striped weasel ( 15450:Yellow-throated marten ( 15326:Formosan ferret-badger ( 15030:Western mountain coati ( 15021:Eastern mountain coati ( 14938:Western lowland olingo ( 14920:Eastern lowland olingo ( 14748:Southern spotted skunk ( 14442:Southern elephant seal ( 14433:Northern elephant seal ( 14223:Pagophilus groenlandicus 13000:("dog-like" carnivorans) 12813:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 12434:Mungotictis decemlineata 11309:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 10756:("cat-like" carnivorans) 10426:Harris, Stephen (1986). 10117:Bright, Michael (2006). 9747:10.1051/parasite/2012003 8305:. 18.4 (1977): 474–479. 7828:Recent Mammals of Alaska 7671:10.1186/1471-2148-13-114 7650:BMC Evolutionary Biology 7608:10.1186/1471-2148-11-214 7587:BMC Evolutionary Biology 7228:demographic histories". 6995:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 6602:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 6382:10.1186/1471-2148-13-114 6361:BMC Evolutionary Biology 5971:Taming and domestication 5031:in south-western Germany 4974:A red fox confronting a 4183:Feral foxes in Australia 4137:Distribution and habitat 3950: 3770: 3594:Though equal in size to 3166:V. v. macroura 1664:British Columbia red fox 1378:V. v. macroura 1276:Stage deposits near the 491:individuals. Forty-five 424:) is the largest of the 377: presence uncertain 32:Red Fox (disambiguation) 16062:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 15317:Burmese ferret-badger ( 15299:Chinese ferret-badger ( 15290:Bornean ferret badger ( 15281:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 14766:Eastern spotted skunk ( 14757:Western spotted skunk ( 14487:Leptonychotes weddellii 14129:Subantarctic fur seal ( 14075:Australasian fur seal ( 12899:Black-footed mongoose ( 12881:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 12830:White-tailed mongoose ( 12768:Indian brown mongoose ( 12750:Short-tailed mongoose ( 12741:Small Indian mongoose ( 12678:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 12651:Alexander's kusimanse ( 12627:Common dwarf mongoose ( 12594:Pousargues's mongoose ( 12456:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 12415:Grandidier's mongoose ( 11669:Arctogalidia trivirgata 10893:Sunda clouded leopard ( 10394:"Urban foxes: Overview" 9999:Wallen, Martin (2006). 9502:Heptner, V. G. (2002). 9473:Heptner, V. G. (2002). 9039:10.1078/1616-5047-00123 8971:Carnivores of the World 8952:10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1 8841:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 8781:10.1163/156853977X00496 8739:Animal Tracks and Signs 8482:Biological Conservation 8132:. Unwin Hyman, London. 7918:Hoath, Richard (2009). 7348:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-033.1 7121:26 October 2021 at the 6155:at the western edge of 5977:Domesticated silver fox 5648:The Nun's Priest's Tale 5526:Echinococcus granulosus 5291:, as well as acting as 5202:eastern imperial eagles 4966:Enemies and competitors 4366:British Wildlife Centre 4125:acids. The oval-shaped 3206:V. v. arabica 3003:This fox is similar to 2423:, southeastern Siberia 2169:V. v. karagan 1517:V. v. pusilla 1452:Skull of a northern fox 1434:V. v. necator 1382:V. v. necator 1354:V. v. regalis 1211:or the related Chinese 585:domesticated silver fox 462:introduced to Australia 17580:Symbols of Mississippi 16934:Driven grouse shooting 16410:Cougar (mountain lion) 16291: 15903:Congo clawless otter ( 15806:Hydrictis maculicollis 15804:Spotted-necked otter ( 15763:Southern river otter ( 15714:Pteronura brasiliensis 15477:European pine marten ( 14988:South American coati ( 14716:Palawan stink badger ( 14042:New Zealand sea lion ( 13107:Japanese raccoon dog ( 12804:Crab-eating mongoose ( 12759:Indian grey mongoose ( 12382:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 12193:(bone-crushing hyenas) 11888:Central African oyan ( 11449:Chinese mountain cat ( 10181:Fox Hunting in America 9255:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1145 9154:Acta Zoologica Fennica 9101:Fox, David L. (2007). 7875:Pocock, Reginald Innes 7516:Castello, Jose, 2018. 7436:10.1093/jmammal/gyv007 7080:Kurtén, Björn (1968). 6209:: e.T23062A193903628. 6143:University of Brighton 6138: 6052: 6044: 6027: 5986: 5954:Red foxes may prey on 5940: 5928: 5876: 5864: 5832: 5757: 5595: 5568:Pachysentis ehrenbergi 5562:Pachysentis procumbens 5532:E. multilocularis 5480:Uncinaria stenocephala 5341:Archaeopsylla erinacei 5260: 5244:Diseases and parasites 5063: 5032: 4978: 4733: 4635: 4625: 4604: 4559: 4525: 4464: 4383: 4146: 3913: 3870: 3860: 3784: 3383:Slightly smaller than 3160:Externally similar to 2575:Slightly smaller than 2535:V. v. vulpes 2217:V. v. vulpes 2002:, northwestern Africa 1699:North-West Territories 1481:North American red fox 1470:V. v. patwin 1461: 1453: 1426:V. v. patwin 1413:San Francisco Bay Area 1386:V. v. patwin 1254:Wisconsinan glaciation 1213:V. chikushanensis 778: 730: 720: 710: 702: 690: 657: 647: 611:'s range extends into 600: 17555:Mammals of the Arctic 17545:Carnivorans of Europe 17358:Paleobiology Database 16645:in the United Kingdom 16289: 16143:Back-striped weasel ( 16089:Black-footed ferret ( 15861:Smooth-coated otter ( 15639:Poecilogale albinucha 15308:Javan ferret-badger ( 15194:Sumatran hog badger ( 15176:Northern hog badger ( 14870:Crab-eating raccoon ( 14775:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 14496:Lobodon carcinophagus 14232:Histriophoca fasciata 14025:Australian sea lion ( 13971:California sea lion ( 13720:American black bear ( 13462:Black-backed jackal ( 13453:Side-striped jackal ( 13293:Chrysocyon brachyurus 12717:Long-nosed mongoose ( 11990:Rusty-spotted genet ( 11827:Large-spotted civet ( 11676:Sulawesi palm civet ( 11605:Owston's palm civet ( 11179:Andean mountain cat ( 10649:, National Geographic 10178:Potts, Allen (1912). 9832:Smith, H. J. (1978). 9677:"Eurasian Eagle Owl ( 9167:Behavioural Processes 8257:Physiological Zoology 7901:Allen, G. M. (1938). 7459:Conservation Genetics 6873:Bachrach, M. (1953). 6815:10.1007/s004420050915 6131: 6111:Urban red fox control 6050: 6042: 6025: 5984: 5975:Further information: 5934: 5926: 5870: 5862: 5851:(US) 69 (1999–2000). 5827: 5749: 5740:Further information: 5593: 5584:Further information: 5353:Ctenocephalides canis 5335:Spilopsyllus cuniculi 5267:vector in Europe. In 5251: 5150:Velikoluksky District 5057: 5049:competitive exclusion 5026: 4992:Alexander Archipelago 4973: 4728: 4634: 4619: 4598: 4557: 4523: 4459: 4412:Further information: 4381:marking its territory 4378: 4245:brush-tailed bettongs 4218:niche differentiation 4194:Port Phillip District 4144: 3911: 3868: 3819:are relatively long. 3790:Nictitating membranes 3778: 3733:Slightly larger than 3138:Sierra Nevada red fox 2981:Wasatch Mountains fox 2352:, 45 km west of 1747:Andreafsky Wilderness 1686:Generally similar to 1459: 1451: 1430:Sierra Nevada red fox 776: 684:'tail; chowrie', and 627:, which derived from 598: 17140:Fauna Europaea (new) 16929:Countryside Alliance 16810:European fallow deer 16668:Red-legged partridge 16262:Snipe (common snipe) 16242:Ring-necked pheasant 15958:Long-tailed weasel ( 15536:Lyncodon patagonicus 15185:Greater hog badger ( 14707:Sunda stink badger ( 14397:Hawaiian monk seal ( 14120:Guadalupe fur seal ( 14093:Antarctic fur seal ( 14084:Galápagos fur seal ( 13980:Galápagos sea lion ( 13098:Common raccoon dog ( 12950:Cape gray mongoose ( 12890:Jackson's mongoose ( 12850:Paracynictis selousi 12841:Cynictis penicillata 12465:Durrell's vontsira ( 12053:Giant forest genet ( 11845:Large Indian civet ( 11785:Small Indian civet ( 11394:Sunda leopard cat ( 11170:Southern tiger cat ( 11106:African golden cat ( 10783:African palm civet ( 10400:on 16 September 2013 10382:on 15 February 2010. 10249:. 22 February 2013. 10073:on 21 September 2013 10051:Goff, Janet (1997). 9629:Haliaeetus albicilla 9355:on 14 November 2007. 9329:Journal of Mammalogy 9111:Animal Diversity Web 8939:Journal of Mammalogy 8592:(Refers to the book 8130:Running with the Fox 7550:Dale, Thomas Francis 7423:Journal of Mammalogy 7335:Journal of Mammalogy 5552:Pachysentis canicola 5542:Metorchis conjunctus 5504:Trichinella spiralis 5486:Capillaria aerophila 5408:Demodex folliculorum 5254:V. v. crucigera 5222:Haliaeetus pelagicus 5218:steller's sea eagles 5214:Haliaeetus albicilla 5062:feeding on a red fox 4601:V. v. crucigera 4241:rabbits in Australia 3614:V. v. splendidissima 2968:Northeastern Turkey 1965:Strait of Belle Isle 1722:Northern Alaskan fox 1558:Scandinavian red fox 1541:Trinomial authority 1397:V. v. crucigera 1250:Illinoian glaciation 753:The scientific term 30:For other uses, see 17560:Arctic land animals 17540:Carnivorans of Asia 16257:Sharp-tailed grouse 16227:Hungarian partridge 16001:M. aistoodonnivalis 15837:Hairy-nosed otter ( 15754:Neotropical otter ( 15534:Patagonian weasel ( 14997:White-nosed coati ( 14197:Cystophora cristata 14188:Erignathus barbatus 13921:Northern fur seal ( 13698:Helarctos malayanus 13334:Atelocynus microtis 13041:U. cinereoargenteus 12932:Egyptian mongoose ( 12859:Rhynchogale melleri 12857:Meller's mongoose ( 12848:Selous's mongoose ( 12832:Ichneumia albicauda 12786:Collared mongoose ( 12660:Angolan kusimanse ( 12544:Liberian mongoose ( 11897:West African oyan ( 11796:Civettictis civetta 11727:Golden palm civet ( 11685:Masked palm civet ( 11660:Arctictis binturong 11634:Hemigalus derbyanus 11632:Banded palm civet ( 11623:Hose's palm civet ( 11412:Rusty-spotted cat ( 10536:. 22 January 2014. 10506:. 23 January 2014. 10462:on 8 September 2006 10456:National Geographic 10365:10.1511/1999.20.813 10357:1999AmSci..87.....T 10066:(2). Archived from 9924:Acta Parasitologica 9728:Eucoleus aerophilus 9567:Watson, J. (2010). 9535:and common buzzard 9218:on 13 December 2018 9031:2004MamBi..69...81C 8996:National Geographic 8969:Hunter, L. (2011). 8869:Journal of Ethology 8650:Journal of Ethology 8494:1998BCons..86..365S 8183:. DK Adult (2005), 7662:2013BMCEE..13..114K 7599:2011BMCEE..11..214T 7518:Canids of the World 7471:2010ConG...11.1523S 7380:2011MolEc..20..326S 7242:2014MolEc..23.4813S 7175:2009MolEc..18.2668A 7055:10.1038/nature04338 7046:2005Natur.438..803L 6797:1999Oecol.121..138F 6754:"Red Fox Predators" 6373:2013BMCEE..13..114K 6334:2020QSRv..23606296B 5762:Alexander the Great 5384:Trichodectes vulpis 5226:Eurasian eagle-owls 5210:white-tailed eagles 5194:wedge-tailed eagles 5066:Red foxes dominate 4622:V. v. macroura 4237:desert rat-kangaroo 4085:auditory perception 3779:Red fox (left) and 3431:Northern plains fox 3093:Indian subcontinent 2906:Kenai Peninsula fox 2404:V. v. dolichocrania 2143:North Caucasian fox 2059:(J. A. Allen, 1903) 1594:former Soviet Union 1566:nominate subspecies 1464:The 3rd edition of 1401:Southern California 727:'tail', Lithuanian 664:Proto-Indo-European 549:Eurasian eagle owls 434:Northern Hemisphere 405:Linnaeus, 1758 397:Linnaeus, 1758 155:Conservation status 16481:American alligator 16292: 16116:European polecat ( 15949:Colombian weasel ( 15599:(African polecats) 15227:Caucasian badger ( 15155:(Eurasian badgers) 14605:(hog-nosed skunks) 14342:("southern seals") 14241:Halichoerus grypus 14172:("northern seals") 14044:Phocarctos hookeri 13949:Eumetopias jubatus 13947:Steller sea lion ( 13729:Asian black bear ( 13479:African wild dog ( 13433:(wolf-like canids) 12710:Atilax paludinosus 12669:Common kusimanse ( 12596:Dologale dybowskii 12568:Gambian mongoose ( 12352:Western falanouc ( 12343:Eastern falanouc ( 12312:Cryptoprocta ferox 12217:Parahyaena brunnea 11972:Johnston's genet ( 11927:Abyssinian genet ( 11879:(African linsangs) 11787:Viverricula indica 11718:Brown palm civet ( 11709:Asian palm civet ( 11616:Cynogale bennettii 11607:Chrotogale owstoni 11503:European wildcat ( 11494:Black-footed cat ( 11084:Leptailurus serval 11052:Asian golden cat ( 10818:(Asiatic linsangs) 10595:on 6 October 2011. 10345:American Scientist 9975:Teumēs(s)íā alôpēx 9971:Τευμησ(σ)ία ἀλώπηξ 9912:"A New Species of 9288:, pp. 453–454 8333:10.1007/BF02241575 8055:, pp. 132–133 8025:on 31 October 2005 6139: 6053: 6045: 6028: 5987: 5945:Scottish Blackface 5941: 5929: 5877: 5865: 5818:Charlton Hunt Club 5804:The Master of Game 5758: 5668:Japanese mythology 5639:Le Roman de Renart 5596: 5571:in both in Egypt. 