94:
115:
1849:
1843:
608:. The sofas fought defensive battles at the Soumbe and Diamanko creeks the 11th and 12th, taking heavy casualties but doing serious damage to the French and nearly capturing the enemy artillery, but could not save the once-again abandoned city. The French kept chasing Samori's army south, facing ambushes, guerilla warfare, and scorched earth the whole way, installing
662:, however, until February 1895, and its arrival sparked a popular resistance movement. Monteil stumbled onto the sofas on March 2, to the surprise of both sides; in a battle on the 14th, the French were forced to retreat and abandon Kong, which pledged fealty to Samory in April. This began a two year period of peace.
700:
Knowing this setback would prompt an aggressive
British response, the French again sent Braulot, at the head of an armed column, to try to acquire Bouna by negotiation. Saranken Mori initially accepted. But when Braulot arrived at Bouna, he was killed and his column destroyed outside the city on
525:
began making overtures to Toure. The French, eager to possess this key strategic town on the Niger, rushed a force to establish a fort there on
February 1, 1883. Kebe Brema, Samori's brother, led a force to
541:, Toure counter-attacked. Dividing his army into three mobile columns, he worked his way around the French lines of communication and quickly forced them to withdraw. Already embroiled in conflict with
685:
came south from the Niger bend to attempt to negotiate a protectorate agreement but was rebuffed, as Toure wanted only to live apart from the French. In April 1897, British
Governor
658:'s visit in 1892, and the colonial leaders sought to formalize this relationship by putting together a column led by Col. Monteil in August 1894. The force did not leave
454:, as they were able to make use of firearms and tactics that impeded French expansion in the area. The French were ultimately triumphant and established dominance over
184:
1922:
1374:
689:
of the Gold Coast tried to intimidate
Saranken Mori, Samory's son and the commander in the region, into abandoning Bouna. When this failed, a force of the
1025:
836:
1932:
1249:
1506:
675:
956:
177:
561:. As part of the agreement, Samory's eldest son and heir Djaoulen-Karamo was sent on a diplomatic/fact finding/goodwill mission to France.
1095:
1085:
863:
1927:
1893:
724:, hostile locals, and colonial attacks turned the campaign into a disaster. Using information from sofa deserters, the French captain
1496:
1309:
170:
1018:
1364:
549:, the French were compelled to negotiate the Treaty of Kenieba Koura, signed on March 28, 1886. This pact recognized French
1511:
253:
581:. He expected to subdue Samory in a few weeks with a lightning campaign. Knowing his fortifications could not stop French
725:
1379:
1182:
1011:
1608:
1406:
810:
756:
494:. Unimpressed, Toure sacked the town on February 21, 1882. A French relief column arrived too late, but pursued the
1790:
1645:
1491:
1369:
1314:
1177:
616:. At a council at Frankonedou on May 9, 1892, Samory and his allies decided to turn east and rebase the empire in
1917:
693:
under
Henderson marched on the town but were defeated at Dokita, then later routed and Henderson was captured at
506:
became a slaughter when faced with the latest French weaponry, but Samory quickly pivoted by adopting effective
1912:
1886:
720:. Hoping to live off the land while marching, a combination of the unfamiliar mountainous territory of western
537:
When an 1885 French expedition under Col. A. V. A. Combes attempted to seize the Buré gold fields by capturing
1937:
1603:
1556:
1546:
1531:
1354:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1055:
716:
to launch a concentrated assault against Toure. He soon was forced to migrate once again, this time towards
518:, massively boosting his prestige and recruitment, as well as providing a blueprint for future engagements.
1795:
1541:
1461:
1344:
1192:
273:
243:
1820:
1471:
1441:
928:
333:
1650:
1613:
1561:
1456:
1436:
1431:
1411:
1222:
1127:
383:
278:
218:
800:
1879:
1780:
1745:
1740:
1451:
1299:
728:
surprised Toure's forces at
Guelemou on September 29, 1898, and captured the Almamy without a fight.
690:
475:
308:
263:
837:"Quand les empires se faisaient et se défaisaient en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas Samory Touré"
393:
323:
1775:
1750:
1735:
1536:
1416:
288:
130:
1586:
1034:
686:
531:
514:. This victory won Toure a reputation as the African leader who could stand up to the invading
1426:
869:
1685:
1304:
1202:
1197:
373:
99:
1675:
1598:
1566:
1294:
1132:
1065:
655:
534:
in early April, with Kebe Brema winning the first but eventually being forced to retreat.
