550:, the intelligence agency of the SS, stated that the reason for the sudden halt was a meeting called by Tuka on 11 August 1942. At that meeting, Tuka and the secretary-general of the Industrial Union told the ministers that Slovakia's economy could not withstand continued deportation of the Jews, causing the council to order the halt. Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, Slovakia sent about 57,700 Jews to Nazi concentration camps. However, in September 1944, the deportation of Slovak Jews was resumed; by the end of the war in April 1945, about 13,500 additional Jews were deported.
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602:, a Slovak historian of the war, said that Tuka's multiple posts "were all very well paid"; the offices of Foreign Minister and central committee member of HSĽS both paid over 10,000 Slovak crowns a month, he said. Although Kamenec refused to speculate on the size of Tuka's dormant account, he noted that Tuka's living requirements were modest.
502:, or Jewish Code) of the 9th of September 1941, which comprised 270 articles comprehensively denying rights to Slovak Jews. The Code was longer than the Slovak Constitution. It required that Jews wear the yellow star, annulled all debts owed to Jews, confiscated Jewish property, and expelled Jews from Bratislava, the Slovak capital.
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On 3 September 1940 Tuka led the Slovak
Assembly to enact Constitutional Law 210, a law authorizing the government to do everything necessary to exclude Jews from the economic and social life of the country. Previous laws had already stripped them of political participation. On 24 November that year
579:
On 21 July 1997, after two years of lobbying, Slovak Jewish leaders persuaded the Czech cabinet to return property belonging to Slovak victims of the
Holocaust. That month, the Swiss Bankers Association published a list of World War II–era Swiss bank account holders with dormant accounts;
570:
At the end of the war, having already suffered a stroke which confined him to a wheelchair, he emigrated together with his wife, nursing attendants, and personal doctor to
Austria, where he was arrested by Allied troops following the capitulation of Germany and handed over to the officials of the
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of 18 October 1918) by which Slovak representatives officially joined the newly founded state of
Czechoslovakia. This annex, according to Tuka, stated that the declaration was, by agreement, to be valid for only ten years; after 30 October 1928, he claimed, Prague's writ would no longer run in
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that the funds from the account should be allocated by an international council of justice. Jozef Weiss, head of the
Association's office, said that the Association did not believe it had the legal or moral right to take money from Tuka's private account to repay a wrong done by the Slovak
558:
By 1943, Tuka's health had deteriorated to a point where his political activities were significantly diminished and at the beginning of 1944, he was planning his resignation. After large negotiations about his successor, he resigned on 5 September 1944, a few days after the outbreak of the
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on 28 July 1940, resulted in closer collaboration with
Germany, and in Tuka and other political leaders increasing their powers at the expense of Tiso's original concept of a Catholic corporate state. Tuka attended the conference, as did Hitler, Tiso,
543:
The deportation of Slovak Jews was halted in
October 1942, at the order of the Slovak Council of Ministers. A number of reasons for the sudden decision have been posited, including pressure from Slovak clergy. A report by the Bratislava
379:. Growing separatist sentiment would later enable Tuka's rise to power. In 1919, he was elected to the Presidium of the Countrywide Christian Socialist Party as nominee of the Slovak section. In 1923, he founded the organization
463:, head of the local German minority. The agreement called for dual command by the Slovak People's Party and the Hlinka Guard (HSĽS), and also an acceleration in Slovakia's anti-Jewish policies. The Reich appointed
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as the German representative in
Slovakia. Tiso accepted these changes in a subsequent conversation with Hitler. As a result of the conference, two state agencies were created to deal with "Jewish affairs".
419:
On 9 March 1939 Czech troops moved into
Slovakia in reaction to radical calls for independence from Slovak agitators (including Tuka, who had recently been released from prison). On 13 March
400:
Slovakia. The Prague government charged Tuka with espionage and high treason. Tuka was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment; he served about ten years of that sentence.
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as a protectorate. Tiso became Prime
Minister of the new Slovak state on 14 March 1939; he was chosen as president on 26 October 1939 and immediately appointed Tuka as Prime Minister.
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in which he justified ongoing deportations of Slovak Jews. Hitler commented after this speech "It is interesting how this little Catholic priest Tiso is sending us the Jews!".
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revived by Tuka. Twenty thousand Jews were to be deported under the German resettlement scheme, for which the Slovak government was to pay five hundred
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524:, Tuka, who was vice-chairman of the Slovak People's Party, encouraged ever-closer cooperation of the Party with Germany, supported by the
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On 1 January 1928 Tuka published an article titled "Vacuum Juris", alleging that there had been a suppressed annex to the 30 October 1918 "
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292:(4 July 1880 – 20 August 1946) was a Slovak politician who served as prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs of the
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government. Instead, Weiss suggested, the money should be used to pay for the upkeep of the graves of Slovak soldiers who
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Slovakia was the first state outside of direct German control to agree to the deportation of its Jewish citizens.
