Electoral fraud - Knowledge

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a large number of paper ballots without detection in some locales, but altogether too simple in others, especially jurisdictions where legitimate ballot spoiling by voter would serve a clear and reasonable aim: for example emulating protest votes in jurisdictions that have recently had and since abolished a "none of the above" or "against all" voting option; civil disobedience where voting is mandatory; and attempts at discrediting or invalidating an election. An unusually large share of invalidated ballots may be attributed to loyal supporters of candidates that lost in primaries or previous rounds, did not run or did not qualify to do so, or some manner of protest movement or organized boycott.

2332:, where they are diverted to an intermediate website where the man in the middle flips the votes in favour of a certain candidate and then immediately forwards them on to the vote-counting authority. All votes sent over the internet violate the chain of custody and hence should be avoided by driving or flying memory cards in locked metal containers to the vote-counters. For purposes of getting quick preliminary total results on election night, encrypted votes can be sent over the internet, but final official results should be tabulated the next day only after the actual memory cards arrive in secure metal containers and are counted 1898: 2876:

aggregating polling stations results within a given turnout range), the divergence from bell-curve distribution gives an indication of the extent of the fraud. Stuffing votes in favour of a single candidate affects votes vs. turnout distributions for that candidate and other candidates differently; this difference could be used to quantitatively assess the number of votes stuffed. Also, these distributions sometimes exhibit spikes at round-number turnout percentage values. High numbers of invalid ballots, overvoting or undervoting are other potential indicators.

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elections are taking place. They, therefore, invite observers from any other CSCE participating States and any appropriate private institutions and organisations who may wish to do so to observe the course of their national election proceedings, to the extent permitted by law. They will also endeavour to facilitate similar access for election proceedings held below the national level. Such observers will undertake not to interfere in the electoral proceedings".

1428: 8445: 2518: 2066: 3041: 2708:. It says, "Department does not have authority to directly intercede in the election process itself. ... overt criminal investigative measures should not ordinarily be taken ... until the election in question has been concluded, its results certified, and all recounts and election contests concluded." Sentencing guidelines provide a range of 0–21 months in prison for a first offender; 2490:

and there have been calls to update signatures more often to improve this review. While any level of strictness involves rejecting some valid votes and accepting some invalid votes, there have been concerns that signatures are improperly rejected from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection.

2919:(VVPAT) or verified paper record (VPR). A VVPAT is intended as an independent verification system for voting machines designed to allow voters to verify that their vote was cast correctly, to detect possible election fraud or malfunction, and to provide a means to audit the stored electronic results. This method is only effective if 2843:

Election observation is also prescribed by various international legal instruments. For example, paragraph 8 of the 1990 Copenhagen Document states that "The participating States consider that the presence of observers, both foreign and domestic, can enhance the electoral process for States in which

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Vote fraud can also take place in legislatures. Some of the forms used in national elections can also be used in parliaments, particularly intimidation and vote-buying. Because of the much smaller number of voters, however, election fraud in legislatures is qualitatively different in many ways. Fewer

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Another method is to make it appear that the voter has spoiled his or her ballot, thus rendering it invalid. Typically this would be done by adding another mark to the paper, making it appear that the voter has voted for more candidates than entitled, for instance. It would be difficult to do this to

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Another method of confusing people into voting for a different candidate from the one intended is to run candidates or create political parties with similar names or symbols to an existing candidate or party. The goal is to mislead voters into voting for the false candidate or party. Such tactics may

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For example, in 2004, in Wisconsin and elsewhere voters allegedly received flyers that said, "If you already voted in any election this year, you can't vote in the Presidential Election", implying that those who had voted in earlier primary elections were ineligible to vote. Also, "If anybody in your

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The efforts of many helped accomplish this and led to the spread of other secret ballots all across the country. As mentioned on February 18, 1890, in the Galveston News "The Australian ballot has come to stay. It protects the independence of the voter and largely puts a stop to vote to buy." Before

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In particularly corrupt regimes, the voting process may be nothing more than a sham, to the point that officials simply announce whatever results they want, sometimes without even bothering to count the votes. While such practices tend to draw international condemnation, voters typically have little

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to discourage voting among Latino and African-American citizens of New Jersey. The task force identified voters from an old registration list and challenged their credentials. It also paid off-duty police officers to patrol polling sites in Newark and Trenton, and posted signs saying that falsifying

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In its simplest form, voters from a particular demographic or known to support a particular party or candidate are directly threatened by supporters of another party or candidate or by those hired by them. In other cases, supporters of a particular party make it known that if a particular village or

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A measure championed as a way to prevent some types of mail-in fraud has been to require the voter's signature on the outer envelope, which is compared to one or more signatures on file before taking the ballot out of the envelope and counting it. Not all places have standards for signature review,

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In this case, voters will be made to believe, accurately or otherwise, that they are not legally entitled to vote, or that they are legally obliged to vote a particular way. Voters who are not confident about their entitlement to vote may also be intimidated by real or implied authority figures who

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In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging

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On election day, a statistically significant number of voting machines can be randomly selected from polling locations and used for testing. This can be used to detect potential fraud or malfunction unless manipulated software would only start to cheat after a certain event like a voter pressing a

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can determine if election results are anomalous, the statistical results still need to be interpreted. Alan Hicken and Walter R. Mebane describe the results of election forensic analyses as not providing "definitive proof" of fraud. Election forensics can be combined with other fraud detection and

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are used to help prevent fraud and assure voters that the election is fair. International observers (bilateral and multilateral) may be invited to observe the elections (examples include election observation by the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), European Union election

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used in most modern public elections. This may make their elections more vulnerable to some forms of fraud since a politician can be pressured by others who will know how the legislator voted. However, it may also protect against bribery and blackmail, since the public and media will be aware if a

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Illegal non-citizen voting is considered extremely rare in the United States by most experts due to the severe penalties associated with the practice including deportation, incarceration or fines in addition to jeopardizing their attempt to naturalize. The federal form to register a voter does not

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is particularly vulnerable to election fraud, due to the amount of trust placed in the person who casts the vote. In several countries, there have been allegations of retirement home residents being asked to fill out 'absentee voter' forms. When the forms are signed and gathered, they are secretly

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permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly related or married to an active soldier. These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of

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which diverge from the final results. Well-conducted exit polls serve as a deterrent to electoral fraud. However, exit polls are still notoriously imprecise. For instance, in the Czech Republic, some voters are afraid or ashamed to admit that they voted for the Communist Party (exit polls in 2002

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In addition, national legislatures of countries often permit domestic observation. Domestic election observers can be either partisan (i.e. representing interests of one or a group of election contestants) or non-partisan (usually done by civil society groups). Legislations of different countries

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provide voters with a receipt to allow them to verify their vote was cast correctly, and an audit mechanism to verify that the results were tabulated correctly and all votes were cast by valid voters. However, the ballot receipt does not permit voters to prove to others how they voted, since this

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As in public elections, proxy votes are particularly prone to fraud. In some systems, parties may vote on behalf of any member who is not present in parliament. This protects those members from missing out on voting if prevented from attending parliament, but it also allows their party to prevent

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While mass destruction of ballots can be difficult to achieve without drawing attention to it, in a very close election it may be possible to destroy a small number of ballot papers without detection, thereby changing the overall result. Blatant destruction of ballot papers can render an election

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Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast a vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to

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and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party (or vote in a crossover way, when permitted) in order to elect a weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general

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Greenback, helped initiate one of the first secret ballots in America in Michigan in 1885. Even George Walthew had a predecessor in John Seitz, Greenback, who campaigned a bill to "preserve the purity of elections" in 1879 after the discovery of Ohio's electoral fraud in congressional elections.

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In the United States, the popularity of the Australian ballot grew as reformers in the late 19th century sought to reduce the problems of election fraud. Groups such as the Greenbackers, Nationalist, and more fought for those who yearned to vote, but were exiled for their safety. George Walthew,

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to counter voter impersonation. Voter ID requirements are generally popular among Americans and proponents have argued that it can be difficult to detect voter impersonation without them. Voter ID laws' effectiveness given the rarity of voter impersonation, and their potential to disenfranchise

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One method that people have argued would help prevent these machines from being tampered with would be for the companies that produce the machines to share the source code, which displays and captures the ballots, with computer scientists. This would allow external sources to make sure that the

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Allegations of widespread voter impersonation often turn out to be false. The North Carolina Board of Elections reported in 2017 that out of 4,769,640 votes cast in the November 2016 election in North Carolina, only one illegal vote would potentially have been blocked by the voter ID law. The

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Many elections feature multiple opportunities for unscrupulous officials or 'helpers' to record an elector's vote differently from their intentions. Voters who require assistance to cast their votes are particularly vulnerable to having their votes stolen in this way. For example, a blind or

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of a religious group whose teachings determine that voting is prohibited on such a day. Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity (rural communities are especially

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When elections are marred by ballot-box stuffing (e.g., the Armenian presidential elections of 1996 and 1998), the affected polling stations will show abnormally high voter turnouts with results favouring a single candidate. By graphing the number of votes against turnout percentage (i.e.,

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described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under a democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate. Under the right conditions, the democratic system is maneuvered into an

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through preventing voter intimidation or retribution. Others argue that the secret ballot enables election fraud (because it makes it harder to verify that votes have been counted correctly) and that it discourages voter participation. Although the secret ballot was sometimes practiced in

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Existing studies, relying mainly on documented criminal prosecutions and investigations of apparent irregularities, turn up very little evidence of fraud. Critics argue that this is unsurprising because casting fraudulent votes is easy and largely undetectable without strict photo ID

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or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote. If such practices discriminate against a religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly

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Types of fraud have included pressure on voters from family or others, since the ballot is not always cast in secret; collection of ballots by dishonest collectors who mark votes or fail to deliver ballots; and insiders changing, challenging or destroying ballots after they arrive.

