607:, where the villagers informed him that Voulet and his men were just a few hours' march ahead. He sent an African sergeant with two soldiers to give Voulet a letter informing him that he had been removed from his position and was to return home immediately; to this Voulet replied that he had 600 guns against his (Klobb's) fifty, and would use them if he dared to come near. Voulet and Chanoine were careful not to inform the other officers of Klobb's letter, and in the following days kept them occupied in raids. On July 13 he conducted his last massacre: after a villager killed two of his men, Voulet had 150 women and children slaughtered. The same evening he wrote a second letter to Klobb, in which he again told him not to try to come closer.
630:
589:
479:
645:). The officers' reaction was far from enthusiastic, and their mood infected the troop. On July 16 an informer told Voulet that the troop was about to mutiny. Voulet and Chanoine assembled the riflemen, and after shooting the informer in front of the troop—for informing him too late of the impending mutiny—Voulet harangued the soldiers about their duty to obey their leaders, while at the same time shooting at them. The Senegalese returned fire, killing Chanoine, but Voulet escaped into the darkness and found refuge with some villagers. A
523:). The column was by now 2,000 men strong, well over the number that their supplies could sustain. Even though they were in French-controlled areas, Voulet's troops started pillaging, looting, raping, and killing. Among the most brutal episodes was the sacking of the village of Sansanné-Haoussa on 8 January 1899. One hundred and one people were killed, among them thirty women and children, to set an example in retaliation for the wounding of a couple of his soldiers. When at the end of the month the mission left the
37:
25:
600:" passage; a trail of burned villages and charred corpses. He passed trees where women had been hanged, and cooking fires where children had been roasted. He also found the corpses of the expedition's guides; those that had displeased Voulet had been strung up alive in a position that the foot went to the hyenas and the rest of the body to the vultures.
724:, north around the western and northern shores of the lake and then south along its eastern shore. Here they encountered Joalland who had travelled north, up the east side of the lake, to meet them. The united expeditions, now under the overall command of Lamy, returned south to Joalland's base camp on the right bank of the
620:
medal pinned on his chest, proceeded alone toward Voulet, who kept telling him to go back. To emphasise his warnings Voulet ordered two salvos fired in the air. When Klobb addressed Voulet's men, reminding them of their duties, Voulet threatened them with a pistol and ordered them to open fire. Klobb
544:
on 20 April to arrest Voulet and
Chanoine and send orders to the Governor-General of French Sudan, Colonel Vimard, to have them replaced at the head of the mission with the governor of Timbuktu, Klobb. Among the chief concerns of the French government was that Voulet was carrying out his depredations
453:
The four months of delay in the start of the mission—and the very limited funds granted—had dire consequences for the future. Voulet completely ignored the local hierarchies and took liberties with the orders he received, which were anyway very vague—he was asked only to explore the territory between
804:
on
December 7, 1900 the formation of a parliamentary commission of inquiry, the government rejected the request as being "dangerous and purposeless". An enquiry requested by the Ministry of Colonies was closed on December 1, 1902, claiming that Voulet and Chanoine had been driven mad by the dreadful
704:
Amadou was killed on
September 15 during a skirmish, which brought Zinder's territory under full control. This freed the two French officers to leave Zinder on October 3 to continue with their reconnaissance. They took 170 men and a cannon, while 100 men were left behind to secure the city under the
535:
In
January, Lt. Peteau, one of the mission's officers, told Voulet that he had had enough and was leaving; Voulet countered by dismissing him on 29 January 1899 for "lack of discipline and enthusiasm." This decision eventually backfired: on 15 February Peteau wrote a letter to his fiancée that fully
352:
respectively. The refusal of the expedition commander and his second-in-command to follow orders from France, their murder of a commanding officer and their subsequent deaths at the hands of their own soldiers cast a dark shadow over France's emerging colonial empire in Africa at the end of the 19th
782:
When, in August 1899, the government made public the atrocities committed by the Voulet's expedition and the murder of Klobb, a storm of indignation arose from the press, and France's claim of a "civilizing mission" in Africa was tarnished, as was the army, whose prestige was already considerably
610:
Klobb did not believe the other officers or the riflemen would dare to kill, or let be killed, a superior officer. He was unaware that Voulet had kept the new orders secret, and that as a precaution Voulet had made sure only himself and
Chanoine would be present to receive him. Consequently, the
462:, and put the area "under French protection". The Minister of Colonies merely said, "I don't pretend to be able to give you any instructions on which route to choose or how you are to behave towards the native chieftains." In the opinion of the British historian G. Regan, this meant "giving
652:
The last chapter of Voulet's rebellion was played out the following morning, when he tried to reenter the camp, but was blocked by a sentry who refused to let him pass. Voulet shot at him but missed, and the sentry killed him. Pallier, who was now in command, decided to take
508:. Chanoine had increasing difficulties finding provisions for his large column in the arid region where he marched; he started pillaging the villages on the way, and gave orders for anyone trying to escape to be shot. In addition to these troubles, a
843:
fiction. Here the protagonist is not the conqueror, the invader who is openly censured, but the
African queen that refuses to submit, and whose heroism is extolled. There is no pretence of impartiality: the author himself was to call his work a
449:
also consumed the attention of French politicians, making it even more difficult for Voulet to be heard. In spite of these obstacles, he successfully obtained approval for his project, with the help of his adjutant
Chanoine.
