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Plants in this group have smooth or entire leaf margins, unusual color and markings, with many producing fragrant flowers. All their leaves are spineless (unarmed) and their fruit is a dry capsule containing winged seeds which are usually dispersed by breezes. Feathery seed plumes help them to adhere
1691:
Barfuss, Michael H.J.; Till, Walter; Leme, Elton M.C.; Pinzón, Juan P.; Manzanares, José M.; Halbritter, Heidemarie; Samuel, Rosabelle & Brown, Gregory K. (2016-10-13), "Taxonomic revision of
Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology",
307:. The trichomes occurring on Tillandsioideae may cover the plants so completely that they appear grey or white, like Spanish moss. In addition to absorbing nutrients, the trichomes may serve to insulate the plant from freezing weather.
1106:
The classification produced by the 2016 monograph uses four tribes, Catopsideae, Glomeropitcairnieae, Tillandsieae and
Vrieseeae, the last of which is divided into two subtribes, Cipuropsidinae and Vrieseinae.
311:
to a suitable epiphytic surface for germination. This subfamily is probably the most derived with special adaptations for survival in very dry conditions, with many described as
1602:
1083:, leaving the former with three species. As of November 2022, the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads accepted both genera, as well as the closely related
1830:
1103:
was not included in the 2016 study as a separate genus, but is accepted by both the
Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads and Plants of the World Online.
1312:
404:
as well as morphological characters to produce a new phylogeny and classification for the subfamily. Their preferred cladogram is shown below.
1957:
1918:
336:
of the subfamily. However, the division of the subfamily into genera has varied considerably. A 1997 monograph used six genera:
1923:
396:
of other accepted genera was problematic in relation to these three genera. A major monograph published in 2016 used
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1962:
1561:
264:
256:
2016:
1944:
260:
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Tillandsioideae is the largest of the subfamilies of the family
Bromeliaceae, with upwards of 1,400 species.
1115:
Genera placed in the subfamily as of
October 2022 by the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads are listed below.
63:
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1131:. Tribe and subtribe placements are from the 2016 monograph and the Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads.
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191:. This subfamily contains the greatest number of species (about 1,400). Most are
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1825:. Texas A&M University Bioinformatics Working Group. 1999-04-03.
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An
Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, Eleventh Edition
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are the more commonly cultivated members of this subfamily.
1722:, and some remarks about this recently resurrected genus",
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The 2016 study was unable to fully resolve the two genera
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treated all three in the single broadly defined genus
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209:is a well-known species. Bromeliads in the genera
392:in particular were not monophyletic, and that the
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1659:Gouda, Eric J.; Butcher, D.; Gouda, C.S. (2022),
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187:is a subfamily of plants in the bromeliad family
2003:
332:studies from 1997 onwards repeatedly showed the
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263:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
360:. Other genera were later segregated from
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283:Learn how and when to remove this message
1075:) and clarified the distinction between
1817:. University of Florida IFAS Extension.
295:Nearly all bromeliads have specialized
14:
2004:
1718:Gouda, E.J. (2017), "A new species of
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1667:, Utrecht University Botanic Gardens
419:Non‑core Tillandsioideae
261:adding citations to reliable sources
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1842:The Bromeliad Society International
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1815:Electronic Data Information System
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1834:The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens
1809:Black, Robert J.; Bijan Dehgan.
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27:Subfamily of family Bromeliaceae
1661:"subfam. Tillandsioideae Harms"
1782:Leme, Barfuss & Halbritt."
1580:Leme, Barfuss & Halbritter
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1099:s.l. on the cladogram above.
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1754:Plants of the World Online
1706:10.11646/phytotaxa.279.1.1
1630:Vrieseeae: Cipuropsidinae
1608:Vrieseeae: Cipuropsidinae
1450:(Mez) PinzĂłn & Barfuss
1432:Vrieseeae: Cipuropsidinae
1410:Vrieseeae: Cipuropsidinae
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1349:Vrieseeae: Cipuropsidinae
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2017:Commelinid subfamilies
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330:Molecular phylogenetic
51:Tillandsia fasciculata
1829:Luther, H. E. (2008)
1840:, USA. Published by
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1127:, sinking them into
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257:improve this section
1143:Tribe and subtribe
1072:Cipuropsis asmussii
368:, of which three,
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273:November 2022
266:
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258:
252:
251:
247:
242:This section
240:
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220:
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214:
213:
208:
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203:of the genus
202:
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89:Tracheophytes
87:
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56:
53:
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47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1866:
1814:
1811:"Bromeliads"
1795:, retrieved
1785:
1779:
1772:
1762:, retrieved
1752:
1746:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1697:
1693:
1669:, retrieved
1664:
1620:
1596:
1574:
1550:
1526:
1502:
1480:
1466:
1444:
1424:Mezobromelia
1422:
1400:
1378:
1356:
1339:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1293:
1271:
1254:
1235:
1213:
1206:Catopsideae
1194:
1172:
1155:
1128:
1125:Mezobromelia
1124:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:– marked as
1092:
1084:
1081:Mezobromelia
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1053:Mezobromelia
1052:
1048:
1046:
986:
985:
942:
941:
925:
924:
901:
900:
877:
876:
852:
851:
828:
827:
804:
803:
735:Mezobromelia
733:
727:
726:
710:
709:
696:
682:
681:
658:
657:
625:
624:
608:
607:
591:
590:
540:
539:
523:
522:
499:
498:
449:
448:
445:Catopsideae
431:
430:
389:
385:
382:Mezobromelia
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:Mezobromelia
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
309:
294:
279:
270:
255:Please help
243:
216:
210:
204:
201:Spanish moss
189:Bromeliaceae
184:
183:
173:
157:
148:Bromeliaceae
121:
108:
95:
82:
49:
29:
1932:iNaturalist
1891:Wikispecies
1482:Stigmatodon
1273:Gregbrownia
806:Gregbrownia
699: s.l.