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Most methods of preventing electoral fraud involve making the election process completely transparent to all voters, from nomination of candidates through casting of the votes and tabulation. A key feature in ensuring the integrity of any part of the electoral process is a strict

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Where votes are recorded through electronic or mechanical means, the voting machinery may be altered so that a vote intended for one candidate is recorded for another, or electronic results are duplicated or lost, and there is rarely evidence whether the cause was fraud or error.

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Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered. The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy.

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was nullified by the Constitutional Court in 2020 because many results were changed by use of correction fluid, as well as duplicate, unverified and unsigned results forms. California allows correction fluid and tape, so changes can be made after the ballot leaves the voter.

1483:. Many countries prevent this with rules stipulating that a voter must have lived in an electoral district for a minimum period (for example, six months) in order to be eligible to vote there. However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to 5724: 4267: 1595:, literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From the turn of the century into the late 1960s, most African Americans in the southern states comprising the 1719:

can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location. Intimidation can take a range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that in 1887, a Kansas Supreme Court in

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To prevent fraud in central tabulation, there has to be a public list of the results from every single polling place. This is the only way for voters to prove that the results they witnessed in their election office are correctly incorporated into the totals.

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found the level of mail-in ballot fraud "exceedingly rare" in the United States, occurring only in "0.00006 percent" of instances nationally, and, with Oregon's mail-in-ballots, "0.000004 percent—about five times less likely than getting hit by lightning".

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Some of these machines require a smart card to activate the machine and vote. However, a fraudulent smart card could attempt to gain access to voting multiple times or be pre-loaded with negative votes to favor one candidate over another, as has been

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Audits vary and can include checking that the number of voters signed in at the polls matches the number of ballots, seals on ballot boxes and storage rooms are intact, computer counts (if used) match hand counts, and counts are accurately totaled.

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accuracy is 'parallel testing', the process of using an independent set of results compared to the original machine results. Parallel testing can be done prior to or during an election. During an election, one form of parallel testing is the

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vary. Research at Argonne National Laboratories revealed that a single individual with physical access to a machine, such as a Diebold Accuvote TS, can install inexpensive, readily available electronic components to manipulate its functions.

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citizens without the right ID have created controversy. By August 2016, four federal court rulings (Texas, North Carolina, Wisconsin, and North Dakota) overturned laws or parts of such laws because they placed undue burdens on minorities.

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In the US someone may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than five years. In France, someone guilty may be fined and/or imprisoned for not more than one year, or two years if the person is an official (like a mayor for example).

2946:. Once a software is certified, code signing can ensure the software certified is identical to that which is used on election day. Some argue certification would be more effective if voting machine software was publicly available or 2476:

In both the United Kingdom and the United States, experts estimate that voting fraud by mail has affected only a few local elections, without likely any impact at the national level. In April 2020, a 20-year voter fraud study by the

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Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election. Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services.

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Election auditing refers to any review conducted after polls close for the purpose of determining whether the votes were counted accurately (a results audit) or whether proper procedures were followed (a process audit), or both.

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ballot paper, it is invalidated. For example, in Scotland and other parts of the United Kingdom, up to three different voting systems and types of ballots may be used, based on the jurisdictional level of the election.

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gave the Communist party 2–3 percentage points less than the actual result). Variations in willingness to participate in an exit poll may result in an unrepresentative sample compared to the overall voting population.

1983:, who was most harmed by voter errors because of this design. Poor or misleading design is usually not illegal and therefore not technically election fraud, but it can nevertheless subvert the principles of democracy. 2836:, European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations (ENEMO), etc.). Some countries also invite foreign observers (i.e. bi-lateral observation, as opposed to multi-lateral observation by international observers). 1770:

family has ever been found guilty of anything you can't vote in the Presidential Election." Finally, "If you violate any of these laws, you can get 10 years in prison and your children will be taken away from you."

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who were likely not aware that this status disqualified them from voting, and the total number of invalid votes was far too small to have affected the outcome of any race in North Carolina in the 2016 election.

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Certification and testing processes conducted publicly and with oversight from interested parties can promote transparency in the election process. The integrity of those conducting testing can be questioned.

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be particularly effective when many voters have limited literacy in the language used on the ballot. Again, such tactics are usually not illegal but they often work against the principles of democracy.

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Polling places in an area known to support a particular party or candidate may be targeted for vandalism, destruction or threats, thus making it difficult or impossible for people in that area to vote.

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rewritten as applications for proxy votes, naming party activists or their friends and relatives as the proxies. These people, unknown to the voter, cast the vote for the party of their choice. In the

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politician votes in an unexpected way. Since voters and parties are entitled to pressure politicians to vote a particular way, the line between legitimate and fraudulent pressure is not always clear.

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Ballot papers may be used to discourage votes for a particular party or candidate, using the design or other features which confuse voters into voting for a different candidate. For example, in the

2219:) was used to maintain the agreed alternation between the Liberals and the Conservatives. This system of local political domination, especially rooted in rural areas and small cities, was known as 4142: 5444: 2493:

Some problems have inherently limited scope, such as family pressure, while others can affect several percent of the vote, such as dishonest collectors and overly strict signature verification.

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Ahlquist, John S.; Mayer, Kenneth R.; Jackman, Simon (December 1, 2014). "Alien Abduction and Voter Impersonation in the 2012 U.S. General Election: Evidence from a Survey List Experiment".

3817: 3707: 2569:. "But almost a year after Canadians headed to the polls, the agency says it's still trying to determine how many of those cases — if any — involved non-Canadian citizens casting ballots." 1498:. If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for a particular party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, or moved into 6333: 4186: 7604: 5495:

Attempted impersonation was exceptionally rare, however, and measures to introduce voter identification requirements therefore had little effect on the security of the electoral process.

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them from voting against its wishes. In some legislatures, proxy voting is not allowed, but politicians may rig voting buttons or otherwise illegally cast "ghost votes" while absent.

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paper was criticized as poorly designed, leading some voters to vote for the wrong candidate. While the ballot itself was designed by a Democrat, it was the Democratic candidate,

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Prosecutor Michael C. O’Malley said the two men had "infringed upon the right to vote", and that "by pleading guilty, they were held accountable for their un-American actions.”

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Another form of testing is 'Logic & Accuracy Testing (L&A)', pre-election testing of voting machines using test votes to determine if they are functioning correctly.

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identified 103,000 non-citizens who were illegally on Canada's federal voters register. It subsequently identified roughly 3,500 cases of potential non-citizens who voted in

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neighborhood is found to have voted the 'wrong' way, reprisals will be made against that community. Another method is to make a general threat of violence, for example, a

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equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule. This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud.

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prevents many kinds of intimidation and vote selling, while transparency at all other levels of the electoral process prevents and allows detection of most interference.

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which has the effect of closing a particular polling place, thus making it difficult for people in that area to vote. One notable example of outright violence was the

1026:, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with 6207: 1061:, featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presented more as referendums/plebiscites. 5810: 1080:, a small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. 6847: 5938: 4245: 7899: 5861: 2238: 2206:

invalid and force it to be re-run. If a party can improve its vote on the re-run election, it can benefit from such destruction as long as it is not linked to it.

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used "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists.

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were indicted on several counts of bribery and election fraud in October 2020 regarding a voter disinformation scheme they undertook in the months prior to the

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some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote. In some cases, states had passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as

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To sow election doubt, Donald Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2016, 2020 and 2024 elections.

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In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from the

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observation missions, observation missions of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as international observation organised by NGOs, such as

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special key combination (Or a machine might cheat only if someone does not perform the combination, which requires more insider access but fewer voters).

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In the United States the goal of prosecutions is not to stop fraud or keep fraudulent winners out of office; it is to deter and punish years later. The

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Gonggrijp, Rop; Hengeveld, Willem-Jan; Bogk, Andreas; Engling, Dirk; Mehnert, Hannes; Rieger, Frank; Scheffers, Pascal; Wels, Barry (October 6, 2006).

4970: 268: 6684: 4946: 4714: 3847: 2471: 2135:, there were multiple instances, some caught on camera, throughout Russia of voters and polling staff alike stuffing multiple votes in the ballot box 4823: 4856: 6054: 5839: 3703: 6786: 6325: 2154: 2102:, arrests were made in connection with accusations of ballot stuffing, and the election committee subsequently changed the result of the election 6383: 4178: 3888: 7673: 5555: 5202: 5070: 2393: 1960: 1825:

traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the

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Election results that are sent directly over the internet from the polling place centre to the vote-counting authority can be vulnerable to a

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people are needed to 'swing' the election, and therefore specific people can be targeted in ways impractical on a larger scale. For example,

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investigation found fewer than 500 incidences of invalid ballots cast, the vast majority of which were cast by individuals on probation for

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than in-person voting. Baselessly, the call warned potential voters if they submitted their votes by mail that authorities could use their

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is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the

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has a system with separate ballots used for each party, to reduce confusion among candidates. However, ballots from small parties such as

7947: 7782: 7626: 3775: 5603: 4914: 4657:"A little yellow button on the back of Sequoia voting machines provides a manual override that lets a single person vote multiple times" 3314: 2769:

of 1795, it only became common in the nineteenth century. Secret balloting appears to have been first implemented in the former British

2128:, telling local officials to "take sheep to the mountains, stuff them, and bring them back", in an apparent reference to ballot stuffing 7794: 7690: 1546: 987: 6645: 6513: 6488: 2528: 4881: 4373: 3513: 6595: 5035:"Prophets and Loss: How 'Soft Facts' on Social Media Influenced the Brexit Campaign and Social Reactions to the Murder of Jo Cox MP" 4013:

Frye, Timothy; Reuter, Ora John; Szakonyi, David (2019). "Hitting Them With Carrots: Voter Intimidation and Vote Buying in Russia".