5520:T. pisiformis 5430:Linguatula serrata 5313:Novosibirsk Oblast 5261: 5182:Accipiter gentilis 5064: 5033: 4979: 4937:black-headed gulls 4734: 4636: 4626: 4605: 4560: 4526: 4465: 4384: 4287:The origin of the 4249:burrowing bettongs 4147: 4115:anaerobic bacteria 3914: 3871: 3785: 3716:V. v. tschiliensis 3611:Kurile Islands fox 3272:, eastern Russian 3140:or High Sierra fox 3123:(J. E. Gray, 1837) 3046:north to southern 2940:V. v. kurdistanica 2785:, eastern Siberia 2677:(R. Swinhoe, 1871) 2314:(Borkhausen, 1797) 2045:The shores of the 1705:, the interior of 1462: 1454: 1411:and north-coastal 1405:San Joaquin Valley 1227:were uncovered in 1209:Vulpes alopecoides 779: 715:'bush'. Likewise, 601: 477:Middle Pleistocene 452:. It is listed as 436:including most of 148:, Ontario, Canada 17505: 17504: 17345:Open Tree of Life 16979:Taxon identifiers 16970: 16969: 16754:Northern shoveler 16739:Pink-footed goose 16688:Eurasian woodcock 16605: 16604: 16577:Waterfowl hunting 16425:White-tailed deer 16290:Waterfowl hunters 16171: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16154: 16134:Siberian weasel ( 16125:American ermine ( 16053:Japanese weasel ( 16008:Mountain weasel ( 15992: 15915: 15914: 15701: 15686: 15685: 15682: 15681: 15670:Striped polecat ( 15620:Marbled polecat ( 15602: 15587: 15586: 15559: 15507: 15506: 15486:Japanese marten ( 15432:American marten ( 15425: 15283:M. cucphuongensis 15274: 15257: 15256: 15245:European badger ( 15218:Japanese badger ( 15158: 15111:American badger ( 15074: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15041: 14970: 14929:Northern olingo ( 14913: 14888:Cozumel raccoon ( 14863: 14787: 14786: 14741: 14700: 14608: 14589: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14505:Ommatophoca rossi 14478:Hydrurga leptonyx 14465: 14462:(Antarctic seals) 14435:M. angustirostris 14426: 14409: 14408: 14375:Monachus monachus 14362: 14345: 14330: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14175: 14158: 14141: 14140: 14003:Otaria flavescens 13992: 13991: 13903: 13871:Odobenus rosmarus 13835: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13786: 13763: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13661:Spectacled bear ( 13619: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13435: 13422: 13421: 13341:Crab-eating fox ( 13332:Short-eared dog ( 13280: 13265: 13252: 13251: 13134: 13076:Otocyon megalotis 13020: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12839:Yellow mongoose ( 12690: 12689: 12577:Banded mongoose ( 12546:Liberiictus kuhni 12500: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12364: 12363: 12290: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12195: 12156: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12086: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12026:Servaline genet ( 11945:Bourlon's genet ( 11920: 11881: 11857: 11856: 11739: 11738: 11711:P. hermaphroditus 11563: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11476:African wildcat ( 11433: 11432: 11403:Flat-headed cat ( 11343: 11342: 11127: 11126: 11064: 11063: 10978: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10902:Clouded leopard ( 10861: 10836:Spotted linsang ( 10820: 10785:Nandinia binotata 10655:, Wildlife Online 10629:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 10588:978-2-8317-0786-0 10159:978-1-85109-533-9 10134:978-1-86105-831-7 10103:978-0-8248-2102-9 10037:978-0-8160-4524-2 10012:978-1-86189-297-3 9781:"First report of 9595:Aquila chrysaetos 9580:978-1-4081-1420-9 9309:978-0-226-51696-7 9212:Discover Magazine 9019:Mammalian Biology 8980:978-0-691-15227-1 8915:978-0-520-25378-0 8749:978-0-19-850796-3 8602:978-0-521-68660-0 8295:and of the lion, 8166:978-0-8018-5789-8 7929:978-977-416-254-1 7368:Molecular Ecology 7250:10.1111/mec.12898 7236:(19): 4813–4830. 7230:Molecular Ecology 7169:(12): 2668–2686. 7163:Molecular Ecology 7040:(7069): 803–819. 6987:Vulpes rueppellii 6895:. 26 April 2012. 6615:978-0-8018-8221-0 6596:"Order Carnivora" 6592:Wozencraft, W. C. 6040: 6001:was developed by 5813:English Civil War 5676:assume human form 5523:. Others include 5420:Otodectes cynotis 5393:Sarcoptes scabiei 5375:I. hexagonus 5317:encephalomyelitis 5190:Aquila chrysaetos 5178:northern goshawks 4729:A red fox with a 4653: 4572:burrows of wolves 4550:Denning behaviour 4521: 4368:, Surrey, England 4190:Van Diemen's Land 4072: 4071: 3898:supracaudal gland 3821:Sexual dimorphism 3763: 3762: 3759: 3713:North Chinese fox 3677: 3669: 3657:The steppes near 3603:Iberian Peninsula 3530: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3488:V. v. fulvus 3425: 3417: 3356: 3253:V. v. ochroxantha 3244: 3237: 3229: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3012:Wasatch Mountains 2976: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2793: 2678: 2671: 2659:, southern China 2634:South Chinese fox 2596: 2548: 2504: 2497: 2431: 2364: 2326: 2315: 2308: 2297: 2286: 2285:(Bechstein, 1801) 2279: 2272: 2265: 2254: 2243: 2242:(Bechstein, 1801) 2235: 2220:fox populations. 2126:Cascade Mountains 2104:V. v. cascadensis 2093: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2060: 2014: 1928: 1717: 1658: 1651: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1422:Sacramento Valley 1415:(including urban 1252:, and during the 1221:Pleistocene Epoch 1199: 1198: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1145: 1144: 1116: 1115: 1107: 1106: 1051: 1050: 1022: 1021: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1003: 921: 920: 818:mitochondrial DNA 412: 411: 406: 398: 198: 178: 129: 27:Species of mammal 16:(Redirected from 17592: 17498: 17497: 17485: 17484: 17472: 17471: 17459: 17458: 17446: 17445: 17433: 17432: 17420: 17419: 17418: 17392: 17391: 17379: 17378: 17366: 17365: 17353: 17352: 17340: 17339: 17327: 17326: 17314: 17313: 17301: 17300: 17298:NHMSYS0000080188 17288: 17287: 17275: 17274: 17262: 17261: 17249: 17248: 17236: 17235: 17223: 17222: 17210: 17209: 17197: 17196: 17184: 17183: 17171: 17170: 17158: 17157: 17148: 17147: 17135: 17134: 17122: 17121: 17109: 17108: 17096: 17095: 17083: 17082: 17070: 17069: 17060: 17059: 17047: 17046: 17034: 17033: 17021: 17020: 17019: 17006: 17005: 17004: 16974: 16973: 16939:Glorious Twelfth 16898:Hunting Act 2004 16820:Reeves's muntjac 16774:Common goldeneye 16759:Northern pintail 16632: 16625: 16618: 16609: 16608: 16557:Big-game hunting 16342:Northern pintail 16198: 16191: 16184: 16175: 16174: 16107:Malayan weasel ( 16026:Steppe polecat ( 15999:Sichuan weasel ( 15991: 15990: 15986: 15926: 15925: 15863:L. perspicillata 15828:Eurasian otter ( 15705: 15704: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15606: 15605: 15601: 15600: 15596: 15575:Greater grison ( 15558: 15557: 15553: 15527: 15526: 15518: 15517: 15468:Nilgiri marten ( 15441:Pacific marten ( 15424: 15423: 15419: 15345: 15344: 15328:M. subaurantiaca 15273: 15272: 15271:(ferret-badgers) 15268: 15162: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15152: 15104: 15103: 15093: 15092: 15080: 15079: 14974: 14973: 14969: 14968: 14964: 14912: 14911: 14907: 14862: 14861: 14857: 14798: 14797: 14740: 14739: 14738:(spotted skunks) 14735: 14699: 14698: 14694: 14607: 14606: 14602: 14593: 14592: 14588: 14587: 14579: 14550: 14549: 14537: 14536: 14494:Crabeater seal ( 14469: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14459: 14425: 14424: 14423:(elephant seals) 14420: 14399:N. schauinslandi 14366: 14365: 14361: 14360: 14356: 14349: 14348: 14344: 14343: 14339: 14214: 14213: 14179: 14178: 14174: 14173: 14169: 14162: 14161: 14157: 14156: 14150: 14111:Brown fur seal ( 14086:A. galapagoensis 13973:Z. californianus 13940: 13939: 13907: 13906: 13902: 13901: 13887: 13857: 13856: 13849: 13841: 13840: 13785: 13784: 13780: 13774: 13773: 13689:Melursus ursinus 13680: 13679: 13623: 13622: 13618: 13615: 13608: 13607: 13575:Ethiopian wolf ( 13439: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13284: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13261: 13150:Blanford's fox ( 13133: 13126: 13067: 13066: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13016: 13009: 13008: 13001: 12993: 12992: 12795:Ruddy mongoose ( 12777:Javan mongoose ( 12708:Marsh mongoose ( 12701: 12700: 12680:C. platycephalus 12513: 12512: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12375: 12374: 12319:Malagasy civet ( 12303: 12302: 12294: 12293: 12289: 12284: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12160: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12145: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12128: 12127: 12092: 12091: 11919: 11916: 11880: 11877: 11868: 11867: 11778: 11777: 11774: 11763: 11762: 11758: 11745: 11744: 11651: 11650: 11593: 11592: 11582: 11581: 11569: 11568: 11363:Otocolobus manul 11354: 11353: 11276: 11275: 11152:Geoffroy's cat ( 11075: 11074: 11005: 11004: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10879: 10878: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10857: 10850: 10849: 10827:Banded linsang ( 10819: 10816: 10808: 10807: 10797: 10796: 10776: 10775: 10765: 10764: 10757: 10749: 10748: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10671: 10670: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10613: 10596: 10591:. Archived from 10571: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10423: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10375:. Archived from 10342: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10302: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10277: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10222: 10215: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10175: 10164: 10163: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10072: 10057: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10023: 10017: 10016: 9996: 9990: 9972: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9947: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9855: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9812: 9783:Crenosoma vulpis 9776: 9770: 9769: 9759: 9749: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9706: 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9673: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9607: 9604: 9598: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9570:The Golden Eagle 9564: 9558: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9403: 9375:Animal Behaviour 9372: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9351:. Archived from 9320: 9314: 9313: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9266: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9214:. Archived from 9203: 9197: 9187:Animal Behaviour 9183: 9177: 9163: 9157: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9081: 9066:Animal Behaviour 9057: 9051: 9050: 9010: 9004: 9003: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8945:(6): 1481–1490. 8926: 8920: 8919: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8843: 8815: 8809: 8808: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8716: 8710:. Archived from 8693: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8621:. 18 July 2013. 8611: 8605: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8567: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8541: 8524: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8421: 8416: 8414: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8352: 8344: 8327:(117–119): 118. 8312: 8306: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8263:(5): 1011–1021. 8251:), and Kit Fox ( 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8125: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8024: 8017: 8004: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7871: 7858: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7791: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7620: 7610: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7546: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7497: 7482: 7465:(4): 1523–1539. 