106:
4793:
5318:
5298:
5269:
5227:
5191:
5162:
5133:
5097:
5055:
5019:
4990:
4961:
4925:
4903:
4867:
4838:
4809:
5350:
4362:
3521:
914:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
241:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
55:
1863:
53:
1899:
54:
1873:
1883:
1868:
5445:
1853:
125:
1830:
1820:
131:
only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.
5496:
1815:
5501:
4722:
2768:
2514:
873:
is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East
Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.
2782:
2775:
2521:
5511:
2996:
2754:
2500:
5516:
1765:
4511:
2789:
2486:
4684:
4614:
4550:
4473:
2761:
2507:
1618:
5359:
4894:
4679:
4557:
4454:
4371:
3530:
3291:
3198:
1779:
1592:
4634:
4571:
4376:
3381:
3273:
3180:
2493:
4910:
4727:
4578:
4524:
4480:
3910:
3865:
3368:
3305:
3212:
2663:
2419:
5816:
4932:
4707:
4492:
4461:
3876:
3828:
3814:
3756:
3742:
3390:
3298:
3205:
1810:
5416:
4981:
4656:
4641:
4421:
3890:
3408:
3319:
3280:
3226:
3187:
2944:
1715:
1628:
1564:
1519:
1499:
61:
5541:
5153:
4407:
3883:
3535:
3462:
3399:
3312:
3219:
2726:
2670:
2635:
2426:
2391:
1007:
5506:
5218:
4997:
4952:
4517:
4499:
3444:
2712:
2468:
1774:
966:
929:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
298:
256:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
5169:
5124:
5010:
4427:
4366:
4361:
3793:
3721:
3525:
3520:
3326:
3233:
2879:
2838:
2574:
2241:
5182:
4968:
4829:
4435:
4317:
4177:
4145:
3469:
2733:
2649:
2642:
2405:
2398:
2227:
1492:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
5811:
5801:
5521:
5450:
5289:
5140:
5026:
4717:
4413:
4308:
4297:
4209:
3821:
3749:
3451:
2909:
2719:
2698:
2621:
2475:
2454:
2377:
1858:
1758:
134:
1733:
1362:
1358:
1220:
1216:
1191:
1131:
1127:
1092:
1088:
1048:
1003:
833:
810:
776:
741:
699:
664:
633:
615:
611:
574:
570:
530:
498:
458:
423:
392:
359:
355:
335:
165:
157:
153:
128:
28:
5821:
5765:
5581:
5576:
5198:
4845:
4800:
4530:
4324:
3807:
3786:
3735:
3478:
2896:
2852:
2845:
2796:
2588:
2581:
2532:
2277:
2248:
2097:
1926:
1678:
1248:
5566:
5354:
5349:
5260:
4858:
4441:
4338:
4260:
3138:
3031:
2918:
2824:
2740:
2656:
2560:
2412:
2259:
2234:
2213:
438:
5806:
5630:
5546:
5309:
5046:
4816:
4712:
4331:
4251:
4240:
3842:
3800:
3770:
3728:
3102:
2810:
2705:
2628:
2546:
2461:
2384:
2291:
2142:
2113:
889:
is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
703:
542:
534:
5586:
5536:
5276:
5088:
4874:
4389:
4267:
3835:
3763:
3487:
3058:
3007:
2927:
2859:
2803:
2539:
2319:
2284:
2124:
2104:
2083:
1538:
705:
5571:
5475:
5325:
5238:
5062:
4281:
3677:
3145:
2978:
2969:
2952:
2831:
2747:
2567:
2305:
2266:
2220:
2156:
1751:
1194:, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
623:
427:
5556:
5551:
5531:
5104:
4274:
4038:
3976:
3668:
3657:
3602:
3124:
3109:
2989:
2817:
2553:
2298:
2184:
2149:
2040:
2025:
2009:
886:
536:
318:
223:
200:
164:. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of
5526:
5409:
4100:
4027:
4007:
3965:
3945:
3684:
3581:
3091:
3065:
3040:
3014:
2326:
2170:
2131:
2090:
2020:
1981:
1825:
893:
407:
211:
5779:
5455:
4563:
4089:
4069:
4047:
3985:
3698:
3637:
2960:
2312:
2163:
2065:
759:
69:
1743:
1167:
1135:
8:
5635:
5561:
5364:
4627:
4231:
4118:
4109:
4018:
3956:
3705:
3691:
3609:
3131:
2191:
2045:
2002:
933:
711:
667:
when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See
506:
431:
260:
4650:
4080:
3646:
3595:
3574:
2333:
2177:
2035:
2015:
1969:
1598:
1031:
1018:
941:
937:
900:
789:
682:
675:
400:
363:
268:
264:
219:
207:, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
5075:
4606:
4001:
3852:
3616:
3543:
3157:
2070:
2050:
1992:
1878:
1711:
1624:
1588:
1560:
1550:
1515:
1495:
1199:
945:
926:
897:
784:
343:
311:
272:
253:
1602:
5440:
5402:
4885:
3939:
3630:
3588:
2060:
2030:
1997:
1987:
1731:
1693:
1647:
1580:
1477:
668:
466:
231:
215:
5665:
5460:
5209:
4943:
4400:
3930:
3623:
3052:
2055:
1921:
1610:
1509:
1190:. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as
1110:
1100:
1074:
1069:
1011:
752:
745:
647:
640:
596:
591:
554:
549:
473:
204:
5745:
5610:
5115:
1554:
1064:
986:
979:
919:
904:
725:
718:
586:
370:
246:
227:
105:
1698:
1652:
1574:
1482:
5795:
5624:
4774:
4291:
4133:
3547:
1614:
1584:
1204:
161:
1661:
1559:, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
4620:
2342:
173:
1155:
1057:
5758:
5617:
5372:
4786:
4769:
4543:
4063:
2867:
1936:
1914:
169:
1183:
5772:
5470:
5251:
4779:
2077:
1931:
1677:Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012),
841:
36:
1163:
5603:
5465:
5037:
4539:
3780:
3713:
2599:
2355:
1959:
1228:
1187:
911:
238:
1159:
903:, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the
794:
5343:
4674:
4596:
4590:
4355:
3514:
2352:
1130:
after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with
5645:
4447:
3651:
2207:
1909:
1738:
1171:
1147:
1139:
856:
226:, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the
83:
5394:
1151:
1143:
1024:
940:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
267:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
234:, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
922:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
249:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
5751:
5685:
5680:
5670:
4750:
1904:
1179:
1175:
145:
5675:
5660:
1773:
1676:
1421:
1357:
does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨
573:: нарня "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart
5655:
5650:
5640:
1494:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74,
1312:
1290:
1288:
1219:
after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as
1142:
and those south, west and northwest of them, area from
5446:
Perception of
English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
1532:, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai University
1285:
614:. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨
5426:
1091:. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨
819:
3552:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1300:
881:
Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
181:
137:
1273:
1666:Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics
1609:
1267:
1708:Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia
1686:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1640:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1507:
1470:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1377:
5793:
1468:Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian",
514:
1638:Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",
1029:
680:
581:не "these apples", but марьня "little apple"
405:
316:
230:or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often
1361:⟩ for many instances of the word-final
5410:
4723:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1759:
471:
1572:
1508:Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),
1446:
1444:
1442:
1318:
1108:
757:
645:
16:Consonantal sound represented by ⟨r̥⟩ in IPA
5502:Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant
1489:
1433:
1404:
984:
723:
375:
5417:
5403:
1766:
1752:
1549:
1422:Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012
1388:
1386:
1330:
1182:and those north of them, and roughly from
195:Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:
1821:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1697:
1651:
1536:
1530:Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch
1481:
1450:
1439:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1373:
1371:
426:. For some speakers it may actually be a
1467:
1294:
186:> Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly
1705:
1659:
1573:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16).