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to one count each of felony telecommunications fraud. Commenting on the tactic of using disinformation to suppress voter turnout,

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election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports. There were claims that this method was being utilised in the

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Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. "Electoral Juggling: A Comparative History of the Corruption of Suffrage in Latin America, 1830–1930".

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In 2014, Ukraine's central election system was hacked. Officials found and removed a virus and said the totals were correct.

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Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning

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their homes. Polling can be set for inconvenient days, such as midweek or on holy days of religious groups: for example on

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Abusing the administrative access to the machine by election officials might also allow individuals to vote multiple times

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was arrested in 2011 following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral sabotage, in connection with the

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People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect the outcome of an election. For example, in the

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if any recourse, as there would seldom be any ways to remove the fraudulent winner from power, short of a revolution.

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illiterate person may be told that they have voted for one party when in fact they have been led to vote for another.

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involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all.

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this, it was common for candidates to intimidate or bribe voters, as they would always know who had voted which way.

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Private companies manufacture these machines. Many companies will not allow public access or review of the machines'

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False claims of electoral fraud can be used as a basis for attempting to overturn an election. During and after the

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against them, including threats of police arrest for outstanding warrants and forced debt collection by creditors.

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Transparent ballot box used in Ukraine to prevent election officials from pre-stuffing the box with fake ballots

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Employers can coerce the voters' decision, through strategies such as explicit or implicit threats of job loss.

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suggest that those who vote when they are not entitled to will be imprisoned, deported or otherwise punished.

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Voter impersonation is considered extremely rare in the US by experts. Since 2013, several states have passed

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Votes may be misrecorded at source, on a ballot paper or voting machine, or later in misrecording totals. The

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Molina, Iván and Fabrice Lehoucq. "Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study",

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had a yellow service "back" button on the back that could allow repeated voting under specific circumstances

1136: 7904: 7894: 7788: 7678: 7233: 3839: 2766: 2720: 2538: 2030: 2001:

have been omitted or placed on a separate table in the election to the EU parliament in 2009. Ballots from

1826: 1749:, in an attempt to weaken political opposition during county elections. Historically, this tactic included 17: 6929:"Статистическое исследование результатов российских выборов 2007–2009 гг. : Троицкий вариант – Наука" 6680: 6538: 4939: 4260:"Trump's lawyer alleges voter fraud in 'big cities', says loss in Pennsylvania 'statistically impossible'" 2756:, in which only the voter knows how they have voted, is believed by many to be a crucial part of ensuring 1599:

were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a

5467:"Electoral integrity, voter fraud and voter ID in polling stations: Lessons from English local elections" 2442:, with his sole opponent, who was seen as pro-government, in fact being appointed by Berdymukhamedov. In 1882: 1791: 1180: 298: 4849: 4289:"Trump claims without evidence that mail voting leads to cheating: A guide to facts on absentee ballots" 8484: 7599: 6046: 5835: 3489: 2435: 1959:

A list of threats to voting systems, or electoral fraud methods considered as sabotage are kept by the

1806: 594: 363: 353: 6782: 4288: 3892: 2584:

require proof of citizenship, though non-citizens have been found to vote only in very small numbers.

1724:

said " physical retaliation constituted only a slight disturbance and would not vitiate an election."

1502:, where they may tip the balance towards their preferred party. One example of this was the 1986–1990 7927: 7404: 6416: 5866: 3059: 2955: 2784:

on 7 February 1856. By the turn of the century, the practice had spread to most Western democracies.

2731: 2265: 1613: 959: 862: 800: 564: 544: 414: 368: 263: 7620: 5547: 5466: 5187: 5027: 2880:

are methods to assess the validity of an election result statistically without the effort of a full

2376:

Academic research has generally found voter impersonation to be 'exceptionally rare' in the UK. The

2294:

of a voting machine to add malicious code that alters vote totals or favors a candidate in any way.

1030:. What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country, though the goal is often 8469: 7357: 7167: 6437:

Waldman, Michael; Karson, Kendall; Waldman, Michael; Singh, Jasleen; Karson, Kendall (2024-04-12).

5227: 3571: 2920: 2329: 2070: 2042: 2034: 2025: 1851:

that targeted minority neighborhoods in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York, Michigan, and Illinois. Like

1833: 1689: 1223: 1077: 852: 730: 720: 599: 579: 519: 514: 464: 434: 424: 62: 6384:"Elections Canada probing thousands of 2019 election ballots with unclear evidence of citizenship" 7238: 7122: 5986: 4907: 2983: 2723: 2377: 1554: 1503: 1449: 1306: 1064:

In national elections, successful electoral fraud on a sufficient scale can have the effect of a

954: 938: 893: 877: 715: 569: 559: 479: 323: 120: 7086: 4470: 3623:"When States Prefer Non-Citizens Over Citizens: Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia" 2349:

in office, South Africa's election compilation system was hacked, so they re-tabulated by hand.

1897: 8438: 8242: 8139: 7369: 3992: 3340: 2923:

numbers of voters verify that their intended vote matches both the electronic and paper votes.

2757: 2106: 1998: 1742: 1596: 1398: 923: 913: 872: 785: 780: 760: 645: 584: 549: 529: 449: 398: 378: 288: 253: 248: 7869: 3768: 8410: 8386: 7594: 7374: 7337: 7040: 3178:

Voters, Patrons and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832

2939: 2730:. She was accused of conspiring with election officials to ensure the victory of her party's 2138: 2099: 2016:

Another possible source of electoral confusion is multiple variations of voting by different

1990: 1798: 1693: 1655: 1238: 1233: 933: 918: 898: 805: 765: 725: 690: 685: 675: 665: 660: 650: 635: 630: 625: 604: 534: 524: 469: 429: 419: 383: 358: 348: 343: 333: 328: 313: 308: 283: 175: 155: 2202:

One of methods of electoral fraud is to destroy ballots for an opposing candidate or party.

8047: 7292: 7217: 5965: 4656: 4578: 4200: 4058: 3704:"Labour's response to #ToriesForCorbyn shows they really have lost the plot – Coffee House" 2602: 2502: 1494:

Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through

1339: 903: 831: 826: 795: 775: 770: 755: 750: 710: 705: 680: 670: 589: 509: 504: 494: 459: 444: 439: 393: 388: 318: 243: 96: 58: 4398:"Lynne Rienner Publishers – Elections for Sale The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying" 8: 8381: 8149: 7997: 7399: 7160: 6587: 6166:"Signature Verification and Mail Ballots: Guaranteeing Access While Preserving Integrity" 5719: 4908:

Analysis of the Election Data from the 6 November 2018 General Election in South Carolina

3200:

Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742–2004

3008: 2877: 2643:

Some of the main fraud prevention tactics can be summarised as secrecy and openness. The

2534: 2447: 2210: 2046: 2021: 1926: 1649: 1507: 1150: 1050: 1031: 908: 867: 790: 700: 609: 574: 539: 499: 474: 454: 373: 338: 303: 293: 273: 54: 7063:"The Way America Votes Is Broken. In One Rural County, a Nonprofit Showed a Way Forward" 2245:

supplied by voting stations would allow votes to be erased their votes from the ballot.

8425: 8144: 7800: 7482: 7342: 7287: 7134: 5486: 5310: 4940:

Everest: Evaluation and Validation of Election-Related Equipment, Standards and Testing

4780:"MLB says it has canceled as many as 65 million All-Star ballots | MLB | Sporting News" 4490: 3289: 3281: 2828: 2381: 1746: 1442: 1268: 928: 857: 489: 484: 258: 135: 6464:"Republicans aim to stop noncitizen voting in federal elections. It's already illegal" 5715:"Federal judge blocks N. Dakota's voter-ID law, calling it unfair to Native Americans" 3264:

Argersinger, Peter H. (1986). "New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age".

2847:

Critics note that observers cannot spot certain types of election fraud like targeted

2565:, but noted that it was not a coordinated effort and did not affect the result in any 2082:, or "ballot-box stuffing", is the illegal practice of one person submitting multiple 2009:, which used a very similar font for the party name written on the top of the ballot. 8233: 8107: 7530: 7477: 7305: 7300: 7212: 6808: 6706: 6260: 6252: 5991: 5490: 5436: 5398: 5371: 5361: 5127: 4693: 4343: 4179:"Conspiracy theorist Jacob Wohl pleads guilty to felony over 2020 election robocalls" 4106:"Fraudulent election calls traced to Racknine Inc., an Edmonton firm with Tory links" 4030: 3807: 3738: 3641: 3577: 3552: 3527: 3448: 3424: 3399: 3293: 3250: 3203: 2848: 2840:

permit various forms and extents of international and domestic election observation.

2566: 2443: 2254: 1860: 1558: 1384: 1248: 1218: 1145: 1101: 1027: 6954: 6562: 5152: 4748: 3098:

Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications

2938:

Another method to ensure the integrity of electronic voting machines is independent

2816:

would open the door towards forced voting and blackmail. End-to-end systems include

1565:

in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion". Shortly after, #ToriesForCorbyn

1529:, together with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of 1065: 8272: 8267: 8223: 8218: 8201: 8057: 8038: 8033: 7864: 7574: 7545: 7432: 7362: 7352: 7332: 7126: 6244: 5981: 5751: 5636: 5478: 5046: 4522: 4061: 4022: 3637: 3464: 3273: 2966: 2888: 2881: 2802: 2712:

range from 8 to 14. Investigation, prosecution and appeals can take over 10 years.