7456: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7207: 7201:. Archived from 7160: 7151: 7142: 7136: 7127: 7111: 7105: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7025: 7019: 7018: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6870: 6843: 6842: 6808: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6723: 6698: 6697: 6679: 6628: 6627: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6558: 6413: 6412: 6402: 6384: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6188: 6041: 5956:domestic rabbits 5643:Geoffrey Chaucer 5615:Celtic mythology 5586:Foxes in culture 5557:Bushehr Province 5498:Capillaria plica 5492:Crenosoma vulpis 5252:A European fox ( 5115:Eurasian badgers 5103:Siberian weasels 4988:Aleutian Islands 4784:predominating), 4750:ground squirrels 4655: 4654: 4633: 4599:A European fox ( 4522: 4498:gestation period 4488:enlarges during 4444: 4435: 4426: 4361: 4353: 4337: 4321: 4235:, including the 4081:binocular vision 4065: 4049: 4032: 4014: 3981: 3946: 3923: 3922: 3884:vasoconstriction 3754: 3723: 3672: 3664: 3584: 3548: 3525: 3522:(Churcher, 1960) 3518: 3511: 3503: 3460:Sherburne County 3441: 3424:(Blanford, 1875) 3420: 3412: 3385:V. v. griffithii 3373: 3362:White-footed fox 3347: 3293: 3286:V. v. palaestina 3239: 3232: 3224: 3191: 3150: 3126: 3119: 3116:(Matschie, 1907) 3112: 3105: 3101:(Blanford, 1888) 3097: 3068: 2991: 2971: 2947: 2909:V. v. kenaiensis 2899:(Matschie, 1907) 2895: 2888: 2881: 2873: 2843: 2808: 2792:(Dybowski, 1922) 2788: 2772:V. v. beringiana 2760: 2753:V. v. jakutensis 2714:English Midlands 2673: 2662: 2611: 2591: 2563: 2543: 2521: 2510:American red fox 2499: 2488: 2469: 2462:V. v. flavescens 2426: 2388:St. George's Bay 2369:Newfoundland fox 2363:(Dybowski, 1922) 2359: 2332:Trans-Baikal fox 2317: 2310: 2299: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2256: 2245: 2238: 2226: 2202: 2153: 2111: 2084: 2081:(Dybowski, 1922) 2077: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2029: 2022:V. v. beringiana 2005: 1943: 1919: 1891: 1852: 1809: 1766: 1759:V. v. alpherakyi 1732: 1725:V. v. alascensis 1712: 1707:British Columbia 1688:V. v. alascensis 1674: 1653: 1650:(Billberg, 1827) 1646: 1639: 1636:(Billberg, 1827) 1632: 1625: 1622:(Billberg, 1827) 1618: 1611: 1607:(Linnaeus, 1758) 1603: 1575: 1569: 1535: 1534: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1136: 1098: 1078: 1065: 1064: 1042: 995: 975: 962: 961: 948: 935: 934: 912: 892: 879: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 844: 843: 837: 836: 733: 713: 705: 693: 660: 650: 448:, plus parts of 404: 396: 378: 376: 371: 370: introduced 369: 364: 362: 352: 316: 213: 212: 192: 189: 188: 172: 167: 166: 139: 123: 122: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 17600: 17599: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17591: 17590: 17589: 17535:Holarctic fauna 17510: 17509: 17506: 17501: 17493: 17488: 17480: 17475: 17467: 17462: 17454: 17449: 17441: 17436: 17428: 17423: 17414: 17413: 17408: 17395: 17387: 17382: 17374: 17369: 17361: 17356: 17348: 17343: 17335: 17330: 17322: 17319:Observation.org 17317: 17309: 17304: 17296: 17291: 17283: 17278: 17270: 17265: 17257: 17252: 17244: 17239: 17231: 17226: 17218: 17213: 17205: 17200: 17192: 17187: 17179: 17174: 17166: 17161: 17153: 17151: 17143: 17138: 17130: 17125: 17117: 17112: 17104: 17099: 17091: 17086: 17078: 17073: 17065: 17063: 17055: 17050: 17042: 17037: 17029: 17024: 17015: 17014: 17009: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16981: 16971: 16966: 16965: 16958: 16902: 16876: 16855: 16851:European rabbit 16829: 16788: 16744:Eurasian wigeon 16697: 16658:Common pheasant 16646: 16636: 16606: 16601: 16540: 16469: 16400:Bison (buffalo) 16366: 16293: 16281: 16232:Prairie chicken 16205: 16202: 16172: 16151: 16127:M. richardsonii 16071:European mink ( 15988: 15987: 15985: 15975: 15967:American mink ( 15940:Amazon weasel ( 15911: 15869: 15845: 15812: 15795: 15771: 15720: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15678: 15645: 15628: 15598: 15597: 15595: 15583: 15566:Lesser grison ( 15555: 15554: 15552: 15542: 15503: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15408: 15384: 15360: 15334: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15253: 15202: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15143: 15119: 15100: 15087: 15066: 15038: 15005: 14966: 14965: 14963: 14955: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14896: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14846: 14813: 14783: 14750:S. angustifrons 14737: 14736: 14734: 14724: 14697:(stink badgers) 14696: 14695: 14693: 14683: 14675:Striped skunk ( 14650: 14644:C. semistriatus 14604: 14603: 14601: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14570: 14564:Ailurus fulgens 14544: 14511: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14450: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14405: 14381: 14358: 14357: 14355: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14322: 14280: 14247: 14203: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14154: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14137: 14050: 14033: 14009: 13988: 13955: 13929: 13896: 13891: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13877: 13851: 13847: 13819: 13799: 13782: 13781: 13755: 13704: 13669: 13645: 13616: 13614: 13604: 13583: 13512:Golden jackal ( 13496: 13470: 13432: 13430: 13418: 13349: 13343:Cerdocyon thous 13323: 13299: 13277: 13275: 13262: 13260: 13248: 13213:Rüppell's fox ( 13127: 13125: 13115: 13100:N. procyonoides 13082: 13074:Bat-eared fox ( 13056: 13021: 13017: 13003: 12999: 12967: 12952:H. pulverulenta 12907: 12865: 12821: 12788:U. semitorquata 12743:U. auropunctata 12725: 12686: 12635: 12602: 12585: 12552: 12535: 12497: 12495: 12490: 12489: 12473: 12440: 12423: 12390: 12384:Galidia elegans 12360: 12327: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12273: 12268: 12247: 12239:Spotted hyena ( 12223: 12206:Striped hyena ( 12192: 12190: 12182: 12153: 12151: 12135: 12110: 12070: 12008:Aquatic genet ( 11999:Pardine genet ( 11936:Angolan genet ( 11917: 11915: 11905: 11890:P. richardsonii 11878: 11876: 11853: 11836:Malayan civet ( 11802: 11794:African civet ( 11770: 11769: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11735: 11693: 11640: 11625:Diplogale hosei 11589: 11576: 11551: 11511: 11429: 11369: 11349: 11339: 11315: 11298: 11271: 11265: 11239:Eurasian lynx ( 11214: 11123: 11090: 11070: 11060: 11027: 11000: 10992: 10987: 10970: 10910: 10862: 10858: 10844: 10817: 10804: 10791: 10772: 10759: 10755: 10743: 10705: 10698: 10637: 10635: 10623: 10620: 10589: 10558: 10556:Further reading 10553: 10543: 10541: 10528: 10527: 10523: 10513: 10511: 10498: 10497: 10493: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10465: 10463: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10424: 10413: 10403: 10401: 10392: 10391: 10387: 10379: 10340: 10334: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10303: 10299: 10289: 10287: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10213: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10060:Japan Quarterly 10055: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10024: 10020: 10013: 9997: 9993: 9965: 9961: 9908: 9904: 9873: 9869: 9830: 9826: 9777: 9773: 9722: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9665: 9661: 9650: 9646: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9605: 9601: 9592: 9588: 9581: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9552: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9471: 9467: 9459: 9450: 9429:Mammal Research 9421: 9417: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9341:10.2307/1381437 9321: 9317: 9310: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9243:Biology Letters 9235: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9204: 9200: 9184: 9180: 9164: 9160: 9147: 9143: 9134: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9099: 9095: 9058: 9054: 9011: 9007: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8967: 8960: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8900: 8896: 8861: 8857: 8828:Chemical Senses 8816: 8812: 8775:(1/2): 82–106. 8761: 8757: 8750: 8734: 8730: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8691: 8681: 8677: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8585: 8583: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8522: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8478: 8474: 8435: 8431: 8419: 8417: 8408: 8407: 8400: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8346: 8345: 8313: 8309: 8288: 8284: 8253:Vulpes macrotis 8247:), Arctic Fox ( 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8218:BBC News Online 8210: 8206: 8198: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8151: 8147: 8140: 8126: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8005: 7996: 7988: 7984: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7916: 7912: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7883: 7872: 7861: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7792: 7765: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7721:10.2307/3809277 7701: 7697: 7638: 7634: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7547: 7524: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7454: 7448: 7444: 7415: 7411: 7360: 7356: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7281:Fossils of Ohio 7277: 7273: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7208:on 16 June 2012 7205: 7158: 7152: 7145: 7137: 7130: 7123:Wayback Machine 7112: 7108: 7102:Wayback Machine 7093: 7089: 7078: 7071: 7026: 7022: 6983: 6979: 6949: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6871: 6846: 6806:10.1.1.587.7215 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6758:Wildlife Online 6752: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6724: 6701: 6694: 6680: 6631: 6616: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6559: 6416: 6353: 6349: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6238:"Vulpes vulpes" 6236: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6189: 6178: 6174: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6058: 6030: 6020: 6018:Urban red foxes 6007:Dmitry Belyayev 5979: 5973: 5935:A red fox in a 5921: 5857: 5755:Bruno Liljefors 5744: 5738: 5631:Reynard the Fox 5600:Greek mythology 5588: 5582: 5577: 5547:acanthocephalan 5514:Taenia spiralis 5452:species of the 5359:Paraceras melis 5332:. Species like 5322:Yersinia pestis 5303:and tick-borne 5246: 5238:Bubo scandiacus 5170:common buzzards 5146:Eurasian lynxes 4968: 4933:surplus killing 4723: 4718: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4647: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4614: 4593: 4588: 4564:breeding season 4552: 4540:sexual maturity 4515: 4481:Sperm formation 4454: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4311: 4306: 4285: 4283:Sardinia, Italy 4273:eastern bettong 4253:rufous bettongs 4206:Tasmanian devil 4185: 4179: 4139: 4102: 4079:Red foxes have 4077: 3906: 3882:and peripheral 3863: 3841: 3831:, less crowded 3783:(right) yawning 3773: 3768: 3758:(Sowerby, 1923) 3714: 3684: 3676:(Brauner, 1914) 3670: 3668:(Brauner, 1914) 3640:V. v. stepensis 3638: 3612: 3575: 3541:V. v. schrencki 3539: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3507:(Merriam, 1900) 3476:V. v. rubricosa 3474: 3473:Nova Scotia fox 3432: 3418: 3364: 3327:V. v. peculiosa 3325: 3284: 3283:Palestinian fox 3251: 3238: 3230: 3228:(Sonnini, 1816) 3184:V. v. niloticus 3182: 3141: 3130:(Bonhote, 1906) 3125: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3059: 3024:Rocky Mountains 3022:, found in the 3016:Great Salt Lake 2982: 2938: 2930:, Alaska, U.S. 2928:Kenai Peninsula 2907: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2864:Kirghiz Steppes 2834: 2799: 2751: 2723: 2684: 2672: 2635: 2627:, Alaska, U.S. 2604:V. v. harrimani 2602: 2556:V. v. griffithi 2554: 2512: 2498: 2460: 2402: 2370: 2333: 2316: 2309: 2298: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2255: 2244: 2236: 2195:V. v. crucigera 2193: 2146:V. v. caucasica 2144: 2130:Skamania County 2102: 2100:Cascade red fox 2083: 2076: 2069: 2067:(Merriam, 1902) 2061: 2049:, northeastern 2020: 1982: 1934: 1907:Atlas Mountains 1884:V. v. atlantica 1882: 1869:Hajar Mountains 1843: 1841:Arabian red fox 1802:V. v. anatolica 1800: 1757: 1749:, Alaska, U.S. 1723: 1667:V. v. abietorum 1665: 1652: 1645: 1641:septentrionalis 1638: 1631: 1629:(Nilsson, 1820) 1627:nigro-argenteus 1624: 1617: 1615:(Burnett, 1829) 1609: 1563: 1559: 1446: 1438:Rocky Mountains 1362:Rocky Mountains 1338:Genetic testing 1246: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1146: 1117: 1108: 1052: 1023: 1014: 1005: 922: 771: 635:. Compare with 621: 613:European Russia 593: 379: 374: 373: 372: 367: 366: 365: 360: 359: 343: 329: 318: 312: 299: 207: 199: 190: 186: 179: 168: 164: 157: 130: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17598: 17588: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17503: 17502: 17500: 17499: 17486: 17473: 17460: 17447: 17434: 17421: 17405: 17403: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17393: 17380: 17367: 17354: 17341: 17328: 17315: 17302: 17289: 17276: 17263: 17250: 17237: 17224: 17211: 17198: 17185: 17172: 17159: 17149: 17136: 17127:Fauna Europaea 17123: 17110: 17097: 17084: 17071: 17061: 17048: 17035: 17022: 17007: 16991: 16989: 16983: 16982: 