1527:
1392:
1383:
1306:
1279:
5794:
1991:
1637:
1410:
1368:
1354:
1342:
5398:
4748:
4230:
3929:
3645:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1957:
1792:
1747:
1679:"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"
1006:after voiceless consonants; may be a
4759:
4700:
4393:
3603:
3564:
1973:
4728:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3582:
3542:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1620:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1490:Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech",
13:
3638:
1811:International Phonetic Association
871:voiceless alveolar fricative trill
827:Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
820:Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
104:
14:
5833:
5441:Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
5324:
5308:
5288:
5275:
5259:
5237:
5217:
5197:
5181:
5168:
5152:
5139:
5123:
5103:
5087:
5074:
5061:
5045:
5025:
5009:
4996:
4980:
4967:
4951:
4931:
4909:
4893:
4873:
4857:
4844:
4828:
4815:
4799:
4655:
4640:
4633:
4613:
4589:
4577:
4570:
4556:
4549:
4523:
4510:
4498:
4491:
4479:
4472:
4460:
4453:
4434:
4420:
4406:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4307:
4296:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4239:
4208:
4176:
4144:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4088:
4079:
4068:
4046:
4037:
4026:
4017:
4006:
3984:
3975:
3964:
3955:
3944:
3909:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3864:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3656:
3610:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3450:
3443:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3367:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3279:
3272:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3186:
3179:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3101:
3090:
3083:
3064:
3057:
3039:
3030:
3013:
3006:
2995:
2988:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2943:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2895:
2878:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2265:
2258:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2112:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2066:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1725:
1710:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics,
529:Possible word-final allophone of
391:Possible word-final allophone of
5542:Voiced velar bunched approximant
5424:
5348:
5316:
5296:
5267:
5225:
5189:
5160:
5131:
5095:
5053:
5017:
4988:
4959:
4923:
4901:
4865:
4836:
4807:
4791:
4360:
3596:
3575:
3519:
1864:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1540:Srovnání české a norské fonetiky
1528:Emeneau, Murray Barnson (1970),
51:
3617:
1775:International Phonetic Alphabet
1427:
1398:
1268:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
952:
142:developed into a sound spelled
4708:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3631:
3589:
1958:
1884:IPA chart for English dialects
1793:
1662:"Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology"
1579:. Cambridge University Press.
1378:Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995
1347:
1336:
1324:
1261:
1:
3624:
1672:, University of Dakota: 37–63
1460:
1051:before voiceless consonants.
876:
501:between voiceless obstruents
279:
5522:Voiced retroflex approximant
5517:Voiced alveolar lateral flap
5451:Pronunciation of English /r/
4718:Voiceless bidental fricative
1826:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
7:
5766:Registered trademark symbol
5582:Voiceless glottal fricative
5577:Voiced pharyngeal fricative
1927:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1537:Fabiánová, Martina (2011),
1249:Index of phonetics articles
1242:
190:
10:
5838:
5567:Voiceless uvular fricative
4749:
1047:Allophone of the sequence
472:
182:
146:
138:
5817:Voiceless oral consonants
5595:
5547:Voiceless velar fricative
5484:
5433:
5250:
5208:
5114:
5036:
4942:
4884:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4757:
4744:
4713:Nasal palatal approximant
4390:Co-articulated consonants
4290:
4235:
4198:
4166:
4131:
4062:
4000:
3938:
3899:
3851:
3779:
3712:
3650:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3423:
3345:
3252:
3156:
3051:
2951:
2866:
2693:
2597:
2449:
2351:
2206:
2076:
2008:
1980:
1966:
1953:
1892:
1846:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1699:10.1017/S0025100312000102
1653:10.1017/S0025100306002428
1483:10.1017/s002510030999017x
1214:
1198:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1017:
978:
959:
855:
850:
840:
831:
826:
751:
717:
681:
674:
639:
627:
622:
548:
543:Hasselt dialect phonology
465:
437:
430:. Also illustrates . See
399:
369:
342:
310:
291:
94:
82:
77:
50:
45:
35:
26:
21:
5587:Voiced glottal fricative
5537:Voiced velar approximant
5492:Voiceless alveolar trill
1706:Terrill, Angela (2002),
1585:10.1017/cbo9780511486876
1254:
1223:in most Polish dialects
1134:. Present in areas from
698:Word-final allophone of
354:Word-final allophone of
172:that has disappeared in
122:voiceless alveolar trill
22:Voiceless alveolar trill
5572:Voiced uvular fricative
5476:Linking and intrusive R
3562:Non-pulmonic consonants
2694:Non-sibilant fricative
2450:Non-sibilant affricate
1816:History of the alphabet
1732:List of languages with
1576:The Dravidian Languages
1070:(East) Sakhalin dialect
795:
758:
317:
5557:Voiceless uvular trill
5552:Voiced velar fricative
5532:Voiced retroflex trill
5507:Voiceless alveolar tap
1874:Sinological extensions
1295:Asu & Teras (2009)
1158:, south and east from
1109:
1030:
985:
887:manner of articulation
724:
646:
515:
406:
376:
201:manner of articulation
156:and the diacritic for
152:, with the letter for
109:
5527:Voiced retroflex flap
5497:Voiced alveolar trill
1660:Regnier, Sue (1993),
1623:. Oxford: Blackwell.
894:place of articulation
212:place of articulation
126:voiced alveolar trill
108:
5780:Medical prescription
5456:Rhoticity in English
3346:Lateral approximant
1556:A Grammar of Lezgian
1056:Some subdialects of
948:, as in most sounds.
275:, as in most sounds.
5812:Pulmonic consonants
5802:Alveolar consonants
5562:Voiced uvular trill
5512:Voiced alveolar tap
1970:Pulmonic consonants
1319:Krishnamurti (2003)
942:intercostal muscles
934:airstream mechanism
712:Ukrainian phonology
432:Icelandic phonology
269:intercostal muscles
261:airstream mechanism
135:Proto-Indo-European
5822:Central consonants
3900:Lateral fricative
3546:, to the left are
3253:Lateral fricative
2041:Postalveolar
2026:Linguolabial
1869:Naming conventions
1832:Journal of the IPA
1551:Haspelmath, Martin
364:Estonian phonology
110:
5789:
5788:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5335:
5334:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4693:
4692:
4518:Uvular–epiglottal
4385:
4384:
4347:
4346:
3558:
3557:
3506:
3505:
3424:Lateral tap/flap
2021:Labiodental
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1879:World Orthography
1594:978-0-521-77111-5
1514:, Lincom Europa,
1434:Dankovičová (1999
1405:Dankovičová (1999
1240:
1239:
1168:Ostrów Mazowiecka
1166:, southeast from
1136:Starogard Gdański
946:abdominal muscles
927:central consonant
867:
866:
817:
816:
273:abdominal muscles
254:central consonant
124:differs from the
118:
117:
114:
113:
72:
56:
5829:
5807:Trill consonants
5419:
5412:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5376:
5352:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5079:
5078:
5066:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4746:
4745:
4698:
4697:
4659:
4644:
4637:
4617:
4593:
4581:
4574:
4560:
4553:
4527:
4514:
4502:
4495:
4486:Labial–retroflex
4483:
4476:
4464:
4457:
4438:
4428:Labial–retroflex
4424:
4410:
4394:
4364:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4300:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4243:
4214:
4182:
4150:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4094:
4085:
4074:
4052:
4043:
4032:
4023:
4012:
3990:
3981:
3970:
3961:
3950:
3936:bottom: uvular)
3913:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3868:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3660:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3553:
3523:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3447:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3371:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3283:
3276:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3190:
3183:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3112:
3105:
3094:
3087:
3068:
3061:
3043:
3034:
3017:
3010:
2999:
2992:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2947:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2899:
2882:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2134:
2127:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1955:
1954:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1720:
1702:
1701:
1683:
1673:
1656:
1655:
1634:
1611:Ladefoged, Peter
1606:
1569:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1524:
1504:
1486:
1485:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1331:Haspelmath (1993
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1222:
1218:
1193:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1094:
1090:
1050:
1039:
1008:tapped fricative
1005:
999:'three hundred'
994:
957:
956:
863:
836:
835:
824:
823:
812:
801:
778:
767:
743:
732:
709:
701:
689:
688:
669:Polish phonology
666:
655:
635:
617:
613:
576:
572:
566:'these grasses'
540:
533:; may be uvular
532:
521:
511:Hasselt dialect
500:
481:
480:
460:
425:
414:
394:
388:'reinstatement'
383:
361:
357:
337:
326:
289:
288:
185:
184:
167:
159:
155:
151:
149:
148:
141:
140:
130:
96:
95:
90:
67:
60:
58:
57:
31:
30:
19:
18:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5591:
5480:
5461:R-colored vowel
5429:
5423:
5393:
5384:
5374:
5373:unrounded
5369:
5331:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5258:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5216:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5044:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4798:
4792:
4753:
4732:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:Labial–alveolar
4660:
4653:
4648:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4594:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4546:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4467:Labial–alveolar
4465:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4414:Labial–alveolar
4411:
4403:
4386:
4381:
4211:
4179:
4167:Voiced lateral
4147:
4122:
4111:
4102:
4091:
4082:
4071:
4049:
4040:
4029:
4020:
4009:
3987:
3978:
3967:
3958:
3947:
3935:
3933:
3551:
3540:
2046:Retroflex
1962:
1941:
1900:ASCII encodings
1888:
1842:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1681:
1631:
1595:
1567:
1543:
1522:
1502:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1451:Fabiánová (2011
1449:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1087:Contrasts with
1012:Czech phonology
955:
879:
861:
832:
822:
775:Contrasts with
746:Welsh phonology
740:Contrasts with
632:Contrasts with
610:Contrasts with
569:Contrasts with
422:Contrasts with
334:Contrasts with
282:
193:
143:
88:
73:
65:
52:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5835:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5485:Pronunciations
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5273:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5188:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5166:
5159:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5137:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5059:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4994:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4965:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4813:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4595:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4568:
4564:Labial–palatal
4562:
4555:
4548:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4199:Nasal lateral
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Bilabial
2013:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1847:Special topics
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1726:External links
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1703:
1692:(2): 225–232,
1674:
1657:
1646:(1): 117–124,
1635:
1629:
1615:Maddieson, Ian
1607:
1593:
1570:
1565:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1505:
1500:
1487:
1476:(3): 367–372,
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1438:
1426:
1409:
1397:
1382:
1367:
1346:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1307:Emeneau (1970)
1299:
1297:, p. 368.