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Tuka and von Ribbentrop signed a protocol entering Slovakia into alliance with Germany, Japan, and Italy. In 1940
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František Alexander, executive chairman of Slovakia's Central Association of Jewish Religious Communities, told
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per deportee. Tiso was perfectly aware of the deportations orchestrated by Tuka. In 1942 Tiso gave a speech in
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567:(a distant relative of president Jozef Tiso). From then on, Tuka no longer took part in Slovak political life.
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563:. As he was prime minister at the time, the resignation involved the whole government. Tuka was replaced by
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818:. Vol. 109, no. 34. Bangor, Maine: Bangor Publishing. Associated Press. 25 July 1997. p. A6
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renewed Czechoslovakia. Following a brief trial, Vojtech Tuka was executed by hanging on 20 August 1946.
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on 14 March by an act of the Slovak Assembly. The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was incorporated into the
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383:("Home Guard"), an armed militia. Tuka was also a deputy to the Czechoslovak parliament.
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Aronson, Shlomo (2001). "Europa Plan". In Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.).
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between 1939 and 1945. Tuka was one of the main forces behind the deportation of Slovak
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Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia.
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fighting alongside the Nazis against the Soviet forces on the Eastern Front.
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950:. Ina Friedman and Haya Galai, trans. Oxford University Press US.
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Hitler's Hangman. The Life of Heydrich. Robert Gerwarth, page 261)
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Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture
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Dwork, DebĂłrah; Pelt, Robert Jan; Van Pelt, Robert Jan (2003).
863:. David Paul Daniel, trans. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci.
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969:(in Slovak). B.m.: b. v., (1929). 1847 p. - available at
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the list included the name of Vojtech Tuka, according to
786:"Jewish leaders decide not to pursue Tuka's Swiss stash"
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The Slovak Republic and Tuka's rise to political power
948:
The Holocaust: the fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945
812:"Jews angry Swiss bank list includes possible Nazis"
423:took advantage of this "Homolov Putsch", prompting
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459:, Alexander Mach (head of the Hlinka Guards), and
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1776:Executed Slovak collaborators with Nazi Germany
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308:. He was the leader of the radical wing of the
446:, concluded between Slovakia and the Reich in
431:priest deposed by the Czech troops—to declare
415:meets Tiso and Tuka in Bratislava, August 1940
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934:Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
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387:Espionage allegations and first jail sentence
1781:People executed by Czechoslovakia by hanging
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58:26 October 1939 – 5 September 1944
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861:Slovak History: chronology & lexicon
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397:Czechoslovak declaration of independence
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476:Tuka and the persecution of Slovak Jews
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375:in late 1918, he joined the autonomist
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340:). He studied law at universities in
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320:Tuka, sometimes referred to by the
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1756:Holocaust perpetrators in Slovakia
1721:People from the Kingdom of Hungary
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1726:Slovak People's Party politicians
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784:BorskĂ˝, Daniel (14 August 1997).
908:Frucht, Richard C., ed. (2005).
792:. Bratislava, Slovakia: The Rock
665:The History of the Jewish People
1665:History of the Jews in Slovakia
1040:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
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748:Ward (2013) p. 8 and pp. 234-7.
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395:" (the Slovak version of the
360:and—from 1914 to 1919—at the
35:Vojtech Tuka in October 1939
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1731:Prime ministers of Slovakia
1027:Prime Ministers of Slovakia
987:20th Century Press Archives
96:Minister of Foreign Affairs
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900:Evans, Richard J. (2009).
842:The Holocaust Encyclopedia
661:"Jewish History 1940–1949"
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1035:Slovak Socialist Republic
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930:Ward, James Mace (2013).
916:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
844:. Yale University Press.
554:Fall from power and death
338:Štiavnické Bane, Slovakia
290:Vojtech Lázar "Béla" Tuka
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714:Dwork (2003) pp, 168–169
700:Yahil (1991) pp. 179–181
649:Ward (2013) pp. 211-213.
631:Ward (2013) pp. 102-105.
561:Slovak National Uprising
518:Nazi concentration camps
240:Cause of death
1771:Executed mass murderers
1675:Presidential exemptions
1637:Partisan Congress riots
1395:Central Economic Office
902:The Third Reich at War.
509:Hitler and Tuka in 1941
324:name BĂ©la, was born in
304:concentration camps in
1557:Michael Dov Weissmandl
1340:Massacres and roundups
859:Bartl, JĂşlius (2002).
659:Birnbaum, Eli (2006).
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457:Joachim von Ribbentrop
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362:Elizabethan University
306:German occupied Poland
1362:Kremnička and Nemecká
640:Evans (2009) p. 395.
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310:Slovak People's Party
294:First Slovak Republic
262:Slovak People's Party
1599:Karel František Koch
946:Yahil, Leni (1991).
882:Holocaust: a history
790:The Slovak Spectator
769:Yahil (1991), p. 401
739:Frucht (2005) p. 298
622:Bartl (2002) p. 132.