16968: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16957: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16910: 16908: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16884: 16882: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16869: 16863: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16837: 16835: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16796: 16794: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16786: 16781: 16779:Common moorhen 16776: 16771: 16769:Common pochard 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16705: 16703: 16702:Quarry species 16699: 16698: 16696: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16678:Rock ptarmigan 16675: 16670: 16665: 16663:Grey partridge 16660: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16647: 16635: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16612: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16599: 16597:Upland hunting 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16548: 16546: 16542: 16541: 16539: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16468: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16376: 16374: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16295: 16294: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16217:Bobwhite quail 16213: 16211: 16207: 16206: 16201: 16200: 16193: 16186: 16178: 16169: 16168: 16165: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16145:M. strigidorsa 16140: 16131: 16122: 16113: 16104: 16098:Least weasel ( 16095: 16086: 16077: 16068: 16059: 16050: 16044:Haida ermine ( 16041: 16032: 16028:M. eversmannii 16023: 16014: 16005: 15995: 15993: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15973: 15964: 15955: 15946: 15936: 15934: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15909: 15900: 15891: 15881: 15879: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15867: 15857: 15855: 15847: 15846: 15844: 15843: 15834: 15824: 15822: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15783: 15781: 15773: 15772: 15770: 15769: 15760: 15756:L. longicaudis 15751: 15745:Marine otter ( 15742: 15732: 15730: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15708: 15702: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15676: 15667: 15657: 15655: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15633: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15626: 15616: 15614: 15603: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15581: 15572: 15562: 15560: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15530: 15524: 15515: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15501: 15492: 15483: 15474: 15465: 15459:Beech marten ( 15456: 15447: 15438: 15428: 15426: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15396: 15394: 15386: 15385: 15383: 15382: 15372: 15370: 15362: 15361: 15359: 15358: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15323: 15314: 15305: 15296: 15287: 15277: 15275: 15259: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15251: 15242: 15236:Asian badger ( 15233: 15224: 15214: 15212: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15191: 15182: 15178:A. albogularis 15172: 15170: 15159: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15135:Honey badger ( 15131: 15129: 15121: 15120: 15118: 15117: 15107: 15101: 15096: 15089: 15088: 15076: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15040: 15039: 15037: 15036: 15027: 15017: 15015: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15003: 14994: 14984: 14982: 14971: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14953: 14944: 14935: 14926: 14916: 14914: 14898: 14897: 14895: 14894: 14885: 14876: 14872:P. cancrivorus 14866: 14864: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14844: 14840:B. sumichrasti 14835: 14825: 14823: 14815: 14814: 14812: 14811: 14801: 14795: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14781: 14772: 14763: 14754: 14744: 14742: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14722: 14713: 14703: 14701: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14672: 14666:Hooded skunk ( 14662: 14660: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14648: 14639: 14630: 14621: 14611: 14609: 14590: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14568: 14558: 14556: 14546: 14545: 14533: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14500: 14491: 14485:Weddell seal ( 14482: 14476:Leopard seal ( 14472: 14466: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14448: 14439: 14429: 14427: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14403: 14393: 14391: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14369: 14363: 14346: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14311: 14302: 14296:Caspian seal ( 14292: 14290: 14282: 14281: 14279: 14278: 14269: 14263:Spotted seal ( 14259: 14257: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14236: 14227: 14217: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14202: 14201: 14192: 14186:Bearded seal ( 14182: 14176: 14159: 14155:or true seals) 14153:(earless seals 14143: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14126: 14117: 14108: 14099: 14090: 14081: 14072: 14062: 14060: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14048: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14031: 14021: 14019: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13987: 13986: 13977: 13967: 13965: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13917: 13915: 13904: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13875: 13865: 13863: 13853: 13852: 13837: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13809: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13789: 13787: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13744: 13735: 13726: 13716: 13714: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13693: 13683: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13657: 13655: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13639:A. melanoleuca 13633: 13631: 13620: 13605: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13572: 13563: 13557:Eastern wolf ( 13554: 13545: 13539:African wolf ( 13536: 13527: 13521:Domestic dog ( 13518: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13494: 13485: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13459: 13449: 13447: 13436: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13407: 13401:Sechuran fox ( 13398: 13394:L. gymnocercus 13389: 13380: 13374:Darwin's fox ( 13371: 13361: 13359: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13338: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13311: 13309: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13287: 13281: 13266: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13246: 13237: 13228: 13219: 13210: 13201: 13192: 13183: 13174: 13165: 13156: 13147: 13143:V. bengalensis 13137: 13135: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13113: 13104: 13094: 13092: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13080: 13070: 13064: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13022: 13012: 13005: 13004: 12989: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12965: 12956: 12947: 12938: 12929: 12919: 12917: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12905: 12896: 12887: 12883:B. crassicauda 12877: 12875: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12854: 12845: 12836: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12819: 12810: 12801: 12792: 12783: 12774: 12765: 12756: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12714: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12685: 12684: 12675: 12666: 12657: 12647: 12645: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12624: 12614: 12612: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12574: 12564: 12562: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12523: 12521: 12510: 12501: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12462: 12452: 12450: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12417:G. grandidieri 12412: 12402: 12400: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12358: 12349: 12339: 12337: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12316: 12306: 12300: 12291: 12274: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12212: 12202: 12196: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12170: 12168: 12157: 12137: 12136: 12124: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12005: 11996: 11987: 11981:Letaba genet ( 11978: 11969: 11963:Common genet ( 11960: 11951: 11942: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11894: 11884: 11882: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11842: 11833: 11824: 11814: 11812: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11800: 11791: 11781: 11775: 11760: 11748: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11729:P. zeylonensis 11724: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11687:Paguma larvata 11682: 11673: 11664: 11654: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11590: 11585: 11578: 11577: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11500: 11491: 11482: 11473: 11464: 11458:Domestic cat ( 11455: 11445: 11443: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11418: 11414:P. rubiginosus 11409: 11400: 11391: 11387:P. bengalensis 11381: 11379: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11361:Pallas's cat ( 11357: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11327: 11325: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11286: 11284: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11254: 11248:Iberian lynx ( 11245: 11236: 11226: 11224: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11203: 11194: 11185: 11176: 11167: 11158: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11078: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11002: 10993: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968: 10959: 10950: 10941: 10932: 10926:Snow leopard ( 10922: 10920: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10899: 10889: 10887: 10876: 10863: 10853: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10833: 10823: 10821: 10805: 10800: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10779: 10773: 10768: 10761: 10760: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10739:Laurasiatheria 10735: 10729: 10723: 10717: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10697: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10668: 10667: 10661: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10619: 10618:External links 10616: 10615: 10614: 10597: 10587: 10572: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10521: 10491: 10473: 10443: 10437:978-0905483474 10436: 10411: 10385: 10351:(2): 160–169. 10328: 10297: 10264: 10247:Trapping Today 10234: 10199: 10165: 10158: 10140: 10133: 10109: 10102: 10084: 10043: 10036: 10018: 10011: 9991: 9959: 9930:(3): 587–595. 9902: 9883:(2): 237–258. 9867: 9846:(3): 366–370. 9824: 9771: 9716: 9707: 9698: 9668: 9659: 9644: 9617: 9608: 9599: 9586: 9579: 9559: 9550: 9523: 9517:978-1886106819 9516: 9494: 9488:978-1886106819 9487: 9465: 9448: 9435:(2): 319–324. 9415: 9381:(3): 577–584. 9358: 9335:(3): 631–633. 9315: 9308: 9290: 9278: 9249:(3): 355–357. 9229: 9198: 9189:. 26: 251–258 9178: 9158: 9141: 9128: 9093: 9052: 9005: 8986: 8979: 8958: 8921: 8914: 8894: 8855: 8834:(2): 179–189. 8810: 8755: 8748: 8728: 8717:on 6 July 2021 8675: 8636: 8606: 8553: 8531: 8507: 8488:(3): 365–377. 8472: 8445:(5712): 1035. 8429: 8386: 8360: 8307: 8282: 8249:Alopex lagopus 8235: 8204: 8192: 8172: 8165: 8145: 8138: 8069: 8057: 8036: 7994: 7982: 7967: 7935: 7928: 7910: 7893: 7859: 7844: 7837: 7817: 7810: 7763: 7746: 7715:(3): 526–533. 7695: 7632: 7569: 7522: 7509: 7442: 7429:(2): 297–307. 7409: 7374:(2): 326–341. 7354: 7321: 7314: 7296: 7289: 7271: 7219: 7143: 7128: 7106: 7087: 7069: 7020: 6977: 6964:(4): 453–469. 6940: 6923:dictionary.com 6910: 6880: 6844: 6791:(1): 138–148. 