412:. The captain, a 32-year-old son of a doctor, was said by his officer colleagues to mix "a true love of blood and cruelty coupled with a sometimes foolish sensitivity"; while the lieutenant, son of the general and future
430:
The mission was the brainchild of Voulet, who saw it as a means to further his career. He actively sought support from French politicians, which was difficult to obtain because conflicts divided and preoccupied the
681:, but was forced by a mutiny among his men to make a premature return to the city. The soldiers had threatened to kill him if he didn't immediately take them back to Zinder and promise to send them back to
747:'s forces, and Rabih was killed in the fight, his empire crumbling with him. This event meant that the original expedition had now accomplished all its main aims, that is, surveying the lands of Northern
759:
of the colonial borders), uniting with the
Foureau-Lamy mission and destroying Rabih's empire, which permitted the institution in September by the French government of the military territory of Chad.
876:. An anticolonialist epic, the work, like that of Mamani, sets out to offer a radically new African historical perspective, countering the Eurocentric view. A French television movie produced by
419:, was judged impulsive, ruthless and "cruel out of cold-bloodedness as well as for pleasure". Both had already proved their ruthlessness and efficiency two years before, when they invaded the
829:. The book is centered on the figure of Voulet, seen as a titanic individual, reckless and unsubmissive, bloody for reasons of strategy. A very different perspective was taken in 1980 by
611:
following morning, Klobb proceeded with his men to
Dankori, where Voulet waited. Upon seeing him, Voulet ordered his men to disperse and sent Klobb a last warning, which Klobb ignored.
536:
detailed the atrocities committed by Voulet and
Chanoine that he had witnessed. Peteau's fiancée contacted her local deputy, who promptly sent her letter on to the Minister of Colonies
689:
leaving immediately for French Sudan while the remaining 270 riflemen (who had pledged to continue the mission for another year) put themselves under the command of Lt.
797:
818:
70:
493:, on the Niger, it divided. Chanoine led most of the expedition overland across the 600-mile bend of the river, while Voulet took the rest of the men downriver to
996:
873:
1816:
1388:
835:
1467:
905:, directed by Manuel Gasquet, that follows in the expedition's footsteps and examines its impact on the inhabitants of the areas it passed through.
1691:
621:
fell, wounded, still ordering his men not to return fire; but his words were truncated by a new salvo that killed Klobb, while his soldiers fled.
914:
about the horror of Niger's colonial past, in particular focusing on Paul Voulet's horrific behavior, was produced as a non-fiction retelling of
1948:
63:
2312:
353:
century. The expedition is remembered for its descent into depravity and extreme violence, actions which today would legally be considered
1537:
1527:
1154:
770:
by November. Joalland, the doctor Henric and the other French officers, due to the military success of the campaign, were able to avoid
739:, that had entered the area from the Congo and been awaiting them for some time in the region of Lake Chad. The following day, in the
1148:
1938:
1751:
1339:
56:
1460:
649:
then informed Lt. Pallier, the first French officer he found, of what had happened, and pledged the loyalty of the troop to him.
901:, of whom Voulet is seen as an incarnation. The material collected for Moati's movie also provides the basis of the documentary
1806:
393:
that were pressed into service. The force was directed by nine Europeans: the two commanders, the artillery expert lieutenant
1420:
685:. Consequently, it was decided at Zinder to split the expedition, with 300 riflemen, Lt. Pallier, Dr. Henric and two French
2322:
1953:
439:
139:
1222:
401:. The expedition was fully armed with artillery, machine guns, hundreds of rifles and millions of rounds of ammunition.