525:Stigmatodon
488:Vrieseinae
402:nuclear DNA
225:Description
197:lithophytic
154:Subfamily:
128:Commelinids
102:Angiosperms
2006:Categories
1950:60476457-2
1797:2022-11-01
1764:2022-10-27
1747:Cipuropsis
1730:(2): 75–86
1720:Cipuropsis
1671:2022-10-26
1637:References
1504:Tillandsia
1380:Lemeltonia
1327:Tillandsia
1315:Guzlandsia
1215:Cipuropsis
1157:Alcantarea
1129:Cipuropsis
1097:Cipuropsis
1093:Cipuropsis
1087:, whereas
1077:Cipuropsis
1067:Cipuropsis
1057:Cipuropsis
1049:Cipuropsis
988:Tillandsia
903:Lemeltonia
729:Cipuropsis
697:Cipuropsis
501:Alcantarea
480:Vrieseeae
386:Tillandsia
370:Alcantarea
362:Tillandsia
354:Tillandsia
313:xerophytes
206:Tillandsia
1989:100369838
1780:Waltillia
1694:Phytotaxa
1603:J.R.Grant
1576:Waltillia
1428:L.B.Smith
1358:Josemania
1341:Jagrantia
1174:Barfussia
1121:Josemania
1101:Waltillia
1085:Josemania
879:Barfussia
712:Josemania
593:Jagrantia
334:monophyly
301:trichomes
244:does not
193:epiphytic
72:Kingdom:
18:Vrieseeae
1984:Tropicos
1876:Wikidata
1700:(1): 1,
1598:Werauhia
1562:É.Morren
1552:Wallisia
1468:Racinaea
1402:Lutheria
1323:Guzmania
1295:Guzmania
1196:Catopsis
944:Racinaea
927:Wallisia
830:Guzmania
738:complex
627:Werauhia
610:Lutheria
451:Catopsis
378:Werauhia
374:Racinaea
346:Guzmania
338:Catopsis
319:Taxonomy
212:Guzmania
175:See text
144:Family:
115:Monocots
1976:6019433
1963:1908689
1911:8170127
1882:Q137236
1622:Zizkaea
1528:Vriesea
1256:Goudaea
1201:Griseb.
684:Zizkaea
660:Goudaea
542:Vriesea
398:plastid
390:Vriesea
366:Vriesea
358:Vriesea
305:foliage
265:removed
250:sources
218:Vriesea
168:Genera
134:Order:
76:Plantae
1937:785848
1533:Lindl.
1111:Genera
376:, and
138:Poales
1558:Regel
1319:Gouda
1140:Genus
1137:Image
857:s.s.
545:s.s.
162:Harms
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
1958:NCBI
1945:IPNI
1924:2936
1919:GRIN
1906:APNI
1749:Ule"
1123:and
1079:and
1051:and
400:and
388:and
364:and
356:and
297:cell
248:any
246:cite
215:and
1702:doi
1698:279
1219:Ule
259:by
195:or
2008::
1986::
1973::
1960::
1947::
1934::
1921::
1908::
1893::
1878::
1836:,
1813:.
1790:,
1784:,
1757:,
1751:,
1736:^
1728:66
1726:,
1696:,
1679:^
1663:,
1645:^
1560:)
1509:L.
1325:Ă—
1313:x
1059:,
384:,
372:,
352:,
348:,
344:,
340:,
315:.
177:.
124::
111::
98::
85::
1844:.
1778:"
1745:"
1704::
1556:(
1329:)
1321:(
1069:(
732:-
286:)
280:(
275:)
271:(
267:.
253:.
20:)
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