6775: 6745: 6738: 6699: 6693:978-0906282656 6692: 6629: 6614: 6580: 6574:978-1886106819 6573: 6414: 6347: 6308: 6283: 6266:Linnaeus, Carl 6257: 6229: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6125: 6122: 6112: 6109: 6099: 6096: 6057: 6054: 6019: 6016: 5972: 5969: 5920: 5917: 5856: 5853: 5786:Cnut the Great 5751:Beagle and Fox 5737: 5734: 5604:Teumessian fox 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5474:Toxocara canis 5369:Ixodes ricinus 5347:Pulex irritans 5245: 5242: 5206:Aquila heliaca 5130:striped hyenas 5045:golden jackals 4967: 4964: 4960:magnetic field 4952:Czech Republic 4818:marine mammals 4766:pocket gophers 4736:Red foxes are 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4660: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4613: 4610: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4551: 4548: 4531:thermoregulate 4494:copulatory tie 4486:bulbus glandis 4449: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4409: 4406: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4291:subspecies in 4284: 4281: 4220:with both the 4181:Main article: 4178: 4175: 4138: 4135: 4101: 4098: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3991:Blackish-brown 3987: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3905: 3902: 3862: 3859: 3840: 3837: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3752: 3749:Hebei province 3742: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3686:V. v. tobolica 3680: 3679: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3637:Steppe red fox 3634: 3633: 3631: 3628:Kurile Islands 3624: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3533: 3532: 3501: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3428: 3427: 3410: 3396: 3393:V. bengalensis 3381: 3378: 3375: 3358: 3357: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3247: 3246: 3222: 3213: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3168: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3134: 3133: 3109:(Ogilby, 1837) 3095: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3010:Named for the 3008: 3001: 2998: 2993: 2984:V. v. macroura 2978: 2977: 2969: 2966: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2903: 2902: 2885:(Pallas, 1811) 2871: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2801:V. v. japonica 2795: 2794: 2786: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2686:V. v. ichnusae 2680: 2679: 2664:aurantioluteus 2660: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2598: 2597: 2595:(Hutton, 1845) 2589: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2553:Afghan red fox 2550: 2549: 2547:(Rhoads, 1894) 2545:pennsylvanicus 2541: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2506: 2505: 2503:(Thomas, 1902) 2486: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2458:Turkmenian fox 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2437:V. v. dorsalis 2433: 2432: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2374: 2372:V. v. deletrix 2366: 2365: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2278:(Wagner, 1841) 2224: 2221: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2172: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2096: 2095: 2072:kamtschadensis 2053: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2016: 2015: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1961:L'Anse au Loup 1958: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1930: 1929: 1917: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1661: 1660: 1601: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503:Northern foxes 1445: 1442: 1245: 1242: 1229:Baranya County 1225:V. vulpes 1217:Villafranchian 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1072:Blanford's fox 1068: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 990: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 965: 960: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 938: 933: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 915: 914: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 770: 767: 629:Proto-Germanic 620: 617: 592: 589: 541:golden jackals 410: 409: 408: 407: 399: 388: 387: 381: 380: 358: 354: 353: 345: 344: 339: 336: 335: 331: 330: 319: 308: 307: 301: 300: 296:V. vulpes 293: 291: 287: 286: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 201: 200: 184: 181: 180: 162: 159: 158: 153: 150: 149: 141: 140: 132: 131: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17597: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17517: 17515: 17508: 17496: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17452: 17448: 17444: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17426: 17422: 17417: 17411: 17407: 17406: 17404: 17402: 17398: 17390: 17385: 17381: 17377: 17372: 17368: 17364: 17359: 17355: 17351: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17333: 17329: 17325: 17320: 17316: 17312: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17268: 17264: 17260: 17255: 17251: 17247: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17216: 17212: 17208: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17177: 17173: 17169: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17146: 17141: 17137: 17133: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17102: 17098: 17094: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17076: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17058: 17057:vulpes-vulpes 17053: 17049: 17045: 17044:Vulpes_vulpes 17040: 17036: 17032: 17031:Vulpes_vulpes 17027: 17023: 17018: 17017:Vulpes vulpes 17012: 17008: 17003: 16997: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16988: 16987:Vulpes vulpes 16984: 16980: 16975: 16961: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16949:Deer stalking 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16909: 16905: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16888:Game Act 1831 16886: 16885: 16883: 16879: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16858: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16841:European hare 16839: 16838: 16836: 16832: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16791: 16785: 16784:Eurasian coot 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16734:Greylag goose 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16724:Golden plover 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16644: 16640: 16633: 16628: 16626: 16621: 16619: 16614: 16613: 16610: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16562:Bison hunting 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16547: 16543: 16537: 16536:Snowshoe hare 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16511:Gray squirrel 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16435:Mountain goat 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16380:Bighorn sheep 16378: 16377: 16375: 16373: 16369: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16327:Greater scaup 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16296: 16288: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16267:Spruce grouse 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16252:Ruffed grouse 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16237:Mourning dove 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16208: 16199: 16194: 16192: 16187: 16185: 16180: 16179: 16176: 16148: 16146: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16123: 16121: 16119: 16114: 16112: 16110: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16087: 16085: 16083: 16082:M. lutreolina 16078: 16076: 16074: 16069: 16067: 16065: 16060: 16058: 16056: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16033: 16031: 16029: 16024: 16022: 16020: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16006: 16004: 16002: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15984: 15983: 15978: 15972: 15970: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15956: 15954: 15952: 15947: 15945: 15943: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15933: 15932: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15918: 15908: 15906: 15901: 15899: 15897: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15883: 15882: 15880: 15878: 15877: 15872: 15866: 15864: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15842: 15840: 15835: 15833: 15831: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15815: 15809: 15807: 15802: 15801: 15798: 15792: 15790: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15780: 15779: 15774: 15768: 15766: 15761: 15759: 15757: 15752: 15750: 15748: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15738:L. canadensis 15734: 15733: 15731: 15729: 15728: 15723: 15717: 15715: 15712:Giant otter ( 15710: 15709: 15706: 15703: 15693: 15689: 15675: 15673: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15654: 15653: 15648: 15642: 15640: 15635: 15634: 15631: 15625: 15623: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15607: 15604: 15594: 15590: 15580: 15578: 15573: 15571: 15569: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15539: 15537: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15510: 15500: 15498: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15484: 15482: 15480: 15475: 15473: 15471: 15470:M. gwatkinsii 15466: 15464: 15462: 15457: 15455: 15453: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15417: 15416: 15411: 15405: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15395: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15381: 15379: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15368: 15363: 15357: 15355: 15350: 15349: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15324: 15322: 15320: 15315: 15313: 15311: 15310:M. orientalis 15306: 15304: 15302: 15297: 15295: 15293: 15288: 15286: 15284: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15266: 15265: 15260: 15250: 15248: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15199: 15197: 15192: 15190: 15188: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15169: 15168: 15163: 15160: 15150: 15146: 15140: 15138: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15128: 15127: 15122: 15116: 15114: 15113:Taxidea taxus 15109: 15108: 15105: 15102: 15099: 15094: 15090: 15086: 15081: 15077: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15049: 15035: 15033: 15028: 15026: 15024: 15023:N. meridensis 15019: 15018: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15002: 15000: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14981: 14980: 14975: 14972: 14962: 14958: 14952: 14950: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14893: 14891: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14877: 14875: 14873: 14868: 14867: 14865: 14855: 14854: 14849: 14843: 14841: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14803: 14802: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14780: 14778: 14773: 14771: 14769: 14764: 14762: 14760: 14755: 14753: 14751: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14721: 14719: 14714: 14712: 14710: 14709:M. javanensis 14705: 14704: 14702: 14692: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14647: 14645: 14640: 14638: 14636: 14635:C. leuconotus 14631: 14629: 14627: 14626:C. humboldtii 14622: 14620: 14618: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14591: 14585: 14577: 14573: 14567: 14565: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14543: 14538: 14534: 14508: 14506: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14467: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14445: 14440: 14438: 14436: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14418: 14417: 14412: 14402: 14400: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14389: 14384: 14378: 14376: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14364: 14354: 14350: 14347: 14337: 14333: 14319: 14317: 14314:Baikal seal ( 14312: 14310: 14308: 14305:Ringed seal ( 14303: 14301: 14299: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14277: 14275: 14272:Harbor seal ( 14270: 14268: 14266: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14256: 14255: 14250: 14244: 14242: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14230:Ribbon seal ( 14228: 14226: 14224: 14219: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14198: 14195:Hooded seal ( 14193: 14191: 14189: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14177: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14148: 14144: 14134: 14132: 14131:A. tropicalis 14127: 14125: 14123: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14082: 14080: 14078: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14057:Arctocephalus 14053: 14047: 14045: 14040: 14039: 14036: 14030: 14028: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14012: 14006: 14004: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13985: 13983: 13982:Z. wollebaeki 13978: 13976: 13974: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13952: 13950: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13932: 13926: 13924: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13913: 13908: 13905: 13899: 13894: 13890:(eared seals: 13885: 13880: 13874: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13842: 13838: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13779: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13766: 