1821:
1624:
1453:
2050:
1848:
1377:
1302:
1274:
1004:
2232:
2087:
1933:
1811:
1756:
1619:
1205:
791:
336:
and unify all French territories in West Africa. This expedition operated jointly with two other expeditions, the
1396:
637:
On the evening of Klobb's assassination, Voulet informed his officers of the clash and, while stripping off his
2332:
527:
to pass into the semi-desert areas extending east, their march became an endless orgy of looting and killing.
389:(both units recruited in West Africa) and 30 interpreters, but the bulk was formed by 400 auxiliaries and 800
2337:
2307:
2045:
1998:
1988:
1973:
1796:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1497:
794:
1147:
705:
command of Sergeant Bouthel, who was awaiting the Foureau-Lamy mission that was heading towards Zinder from
2357:
2327:
2237:
1983:
1903:
1786:
1634:
413:
159:
129:
2262:
717:
614:
Klobb, after telling his men not to open fire under any circumstances, in full-dress uniform and with his
1883:
564:
as his second. Meanwhile, Voulet was meeting considerable resistance to his advance from the local queen
432:
2367:
2362:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2092:
2055:
2003:
1898:
1878:
1873:
1853:
1664:
1569:
801:
269:
164:
104:
1258:
572:, with 4 men killed and 6 wounded. Voulet took his revenge on 8 May: in one of the worst massacres in
512:
epidemic broke out. By the end of the first two months the mission had lost 148 bearers to dysentery.
2302:
2222:
2187:
2182:
1893:
1741:
898:
194:
149:
629:
549:, an unconquered territory that by the Anglo-French agreement of June 1898 had been assigned to the
826:
686:
677:
Shortly afterwards, Pallier left Zinder with 300 riflemen to make a reconnaissance of the route to
398:
337:
279:
209:
2217:
1440:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2317:
2192:
2177:
1978:
1858:
720:
left Zinder, moving south-east towards the Komadugu Yobe River. They followed this river east to
174:
1187:
817:
After a long period of oblivion, the memory of the expedition was revived in 1976 by the writer
641:, proclaimed: "I'm no longer a Frenchman, I'm a black chief. With you, I will found an empire" (
2028:
1476:
943:
662:
573:
382:
1868:
884:, focuses on the column, and especially on its two captains. The film is openly influenced by
616:
501:
483:
2127:
1746:
1644:
1639:
259:
740:
735:
in April 1900; shortly afterwards, on April 21, they were joined by a third expedition, the
697:, became Joalland's second and the expedition became known as the Joalland-Meynier Mission.
466:
to two known psychopaths in uniform," especially as Voulet had already told the governor of
2117:
2040:
2008:
1736:
1574:
1507:
1289:
1268:
588:
8:
2242:
2212:
2207:
1993:
1908:
1863:
1716:
254:
234:
199:
80:
1349:
2202:
2013:
1801:
1791:
1761:
1696:
1614:
1532:
910:
790:
The expedition's eventual success greatly reduced the public indignation; and when the
498:
478:
304:
264:
204:
184:
169:
144:
134:
114:
633:
Voulet's and Chanoine's graves near the village of Maijirgui, Niger. Photo taken 1906.
397:, Lt. Louis Peteau, Marine-Lt. Marc Pallier, the medical officer Dr. Henric and three
2197:
2122:
1416:
1373:
1298:
920:
893:
857:
774:. Both Joalland and Meynier went on to have successful careers, and become generals.
294:
2035:
1564:
933:
830:
643:
Je ne suis plus Français, je suis un chef noir. Avec vous, je vais fonder un empire
603:
On 10 July, after a pursuit of over 2000 km, Klobb arrived at Damangara, near
597:
577:
569:
537:
442:
416:
390:
299:
274:
224:
124:
2227:
2172:
2023:
2018:
1726:
1629:
938:
744:
409:
244:
229:
1322:
2152:
2102:
1766:
1731:
1721:
1502:
1365:
1330:
1233:
1201:
784:
736:
694:
561:
550:
446:
420:
341:
154:
99:
94:
700:
Joalland and Meynier remained for some time in Zinder to pacify the area; the
435:
2281:
2107:
1888:
1143:
915:
885:
771:
690:
541:
394:
289:
239:
214:
179:
119:
1445:
762:
Having achieved their goals, Joalland and Meynier left Chad and returned to
2137:
2132:
869:
763:
756:
682:
546:
467:
374:
349:
189:
2142:
1609:
948:
877:
767:
725:
557:
524:
455:
424:
405:
249:
109:
1158:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 643.