8:
1800:
1770:
1765:
1551:
1466:
1421:
1274:
368:
348:
313:
194:
28:
623:
During the first months of 1893 the French, although unable to corner Toure's armies in
604:
in
January 1892 and led a small, well-supplied force of picked men on another attack on
1867:
1760:
1571:
1359:
1349:
1319:
1254:
1172:
1090:
713:
705:
671:
418:
378:
318:
298:
283:
258:
248:
228:
70:
983:
1859:
1755:
1680:
884:
806:
762:
752:
651:
546:
507:
408:
646:
Toure's new objective in the east, and the key to the whole region, was the ancient
1593:
1122:
613:
495:
439:
413:
388:
338:
238:
118:
1785:
1730:
1581:
1576:
1284:
1187:
680:
570:
503:
451:
443:
358:
343:
134:
643:
and the rest of the western- and southernmost parts of the empire surrendered.
1863:
1710:
1660:
1324:
1289:
1279:
1060:
586:
558:
542:
499:
268:
213:
208:
114:
1906:
1665:
403:
353:
1003:
766:
1695:
1690:
659:
647:
636:
594:
491:
303:
639:, Wassoulou's primary source of modern weaponry. The Wassoulou vassals in
1700:
1167:
746:
721:
701:
August 20, 1897, restarting the war between the French and Samory Toure.
640:
463:
447:
363:
223:
140:
106:
53:
487:
1501:
957:"L'Almamy Samory TOURE (1830-1900), résistant et empereur du Wassoulou"
617:
605:
538:
479:
985:
Historique du 2e régiment de tirailleurs sénégalais : 1892 – 1933
620:, devastating each area before evacuating it to delay French pursuit.
510:
and hit-and-run cavalry attacks. They harassed the French back to the
162:
1655:
1640:
694:
582:
398:
1848:
868:. Mémoires de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Archived from
1705:
609:
550:
1842:
1670:
717:
709:
632:
628:
574:
554:
624:
601:
590:
578:
527:
522:
515:
459:
435:
511:
450:. Comparatively, the French faced serious resistance by the
654:. The city had nominally accepted French protection during
483:
455:
530:
to lure the French out of their defenses. They fought two
498:
army, which turned and fought at Samaya on the 26th. The
600:
Archinard's replacement Col. Pierre
Humbert arrived in
882:
434:
were a series of conflicts from 1882 to 1898 between
553:over the left bank of the Niger as far upstream as
521:In the aftermath of Samaya, some of the leaders of
933:(in French). Paris: Editions Sociales. p. 251
674:while keeping Samory and the British apart. Capt.
564:
665:
486:, sent an envoy to Samory Toure to announce that
469:
1904:
831:
829:
569:On March 10, 1891, a French force under Colonel
748:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914
1887:
1033:
1019:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
826:
178:
1048:
930:Afrique noire : occidentale et centrale
926:
1923:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion
597:, but Toure had left little worth taking.
1894:
1880:
1026:
1012:
907:
744:
185:
171:
738:
589:. Archinard had little trouble capturing
1933:Resistance to the French colonial empire
981:
883:Gueye, Mbaye; Albert Adu Boahen (1984).
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
90:
557:, and Samory's control of Bure and the
192:
1905:
861:
798:
478:, commander of the French garrison at
1633:
1399:
1242:
1115:
1007:
885:"West Africa: the fight for survival"
773:
585:, Toure began a war of manoeuvre and
166:
1836:
1457:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
950:
948:
1472:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
1462:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
955:Ba, Amadou Bal (11 February 2020).
13:
954:
14:
1949:
1928:African resistance to colonialism
1432:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
945:
1847:
1841:
1821:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
1512:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
1452:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1345:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
593:on April 11 and then a deserted
113:
92:
1686:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
1467:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1305:French and Indian War (1754–60)
802:L' Almami Samori Touré Empereur
565:Second Mandingo War (1891–1895)
16:1883–1898 French-Wassoulou wars
1736:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
1676:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
1567:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1320:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
975:
876:
855:
666:Third Mandingo War (1897-1898)
470:First Mandingo War (1882–1886)
69:Wassoulou Empire annexed into
1:
1801:First Indochina War (1946–54)
1552:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
843:(in French). 20 December 2018
841:La Revue d'Histoire Militaire
805:. Paris: Présence Africaine.
731:
631:and block resupply routes to
532:battles at Woyo Wayanko creek
1866:. You can help Knowledge by
1614:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1198:King William's War (1689–97)
865:Samori. Une révolution dyula
7:
1681:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
1507:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1380:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1295:King George's War (1744–48)
927:Suret-Canale, Jean (1968).
10:
1954:
1835:
1562:French conquest of Vietnam
1275:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
745:Vandervort, Bruce (1998).