13752: 13750: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13731:U. thibetanus 13727: 13725: 13723: 13722:U. americanus 13718: 13717: 13715: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13701: 13699: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13664: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13653: 13648: 13642: 13640: 13637:Giant panda ( 13635: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13621: 13613: 13609: 13606: 13603: 13598: 13580: 13578: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13564: 13562: 13560: 13555: 13553: 13551: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13523:C. familiaris 13519: 13517: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13493: 13491: 13486: 13484: 13482: 13481:Lycaon pictus 13477: 13476: 13473: 13467: 13465: 13460: 13458: 13456: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13437: 13429: 13425: 13415: 13413: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13390: 13388: 13386: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13346: 13344: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13320: 13318: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13289: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13274: 13270: 13267: 13259: 13255: 13245: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13184: 13182: 13180: 13177:Tibetan fox ( 13175: 13173: 13171: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13148: 13146: 13144: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13131: 13124: 13123: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13109:N. viverrinus 13105: 13103: 13101: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13090: 13085: 13079: 13077: 13072: 13071: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13050:U. littoralis 13046: 13044: 13042: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13026: 13023: 13015: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12994: 12990: 12964: 12962: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12925:H. flavescens 12921: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12910: 12904: 12902: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12862: 12860: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12828: 12827: 12824: 12818: 12816: 12815:U. vitticolla 12811: 12809: 12807: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12757: 12755: 12753: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12719:Xenogale naso 12715: 12713: 12711: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12693: 12683: 12681: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12667: 12665: 12663: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12638: 12632: 12630: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12599: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12588: 12582: 12580: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12561: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12542: 12541: 12538: 12532: 12530: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12493: 12492:sensu stricto 12488: 12484: 12470: 12468: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12321:Fossa fossana 12317: 12315: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12262: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12220: 12218: 12215:Brown hyena ( 12213: 12211: 12209: 12208:Hyaena hyaena 12204: 12203: 12200: 12197: 12189: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12158: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12067: 12065: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12035:Hausa genet ( 12033: 12031: 12029: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11997: 11995: 11993: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11938:G. angolensis 11934: 11932: 11930: 11929:G. abyssinica 11925: 11924: 11922: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11902: 11900: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11875: 11874: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11860: 11850: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11838:V. tangalunga 11834: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11772:sensu stricto 11768: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11732: 11730: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11690: 11688: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11665: 11663: 11661: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11646:Paradoxurinae 11643: 11637: 11635: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11614:Otter civet ( 11612: 11610: 11608: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11570: 11566: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11508: 11506: 11505:F. silvestris 11501: 11499: 11497: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11426: 11424: 11423:P. viverrinus 11421:Fishing cat ( 11419: 11417: 11415: 11410: 11408: 11406: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11396:P. javanensis 11392: 11390: 11388: 11385:Leopard cat ( 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11366: 11364: 11359: 11358: 11355: 11352: 11346: 11336: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11323: 11318: 11312: 11310: 11305: 11304: 11301: 11295: 11293: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11232:L. canadensis 11230:Canada lynx ( 11228: 11227: 11225: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11211: 11209: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11054:C. temminckii 11050: 11048: 11046: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11019:Marbled cat ( 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11006: 11003: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10989:sensu stricto 10986: 10981: 10967: 10965: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10951: 10949: 10947: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10885: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10856: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10839: 10838:P. pardicolor 10834: 10832: 10830: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10798: 10794: 10788: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10708: 10703: 10695: 10690: 10688: 10683: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10634: 10630: 10628: 10627:Vulpes vulpes 10622: 10621: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10560: 10559: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10447: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10301: 10285: 10281: 10280:The Telegraph 10276: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10182: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10161: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10113: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10014: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9995: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9967:Ancient Greek 9963: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9784: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9711: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9680: 9672: 9663: 9655: 9648: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9630: 9621: 9612: 9603: 9596: 9590: 9582: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9563: 9554: 9547:(2): 157–162. 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9533:Vulpes vulpes 9527: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9463:, p. 134 9462: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9419: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9282: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9233: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9169:. 3: 149–158 9168: 9162: 9155: 9151: 9150:Vulpes vulpes 9145: 9138: 9132: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9106: 9105:Vulpes vulpes 9097: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8990: 8982: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8934: 8933:Vulpes vulpes 8925: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8865:Vulpes vulpes 8859: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8823: 8814: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8765:Vulpes vulpes 8759: 8751: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8732: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8690: 8688: 8687:Vulpes vulpes 8679: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8646:Vulpes vulpes 8640: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8521: 8519: 8518:Vulpes vulpes 8511: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8433: 8425: 8412: 8396: 8390: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8356: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8293:Vulpes vulpes 8286: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8245:Vulpes vulpes 8239: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8202:, p. 130 8201: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8141: 8139:9780044401995 8135: 8131: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8067:, p. 129 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8011:Vulpes vulpes 8010: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7992:, p. 353 7991: 7986: 7979: 7978: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7942: 7940: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7857:, p. 221 7856: 7851: 7849: 7840: 7838:9781602231160 7834: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7813: 7811:9780665167928 7807: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7644:Vulpes vulpes 7636: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7582: 7581:Vulpes vulpes 7573: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7364:Vulpes vulpes 7358: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7315:9780231037334 7311: 7307: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7148: 7141:, p. 222 7140: 7135: 7133: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7091: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991:Vulpes vulpes 6988: 6981: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6945: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6779: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6741: 6739:9780801874161 6735: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6600:Wilson, D. E. 6597: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6195:Vulpes vulpes 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6121: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6049: 6024: 6015: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5869: 5863:Red fox pelts 5861: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714:creation myth 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5692:Herod Antipas 5689: 5685: 5681: 5680:Arab folklore 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5587: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5295:in spreading 5294: 5290: 5289:spirochetosis 5286: 5282: 5278: 5277:leptospirosis 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186:golden eagles 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159:Canada lynxes 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095:martes martes 5092: 5088: 5087:stone martens 5084: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5029:golden jackal 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4917:poultry farms 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4810:invertebrates 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774:Passeriformes 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4668: 4666: 4643: 4623: 4618: 4612:Vocalisations 4609: 4602: 4597: 4591:Body language 4586:Communication 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473:uterine horns 4470: 4463: 4458: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4402:kin selection 4398: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4367: 4363: 4352: 4343: 4336: 4327: 4320: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210:apex predator 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:Arctic Circle 4143: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3926:Colour morph 3924: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3904:Colour morphs 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3888:colour morphs 3885: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3855:Aberdeenshire 3852: 3851: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3777: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3667: 3666:krymeamontana 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577:V. v. silacea 