589:The Slovak Spectator
244:Execution by hanging
1685:Tiso's HolĂÄŤ speech
1420:Emergency Divisions
971:ULB Digital Library
688:Bartl (2002) p. 142
528:, successor to the
444:Salzburg Conference
433:Slovak independence
119:Ferdinand ÄŽurÄŤanskĂ˝
1594:Pavel Peter GojdiÄŤ
1376:Major perpetrators
1352:List of transports
575:Swiss bank account
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356:, teaching law in
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186:Kingdom of Hungary
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957:978-0-19-504523-9
940:978-0-8014-4988-8
923:978-1-57607-800-6
893:978-0-393-32524-9
870:978-0-86516-444-4
851:978-0-300-08432-0
816:Bangor Daily News
547:Sicherheitsdienst
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1542:Working Group
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1534:Jewish Center
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1500:Josef Witiska
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1258:The Holocaust
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1055:Peter Colotka
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966:V. Tuka Trial
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20:
1490:Vojtech Tuka
1489:
1415:Hlinka Guard
1273:In Slovakia
1193:Ä˝udovĂt Ă“dor
1187:Eduard Heger
1181:Igor MatoviÄŤ
1085:(within the
1038:(within the
965:
947:
931:
911:
901:
881:
860:
841:
834:Bibliography
833:
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
806:
794:. Retrieved
789:
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744:
719:
668:. Retrieved
664:
654:
645:
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627:
618:
610:
609:
600:Ivan Kamenec
598:
594:died in vain
588:
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545:
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526:Hlinka Guard
515:
512:
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489:
479:
465:Stormtrooper
441:
421:Adolf Hitler
418:
390:
370:
337:
319:
316:Early career
289:
288:
213:(1946-08-20)
131:
103:
84:Succeeded by
53:
23:Vojtech Tuka
1711:1946 deaths
1706:1880 births
1503: [
1495:Anton Vašek
1468: [
1450:Izidor Koso
1437:Individuals
1199:Robert Fico
1189:(2021–2023)
1183:(2020–2021)
1177:(2018–2020)
1171:(2012–2018)
1169:Robert Fico
1165:(2010–2012)
1159:(2006–2010)
1157:Robert Fico
1153:(1998–2006)
1147:(1994–1998)
1135:(1993–1994)
1110:(1991–1992)
1104:(1990–1991)
1075:(1989–1990)
1063:(1988–1989)
1061:Ivan Knotek
1057:(1969–1988)
565:Ĺ tefan Tiso
437:Third Reich
330:Hont County
250:Nationality
182:Hont County
175:4 July 1880
114:Preceded by
89:Ĺ tefan Tiso
74:Preceded by
1700:Categories
1485:Jozef Tiso
1357:Bratislava
1305:Elsewhere
822:1 February
796:1 February
670:2011-01-31
606:References
534:Reichsmark
496:Judenkodex
425:Jozef Tiso
366:Bratislava
276:Profession
268:Occupation
228:Bratislava
218:Bratislava
171:1880-07-04
78:Jozef Tiso
67:Jozef Tiso
1614:Aftermath
1309:Auschwitz
1096:Milan ÄŚiÄŤ
1073:Milan ÄŚiÄŤ
530:Rodobrana
381:Rodobrana
328:, in the
326:Hegybánya
178:Hegybánya
132:In office
104:In office
63:President
54:In office
1627:Violence
1604:Oľšavica
1581:Rescuers
1324:Majdanek
1287:PatrĂłnka
448:Salzburg
342:Budapest
336:(today:
332:of the
232:Slovakia
200:Slovakia
1329:Sobibor
1253:Part of
1201:(2023–)
989:of the
985:in the
467:leader
452:Austria
146: (
138: (
1644:Aliyah
1383:Groups
1367:Zvolen
1319:Lublin
1314:Bełżec
1292:Poprad
1282:Nováky
1195:(2023)
1141:(1994)
1116:(1992)
1098:(1990)
1069:(1989)
1051:(1969)
954:
938:
920:
890:
867:
848:
348:, and
346:Berlin
322:Magyar
253:Slovak
1515:]
1480:]
1297:Vyhne
1277:SereÄŹ
611:Notes
538:HolĂÄŤ
485:, an
350:Paris
226:(now
194:(now
144:–1929
952:ISBN
936:ISBN
918:ISBN
888:ISBN
865:ISBN
846:ISBN
824:2011
798:2011
442:The
358:PĂ©cs
302:Nazi
298:Jews
208:Died
165:Born
148:1929
140:1925
136:1925
1622:SRP
991:ZBW
364:in
300:to
279:Law
1702::
1513:sv
1511:;
1509:fr
1507:;
1505:de
1478:sk
1476:;
1474:de
1472:;
1470:cs
814:.
788:.
774:^
753:^
728:^
705:^
693:^
679:^
663:.
487:SS
450:,
344:,
312:.
230:,
220:,
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854:.
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800:.
673:.
498:(
234:)
202:)
173:)
169:(
150:)
142:)
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