712:on May 1, 1898, permitted
1813:
1786:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
1723:
1626:
1582:Sino-French War (1884–85)
1577:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
1524:
1497:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1484:
1392:
1337:
1325:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1267:
1235:
1215:
1160:
1108:
1078:
1041:
1035:French colonial conflicts
691:Southern Nigeria Regiment
670:France wanted to control
577:for a surprise attack on
476:Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes
204:
146:
124:
83:
34:
26:
21:
1661:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
1525:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1280:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
627:, did manage to capture
1796:South Vietnam (1945–46)
1666:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
1594:Second Opium War (1860)
1587:North Vietnam (1886–96)
1572:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1375:East Indies (1793–1801)
1310:North America (1778–83)
1178:North America (1627–29)
1168:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
799:Fofana, Khalil (1998).
1918:19th century in Africa
1862:–related article is a
1731:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
1696:Cameroon War (1955–64)
1691:Algerian War (1954–62)
1609:Leewards War (1888–97)
1407:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1285:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1188:Carib Expulsion (1660)
714:French colonial forces
687:William Edward Maxwell
125:Commanders and leaders
1913:Wars involving France
1711:Bizerte crisis (1961)
1542:Philippines (1844–45)
1492:West Indies (1804–10)
1447:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1370:East Indies (1778–83)
1300:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1290:Natchez revolt (1729)
1250:West Africa (1758–63)
1183:West Indies (1635–59)
1056:South Carolina (1562)
982:Fournier, L. (1934).
862:Person, Yves (1968).
751:. London: UCL Press.
1938:French history stubs
1203:Santo Domingo (1691)
656:Louis-Gustave Binger
612:at Bissandougou and
1656:Zaian War (1914–21)
1641:Wadai War (1906–11)
1417:Algeria (1835–1903)
1365:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1315:Caribbean (1778–83)
414:South Africa (1914)
379:South Africa (1906)
344:South Africa (1899)
314:Matabeleland (1896)
304:South Africa (1895)
284:Matabeleland (1893)
249:Somalia (1888–1924)
244:Equatoria (1886–89)
214:South Africa (1880)
209:South Africa (1879)
196:Scramble for Africa
29:Scramble for Africa
1706:Ifni War (1957–58)
1701:Suez Crisis (1956)
889:The UNESCO Courier
269:Mashonaland (1890)
71:French West Africa
1875:
1874:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1809:
1808:
1776:Vietnam (1930–31)
1761:Cilicia (1920–21)
1751:Vietnam (1918–21)
1746:Vietnam (1917–18)
1719:
1718:
1671:Rif War (1920–26)
1651:Morocco (1911–12)
1646:Casablanca (1907)
1622:
1621:
1520:
1519:
1480:
1479:
1442:Madagascar (1883)
1412:Algeria (1830–47)
1388:
1387:
1333:
1332:
1263:
1262:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1210:
1156:
1155:
1128:Senegal (1659–77)
1104:
1103:
1074:
1073:
1061:Florida (1562–65)
547:Toucouleur Empire
490:was now a French
427:
426:
384:Morocco (1907–34)
374:Morocco (1905–06)
369:Tanganyika (1905)
349:Somaliland (1900)
289:Morocco (1893–94)
274:Katanga (1891−92)
239:Madagascar (1883)
161:
160:
79:
78:
1945:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1811:
1810:
1791:Indochina (1945)
1721:
1720:
1631:
1630:
1522:
1521:
1502:Mexico (1838–39)
1482:
1481:
1397:
1396:
1335:
1334:
1265:
1264:
1240:
1239:
1213:
1212:
1173:Brazil (1612–15)
1158:
1157:
1133:Djidjelli (1664)
1113:
1112:
1096:Brazil (1590–04)
1091:Brazil (1555–67)
1076:
1075:
1046:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
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993:
979:
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873:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
824:
823:
821:
819:
796:
771:
770:
742:
704:The fall of the
684:
650:trading city of
508:guerilla tactics
440:Wassoulou Empire
329:Wassoulou (1898)
294:Wassoulou (1894)
234:Wassoulou (1883)
199:
197:
187:
180:
173:
164:
163:
137:, Pierre Humbert
119:Wassoulou Empire
117:
102:
98:
96:
95:
36:
35:
19:
18:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1805:
1766:Syria (1925–27)
1756:Syria (1919–21)
1715:
1618:
1599:Japan (1863–64)
1532:Moluccas (1810)
1516:
1476:
1384:
1360:India (1756–63)
1355:India (1749–54)
1350:India (1746–48)
1329:
1259:
1227:
1207:
1193:Texas (1685–89)
1152:
1100:
1070:
1037:
1032:
1002:
1001:
991:
989:
980:
976:
966:
964:
953:
946:
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877:
860:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
827:
817:
815:
813:
797:
774:
759:
743:
739:
734:
678:
668:
571:Louis Archinard
567:
504:frontal charges
482:in present-day
472:
428:
423:
409:Libya (1911–12)
319:Zanzibar (1896)
309:Ethiopia (1896)
200:
195:
193:
191:
156:
155:60,000 riflemen
135:Louis Archinard
93:
91:
65:French victory
56:
44:(15 years)
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1860:French history
1855:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:Vietnam (1940)
1778:
1773:
1771:Vietnam (1930)
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:Vietnam (1916)
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1714:
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1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1557:Tourane (1856)
1554:
1549:
1547:Tourane (1847)
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Tunisia (1881)
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Morocco (1844)
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1390:
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1382:
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1367:
1362:
1357:
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1341:
1339:
1331:
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1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1255:Morocco (1765)
1252:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1223:Siam (1687–90)
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1148:Algiers (1688)
1145:
1143:Algiers (1683)
1140:
1138:Algiers (1682)
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Morocco (1629)
1119:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1066:Florida (1568)
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1000:
999:
974:
944:
906:
875:
872:on 2017-08-28.