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563:, Russia and 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529:(Bangs, 1897) 3528: 3521: 3515:(Bangs, 1898) 3514: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3435: 3434:V. v. regalis 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3416:(Blyth, 1854) 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3366:V. v. pusilla 3363: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3351:(Kishida and 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3250:Turkestan fox 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3174:, California 3173: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3143:V. v. necator 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3091:and northern 3090: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3061:V. v. montana 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2975:(Ognev, 1926) 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2892:(Ognev, 1926) 2891: 2884: 2877:(Ognev, 1926) 2876: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836:V. v. karagan 2833:Karaganka fox 2832: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823:, except for 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2725:V. v. indutus 2721: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2683:Sardinian fox 2682: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625:Kodiak Island 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577:V. v. montana 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430:(Yudin, 1986) 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2335:V. v. daurica 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2074:(Brass, 1911) 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047:Bering Strait 2044: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001: 2000:Barbary Coast 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1984:V. v. barbara 1980: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:Mila Province 1908: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1845:V. v. arabica 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1828:Aegean Region 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799:Anatolian fox 1798: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1716:(Brass, 1911) 1715: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1643:(Brass, 1911) 1642: 1635: 1634:nigrocaudatus 1628: 1621: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474:mitochondrial 1471: 1467: 1458: 1450: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1417:San Francisco 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1388:. The latter 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370:Sierra Nevada 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:binomial name 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166:Bat-eared fox 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 996: 994: 988: 984: 983: 980: 979: 976: 974: 970: 969:Rüppell's fox 964: 963: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 947: 943: 937: 936: 930: 929: 926: 925: 917: 916: 913: 911: 907: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 891: 887: 881: 880: 874: 873: 867: 866: 860: 859: 853: 852: 846: 845: 839: 838: 834: 831: 830:introgression 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:Rüppell's fox 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 775: 766: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 732: 726: 722: 718: 714: 712: 706: 704: 698: 694: 692: 687: 683: 680: 676: 673: 669: 665: 661: 659: 654: 649: 645: 641: 638: 634: 630: 626: 616: 614: 610: 606: 597: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 556: 554: 550: 546: 545:golden eagles 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:invertebrates 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:IUCN Red List 455: 454:least concern 451: 447: 443: 439: 438:North America 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 421:Vulpes vulpes 417: 403: 400: 395: 392: 391: 389: 386: 382: 355: 351: 346: 342: 341:45 subspecies 337: 332: 327: 323: 317: 315: 314:Vulpes vulpes 309: 306: 305:Binomial name 302: 298: 297: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 202: 196: 182: 176: 171: 170:Least Concern 160: 156: 151: 147: 142: 138: 133: 127: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Vulpes vulpes 17507: 17401:Canis vulpes 17400: 16986: 16845: 16834:Other quarry 16729:Canada goose 16693:Common snipe 16683:Black grouse 16639:Game animals 16592:Wolf hunting 16567:Deer hunting 16552:Bear hunting 16530: 16501:Fox squirrel 16474:Other quarry 16352:Ross's goose 16332:Lesser scaup 16312:Canada goose 16144: 16135: 16126: 16117: 16108: 16099: 16090: 16081: 16072: 16063: 16054: 16045: 16036: 16027: 16018: 16009: 16000: 15980: 15968: 15959: 15950: 15941: 15929: 15904: 15895: 15886: 15874: 15862: 15850: 15839:L. sumatrana 15838: 15829: 15817: 15805: 15788: 15776: 15764: 15755: 15746: 15737: 15725: 15713: 15671: 15662: 15650: 15638: 15622:V. peregusna 15621: 15609: 15576: 15567: 15547: 15535: 15522:Lyncodontini 15513:Ictonychinae 15497:M. zibellina 15496: 15487: 15478: 15469: 15460: 15452:M. flavigula 15451: 15442: 15434:M. americana 15433: 15413: 15401: 15389: 15377: 15365: 15354:Eira barbara 15353: 15327: 15319:M. personata 15318: 15309: 15300: 15291: 15282: 15262: 15246: 15237: 15229:M. canescens 15228: 15219: 15207: 15195: 15186: 15177: 15165: 15136: 15124: 15112: 15031: 15022: 15010: 14998: 14989: 14977: 14948: 14939: 14930: 14921: 14901: 14889: 14880: 14871: 14851: 14839: 14838:Cacomistle ( 14830: 14818: 14807:Potos flavus 14806: 14776: 14767: 14758: 14749: 14729: 14717: 14708: 14688: 14676: 14667: 14655: 14643: 14634: 14625: 14616: 14596: 14563: 14504: 14495: 14486: 14477: 14443: 14434: 14414: 14398: 14386: 14374: 14359:(monk seals) 14315: 14306: 14297: 14285: 14273: 14264: 14252: 14240: 14231: 14222: 14196: 14187: 14130: 14122:A. townsendi 14121: 14112: 14104:A. philippii 14103: 14094: 14085: 14076: 14068:A. australis 14067: 14055: 14043: 14026: 14014: 14002: 13981: 13972: 13960: 13948: 13922: 13910: 13870: 13749:U. maritimus 13748: 13747:Polar bear ( 13739: 13738:Brown bear ( 13730: 13721: 13709: 13697: 13688: 13687:Sloth bear ( 13662: 13650: 13638: 13626: 13576: 13567: 13558: 13549: 13540: 13531: 13522: 13513: 13501: 13490:Cuon alpinus 13489: 13480: 13464:L. mesomelas 13463: 13454: 13442: 13411: 13402: 13393: 13392:Pampas fox ( 13384: 13375: 13366: 13354: 13342: 13333: 13317:S. venaticus 13316: 13304: 13292: 13291:Maned wolf ( 13273:Cerdocyonina 13241: 13240:Fennec fox ( 13232: 13230: 13223: 13215:V. rueppelli 13214: 13205: 13196: 13187: 13186:Arctic fox ( 13179:V. ferrilata 13178: 13169: 13168:Corsac fox ( 13160: 13151: 13142: 13141:Bengal fox ( 13120: 13108: 13099: 13087: 13075: 13049: 13048:Island fox ( 13040: 13028: 12961:H. sanguinea 12960: 12951: 12942: 12934:H. ichneumon 12933: 12924: 12912: 12900: 12891: 12882: 12870: 12858: 12849: 12840: 12831: 12814: 12805: 12796: 12787: 12778: 12769: 12761:U. edwardsii 12760: 12752:U. brachyura 12751: 12742: 12730: 12718: 12709: 12679: 12670: 12661: 12653:C. alexandri 12652: 12640: 12628: 12619: 12607: 12595: 12578: 12570:M. gambianus 12569: 12557: 12545: 12529:S. suricatta 12528: 12516: 12491: 12466: 12457: 12445: 12433: 12416: 12407: 12395: 12383: 12353: 12344: 12332: 12320: 12311: 12288:carnivorans) 12269: 12240: 12228: 12216: 12207: 12175: 12163: 12133:Herpestoidea 12096:Herpestoidea 12063: 12055:G. victoriae 12054: 12045: 12044:Cape genet ( 12036: 12028:G. servalina 12027: 12018: 12017:King genet ( 12010:G. piscivora 12009: 12000: 11991: 11982: 11974:G. johnstoni 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11937: 11928: 11910: 11899:P. leightoni 11898: 11889: 11871: 11846: 11837: 11829:V. megaspila 11828: 11820:V. civettina 11819: 11807: 11795: 11786: 11771: 11755: 11728: 11719: 11710: 11698: 11686: 11677: 11668: 11659: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11606: 11504: 11495: 11487:F. margarita 11486: 11477: 11468: 11467:Jungle cat ( 11459: 11450: 11438: 11422: 11413: 11405:P. planiceps 11404: 11395: 11386: 11376:Prionailurus 11374: 11362: 11332: 11320: 11308: 11307:Jaguarundi ( 11291: 11279: 11258: 11249: 11240: 11231: 11219: 11207: 11198: 11189: 11180: 11171: 11162: 11154:L. geoffroyi 11153: 11144: 11143:Pampas cat ( 11132: 11116: 11107: 11095: 11083: 11053: 11044: 11032: 11021:P. marmorata 11020: 11008: 10988: 10963: 10954: 10945: 10936: 10927: 10915: 10903: 10894: 10882: 10837: 10828: 10811: 10784: 10737:Superorder: 10731:Infraclass: 10636:. 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Retrieved 8363: 8349:cite journal 8324: 8320: 8310: 8302: 8297:Panthera leo 8296: 8292: 8285: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8226:. Retrieved 8217: 8207: 8195: 8180: 8175: 8155: 8148: 8129: 8060: 8027:. Retrieved 8020:the original 8012: 8009: 7985: 7976: 7970: 7958:. Retrieved 7948: 7919: 7913: 7903: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7879: 7827: 7820: 7796: 7756: 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7712: 7708: 7698: 7656:(114): 114. 7653: 7649: 7643: 7635: 7593:(214): 214. 7590: 7586: 7580: 7572: 7560:. Retrieved 7554: 7517: 7512: 7500:. Retrieved 7462: 7458: 7445: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7305: 7299: 7280: 7274: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7210:. Retrieved 7203:the original 7166: 7162: 7114: 7109: 7090: 7081: 7037: 7033: 7023: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6961: 6957: 6931:. Retrieved 6922: 6913: 6901:. Retrieved 6892: 6883: 6874: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6766:. Retrieved 6757: 6748: 6728: 6683: 6604: 6563: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6299:. Retrieved 6295: 6286: 6277: 6272:Canis Vulpes 6271: 6260: 6248:. Retrieved 6241: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6206: 6200: 6194: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6059: 6056:Distribution 5995:silver foxes 5992: 5988: 5953: 5942: 5913: 5878: 5837:Saskatchewan 5833: 5828: 5802: 5793:had a royal 5759: 5750: 5700: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5612: 5597: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5540: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5462: 5456: 5439: 5428: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5309:Lake Sartlan 5305:encephalitis 5262: 5253: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5198:Aquila audax 5197: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5135: 5127: 5094: 5091:pine martens 5076: 5068:raccoon dogs 5065: 5060:golden eagle 5034: 5005:corsac foxes 4983:Arctic foxes 4980: 4949: 4929: 4921: 4890: 4842:blackberries 4735: 4709: 4707: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4671: 4662: 4624:) squabbling 4621: 4606: 4600: 4576:ground water 4562:Outside the 4561: 4527: 4492:, forming a 4466: 4450:Red fox kits 4385: 4362:v. crucigera 4357: 4288: 4286: 4230: 4186: 4148: 4127:caudal gland 4103: 4100:Scent glands 4089:black grouse 4078: 3932:Description 3915: 3891: 3880:vasodilation 3872: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3817:canine teeth 3806: 3786: 3755: 3739:V. v. vulpes 3738: 3734: 3718: 3715: 3685: 3673: 3671: 3665: 3651: 3639: 3613: 3596:V. v. vulpes 3595: 3579: 3576: 3543: 3540: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3494:Digby County 3487: 3475: 3436: 3433: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3392: 3384: 3368: 3365: 3348: 3326: 3288: 3285: 3252: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3186: 3183: 3165: 3162:V. v. fulvus 3161: 3145: 3142: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3082:V. v. vulpes 3081: 3063: 3060: 3005:V. v. fulvus 3004: 2986: 2983: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2942: 2939: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2857:V. v. vulpes 2856: 2838: 2835: 2803: 2800: 2798:Japanese fox 2789: 2771: 2755: 2752: 2724: 2685: 2674: 2663: 2636: 2606: 2603: 2592: 2576: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2534: 2516: 2513: 2500: 2489: 2464: 2461: 2436: 2427: 2403: 2392:Newfoundland 2371: 2360: 2354:Troizkosavsk 2334: 2318: 2311: 2301:meridionalis 2300: 2290:melanogaster 2289: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2257: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2216: 2197: 2194: 2192:European fox 2168: 2164: 2148: 2145: 2106: 2103: 2086:schantaricus 2085: 2079:kamtschatica 2078: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2056: 2024: 2021: 2006: 1983: 1954: 