1284:
1280:Terrill (2002)
1272:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1170:and west from
1124:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1105:Some dialects
1103:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1000:
997:
995:
982:
976:
975:
972:
969:
964:
961:
954:
951:
950:
949:
930:
923:
920:oral consonant
916:
908:
905:alveolar ridge
890:
878:
875:
865:
864:
859:
853:
852:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
829:
828:
821:
818:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
792:
787:
781:
780:
773:
770:
768:
755:
749:
748:
738:
735:
733:
721:
715:
714:
696:
693:
691:
678:
672:
671:
661:
658:
656:
643:
637:
636:
630:
628:
626:
624:Northern Qiang
620:
619:
608:
605:
603:
594:
589:
583:
582:
567:
564:
562:
552:
546:
545:
527:
524:
522:
512:
509:
503:
502:
495:
492:
490:
469:
463:
462:
455:
452:
450:
441:
435:
434:
428:voiceless flap
420:
417:
415:
403:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
373:
367:
366:
352:
350:
348:
346:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
314:
308:
307:
304:
301:
296:
293:
287:
286:
281:
278:
277:
276:
257:
250:
247:oral consonant
243:
235:
228:alveolar ridge
208:
192:
189:
188:
187:
116:
115:
112:
111:
101:
100:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
59:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5834:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5625:R with stroke
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5413:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5379:
5378:
5377: rounded
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5311:
5304:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5233:
5220:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5184:
5177:
5171:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5090:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5048:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4983:
4976:
4970:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4802:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4658:
4652:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4599:
4592:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4531:Labial–uvular
4526:
4519:
4513:
4501:
4494:
4482:
4475:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Case variants
1857:
1855:
1854:Cursive forms
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:0-85883-462-6
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1630:0-631-19815-6
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:3-11-013735-6
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1521:9783929075083
1517:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:0-521-65236-7
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:Regnier (1993
1389:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1355:Peters (2006)
1350:
1344:
1343:Peters (2006)
1339:
1332:
1327:
1321:, p. 70.
1320:
1315:
1309:, p. 70.
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1215:Allophone of
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:Gmina Istebna
1203:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1126:Allophone of
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1023:Areas around
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:instead. See
1009:
1002:Allophone of
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
968:
965:
962:
958:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
883:
882:
874:
872:
860:
858:
854:
849:
845:
843:
839:
830:
825:
809:Allophone of
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
763:
756:
754:
750:
747:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
722:
720:
716:
713:
707:
697:
694:
692:
687:
686:
679:
677:
673:
670:
663:Allophone of
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
644:
642:
638:
631:
629:
625:
621:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
544:
541:instead. See
538:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
497:Allophone of
496:
493:
491:
489:
487:
479:
477:
470:
468:
464:
456:
453:
451:
449:
447:
442:
440:
436:
433:
429:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
410:
404:
402:
398:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
374:
372:
368:
365:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
341:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
322:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
284:
283:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
224:post-alveolar
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
197:
196:
179:
178:
177:
175:
171:
163:
162:Ancient Greek
136:
132:
127:
123:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
93:
87:
85:
81:
76:
71:
63:
49:
44:
40:
38:
34:
25:
20:
5491:
5370:
4647:Labial–velar
4597:
4584:Labial–velar
4505:Labial–velar
4442:Labial–velar
4388:
3934:(top: velar;
3561:
3541:
3084:
1968:
1835:
1831:
1734:[r̥]
1707:
1689:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1643:
1639:
1619:
1575:
1555:
1539:
1529:
1510:
1491:
1473:
1469:
1429:
1400:
1349:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1282:, p. 4.
1275:
1263:
1112:
1075:
1044:'Norwegian'
1033:
988:
880:
870:
868:
846:122 402A 429
796:
761:
726:
684:
649:
597:
592:Amur dialect
578:
556:
517:
485:
483:
475:
445:
443:
408:
378:
320:
194:
174:Modern Greek
168:in standard
133:
121:
119:
46:Audio sample
5759:Real number
5618:R with tail
5425:The letter
4609:approximant
4544:approximant
2868:Approximant
1937:IPA Braille
1915:Kirshenbaum
737:'December'
454:'ant hill'
170:Attic Greek
5796:Categories
5773:Enclosed R
5596:Variations
5471:Guttural R
5360:full chart
4886:Near-close
4680:full chart
4602:(variable)
4372:full chart
3855:affricate
3531:full chart
3160:affricate
1960:Consonants
1932:IPA number
1794:IPA topics
1461:References
1123:'to come'
1095:⟩.
953:Occurrence
842:IPA Number
790:Quiegolani
618:⟩.