732:
1943:
862:
852:
565:
516:
354:
333:
48:
2097:
2082:
865:
721:
678:
509:
490:
459:
366:
284:
2147:
1344:
646:
494:
36:
2112:
889:
748:
706:
638:
345:
329:
710:
654:
604:
515:
Voulet and Chanoine reunited with the expedition in January at
24:
840:
752:
658:
520:
505:
386:
370:
570:
at Lougou on 16 April he encountered his hardest battle yet
470:
that he meant to crush any resistance by burning villages.
378:
1220:
1256:
812:
1149:"Senegal § Conquest of the upper Niger regions."
1016:
1014:
874:
Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou
504:, who provided him with another 70 tirailleurs and 20
473:
576:, he slaughtered all the inhabitants of the town of
1011:
328:), was a French military expedition sent out from
728:, near where it enters Lake Chad from the south.
2279:
861:, a film based on his novel and directed by the
1048:
1046:
624:
519:, the easternmost French post in Sudan (modern
592:The assassination of lieutenant-colonel Klobb.
556:Klobb immediately left Timbuktu, taking fifty
1475:
1461:
1169:
1167:
1165:
872:coproduction that won the first prize in the
64:
1490:
1188:"Two Pot Boilers as Remakes of "Beau-geste""
1126:
1124:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1029:
994:
672:
360:
1468:
1454:
1162:
755:(contributing to a clearer Franco-British
71:
57:
1364:
1340:"La colonne infernale de Voulet-Chanoine"
1260:Cinema et mythes dans l'espace francphone
1200:
1121:
1103:
1091:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1052:
1020:
540:. This brought about the decision by the
1142:
1026:
628:
587:
580:, killing possibly thousands of people.
477:
1337:
1287:
1185:
1080:
1003:(in French) (1 & 2). Archived from
990:
988:
743:, this combined force totally defeated
657:, then the biggest town in present-day
78:
2280:
1386:
1321:
1257:Nzepa Petnkeu, Zacharie (2005-05-19).
1173:
1069:
1064:
997:"MATHIEU, La mission Afrique Centrale"
851:Mamani was to participate in the 1986
848:, i.e. a politically motivated novel.
777:
669:Amadou, and took the city on July 30.
596:Klobb followed the trail left by the "
2075:
1841:
1684:
1557:
1449:
1410:
1130:
1115:
1037:
966:
583:
52:
1899:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1338:Guyotat, Régis (26 September 1999).
985:
813:The mission in literature and cinema
2313:Military campaigns involving France
1914:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
1904:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
897:and in particular by its character
665:; Pallier defeated the local ruler
530:
13:
1372:. Granta Books. pp. 163–170.
474:Division and reunion of the column
14:
2379:
1874:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
1431:
1221:Tidjani Alou, Antoinette (2005).
713:, and which arrived in November.
373:in November 1898, moving through
2263:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
1954:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
1894:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1787:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
35:
23:
2128:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
1909:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1747:French and Indian War (1754–60)
1281:
1250:
1223:"Sarraounia et ses intertextes"
1214:
1194:
1186:Barrows, Leland Conley (2006).
1179:
1136:
1109:
1097:
731:The joint expedition conquered
365:The Voulet–Chanoine Mission to
2178:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
2118:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
2009:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1762:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
1207:The Socialist Crisis in France
1085:
1058:
972:
960:
693:. Klobb's former officer, Lt.