2669: 2558: 2017: 2002: 1976: 1932:

also made numerous claims of electoral fraud without evidence during and after the

1822: 1697: 1677: 1588: 1541: 1517:

Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance,

1409: 1404: 1321: 1288: 1258: 1243: 1200: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1155: 5579:"Analysis: Voter ID requirements are really popular. So why are they so divisive?" 5482: 4554:. Charters Towers, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 6 November 1883. p. 2 4047: 3645: 1664:

the Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription. The

8247: 8237: 8185: 8175: 8112: 8092: 7821: 7520: 7197: 6903: 4431: 4054: 3951: 2993: 2988: 2905: 2656: 2455: 2451: 1886: 1879: 1856: 1712: 1629: 1566: 1432: 1414: 1311: 1185: 1141: 189: 5779:"Now we know how bad voter fraud is in North Carolina | Charlotte Observer" 5249: 2672:

are a specific type of audit, with elements of both results and process audits.

2629:

The three main strategies for the prevention of electoral fraud in society are:

1116: 8479: 8448: 8376: 8334: 8308: 8262: 8129: 8097: 8082: 8072: 7990: 7579: 7535: 7452: 7018:"One Man's Quest to Break Open the Secretive World of American Voting Machines" 6616: 4686:

Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan

4610:. Charters Towers, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 5 March 1884. p. 2 4582:. Rockhampton, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 18 December 1883. p. 3 3018: 2911: 2852: 2824:, the latter being an add-on to optical scan systems instead of a replacement. 2762: 2346: 2313: 2279: 2278:

face threats of some form of electoral fraud. The types of threats that affect

2191: 2110: 1929: 1814: 1637: 1511: 1495: 1484: 1263: 1228: 1160: 6986: 6326:"Exclusive: High Rate of Absentee Ballot Rejection Reeks of Voter Suppression" 5903:"Securing the ballot, Report of Sir Eric Pickles' review into electoral fraud" 4026: 8463: 8366: 8339: 8318: 8252: 8180: 8117: 8028: 7499: 7442: 7130: 6356:"Elections Canada set to eliminate 100,000 non-citizens from voters registry" 6256: 5995: 5440: 5402: 5375: 5332:"Excerpt from Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election by Peter Harris" 4882:"South Carolina voting machines miscounted hundreds of ballots, report finds" 4689: 4601: 4573: 4545: 4517: 4157:"Mail-in voting became much more common in 2020 primaries as COVID-19 spread" 4034: 3742: 3514:"NVRI Files Amicus Brief in Federal Court Regarding Felon Disenfranchisement" 3131:

Silva, Marcos Fernandes da. "The political economy of corruption in Brazil".

2753: 2747: 2709: 2697: 2644: 2613: 2421: 2399: 2366: 2275: 1864: 1716: 1609: 1600: 1562: 1499: 1488: 1278: 1190: 1058: 170: 130: 8398: 8228: 8206: 8154: 8134: 8067: 7540: 7492: 7487: 7447: 7347: 7317: 7268: 6264: 5231: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2594: 2431: 2305: 2221: 2186: 1910: 1875: 1840: 1685: 1582: 1253: 5640: 5074: 4425: 8420: 8356: 8349: 8344: 8282: 8102: 8052: 7504: 7462: 7457: 7422: 7389: 7272: 5509:"Voter photo ID plan attacked as UK data shows no cases of impersonation" 5198: 2951: 2947: 2821: 2735: 2716: 2689: 2301: 1945: 1734: 1644: 1522: 1491:, students (studying full-time away from home), and some casual workers. 1131: 145: 140: 7087:"Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study" 4798:"Malawi anxiously awaits verdict on alleged presidential election fraud" 4315:"Barr says DOJ hasn't uncovered widespread voter fraud in 2020 election" 3803:

Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (And What We Can Do About It)

1855:

constituencies in general that year, minorities voted overwhelmingly by

1427: 8403: 8313: 8257: 8213: 8159: 8062: 8043: 7957: 7778:

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

7472: 7427: 7384: 7183: 6081: 4681: 3556: 3393: 3285: 2472:

Postal voting in the United States § Reliability of postal ballots

1994: 1871: 1836: 1620:

in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting.

1550: 1534: 1394: 1273: 1073: 1042: 160: 8277: 7138: 6248: 5982:"'Brokers' Exploit Absentee Voters; Elderly Are Top Targets for Fraud" 3361: 3154:

Electoral Manipulation and Regime Support: Survey Evidence from Russia

3110:

Lehoucq, Fabrice. "Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences".

2969:

where voters cannot be sure that counting inside is done as intended.

8087: 7394: 7322: 7282: 7263: 5429:"Ukraine election narrowly avoided 'wanton destruction' from hackers" 5051: 5034: 4215:"Conservative activists plead guilty in 2020 election robocall fraud" 3457: 3226:. Vol. 57. Journal of Politics. pp. 971–973. Archived from 2868: 2864: 2817: 2774: 2215: 2069:

A specialised ballot box used to assist ballot stuffing, featured in

1922: 1526: 1480: 1195: 1054: 7036:"The key to future election security starts with a roll of the dice" 6233:"Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison" 4574:"Colonial Telegrams [From Our Own Corresponden.] Queensland" 3522:. January 31, 2005. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. 3364:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. pp. 178–179. 3277: 3185:

The elimination of corrupt practices in British elections, 1868–1911

1925:. The Trump campaign lost numerous legal challenges to the results. 8122: 7467: 7437: 7207: 6874: 6762:"Should secret voting be mandatory? 'Yes' say political scientists" 6232: 5604:"Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws" 4753: 2965:

Testing and certification can prevent voting machines from being a

2781: 2598: 2291: 1848: 1592: 1518: 1283: 1108: 1023: 180: 150: 115: 6430: 5181: 5179: 2213:

in late 19th century Spain, the organized “loss” of voting slips (

2124:(NDS) recorded Ziaul Haq Amarkhel, the secretary of Afghanistan's 8415: 8361: 7982: 7379: 7277: 6077:"North Carolina ballot probe defendant now faces federal charges" 6039: 4715:"Analysis | Videos online show blatant ballot-stuffing in Russia" 4374:"Brazilian voters bombarded with misinformation days before vote" 2998: 2833: 2270:

Vote counting § Errors in direct-recording electronic voting

2065: 1980: 1625: 1570: 1069: 1038: 110: 4742: 4740: 3394:

Myagkov, Mikhail G.; Peter C. Ordeshook; Dimitri Shakin (2009).

2858: 7707: 6992:(Report). University of Michigan Center for Political Studies. 6952: 6231:

Sita, Jodi; Found, Bryan; Rogers, Douglas K. (September 2002).

5176: 5033:

Dobreva, Diyana; Grinnell, Daniel; Innes, Martin (6 May 2019).

5002:"Pencil or pen? An unusual conspiracy theory grips Brexit vote" 4076:"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981" 3915:"Florio's Defeat Revives Memories of G.O.P. Activities in 1981" 2770: 2468:

Election fraud in the United States § Mail-in ballot fraud

2408: 2394:

Electoral fraud in the United States § Voter impersonation

2083: 1986: 1696:, can reduce the impact of systemic electoral manipulation and 1316: 165: 6412:"Do states verify U.S. citizenship as a condition for voting?" 4238:"Trump's Pattern of Sowing Election Doubt Intensifies in 2024" 4135:"2 conservatives accused in hoax robocall scheme plead guilty" 3421:

Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation

2579:

Electoral fraud in the United States § Non-citizen voting

2145:

has had problems with ballot stuffing on occasion, such as in

1753:

to terrorize potential African American voters in some areas.

1647:, the Canadian government, led by the Union Party, passed the 1487:

those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers,

8014: 7667: 7327: 7152: 5747:"N.H. says once and for all that no one was bused in to vote" 5185: 5153:"Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuVote-TS Voting Machine" 4737: 4526:. National Library of Australia. 3 November 1883. p. 721 3871:"What is voter intimidation and how concerned should you be?" 1530: 1046: 5188:"Nedap/Groenendaal ES3B voting computer a security analysis" 4344:"US election security officials reject Trump's fraud claims" 3731:"Will Florida's Ex-Felons Finally Regain the Right to Vote?" 1640:, making it difficult or impossible for the person to vote. 8393: 8371: 7312: 6707:"Ex-judge convicted of vote fraud in Clay County disbarred" 6109:"Two women busted for election fraud in Miami-Dade in 2016" 5862:"Investigation: election day fraud 'virtually nonexistent'" 5660:"Debate over photo voter ID laws is enduring – and complex" 4758: 2612:

In many legislatures, voting is public, in contrast to the

2606: 2248: 2087: 1473: 7703:

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania

7117:

Philip Harling (May 1995). "Rethinking 'Old Corruption'".

6733:"Electoral sabotage case filed vs Arroyo, Ampatuan, Bedol" 5961:"Opinion: Let's put the vote-by-mail 'fraud' myth to rest" 5959:

McReynolds, Amber; Stewart III, Charles (April 28, 2020).

5128:"How can someone tamper with an electronic voting machine" 3220:

Political Corruption and Presidential Elections, 1929–1992

6588:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses Eighth Edition" 6436: 5685:"Voter ID Would Protect Voter's Rights, Not Inhibit Them" 7900:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

6514:"The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections" 6489:"The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections" 5248:

Bonsor and Strickland, Kevin and Jonathan (2007-03-12).

1966: 1819:

2011 Canadian federal election voter suppression scandal

1587:

The composition of an electorate may also be altered by

5980:

Journal, Glenn R. Simpson and Evan Perez (2000-12-19).