1938: 1936:V. v. bangsi 1935: 1933:Labrador fox 1920: 1886: 1883: 1847: 1844: 1804: 1801: 1761: 1758: 1727: 1724: 1713: 1687: 1669: 1666: 1657:(Oken, 1816) 1654: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1570: 1561:V. v. vulpes 1560: 1547:Description 1531: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1497: 1486:Substantial 1485: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1433: 1425: 1396: 1394: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1286:Medicine Hat 1270:Vulpes fulva 1269: 1258:Gene mapping 1247: 1224: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1164: 1128: 1090: 1070: 1034: 987: 967: 940: 904: 884: 811: 782: 780: 762: 758: 754: 752: 747: 743: 739:'tail', and 736: 728: 724: 708: 700: 688: 681: 674: 667: 655: 639: 637:West Frisian 632: 622: 602: 557: 501: 474: 450:North Africa 420: 419: 415: 413: 402:Canis alopex 401: 394:Canis vulpes 393: 363: native 313: 311: 295: 294: 282: 36: 17280:NatureServe 17189:iNaturalist 17011:Wikispecies 16954:Deer forest 16749:Tufted duck 16719:Wood pigeon 16572:Fox hunting 16136:M. sibirica 16118:M. putorius 16091:M. nigripes 16073:M. lutreola 16046:M. haidarum 15942:N. africana 15905:A. congicus 15896:A. cinereus 15887:A. capensis 15787:Sea otter ( 15765:L. provocax 15672:I. striatus 15593:Ictonychini 15488:M. melampus 15400:Wolverine ( 15378:P. pennanti 15301:M. moschata 15292:M. everetti 15238:M. leucurus 15196:A. hoevenii 15187:A. collaris 15137:M. capensis 15032:N. olivacea 14947:Olinguito ( 14903:Bassaricyon 14890:P. pygmaeus 14820:Bassariscus 14793:Procyonidae 14768:S. putorius 14759:S. gracilis 14677:M. mephitis 14668:M. macroura 14562:Red panda ( 14542:Musteloidea 14503:Ross seal ( 14456:Lobodontini 14388:Neomonachus 14316:P. sibirica 14274:P. vitulina 14239:Grey seal ( 14221:Harp seal ( 14113:A. pusillus 14077:A. forsteri 13912:Callorhinus 13846:Pinnipedia 13805:Musteloidea 13577:C. simensis 13541:C. lupaster 13410:Hoary fox ( 13403:L. sechurae 13376:L. fulvipes 13367:L. culpaeus 13263:(true dogs) 13222:Swift fox ( 13197:V. macrotis 13089:Nyctereutes 12998:Caniformia 12943:H. ochracea 12901:B. nigripes 12892:B. jacksoni 12779:U. javanica 12696:Herpestinae 12671:C. obscurus 12662:C. ansorgei 12642:Crossarchus 12498:(mongooses) 12487:Herpestidae 12467:S. durrelli 12458:S. concolor 12408:G. fasciata 12345:E. goudotii 12266:Herpestidae 12176:P. cristata 12037:G. thierryi 11992:G. maculata 11956:G. cristata 11947:G. bourloni 11700:Paradoxurus 11658:Binturong ( 11597:Hemigalinae 11574:Viverroidea 11537:Viverroidea 11496:F. nigripes 11348:Leopard cat 11333:P. concolor 11250:L. pardinus 11199:L. tigrinus 11190:L. pardalis 11181:L. jacobita 11172:L. guttulus 11145:L. colocola 10904:N. nebulosa 10874:Pantherinae 10754:Feliformia 10428:Urban Foxes 10227:21 December 9918:Nasua nasua 9914:Pachysentis 9795:: 187–191. 9537:Buteo buteo 9156:. 106 1–31. 9072:: 101–113. 8721:21 February 8702:(1): 1–22. 7502:3 September 6243:NatureServe 6222:17 February 6157:East Sussex 6148:Winterwatch 6135:Winterwatch 6005:geneticist 5960:guinea pigs 5881:fur-bearing 5841:Nova Scotia 5809:Renaissance 5742:Fox hunting 5718:Yurok tribe 5325:are known. 5301:brucellosis 5285:listeriosis 5174:Buteo buteo 5013:swift foxes 4846:raspberries 4838:blueberries 4826:echinoderms 4778:Galliformes 4694:wow wow wow 4690:wow wow wow 4682:wow wow wow 4198:fox hunting 4167:New Zealand 3876:guard hairs 3766:Description 3735:V. v. hoole 3683:Tobolsk fox 3574:Iberian fox 3537:Ezo red fox 3498:Nova Scotia 3276:, Kirgizia 3226:aegyptiacus 3172:High Sierra 2875:ferganensis 2750:Yakutsk fox 2675:lineiventer 2637:V. v. hoole 2587:Afghanistan 2514:V. v. fulva 2490:cinerascens 2473:J. E. Gray 2419:, southern 2361:ussuriensis 2176:Vladikavkaz 2065:beringensis 2057:anadyrensis 2034:Middendorff 1981:Barbary fox 1955:V. v. fulva 1953:Similar to 1921:algeriensis 1701:, northern 1590:Scandinavia 1538:Subspecies 1274:Sangamonian 1130:Raccoon dog 807:Tibetan fox 679:Tocharian B 625:Old English 591:Terminology 577:urban areas 334:Subspecies 195:NatureServe 126:Pleistocene 17514:Categories 16872:Animal Aid 16825:Water deer 16673:Red grouse 16651:Game birds 16460:Polar bear 16455:Dall sheep 16395:Brown bear 16385:Black bear 16357:Snow goose 16317:Canvasback 16307:Black duck 16210:Game birds 16109:M. nudipes 16100:M. nivalis 16064:M. kathiah 16019:M. erminea 16010:M. altaica 15960:N. frenata 15951:N. felipei 15921:Mustelinae 15663:I. libycus 15577:G. vittata 15443:M. caurina 15220:M. anakuma 15098:Mustelidae 15085:Mustelidae 15061:see below↓ 15052:Mustelidae 14949:B. neblina 14860:(raccoons) 14831:B. astutus 14829:Ringtail ( 14805:Kinkajou ( 14777:S. pygmaea 14718:M. marchei 14576:Mephitidae 14444:M. leonina 14336:Monachinae 14307:P. hispida 14298:P. caspica 14095:A. gazella 14027:N. cinerea 13923:C. ursinus 13861:Odobenidae 13814:see below↓ 13794:see below↓ 13778:Pinnipedia 13696:Sun bear ( 13663:T. ornatus 13652:Tremarctos 13628:Ailuropoda 13566:Red wolf ( 13532:C. latrans 13455:L. adustus 13412:L. vetulus 13385:L. griseus 13315:Bush dog ( 13206:V. pallida 13204:Pale fox ( 13188:V. lagopus 13159:Cape fox ( 13039:Gray fox ( 12797:U. smithii 12629:H. parvula 12620:H. hirtula 12508:Mungotinae 12397:Galidictis 12370:Galidiinae 12298:Euplerinae 12281:Eupleridae 12270:sensu lato 12241:C. crocuta 12174:Aardwolf ( 12105:see below↓ 12046:G. tigrina 12019:G. poensis 12001:G. pardina 11983:G. letabae 11965:G. genetta 11863:Genettinae 11847:V. zibetha 11767:Viverrinae 11756:sensu lato 11751:Viverrinae 11720:P. jerdoni 11587:Viverridae 11546:see below↓ 11485:Sand cat ( 11292:A. jubatus 11117:C. caracal 11010:Pardofelis 10829:P. linsang 10770:Feliformia 9641:: 103–114. 9121:13 October 8532:0731364244 8420:|url= 8379:26 January 8189:0789477645 7990:Allen 1938 7290:0931079055 6903:20 January 6367:(1): 114. 6328:: 106296. 6172:References 5937:Birmingham 5849:New Mexico 5753:(1885) by 5635:Ysengrimus 5297:erysipelas 5234:snowy owls 5123:Wolverines 5109:and young 5017:Grey foxes 4897:song birds 4858:mulberries 4854:persimmons 4790:porcupines 4762:woodchucks 4686:tawny owls 4665:media help 4502:monogamous 4490:copulation 4460:Red foxes 4379:A red fox 4344:each other 4340:Red foxes 4233:Potoroidae 3839:Dimensions 3813:braincases 3781:corsac fox 3661:, Ukraine 3400:Salt Range 3389:Bengal fox 3349:kiyomassai 3323:Korean fox 3270:Semirechye 3121:nepalensis 3114:ladacensis 3107:himalaicus 3034:, western 2897:tarimensis 2890:pamirensis 2722:Cyprus fox 2642:R. Swinhoe 2601:Kodiak fox 2593:flavescens 2442:J. E. Gray 2401:Ussuri fox 2356:, Siberia 2232:Borkhausen 2134:Washington 2019:Anadyr fox 1791:Kazakhstan 1714:sitkaensis 1648:variegates 1483:as valid. 1444:Subspecies 1314:New Mexico 1298:California 1280:District, 1262:speciation 1092:Fennec fox 942:Corsac fox 886:Arctic fox 795:Bengal fox 763:vulpecular 717:Portuguese 686:Lithuanian 609:corsac fox 605:Arctic fox 527:and young 517:game birds 504:mated pair 493:subspecies 489:melanistic 466:marsupials 426:true foxes 17416:Q33321243 16860:Opponents 16815:Sika deer 16445:Pronghorn 16440:Mule deer 16390:Razorback 16362:Wood duck 16299:Waterfowl 16247:Ptarmigan 16055:M. itatsi 15989:(weasels) 15852:Lutrogale 15789:E. lutris 15747:L. felina 15556:(grisons) 15479:M. martes 15422:(martens) 15340:Guloninae 15126:Mellivora 14999:N. narica 14940:B. medius 14931:B. gabbii 14922:B. alleni 14910:(olingos) 14879:Raccoon ( 14731:Spilogale 14617:C. chinga 14598:Conepatus 14554:Ailuridae 14353:Monachini 14265:P. largha 13935:Otariinae 13898:sea lions 13893:fur seals 13884:Otariidae 13769:Mustelida 13740:U. arctos 13602:Arctoidea 13559:C. lycaon 13514:C. aureus 13444:Lupulella 13356:Lycalopex 13233:V. vulpes 13231:Red fox ( 13195:Kit fox ( 13170:V. corsac 12914:Herpestes 12527:Meerkat ( 12286:(Malagasy 12188:Hyaeninae 12149:Hyaenidae 12064:G. felina 11478:F. lybica 11290:Cheetah ( 11208:L. wiedii 11197:Oncilla ( 11163:L. guigna 11134:Leopardus 11115:Caracal ( 11108:C. aurata 11043:Bay cat ( 10964:P. pardus 10962:Leopard ( 10937:P. tigris 10895:N. diardi 10813:Prionodon 10713:Kingdom: 10702:Carnivora 10610:1592-2901 10568:Fieldiana 10373:120981396 10311:The Times 9983:Teumessos 9679:Bubo bubo 9408:24 August 9088:0003-3472 9047:1616-5047 8889:254144483 8769:Behaviour 7341:(1): 58. 6919:"Vulpine" 6801:CiteSeerX 6785:Oecologia 6391:1471-2148 6098:Behaviour 6079:Melbourne 6067:Cambridge 5889:trimmings 5885:fur trade 5875:, Finland 5845:Minnesota 5807:. By the 5782:Dark Ages 5730:Menominee 5657:huli jing 5619:Cotswolds 5537:trematode 5535:. Eleven 5450:coccidian 5446:fur farms 5440:Up to 60 5435:ringworms 5425:ear canal 5414:Notoderes 5403:epizootic 5281:tularemia 5273:arthritis 5230:Bubo bubo 5119:mutualism 5079:mustelids 5072:Tatarstan 4997:sympatric 4924:olfaction 4909:preserves 4899:, hares, 4834:ungulates 4782:waterfowl 4770:deer mice 4738:omnivores 4544:longevity 4535:lactation 4364:) at the 4328:, Estonia 4326:Ilmatsalu 4304:Behaviour 4297:Neolithic 4226:feral cat 4222:feral dog 4177:Australia 4155:Greenland 4123:aliphatic 4106:anal sacs 3893:Mutations 3833:premolars 3741:in size. 3727:Matschie 3706:, Russia 3674:crymensis 3630:, Russia 3500:, Canada 3464:Minnesota 3456:Elk River 3274:Turkestan 3241:vulpecula 3089:Himalayas 3014:near the 2883:melanotus 2870:, Russia 2868:Khirgizia 2790:sibiricus 2781:south of 2738:Cape Pyla 2526:Desmarest 2501:splendens 2482:Northern 2394:, Canada 2350:Kharangoi 2319:stepensis 2305:Fitzinger 2294:Bonaparte 2276:hypomelas 2269:hellenica 2258:europaeus 2207:Bechstein 1881:Atlas fox 1783:Geok Tepe 1693:Southern 1579:Linnaeus 1553:Synonyms 1525:neotenous 1492:crossbred 1488:gene pool 1477:haplotype 1424:red fox ( 1322:Tennessee 1278:Fairbanks 822:paraphyly 803:neotenous 799:carnivory 785:than the 769:Evolution 619:Etymology 569:colonised 565:fur trade 560:furbearer 529:ungulates 513:squirrels 485:leucistic 481:carnivory 430:Carnivora 290:Species: 262:Carnivora 228:Kingdom: 222:Eukaryota 128:– present 48:0.7 17410:Wikidata 17285:2.105935 17272:14000892 17207:11162128 17064:BioLib: 16996:Wikidata 16907:See also 16805:Roe deer 16800:Red deer 16643:shooting 16545:See also 16506:Gray fox 16372:Big game 16277:Woodcock 16035:Ferret ( 15969:N. vison 15830:L. lutra 15698:(otters) 15692:Lutrinae 15549:Galictis 15461:M. foina 15376:Fisher ( 15264:Melogale 15247:M. meles 15167:Arctonyx 15012:Nasuella 14990:N. nasua 14967:(coatis) 14881:P. lotor 14657:Mephitis 14416:Mirounga 14166:Phocinae 14147:Phocidae 14016:Neophoca 13962:Zalophus 13869:Walrus ( 13568:C. rufus 13550:C. lupus 13530:Coyote ( 13365:Culpeo ( 13306:Speothos 13242:V. zerda 13224:V. velox 13161:V. chama 12872:Bdeogale 12770:U. fusca 12609:Helogale 12579:M. mungo 12518:Suricata 12447:Salanoia 12354:E. major 12334:Eupleres 12165:Proteles 12154:(hyenas) 11918:(genets) 11469:F. chaus 11460:F. catus 11451:F. bieti 11331:Cougar ( 11281:Acinonyx 11259:L. rufus 11257:Bobcat ( 11206:Margay ( 11188:Ocelot ( 11161:Kodkod ( 11082:Serval ( 11045:C. badia 11034:Catopuma 10944:Jaguar ( 10928:P. uncia 10917:Panthera 10884:Neofelis 10802:Feloidea 10733:Eutheria 10727:Mammalia 10721:Chordata 10719:Phylum: 10715:Animalia 10638:18 March 10538:Archived 10508:Archived 10486:Archived 10315:Archived 10284:Archived 10251:Archived 10218:Archived 9954:31286360 9897:26624401 9819:36941973 9810:10023903 9766:23340229 9740:(3): 3. 9734:Parasite 9685:Archived 9399:Archived 9395:38578736 9273:21227977 9222:8 August 9115:Archived 9107:Red fox" 8850:10321819 8805:36332457 8670:15328275 8623:Archived 8580:Archived 8537:Archived 8467:54100368 8459:15718445 8411:cite web 8373:Archived 8341:35030583 8277:87183522 8222:Archived 7877:(1941). 7733:Archived 7690:23738594 7627:21774815 7552:(1906). 7493:Archived 7396:21143330 7266:25466489 7258:25212210 7212:13 April 7199:11518843 7191:19457180 7119:Archived 7098:Archived 7064:16341006 7015:38584459 6927:Archived 6897:Archived 6839:39202154 6831:28307883 6762:Archived 6624:62265494 6594:(2005). 6409:23738594 6268:(1758). 6250:17 April 6245:Explorer 6087:commerce 5823:Maryland 5791:Edward I 5774:Xenophon 5711:Achomawi 5559:, Iran, 5509:tapeworm 5469:nematode 5458:Isospora 5442:helminth 5366:such as 5142:caracals 5138:leopards 5107:polecats 5001:lemmings 4976:grey fox 4913:reserves 4905:muskrats 4850:cherries 4808:, other 4802:reptiles 4798:opossums 4794:raccoons 4786:leporids 4754:hamsters 4688:). The " 4580:latrines 4506:polygyny 4397:dominant 4342:grooming 4293:Sardinia 4289:ichnusae 4224:and the 4202:Tasmania 4117:convert 4024:Platinum 3918:melanism 3815:. 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