445:. The political crisis of the
344:missions, which advanced from
326:mission Afrique Centrale-Tchad
1:
2243:First Indochina War (1946–54)
1994:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
1327:La chute de l'empire de Rabah
1314:
1273:: CS1 maint: date and year (
908:In 2020 the documentary film
827:Prix des Maisons de la Presse
2056:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1640:King William's War (1689–97)
716:In January 1900 Foureau and
625:Voulet and Chanoine's deaths
322:Central African-Chad Mission
16:Military expedition in Niger
7:
2323:1890s in French West Africa
2123:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
1949:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1822:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1737:King George's War (1744–48)
1348:(in French). Archived from
927:
661:and a former vassal of the
440:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
2384:
2004:French conquest of Vietnam
1717:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
1370:Exterminate All the Brutes
980:Exterminate All the Brutes
423:and conquered its capital
2255:
2228:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
2165:
2068:
2024:Sino-French War (1884–85)
2019:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
1966:
1939:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1926:
1834:
1779:
1767:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1709:
1677:
1657:
1602:
1550:
1520:
1483:
1477:French colonial conflicts
1441:Massacre de Birni-N'Konni
381:). It was composed of 50
90:
2103:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
1967:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1722:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
1411:Regan, Geoffrey (2004).
1288:Gasquet, Manuel (2006).
954:
673:The mission's completion
489:When the column reached
404:In command were captain
361:Structure and directives
2238:South Vietnam (1945–46)
2108:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
2036:Second Opium War (1860)
2029:North Vietnam (1886–96)
2014:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1817:East Indies (1793–1801)
1752:North America (1778–83)
1620:North America (1627–29)
1610:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
1155:Encyclopædia Britannica
882:Capitaines des ténèbres
819:Jacques-Francis Rolland
574:French colonial history
332:in 1898 to conquer the
318:Voulet–Chanoine Mission
2173:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
2138:Cameroon War (1955–64)
2133:Algerian War (1954–62)
2051:Leewards War (1888–97)
1849:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1727:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1630:Carib Expulsion (1660)
1413:More Military Blunders
944:French colonial empire
634:
593:
486:
383:Senegalese Tirailleurs
325:
2333:Wars involving France
2153:Bizerte crisis (1961)
1984:Philippines (1844–45)
1934:West Indies (1804–10)
1889:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1812:East Indies (1778–83)
1742:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1732:Natchez revolt (1729)
1692:West Africa (1758–63)
1625:West Indies (1635–59)
1498:South Carolina (1562)
1387:Logéat, Yvon (2003).
839:, the masterpiece of
632:
591:
481:
408:and his adjutant Lt.
2338:Wars involving Niger
2308:19th century in Chad
1645:Santo Domingo (1691)
995:Louis Caron (1997).
825:, honoured with the
433:Minister of Colonies
2358:Massacres in Africa
2328:Wars involving Chad
2098:Zaian War (1914–21)
2083:Wadai War (1906–11)
1859:Algeria (1835–1903)
1807:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1757:Caribbean (1778–83)
1395:(3). Archived from
1232:(5). Archived from
778:Reactions in France
502:Jean-François Klobb
484:Jean-François Klobb
482:Lieutenant-Colonel
300:South Africa (1914)
265:South Africa (1906)
230:South Africa (1899)
200:Matabeleland (1896)
190:South Africa (1895)
170:Matabeleland (1893)
135:Somalia (1888–1924)
130:Equatoria (1886–89)
100:South Africa (1880)
95:South Africa (1879)
82:Scramble for Africa
2148:Ifni War (1957–58)
2143:Suez Crisis (1956)
1106:, pp. 168–169
911:African Apocalypse
798:Paul Vigné d'Octon
741:battle of Kousséri
635:
594:
584:Voulet's rebellion
499:Lieutenant-Colonel
487:
155:Mashonaland (1890)
2368:Massacres in 1899
2363:Massacres in 1898
2298:Conflicts in 1900
2293:Conflicts in 1899
2288:Conflicts in 1898
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2251:
2250:
2218:Vietnam (1930–31)
2203:Cilicia (1920–21)
2193:Vietnam (1918–21)
2188:Vietnam (1917–18)
2161:
2160:
2113:Rif War (1920–26)
2093:Morocco (1911–12)
2088:Casablanca (1907)
2064:
2063:
1962:
1961:
1922:
1921:
1884:Madagascar (1883)
1854:Algeria (1830–47)
1830:
1829:
1775:
1774:
1705:
1704:
1673:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1598:
1597:
1570:Senegal (1659–77)
1546:
1545:
1516:
1515:
1503:Florida (1562–65)
1422:978-1-84442-710-9
1415:. Carlton Books.