4824:"Malawi top court annuls presidential election results" 3445:

Democracy Protests: Origins, Features, and Significance

2636:

Deterrence through consistent and effective prosecution

1022:, involves illegal interference with the process of an 6904:"podmoskovnik: Cтатья о выборах из Троицкого Варианта" 5533:"Voter fraud measures announced in the Queen's speech" 4486:"Seeing Double on Ballot: Similar Names Sow Confusion" 4201:"Section 2913.05 - Ohio Revised Code | Ohio Laws" 3671:"Why Tories should join Labour and back Jeremy Corbyn" 2688:

in eight editions from 1976 to 2017, under Presidents

2450:

received 96.2% of votes in the election following the

7697:

Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program

7656:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

5958: 5247: 3769:"Autocratic Elections, Voters, and the Game of Fraud" 2892:

prevention strategies, such as in-person monitoring.

1643:

In the Canadian federal election of 1917, during the

7638:

Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory

6730: 5626: 5098:"Argonne researchers 'hack' Diebold e-voting system" 5032: 4372:

Savarese, Mauricio; Press, Associated (2022-10-25).

1722:

New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age

1521:

gave citizenship to immigrants from the neighboring

27:

Illegal interference with the process of an election

7839:

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011

6978: 6783:"Scrap the "secret" ballot – return to open voting" 6683:. United States Sentencing Commission. 2018-06-27. 6022:"Nursing home resident's son: 'That's voter fraud'" 3989:"Incidents Of Voter Intimidation & Suppression" 3799: 3396:

The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine

4749:"Cyber-stuffing remains threat to All-Star voting" 4631:"Button on e-voting machine allows multiple votes" 4012: 3419:Alvarez, Michael; Hall, Thad; Hyde, Susan (2008). 2297:Multiple groups have demonstrated this possibility 2090:in which only one ballot per person is permitted. 1727: 6814:. Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University. 6171:. Stanford University. 2020-04-15. Archived from 5629:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 5307:""Man in the Middle" Attacks to Subvert the Vote" 3941: 3939: 3482: 1671: 8461: 6405: 6403: 5391:"Election won by Mandela 'rigged by opposition'" 5095: 4800:. Radio France Internationale. 3 February 2020. 4229: 4048:Church Report (Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973) 3840:"Latest Issue on the Ballot: How to Hold a Vote" 3272:(4). The Academy of Political Science: 669–687. 6505: 6230: 5935:"A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting" 5809:(Press release). April 21, 2017. Archived from 5195:The We do not trust voting computers foundation 4236:Yourish, Karen; Smart, Charlie (May 24, 2024). 3418: 3169:Harling, Philip. "Rethinking "Old Corruption", 2639:Cultivation of mores that discourage corruption 2609:party members who voted for the Act's renewal. 1847:. The pair hired a firm to make nearly 85,000 7807:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption 7674:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption 7605:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations 7116: 6530: 5358:Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the '94 Election 5071:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3936: 3889:"Did bomb threat stifle vote? (Capital Times)" 1961:National Institute of Standards and Technology 7998: 7168: 7034:O'Neill, Patrick Howell (December 16, 2020). 6480: 6400: 5744: 5309:. Electiondefensealliance.org. Archived from 4855:. California Secretary of State. 2020-10-01. 4371: 3573:The History and Politics of Voting Technology 2859:Statistical indicators and election forensics 2738:, through the tampering of election returns. 2531:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 2316:to alter vote totals or favor any candidate. 2005:have been mixed with ballots from the larger 1954: 1450: 988: 43:The examples and perspective in this article 7910:United Nations Convention against Corruption 7890:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 6984: 6580: 6197:"Vote at Home Policy Actions: 1 and 2 Stars" 5712: 4235: 3964:"Intimidation and Deceptive Practices EP365" 3837: 3609:Judgments - Magill v. Porter Magill v. Weeks 3549:American Suffrage from Property to Democracy 2266:Vote counting § Errors in optical scans 1859:, many judging it a safer option during the 219:United Nations Convention against Corruption 7948:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 7783:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission 7627:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 7033: 6931:. Trvscience.ru. 2009-10-27. Archived from 6638: 6455: 5545: 4390: 3611:, 13 December 2001, accessed 3 October 2022 3263: 2895: 2624: 1832:Similarly in the United States, right-wing 1547:UK Labour Party leadership election in 2015 8005: 7991: 7795:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine 7691:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau 7175: 7161: 6617:"Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses" 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5464: 4445:"Florida recount: In the eye of the storm" 3546: 3216: 2867:can be indicators of election fraud—e.g., 2541:this issue before removing this message. 2228: 1533:; this controversial process was known as 1457: 1443: 1092: 995: 981: 6985:Hicken, Allen; Mebane, Walter R. (2017). 6189: 6074: 5804:"North Carolina State Board of Elections" 5657: 5620: 5243: 5241: 5050: 4074:Sullivan, Joseph F. (November 13, 1993). 3389: 3387: 3332: 3105:The hidden costs of clean election reform 3078:Learn how and when to remove this message 2243:alleged without evidence that the pencils 2197: 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 7725:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission 6609: 6536: 6377: 6375: 6287: 6285: 6160: 6158: 6130: 6013: 5952: 5576: 5465:James, Toby S.; Clark, Alistair (2020). 4937: 4312: 4073: 3912: 3447:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3197: 3152:Reuter, O., & Szakonyi, D. (2021). " 2686:Federal Prosecution of Election Offenses 2249:Tampering with electronic voting systems 2181: 2160: 2064: 2056: 1896: 1892: 1845:2020 United States presidential election 1745:deliberately contaminated salad bars in 1474:Artificial migration or party membership 7767:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission 7632:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) 7060: 6953:Walter R. Mebane, Jr.; Kirill Kalinin. 6868: 6866: 6864: 6806: 6511: 6486: 6409: 6138:"Judge hears testimony in Hawkins case" 5979: 5973: 5900: 5885: 5738: 5426: 5420: 5019: 4931: 4654: 4628: 3728: 3569: 3563: 3244: 2384:, which mandated photo identification. 14: 8462: 7855:Freedom of information laws by country 7772:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 7061:Huseman, Jessica (November 12, 2019). 6955:"Comparative Election Fraud Detection" 6872: 6681:"2018 Chapter 2 Part C, section 2C1.1" 6353: 6323: 6294:"Vote-By-Mail Ballots Cast in Florida" 6106: 5828: 5601: 5506: 5355: 5276:"Analysis of Electronic Voting System" 5238: 5125: 5119: 4999: 4993: 4746: 4712: 3412: 3384: 2461: 2360: 2096:1883 election for the district of Cook 7986: 7719:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar 7661:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 7590:International Anti-Corruption Academy 7156: 6698: 6673: 6598:from the original on October 12, 2020 6461: 6381: 6372: 6347: 6291: 6282: 6224: 6155: 6100: 5932: 5926: 5682: 5388: 5382: 5349: 5324: 5267: 5208:from the original on October 17, 2006 4905: 4899: 4879: 4873: 4842: 4483: 3868: 3781:from the original on 22 December 2015 3698: 3696: 3668: 3620: 3614: 3551:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton U. Press. 3359: 3338: 2496: 2479:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2415: 2194:, this is known as 'granny farming.' 1967:Misleading or confusing ballot papers 1788:Chilean presidential election of 1970 1576: 209:International Anti-Corruption Academy 7938:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 7933:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 7714:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 7644:National Anti-Corruption Observatory 6861: 6539:"Sanchez Elated as Probe Is Dropped" 6317: 6068: 5706: 5676: 5651: 5595: 5570: 5500: 4938:McDaniel; et al. (2007-12-07). 4830:from the original on 4 February 2020 4804:from the original on 3 February 2020 4680: 4655:Hickins, Michael (3 November 2006). 4463:"Sidolagda valsedlar inget lagbrott" 4365: 4086:from the original on October 6, 2020 4015:British Journal of Political Science 4006: 3766: 3140:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3133:Revista de Administração de Empresas 3034: 3004:Electoral fraud in the United States 2511: 2345:which brought majority rule and put 2259: 2241:, Leave-supporting voters in the UK 2072:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 2045:; and UK Parliamentary elections by 1934:2022 Brazilian presidential election 1917:of electoral fraud by supporters of 1684:Preferential voting systems such as 29: 7860:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 7755:National Anticorruption Directorate 7749:Anti-Corruption General Directorate 7054: 7027: 7010: 6809:"Consequences of the Secret Ballot" 6731:Jeannette I. Andrade (2011-11-18). 6592:United States Department of Justice 6565:. 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(January 2006). 3519:National Voting Rights Institute 3118: 3107:(Cornell University Press, 2008) 3039: 2973:machines are working correctly. 2917:voter-verified paper audit trail 2902:Certification of voting machines 2741: 2728:2007 Philippine general election 2516: 2387: 2122:National Directorate of Security 2039:Scottish parliamentary elections 1760: 1739:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 1618:Felons have been disenfranchised 1426: 1115: 269:Democratic Republic of the Congo 34: 7789:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera 7650:National Supervisory Commission 7099:from the original on 2014-02-21 6999:from the original on 2019-06-26 6967:from the original on 2015-02-05 6910:from the original on 2016-09-30 6885:from the original on 2012-10-24 6850:from the original on 2017-03-12 6821:from the original on 2016-10-11 6789:from the original on 2016-08-07 6743:from the original on 2018-05-19 6713:from the original on 2019-07-13 6687:from the original on 2019-07-13 6662:from the original on 2020-02-20 6627:from the original on 2019-07-13 6569:from the original on 2012-03-15 6563:"Is "Ghost" Voting Acceptable?" 6336:from the original on 2020-06-17 6306:from the original on 2020-12-02 6271:from the original on 2021-01-15 6213:from the original on 2020-06-06 6204:National Vote at Home Institute 6144:from the original on 2020-06-13 6119:from the original on 2020-06-02 6107:Mazzei, Patricia (2016-10-28). 6089:from the original on 2020-07-18 6057:from the original on 2019-10-01 6028:from the original on 2020-06-13 6002:from the original on 2020-06-12 5941:from the original on 2020-12-01 5915:from the original on 2020-08-17 5874:from the original on 2020-06-15 5842:from the original on 2020-06-05 5796: 5785:from the original on 2018-06-28 5771: 5727:from the original on 2016-08-02 5713:Rober Barnes (August 1, 2016). 5695:from the original on 2014-09-07 5546:Mayer, Jane (29 October 2012). 5539: 5525: 5458: 5447:from the original on 2020-10-13 5409:from the original on 2020-02-03 5336:Penguin SA @ Sunday Times Books 5299: 5288:from the original on 2021-01-15 5256:from the original on 2011-07-12 5220: 5165:from the original on 2015-02-05 5145: 5134:from the original on 2011-07-12 5108:from the original on 2012-05-09 5096:Jaikumar Vijayan (2011-09-28). 5089: 5059: 4963: 4952:from the original on 2019-07-15 4920:from the original on 2019-02-24 4888:from the original on 2020-02-05 4862:from the original on 2020-10-09 4816: 4790: 4772: 4706: 4674: 4648: 4622: 4594: 4566: 4538: 4510: 4477: 4455: 4436: 4419: 4408:from the original on 2021-01-15 4354:from the original on 2020-11-13 4336: 4325:from the original on 2020-12-01 4306: 4281: 4270:from the original on 2020-11-19 4252: 4207: 4193: 4171: 4149: 4127: 4116:from the original on 2020-03-26 4098: 4067: 4041: 3981: 3956: 3925:from the original on 2009-03-07 3906: 3881: 3831: 3820:from the original on 2021-01-15 3793: 3760: 3749:from the original on 2020-01-04 3722: 3662: 3630:International Studies Quarterly 3601: 3590:from the original on 2009-12-14 3490:"Article L113 - Code électoral" 3423:. 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Brennan Center for Justice. 3307: 3014:Foreign electoral intervention 2933: 2675: 2458:was an interim head of state. 2167:2019 Malawian general election 1939: 1676:Stanford University professor 1672:Division of opposition support 13: 1: 7845:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 7743:Central Anticorruption Bureau 6537:Wilgoren, Jodi (1998-02-05). 6512:Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06). 6487:Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06). 6354:Aiello, Rachel (2019-05-01). 6324:Wilkie, Jordan (2018-10-12). 5908:. United Kingdom Government. 5745:James Pindell (1 June 2018). 5683:Rousu, Matthew (2014-09-03). 5483:10.1080/01442872.2019.1694656 5433:The Christian Science Monitor 5389:Laing, Aislinn (2010-10-24). 3891:. Madison.com. Archived from 3838:Bialik, Carl (May 14, 2011). 3729:Bazelon, Emily (2018-09-26). 3362:"An Expanded Threat Taxonomy" 3360:Jones, Douglas (2005-10-07). 3339:Jones, Douglas (2005-10-07). 3301: 3062:and help improve the section. 2633:Auditing the election process 1803:Republican National Committee 1751:Lynching in the United States 1549:, where Conservative-leaning 7905:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 7895:International asset recovery 7679:Central Vigilance Commission 7234:Corruption Perceptions Index 6873:Lundin, Leigh (2008-08-17). 6382:Burke, Ashley (2021-01-03). 6292:Smith, Daniel (2018-09-18). 6237:Journal of Forensic Sciences 5933:Young, Ashley (2016-09-23). 5901:Pickles, Eric (2016-08-11). 5507:Walker, Peter (2023-04-03). 5427:Clayton, Mark (2014-06-17). 4977:. 2005-05-04. Archived from 4906:Buell, Duncan (2018-12-23). 4183:The Independent (US Edition) 3991:. 2006-11-08. Archived from 3800:Poundstone, William (2009). 3669:Young, Toby (17 June 2015). 3547:Williamson, Chilton (1968). 3142:(1999) 30#2 pp. 199–234 3114:(2003) 6#1 pp. 233–256. 3103:Schaffer, Frederic Charles. 2767:Constitution of the Year III 2304:, claiming fear of exposing 7: 7963:2017–2019 Romanian protests 6840:"Abolish the Secret Ballot" 6462:Parks, Miles (2024-04-12). 6410:Sherman, Amy (2020-12-07). 3341:"Threats to Voting Systems" 3266:Political Science Quarterly 3249:. Oxford University Press. 3135:(1999) 39#3 pp. 26–41. 2976: 2851:or manipulated software of 1792:Central Intelligence Agency 1773: 1289:Right to stand for election 1010:, sometimes referred to as 57:, discuss the issue on the 10: 8501: 7968:2017–2018 Russian protests 7600:Transparency International 7575:Global Financial Integrity 6443:Brennan Center for Justice 4602:"Telegraphic Intelligence" 3806:. Macmillan. p. 170. 3090: 2899: 2745: 2654: 2576: 2500: 2465: 2436:Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov 2419: 2391: 2364: 2352: 2286:Other approaches include: 2263: 2252: 1955:Voting process and results 1943: 1907:2020 presidential election 1807:Ballot Security Task Force 1580: 8434: 8327: 8291: 8194: 8168: 8021: 7928:2011 Azerbaijani protests 7918: 7878: 7829: 7820: 7613: 7567: 7558: 7513: 7415: 7405:Offshore financial centre 7256: 7247: 7226: 7208:Interest group corruption 7190: 6737:Philippine Daily Inquirer 6417:Austin American-Statesman 5867:The Philadelphia Inquirer 5126:Layton, J. (2006-09-22). 