854:
825:
811:
772:
757:
736:
735:
733:
730:
667:
664:
587:scorched earth
566:
563:
559:Manding region
543:Mahmadu Lamine
474:In early 1882
471:
468:
446:people led by
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Morocco (1911)
401:
399:Ouaddai (1909)
396:
394:Morocco (1909)
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:Namibia (1904)
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
339:Fashoda (1898)
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Ashanti (1895)
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:Dahomey (1892)
276:
271:
266:
264:Dahomey (1890)
261:
256:
254:Eritrea (1889)
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Tunisia (1881)
216:
211:
205:
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1079:South America
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758:0-253-33383-0
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726:Henri Gouraud
723:
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433:
432:Mandingo Wars
420:
419:Darfur (1916)
417:
415:
412:
410:
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389:Mufilo (1907)
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359:Angola (1902)
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157:5,000 cavalry
154:
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150:
145:
142:
139:
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132:
131:Henri Gouraud
129:
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41:
38:
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33:
30:
25:
22:Mandingo Wars
20:
1868:expanding it
1857:
1854:
1627:20th century
1604:Korea (1866)
1446:
1393:19th century
1236:18th century
1109:17th century
1042:16th century
990:. Retrieved
988:. p. 61
984:
977:
967:30 September
965:. Retrieved
960:
937:24 September
935:. Retrieved
929:
897:. Retrieved
892:
888:
878:
870:the original
864:
857:
847:30 September
845:. Retrieved
840:
818:30 September
816:. Retrieved
801:
747:
740:
703:
699:
676:Paul Braulot
669:
660:Grand Bassam
645:
637:Sierra Leone
622:
606:Bissandougou
599:
595:Bissandougou
568:
536:
520:
502:traditional
492:protectorate
473:
431:
429:
328:
324:Benin (1897)
293:
259:Congo (1895)
233:
229:Egypt (1882)
224:Sudan (1881)
89:
84:Belligerents
64:
27:Part of the
1537:Java (1811)
1427:Salé (1851)
992:30 November
963:(in French)
722:Ivory Coast
708:capital of
679: [
641:Kissidougou
464:Ivory Coast
448:Samori Ture
334:Chad (1898)
141:Samori Ture
107:Kong Empire
54:West Africa
1907:Categories
899:20 October
895:(5): 27–29
732:References
706:Kenedougou
618:Kabadougou
539:Niagassola
354:Aro (1901)
610:garrisons
583:artillery
496:Wassoulou
42:1882–1898
1485:Americas
1268:Americas
1161:Americas
767:70750153
614:Kerouane
551:hegemony
545:and the
488:Kiniéran
462:and the
452:Mandinka
444:Mandingo
438:and the
147:Strength
49:Location
1814:Pacific
718:Liberia
710:Sikasso
633:Liberia
629:Faranah
575:Nyamina
555:Siguiri
442:of the
1634:Africa
1400:Africa
1243:Africa
1116:Africa
961:Ferloo
893:XXXVII
809:
765:
755:
625:Guinea
602:Kankan
591:Kankan
579:Kankan
528:Bamako
523:Bamako
516:toubab
460:Guinea
436:France
152:50,000
100:France
97:
61:Result
1858:This
683:]
672:Bouna
648:Dyula
512:Niger
500:sofas
1864:stub
1724:Asia
1338:Asia
1216:Asia
994:2018
969:2023
939:2023
901:2023
849:2023
820:2023
807:ISBN
763:OCLC
753:ISBN
652:Kong
635:and
484:Mali
480:Kita
456:Mali
430:The
39:Date
1909::
959:.
947:^
909:^
891:.
887:.
839:.
828:^
775:^
761:.
697:.
695:Wa
681:fr
466:.
458:,
133:,
1895:e
1888:t
1881:v
1870:.
1027:e
1020:t
1013:v
996:.
971:.
941:.
903:.
851:.
822:.
769:.
186:e
179:t
172:v
73:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