1389:"Version grecque"
1291:Blancs de mémoire
921:Heart of Darkness
903:Blancs de mémoire
894:Heart of Darkness
823:Le Grand Captaine
802:National Assembly
598:infernal column's
313:
312:
270:Morocco (1907–34)
260:Morocco (1905–06)
255:Tanganyika (1905)
235:Somaliland (1900)
175:Morocco (1893–94)
160:Katanga (1891−92)
125:Madagascar (1883)
2375:
2303:History of Niger
2253:
2252:
2233:Indochina (1945)
2163:
2162:
2073:
2072:
1964:
1963:
1944:Mexico (1838–39)
1924:
1923:
1839:
1838:
1777:
1776:
1707:
1706:
1682:
1681:
1655:
1654:
1615:Brazil (1612–15)
1600:
1599:
1575:Djidjelli (1664)
1555:
1554:
1538:Brazil (1590–04)
1533:Brazil (1555–67)
1518:
1517:
1488:
1487:
1470:
1463:
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1140:
1134:
1128:
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1113:
1107:
1104:Lindqvist (2002)
1101:
1095:
1092:Lindqvist (2002)
1089:
1083:
1078:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1053:Lindqvist (2002)
1050:
1041:
1035:
1024:
1021:Lindqvist (2002)
1018:
1009:
1008:
992:
983:
976:
970:
964:
934:Battle of Togbao
831:Abdoulaye Mamani
800:proposed in the
783:weakened by the
617:Légion d'honneur
538:Antoine Guillain
531:Scandal in Paris
443:Gabriel Hanotaux
417:Charles Chanoine
215:Wassoulou (1898)
180:Wassoulou (1894)
120:Wassoulou (1883)
85:
83:
73:
66:
59:
50:
49:
39:
27:
2383:
2382:
2378:
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2373:
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2278:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2247:
2208:Syria (1925–27)
2198:Syria (1919–21)
2157:
2060:
2041:Japan (1863–64)
1974:Moluccas (1810)
1958:
1918:
1826:
1802:India (1756–63)
1797:India (1749–54)
1792:India (1746–48)
1771:
1701:
1669:
1649:
1635:Texas (1685–89)
1594:
1542:
1512:
1479:
1474:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1402:
1400:
1380:
1366:Lindqvist, Sven
1355:
1353:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1297:. Paris: CNDP.
1294:
1286:
1282:
1266:
1265:
1255:
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1242:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1202:Luxemburg, Rosa
1199:
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993:
986:
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973:
965:
961:
957:
939:Battle of Kouno
930:
815:
807:soudanite aiguë
780:
745:Rabih az-Zubayr
675:
627:
586:
533:
476:
410:Julien Chanoine
363:
314:
309:
295:Libya (1911–12)
205:Zanzibar (1896)
195:Ethiopia (1896)
86:
81:
79:
77:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:Julien Chanoine
40:
32:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:1900 in Africa
2350:
2348:1899 in Africa
2345:
2343:1898 in Africa
2340:
2335:
2330:
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2320:
2318:1898 in France
2315:
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2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Vietnam (1940)
2220:
2215:
2213:Vietnam (1930)
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Vietnam (1916)
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
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2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1999:Tourane (1856)
1996:
1991:
1989:Tourane (1847)
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1920:
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1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
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1879:Tunisia (1881)
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Morocco (1844)
1861:
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1739:
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1699:
1697:Morocco (1765)
1694:
1688:
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1675:
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1668:
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1665:Siam (1687–90)
1661:
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1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1590:Algiers (1688)
1587:
1585:Algiers (1683)
1582:
1580:Algiers (1682)
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Morocco (1629)
1561:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
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1511:
1510:
1508:Florida (1568)
1505:
1500:
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1492:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1432:External links
1430:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1362:
1352:on 13 May 2006
1335:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1280:
1249:
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1193:
1178:
1161:
1146:, ed. (1911).
1144:Chisholm, Hugh
1135:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1081:Guyotat (1999)
1068:
1057:
1042:
1025:
1010:
1007:on 2007-09-27.