4430:October 21, 2006, at the 4027:10.1017/S0007123416000752 3950:October 26, 2006, at the 3774:. Yale Macmillan Center. 3532:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3315:"The Myth of Voter Fraud" 3247:The Era of Good Stealings 3146: 3128:(2000). pp. 611–644. 2956:open-source voting system 2921:statistically significant 2910:One method for verifying 2734:slate in the province of 2507: 2438:received 97.69% of votes 2035:single transferable votes 1614:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1540:A method of manipulating 8475:Organized crime activity 7870:Whistleblower protection 7358:Cryptocurrency and crime 6653:US Sentencing Commission 3198:Campbell, Tracy (2005). 2896:Voting machine integrity 2625:Detection and prevention 2330:man-in-the-middle attack 2239:EU membership referendum 2043:additional member system 2026:single transferable vote 1790:, the U.S. government's 1690:single transferable vote 7239:Economics of corruption 7123:Oxford University Press 7024:. Retrieved 2022-12-09. 5987:The Wall Street Journal 3844:The Wall Street Journal 3187:(Clarendon Press, 1962) 2984:Administrative resource 2758:free and fair elections 2724:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 2229:Invalidation of ballots 1504:Homes for votes scandal 1093:Electorate manipulation 121:Economics of corruption 7865:UK Bribery Act of 2010 7621:Oficina Anticorrupción 7370:Noble cause corruption 7227:Measures of corruption 7131:10.1093/past/147.1.127 6960:. Personal.umich.edu. 5548:"The Voter-Fraud Myth" 5356:Harris, Peter (2010). 3576:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3465:"52 U.S. Code § 20511" 3343:. University of Iowa. 2958:in the United States. 2765:and was a part of the 2434:, incumbent President 2380:government passed the 2198:Destruction of ballots 2105:A 2006 version of the 2076: 2062: 1999:Feministiskt initiativ 1909:, incumbent President 1902: 1743:Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh 1355:Next general elections 1083: 641:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8078:Intellectual property 7595:Mo Ibrahim Foundation 7375:Professional courtesy 7338:Honest services fraud 7041:MIT Technology Review 5641:10.1089/elj.2013.0231 5039:Policy & Internet 4447:. CNN. Archived from 3621:Sadiq, Kamal (2005). 3443:Dawn Brancati. 2016. 2940:software verification 2900:Further information: 2466:Further information: 2264:Further information: 2182:Misuse of proxy votes 2161:Misrecording of votes 2139:Major League Baseball 2100:Queensland, Australia 2068: 2060: 1900: 1893:False claims of fraud 1880:Cuyahoga County, Ohio 1870:On October 24, 2022, 1810:a ballot is a crime. 1799:Cook County, Illinois 1741:, where followers of 1694:instant-runoff voting 1692:, and in some cases, 1666:Wartime Elections Act 1656:Wartime Elections Act 1633:vulnerable to this). 1239:Boundary delimitation 1012:election manipulation 227:Corruption by country 176:State-corporate crime 156:Pyrrhic defeat theory 7559:Institutions dealing 7293:Conflict of interest 7218:Political corruption 5250:"How E-Voting Works" 4692:. pp. 649–650. 4579:The Morning Bulletin 4350:. 13 November 2020. 4266:. 19 November 2020. 4059:United States Senate 3183:O'Leary, Cornelius. 2878:Risk-limiting audits 2603:Enabling Act of 1933 2503:Non-citizen suffrage 2440:in the 2017 election 2237:In 2016, during the 2024:cross in a numbered 1915:baseless allegations 1865:personal information 1834:political operatives 1340:Elections by country 1051:acts which are legal 97:Political corruption 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 45:may not represent a 7400:Offshore investment 7092:. Libres.uncg.edu. 5720:The Washington Post 5395:The Daily Telegraph 5234:. October 31, 2006. 4850:"2 CCR 20983(c)(6)" 4719:The Washington Post 3767:Magaloni, Beatriz. 3675:The Daily Telegraph 3009:Electoral integrity 2462:Postal ballot fraud 2448:Mikheil Saakashvili 2361:Voter impersonation 2290:Tampering with the 2211:Bourbon Restoration 2047:first-past-the-post 2022:first-past-the-post 1927:President of Brazil 1661:Military Voters Act 1650:Military Voters Act 1508:City of Westminster 1433:Politics portal 1076:of democracy. In a 1032:election subversion 8426:White-collar crime 8292:Government-related 7801:Warioba Commission 7739:(Papua New Guinea) 7483:Regulatory capture 7288:Commercial bribery 7119:Past & Present 6881:. Criminal Brief. 6646:"Sentencing Table" 5759:on 26 October 2018 5077:on 21 October 2006 4607:The Northern Miner 4551:The Northern Miner 4491:The New York Times 4242:The New York Times 4080:The New York Times 4053:2009-09-11 at the 3919:The New York Times 3735:The New York Times 3494:legifrance.gouv.fr 3171:Past & Present 3096:Simpser, Alberto. 2829:election observers 2682:Justice Department 2601:powers due to the 2497:Non-citizen voting 2416:Artificial results 2382:Elections Act 2022 2077: 2063: 2033:are determined by 1903: 1883:Common Pleas Court 1878:pleaded guilty in 1827:Conservative Party 1747:The Dalles, Oregon 1709:Voter intimidation 1597:former Confederacy 1577:Disenfranchisement 136:Influence peddling 103:Forms and concepts 8485:Voter suppression 8457: 8456: 8195:Financial-related 7980: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7816: 7815: 7554: 7553: 7531:Election security 7478:Political scandal 7213:Police corruption 6875:"Dangerous Ideas" 6764:. 26 October 2020 6594:. December 2017. 6543:Los Angeles Times 6249:10.1520/JFS15521J 6020:Bender, William. 5816:on April 25, 2017 5664:Spectrum News NY1 5367:978-1-4152-0102-2 4443:Lacayo, Richard. 3813:978-0-8090-4892-2 3430:978-0-81-570138-5 3405:978-0-521-76470-4 3256:978-0-19-507503-8 3209:978-0-78-671591-6 3176:O'Gorman, Frank. 3088: 3087: 3080: 2863:Various forms of 2849:voter suppression 2670:Election recounts 2555: 2554: 2533:. Please help to 2525:This section may 2260:General tampering 2255:Election security 2018:electoral systems 1861:COVID-19 pandemic 1698:political duopoly 1510:in England under 1467: 1466: 1385:Election security 1368:elections in 2024 1322:Electoral systems 1249:Electoral college 1219:Anonymous elector 1028:voter suppression 1005: 1004: 972: 971: 279:Equatorial Guinea 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 8492: 8447: 8446: 8022:Business-related 8007: 8000: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7827: 7826: 7565: 7564: 7546:Vote suppression 7433:Crony capitalism 7363:Hawala and crime 7353:Money laundering 7333:Graft (politics) 7313:Confidence trick 7254: 7253: 7248:Forms or aspects 7177: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7142: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7031: 7025: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6870: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6650: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6379: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6305: 6299:. ACLU Florida. 6298: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6243:(5): 1117–1124. 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5755:. Archived from 5752:The Boston Globe 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5477:(2–3): 190–209. 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5158:. Jhalderm.com. 5157: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052:10.1002/poi3.203 5031: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4981:on 19 April 2016 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4782:. Archived from 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4661:InternetNews.com 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4523:The Queenslander 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4494:. Archived from 4481: 4475: 4474: 4469:. Archived from 4459: 4453: 4452: 4440: 4434: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4139:Associated Press 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4071: 4065: 4062:Church Committee 4045: 4039: 4038: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995:on April 4, 2007 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3966:. Archived from 3960: 3954: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3895:on March 4, 2009 3885: 3879: 3878: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3706:. 24 June 2015. 3700: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3644:. Archived from 3627: 3618: 3612: 3607:House of Lords, 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3391: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3311: 3297: 3260: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3232: 3225: 3213: 3083: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3058:Please read the 3054:may need cleanup 3043: 3042: 3035: 2887:Though election 2882:election recount 2803:chain of custody 2559:Elections Canada 2550: 2547: 2520: 2519: 2512: 2120:, Afghanistan's 2003:Sweden Democrats 1977:butterfly ballot 1823:Elections Canada 1678:Beatriz Magaloni 1589:disenfranchising 1542:primary contests 1459: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1430: 1410:Election science 1405:Electoral reform 1259:Election silence 1244:Crossover voting 1201:Two-round system 1119: 1097: 1096: 997: 990: 983: 965:Papua New Guinea 746:Northern Ireland 233: 232: 93: 92: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8470:Electoral fraud 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8430: 8387:honest services 8323: 8287: 8190: 8164: 8017: 8011: 7981: 7972: 7920: 7914: 7882: 7880: 7874: 7831: 7822:Anti-corruption 7812: 7609: 7561:with corruption 7560: 7550: 7526:Electoral fraud 7521:Ballot stuffing 7509: 7411: 7249: 7243: 7222: 7198:Corporate crime 7186: 7181: 7151: 7146: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7071: 7069: 7059: 7055: 7046: 7044: 7032: 7028: 7015: 7011: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6979: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6888: 6886: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6851: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6792: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6699: 6690: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6630: 6628: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6599: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6545: 6535: 6531: 6522: 6520: 6518:Washington Post 6510: 6506: 6497: 6495: 6493:Washington Post 6485: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6460: 6456: 6447: 6445: 6435: 6431: 6422: 6420: 6408: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6380: 6373: 6364: 6362: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6337: 6322: 6318: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6147: 6145: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6073: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5978: 5974: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5942: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5886: 5877: 5875: 5858: 5854: 5845: 5843: 5836:"Who Can Vote?" 5834: 5833: 5829: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5788: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5696: 5681: 5677: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5652: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5608:FiveThirtyEight 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5535:. May 14, 2021. 5531: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5515: 5505: 5501: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5448: 5425: 5421: 5412: 5410: 5387: 5383: 5368: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5190: 5184: 5177: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5135: 5124: 5120: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5006:Washington Post 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4478: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4441: 4437: 4432:Wayback Machine 4424: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4355: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4264:Hindustan Times 4258: 4257: 4253: 4234: 4230: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4055:Wayback Machine 4046: 4042: 4011: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952:Wayback Machine 3944: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3545: 3541: 3525: 3524: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3392: 3385: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3278:10.2307/2151546 3257: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3210: 3202:. Basic Books. 3194: 3180:(Oxford, 1989). 3166: 3158:World Politics. 3149: 3121: 3093: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3050:Further reading 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031:Further reading 3028: 2994:Carousel voting 2989:Branch stacking 2979: 2954:has created an 2936: 2908: 2906:Election audits 2898: 2861: 2853:voting machines 2827:In many cases, 2798: 2750: 2744: 2678: 2659: 2657:Election audits 2653: 2651:Election audits 2627: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2474: 2464: 2456:Nino Burjanadze 2454:while his ally 2452:Rose Revolution 2424: 2418: 2396: 2390: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2339: 2280:voting machines 2272: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2231: 2200: 2184: 2163: 2080:Ballot stuffing 2055: 2053:Ballot stuffing 2031:Local elections 1969: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1895: 1887:Cuyahoga County 1857:absentee ballot 1813:Another use of 1784: 1776: 1763: 1730: 1706: 1674: 1585: 1579: 1476: 1463: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1415:Paper candidate 1390:Electoral fraud 1380: 1372: 1371: 1345:Close elections 1335: 1327: 1326: 1312:Political party 1302: 1294: 1293: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1127: 1102:Politics series 1095: 1086: 1078:narrow election 1008:Electoral fraud 1001: 845:Central America 741:North Macedonia 190:Anti-corruption 126:Electoral fraud 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8498: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8345:Counterfeiting 8342: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8172: 8170: 8169:Family-related 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8048:Pharmaceutical 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8010: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7833: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7580:Global Witness 7577: 7571: 7569: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Gerrymandering 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7453:Ghost soldiers 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7150: 7149:External links 7147: 7145: 7144: 7109: 7078: 7053: 7026: 7009: 6977: 6945: 6920: 6895: 6860: 6831: 6799: 6774: 6753: 6723: 6697: 6672: 6637: 6608: 6579: 6554: 6529: 6504: 6479: 6454: 6429: 6399: 6371: 6346: 6316: 6281: 6223: 6188: 6154: 6129: 6099: 6067: 6053:. 