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51:. They can be classified as either epilithic (or epipetric) or endolithic; epilithic lithophytes grow on the surfaces of rocks, while endolithic lithophytes grow in the crevices of rocks (and are also referred to as chasmophytes). Lithophytes can also be classified as being either obligate or facultative. Obligate lithophytes grow solely on rocks, while facultative lithophytes will grow partially on a rock and on another substrate simultaneously.
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To be able to absorb the few nutrients available on rocks or rocky substrates efficiently, lithophytes have evolved certain adaptations. They possess decreased numbers of root hairs and larger root diameters in comparison to other plant species. To add to this nutrient uptake efficiency, lithophytic
154:. These natural features are uncommon, especially in the lowlands, so walls are important for the conservation of plants which might otherwise be very isolated. Some wall plants even have 'wall' or 'muralis' as part of their common or scientific name such as wall-flower (
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fungi. These two types of fungi live inter- and intracellularly with the roots of lithophytes and a wide variety of other plant species. They increase the uptake of nutrients and water and have been found in greater concentrations in lithophytes.
378:
534:
Tozer, W.C.; Hackell, D.; Miers, D.B.; Silvester, W.B. (2005). "Extreme
Isotopic Depletion of Nitrogen in New Zealand Lithophytes and Epiphytes; the Result of Diffusive Uptake of Atmospheric Ammonia?".
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National Trust plaque displayed on the wall of the wishing well at
Waggoners Wells commemorating the composition of the poem "Flower in the Crannied Wall"
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is only available through interactions with the atmosphere. The most readily available form of nitrogen in the atmosphere is the gaseous state of
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Lithophytes that grow on land feed off nutrients from rain water and nearby decaying plants, including their own dead tissue. It is easier for
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to life on rocks. By consuming prey, these plants can gather more nutrients than non-carnivorous lithophytes. Examples include the
78:). Lithophytes consume atmospheric ammonia through a concentration gradient that allows the compound to traverse the plants'
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https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/learn/conservation/gardens-and-landscapes/lan_-_vegetation_on_walls.pdf
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107:
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Angalan, Norbert; Reyes, Gaudelia; Gomez, Romeo (2014). "Ture
Measure of Lithophytes Diversity Across Microclimates".
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to acquire nutrients because they grow in fissures in rocks where soil or organic matter has accumulated.
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Walls, and other exposed stonework, are colonised by plants in a similar way to the colonisation of
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Muthukumar, Thangavelu; Chinnathambi, Marimuthu; Priyadharsini, Perumalsamy (July 11, 2016).
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82:. Once free in the apoplast, gaseous ammonia is absorbed into metabolic cells by the enzyme
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As nutrients tend to be rarely available to lithophytes or chasmophytes, many species of
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469:"Phytodiversity of Chasmophytic Habitats at Olichuchattam Waterfalls, Kerala, India"
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166:), which shows their long established relationship with these man-made structures.
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upon contemplating an unnamed lithophyte growing out of the masonry of the
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222:. Lithophytes have also been found in many other plant families, such as,
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Eugene
Parsons (Introduction). New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1900.
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503:"Root fungal associations in some non-orchidaceous vascular lithophytes"
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138:, the wallflower, growing out of the (brick) city wall of
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Redfern
Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 176–180.
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116:, the trailing snapdragon, colonising a crevice in a
368:, the fairy foxglove, growing out of a crack in the
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Walls colonised as artificial cliffs by lithophytes
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608:Carnivorous Plants and their Habitats. Volume 1.
305:was moved to write his short and pithy poem of
90:plants have increased their relationship with
467:Christy, Arun; Thomas, Binu (June 26, 2020).
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424:, an organism that grows on another life form
342:What you are, root and all, and all in all,
120:sandstone church wall - just as it would a
573:Landscape Advice Note: Vegetation on Walls
338:I hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
174:Landscape Advice Note: Vegetation on Walls
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340:Little flower—but if I could understand
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578:Retrieved at 14.55 on Thursday 21/7/22
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184:Examples of lithophytes include many
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297:Tennyson poem inspired by lithophyte
485:10.11609/jott.4554.12.9.16099-16109
344:I should know what God and man is.
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336:I pluck you out of the crannies,
637:Poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson.
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1:
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520:10.1590/0102-33062016abb0074
334:Flower in the crannied wall,
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311:Flower in the Crannied Wall
278:Heliamphora exappendiculata
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124:inland cliff in its native
29:growing as a lithophyte in
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590:Journal of Natural Studies
473:Journal of Threatened Taxa
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160:) or ivy-leaved toadflax (
549:10.1007/s00442-005-0098-0
16:Plants that grow on rocks
606:McPherson, S.R. (2010).
507:Acta Botanica Brasilica
262:can be viewed as being
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96:dark septate endophyte
92:arbuscular mycorrhizal
66:For most Lithophytes,
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623:Through Nature to God
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303:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
272:Nepenthes campanulata
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626:. Houghton, Mifflin.
620:Fiske, John (1899).
401:Hawkesbury Sandstone
84:glutamine synthetase
47:that grow in or on
479:(9): 16099–16109.
443:Epiphytic bacteria
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301:In the year 1863,
260:carnivorous plants
254:Carnivorous plants
210:, as well as many
163:Cymbalaria muralis
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113:Asarina procumbens
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656:Plant morphology
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319:Waggoners Wells
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248:Selaginellaceae
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157:Erysimum cheiri
136:Erysimum cheiri
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385:Rock Felt Fern
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365:Erinus alpinus
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268:pitcher plants
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236:Caprifoliaceae
228:Amaryllidaceae
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433:Endosymbiont
389:Elkhorn fern
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315:wishing well
309:speculation
307:metaphysical
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288:
287:and several
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240:Crassulaceae
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118:Berwickshire
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61:Chasmophytes
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448:Foliicolous
399:growing on
290:Utricularia
264:pre-adapted
232:Begoniaceae
41:Lithophytes
454:References
284:Pinguicula
244:Piperaceae
220:liverworts
207:Tillandsia
202:bromeliads
191:Dendrobium
94:fungi and
35:New Guinea
31:Raja Ampat
27:sp. Misool
537:Oecologia
409:Australia
293:species.
224:Liliaceae
122:siliceous
55:Nutrients
25:Nepenthes
650:Category
557:15891815
428:Epiphyte
422:Epibiont
416:See also
204:such as
188:such as
180:Examples
126:Pyrenees
80:apoplast
68:nitrogen
350:Gallery
281:, many
186:orchids
140:Louvain
72:ammonia
555:
370:mortar
148:cliffs
45:plants
216:algae
212:ferns
152:scree
49:rocks
553:PMID
397:moss
395:and
275:and
246:and
218:and
194:and
150:and
43:are
545:doi
541:144
515:doi
481:doi
403:at
321:.
317:at
214:,
74:(NH
652::
594:13
592:.
551:.
539:.
511:30
509:.
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493:^
477:12
475:.
471:.
407:,
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76:3
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