984:
978:S. Lindqvist,
971:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
929:
926:
868:, in a France-
814:
811:
785:Dreyfus affair
779:
776:
737:Gentil Mission
695:Octave Meynier
674:
671:
626:
623:
585:
582:
562:Octave Meynier
551:United Kingdom
542:Dupuy ministry
532:
529:
475:
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447:Dreyfus affair
421:Mossi Kingdoms
362:
359:
320:, also called
311:
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290:Morocco (1911)
287:
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250:Namibia (1904)
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165:Dahomey (1892)
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150:Dahomey (1890)
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140:Eritrea (1889)
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1553:
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1539:
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1531:
1529:
1528:Brazil (1531)
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:South America
1519:
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1504:
1501:
1499:
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1491:North America
1489:
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1466:
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1457:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1399:on 2006-08-28
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1379:1-86207-508-5
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:Gentil, Émile
1320:
1319:
1306:
1304:2-240-01605-1
1300:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1239:on 2007-07-03
1235:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1176:, p. 587
1175:
1174:Gentil (1971)
1170:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1133:, p. 147
1132:
1127:
1125:
1118:, p. 146
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 167
1093:
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1065:Logéat (2003)
1061:
1055:, p. 165
1054:
1049:
1047:
1040:, p. 145
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:, p. 163
1022:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
981:
975:
969:, p. 165
968:
963:
959:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
925:
923:
922:
917:
916:Joseph Conrad
913:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:
891:
887:
886:Joseph Conrad
883:
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871:
867:
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849:
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828:
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773:
772:court-martial
769:
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746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
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698:
696:
692:
691:Paul Joalland
688:
684:
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648:
644:
640:
631:
622:
619:
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606:
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581:
579:
578:Birni-N'Konni
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
492:
485:
480:
471:
469:
465:
464:carte blanche
461:
457:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:Paul Joalland
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:set out from
368:
358:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
306:
305:Darfur (1916)
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Mufilo (1907)
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Angola (1902)
243:
241:
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84:
74:
69:
67:
62:
60:
55:
54:
51:
38:
26:
2069:20th century
2046:Korea (1866)
1913:
1835:19th century
1678:18th century
1551:17th century
1484:16th century
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1392:
1369:
1356:22 September
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1343:
1326:
1290:
1283:
1259:
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1229:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1181:
1153:
1138:
1131:Regan (2004)
1116:Regan (2004)
1111:
1099:
1087:
1060:
1038:Regan (2004)
1005:the original
1000:
979:
974:
967:Regan (2004)
962:
919:
909:
907:
902:
892:
881:
870:Burkina Faso
856:
850:
846:roman engagé
845:
834:
822:
816:
806:
789:
781:
764:French Sudan
761:
757:delimitation
730:
715:
701:
699:
683:French Sudan
676:
666:
663:Bornu Empire
651:
642:
636:
615:
613:
609:
602:
595:
555:
534:
514:
488:
468:French Sudan
463:
452:
429:
414:War Minister
403:
375:French Sudan
364:
350:Middle Congo
338:Foureau–Lamy
321:
317:
315:
219:
210:Benin (1897)
145:Congo (1895)
115:Egypt (1882)
110:Sudan (1881)
1979:Java (1811)
1869:Salé (1851)
1438:(in French)
1269:cite thesis
1190:. H-Africa.
949:Colonialism
878:Serge Moati
863:Mauritanian
805:heat, the "
768:Niger River
726:Chari River
709:across the
558:tirailleurs
525:Niger River
456:Niger River
436:André Lebon
425:Ouagadougou
406:Paul Voulet
220:Chad (1898)
30:Paul Voulet
2282:Categories
1403:2006-09-19
1315:References
1243:2006-09-02
1230:SudLangues
1001:Méga-Tchad
858:Sarraounia
853:screenplay
836:Sarraounia
566:Sarraounia
497:, held by
355:war crimes
334:Chad Basin
240:Aro (1901)
1263:(Thesis).
880:in 2004,
866:Med Hondo
722:Lake Chad
679:Lake Chad
510:dysentery
491:Koulikoro
460:Lake Chad
367:Lake Chad
324:(French:
1927:Americas
1710:Americas
1603:Americas
1368:(2002).
1345:Le Monde
1331:Hachette
1325:(1971).
1204:(1901).
982:, p. 163
928:See also
841:Nigerien
766:and the
733:Kousséri
647:sergeant
639:galloons
560:and Lt.
495:Timbuktu
438:and the
377:(modern
2256:Pacific
890:novella
821:in his
792:Radical
749:Nigeria
707:Algiers
391:porters
346:Algeria
330:Senegal
2076:Africa
1842:Africa
1685:Africa
1558:Africa
1419:
1376:
1301:
711:Sahara
655:Zinder
605:Zinder
568:, and
547:Sokoto
506:spahis
387:spahis
342:Gentil
1393:Atala
1295:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
955:Notes
899:Kurtz
753:Niger
702:sarki
667:sarki
659:Niger
521:Niger
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