2005-04-04. 6038: 6012: 5972: 5951: 5925: 5884: 5852: 5827: 5795: 5770: 5737: 5705: 5675: 5650: 5635:(4): 460–475. 5619: 5594: 5569: 5552:The New Yorker 5538: 5524: 5499: 5471:Policy Studies 5457: 5419: 5381: 5366: 5348: 5323: 5298: 5266: 5237: 5219: 5175: 5144: 5118: 5088: 5058: 5045:(2): 144–164. 5018: 4992: 4962: 4930: 4898: 4872: 4841: 4826:. Al Jazeera. 4815: 4789: 4786:on 2015-10-25. 4771: 4736: 4705: 4698: 4673: 4647: 4635:East Bay Times 4621: 4593: 4565: 4537: 4509: 4476: 4473:on 2009-06-15. 4454: 4451:on 2011-06-22. 4435: 4418: 4389: 4364: 4335: 4305: 4295:. 22 June 2020 4280: 4251: 4228: 4221:. 2022-10-25. 4206: 4192: 4185:. 2022-10-25. 4170: 4163:. 2022-10-24. 4148: 4141:. 2022-10-24. 4126: 4112:. 2012-02-23. 4097: 4066: 4040: 4021:(3): 857–881. 4005: 3980: 3955: 3935: 3905: 3880: 3861: 3830: 3812: 3792: 3759: 3721: 3692: 3661: 3613: 3600: 3582: 3562: 3539: 3505: 3481: 3456: 3453:978-1107137738 3436: 3429: 3411: 3404: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3331: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3261: 3255: 3242: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3164:United Kingdom 3162: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3047: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3019:Gerrymandering 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2935: 2932: 2912:voting machine 2897: 2894: 2860: 2857: 2797: 2794: 2763:ancient Greece 2746:Main article: 2743: 2740: 2710:offense levels 2684:has published 2677: 2674: 2655:Main article: 2652: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2589: 2588:In legislature 2586: 2574: 2571: 2553: 2552: 2546:September 2024 2537:. Discuss and 2524: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2498: 2495: 2463: 2460: 2420:Main article: 2417: 2414: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2372:United Kingdom 2370: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347:Nelson Mandela 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2314:voting machine 2310: 2309: 2308: 2298: 2276:voting systems 2261: 2258: 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2230: 2227: 2199: 2196: 2192:United Kingdom 2183: 2180: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2136: 2129: 2114: 2111:voting machine 2103: 2054: 2051: 1968: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1930:Jair Bolsonaro 1913:made numerous 1894: 1891: 1815:disinformation 1783: 1782:Disinformation 1780: 1775: 1772: 1762: 1759: 1729: 1726: 1705: 1702: 1673: 1670: 1638:electoral roll 1612:era until the 1606:Reconstruction 1578: 1575: 1512:Shirley Porter 1500:marginal seats 1496:public housing 1485:disenfranchise 1475: 1472: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1447: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1307:Administration 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264:Gerrymandering 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1139: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1059:Show elections 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 992: 985: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 968: 967: 962: 957: 949: 948: 944: 943: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 888: 887: 883: 882: 881: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 847: 846: 842: 841: 840: 839: 834: 829: 821: 820: 816: 815: 814: 813: 811:United Kingdom 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 656:Czech Republic 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 620: 619: 615: 614: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 409: 408: 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 238: 237: 229: 228: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 193: 192: 186: 185: 184: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 105: 104: 100: 99: 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8497: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8450: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8382:Mail and wire 8380: 8378: 8377:Impersonation 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Fraud factory 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Shill bidding 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Telemarketing 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Ghost network 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8073:Impersonation 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8003: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7879:International 7877: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7785:(South Korea) 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568:International 7566: 7563: 7557: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:State capture 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443:Elite capture 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250:of corruption 7246: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7019: 7013: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6935:on 2013-04-23 6934: 6930: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6817: 6810: 6807:Todd Davies. 6803: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6763: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6178:on 2020-04-18 6174: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5646:requirements. 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5313:on 2015-07-21 5312: 5308: 5302: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5102:Computerworld 5099: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4858: 4851: 4845: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4699:9780143132509 4695: 4691: 4690:Penguin Group 4687: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4498:on 2009-03-04 4497: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4111: 4110:National Post 4107: 4101: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3970:on 2008-01-21 3969: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3651:on 2008-06-14 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3583:1-4039-6392-4 3579: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3388: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3233:on 2016-03-04 3229: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3192:United States 3186: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119:Latin America 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3079: 3071: 3061: 3060:editing guide 3055: 3051: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944:certification 2941: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2754:secret ballot 2749: 2748:Secret ballot 2742:Secret ballot 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2645:secret ballot 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614:secret ballot 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597:achieved his 2596: 2585: 2580: 2573:United States 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2422:Show election 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2400:voter ID laws 2395: 2388:United States 2385: 2383: 2379: 2368: 2367:Voter ID laws 2358: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:trade secrets 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:All-Star Game 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1761:Legal threats 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717:remote voting 1714: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1601:literacy test 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:Jeremy Corbyn 1561:and vote for 1560: 1556: 1555:Conservatives 1552: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1471: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279:Secret ballot 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224:Apportionment 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 998: 993: 991: 986: 984: 979: 978: 976: 975: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 950: 946: 945: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 891: 890: 889: 886:South America 885: 884: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 848: 844: 843: 838: 837:United States 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 823: 822: 819:North America 818: 817: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 621: 617: 616: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 406: 405: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Guinea-Bissau 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 240: 239: 235: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 191: 188: 187: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:State capture 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 131:Elite capture 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 95: 94: 85: 82: 74: 71:December 2022 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8303: 8207:lottery scam 8140:Tech support 8130:Racketeering 7710:(Madagascar) 7634:(Bangladesh) 7541:Vote pairing 7525: 7493:Rent-setting 7488:Rent-seeking 7448:Failed state 7348:Match fixing 7318:Embezzlement 7297:Corporation 7269:Black market 7118: 7112: 7101:. Retrieved 7081: 7070:. Retrieved 7066: 7056: 7045:. Retrieved 7039: 7029: 7021: 7012: 7001:. Retrieved 6980: 6969:. Retrieved 6948: 6937:. Retrieved 6933:the original 6923: 6912:. Retrieved 6898: 6887:. Retrieved 6878: 6852:. Retrieved 6844:The Atlantic 6843: 6834: 6823:. Retrieved 6802: 6791:. Retrieved 6777: 6766:. Retrieved 6756: 6745:. Retrieved 6736: 6726: 6715:. Retrieved 6700: 6689:. Retrieved 6675: 6664:. Retrieved 6652: 6640: 6629:. Retrieved 6621:votewell.net 6620: 6611: 6600:. Retrieved 6582: 6571:. Retrieved 6557: 6546:. Retrieved 6542: 6532: 6521:. Retrieved 6517: 6507: 6496:. Retrieved 6492: 6482: 6471:. Retrieved 6467: 6457: 6446:. Retrieved 6442: 6439:"Here's Why" 6432: 6421:. Retrieved 6415: 6391:. Retrieved 6387: 6363:. Retrieved 6359: 6349: 6338:. Retrieved 6330:Who What Why 6329: 6319: 6308:. Retrieved 6273:. Retrieved 6240: 6236: 6226: 6215:. Retrieved 6206:. May 2020. 6203: 6191: 6180:. Retrieved 6173:the original 6146:. Retrieved 6132: 6121:. Retrieved 6113:Miami Herald 6112: 6102: 6091:. Retrieved 6080: 6070: 6059:. Retrieved 6050: 6041: 6030:. Retrieved 6015: 6004:. Retrieved 5985: 5975: 5964: 5954: 5943:. Retrieved 5928: 5917:. Retrieved 5876:. Retrieved 5865: 5855: 5844:. Retrieved 5830: 5818:. Retrieved 5811:the original 5798: 5787:. Retrieved 5773: 5761:. Retrieved 5757:the original 5750: 5740: 5729:. Retrieved 5718: 5708: 5697:. Retrieved 5688: 5678: 5667:. Retrieved 5663: 5653: 5644: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5611:. Retrieved 5607: 5597: 5586:. Retrieved 5582: 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5551: 5541: 5527: 5516:. Retrieved 5513:the Guardian 5512: 5502: 5494: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5449:. Retrieved 5432: 5422: 5411:. Retrieved 5394: 5384: 5357: 5351: 5340:. Retrieved 5338:. 2010-10-25 5335: 5326: 5315:. Retrieved 5311:the original 5301: 5290:. Retrieved 5269: 5258:. Retrieved 5232:Miami Herald 5222: 5212:February 17, 5210:. Retrieved 5194: 5167:. Retrieved 5147: 5136:. Retrieved 5121: 5110:. Retrieved 5101: 5091: 5079:. Retrieved 5075:the original 5061: 5042: 5038: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 5005: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4979:the original 4974: 4965: 4954:. Retrieved 4933: 4922:. Retrieved 4901: 4890:. Retrieved 4875: 4864:. Retrieved 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4792: 4784:the original 4774: 4762:. Retrieved 4752: 4727:. Retrieved 4718: 4708: 4685: 4676: 4664:. Retrieved 4660: 4650: 4638:. Retrieved 4634: 4624: 4612:. Retrieved 4605: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4577: 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4549: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4521: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4496:the original 4489: 4479: 4471:the original 4466: 4457: 4449:the original 4438: 4421: 4410:. Retrieved 4401: 4392: 4381:. Retrieved 4377: 4367: 4356:. Retrieved 4347: 4338: 4327:. Retrieved 4318: 4308: 4297:. Retrieved 4292: 4283: 4272:. Retrieved 4263: 4254: 4241: 4231: 4218: 4209: 4195: 4182: 4173: 4160: 4151: 4138: 4129: 4118:. Retrieved 4109: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4079: 4069: 4043: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3997:. Retrieved 3993:the original 3983: 3972:. Retrieved 3968:the original 3958: 3927:. Retrieved 3918: 3908: 3897:. Retrieved 3893:the original 3883: 3874: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3843: 3833: 3822:. Retrieved 3802: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3762: 3751:. Retrieved 3734: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3683:. Retrieved 3674: 3664: 3653:. Retrieved 3646:the original 3633: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3592:. Retrieved 3572: 3565: 3548: 3542: 3517: 3508: 3497:. Retrieved 3493: 3484: 3473:. Retrieved 3471:. 1993-05-20 3468: 3459: 3444: 3439: 3420: 3414: 3395: 3373:. Retrieved 3349:. Retrieved 3334: 3323:. Retrieved 3309: 3269: 3265: 3246: 3235:. 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