507:Limburgish
457:Contrasts
280:Occurrence
37:IPA Number
5604:R rotunda
5466:Rhotacism
5210:Near-open
4944:Close-mid
4628:Implosive
4621:Velarized
4540:Fricative
4292:Voiceless
4232:Implosive
3781:Fricative
3714:Affricate
3548:voiceless
2600:fricative
2598:Sibilant
2356:affricate
2003:Laryngeal
1893:Encodings
1511:Ukrainian
1229:Jablunkov
1188:Nowy Targ
1162:, around
1156:Działdowo
1058:Trøndersk
1019:Norwegian
960:Language
918:It is an
912:phonation
695:'centre'
676:Ukrainian
660:'larynx'
561:/närhn'e
401:Icelandic
381:invoering
312:Dharumbal
292:Language
245:It is an
239:phonation
5371:Legend:
5365:template
5344:IPA help
5116:Open-mid
4685:template
4675:IPA help
4651:Ejective
4623:alveolar
4377:template
4356:IPA help
3647:Ejective
3536:template
3515:IPA help
2953:Tap/flap
2353:Sibilant
2036:Alveolar
1617:(1996).
1603:62636490
1553:(1993),
1243:See also
1200:Silesian
1184:Racibórz
971:Meaning
938:pulmonic
925:It is a
901:alveolar
877:Features
851:Encoding
806:'early'
772:'tooth'
526:'odour'
494:'horns'
419:'raven'
344:Estonian
331:'stone'
303:Meaning
285:Alveolar
265:pulmonic
252:It is a
220:alveolar
191:Features
150:⟩
144:⟨
78:Encoding
41:122 402A
5611:Insular
5434:General
5375:•
4775:Central
4607:Lateral
4448:Plosive
4236:Voiced
4134:lateral
4132:Tenuis
4123:
3853:Lateral
3158:Lateral
2208:Plosive
2071:Glottal
2051:Palatal
1993:Coronal
1910:X-SAMPA
1739:PHOIBLE
1453::34–35)
1407::70–71)
1174:, from
1172:Siedlce
1164:Wołomin
1148:Olsztyn
1140:Malbork
1084:'door'
915:sounds.
898:laminal
857:X-SAMPA
785:Zapotec
753:Yaygirr
690:/centr
607:'door'
467:Lezgian
459:/ɾrr̥ɽ/
360:/t,s,h/
242:sounds.
84:X-SAMPA
5353:
4751:Vowels
4600:-sound
4365:
4002:Voiced
3940:Tenuis
3544:voiced
3524:
2515:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2061:Uvular
2031:Dental
2010:Manner
1998:Dorsal
1988:Labial
1714:
1627:
1601:
1591:
1563:
1518:
1498:
1353:While
1160:Wieleń
1152:Olecko
1144:Lubawa
1101:Polish
1025:Narvik
974:Notes
744:. See
710:. See
702:after
641:Polish
550:Moksha
362:. See
358:after
306:Notes
232:apical
216:dental
183:*srew-
99:Image
66:·
64:
62:source
5752:Raidô
5355:audio
4787:Close
4770:Front
4701:Other
4635:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4401:Nasal
4367:audio
4064:Nasal
3931:Click
3526:audio
3053:Trill
2522:d̠ɹ̠˔
2078:Nasal
2056:Velar
1982:Place
1905:SAMPA
1780:chart
1682:(PDF)
1599:S2CID
1544:(PDF)
1424::226)
1270::228)
1255:Notes
1180:Opole
1176:Brzeg
1065:Nivkh
991:i sta
980:Czech
963:Word
862:r_0_r
729:agfyr
719:Welsh
587:Nivkh
575:/r̥ʲ/
539:]
535:[
439:Konda
371:Dutch
295:Word
205:trill
160:, in
68:
5676:R̄r̄
5661:R̃r̃
5623:Ɍɍ (
5616:Ɽɽ (
5609:Ꞃꞃ (
5602:Ꝛꝛ (
5252:Open
4780:Back
4657:t͡pʼ
3891:q𝼄ʼ
3884:k𝼄ʼ
3877:c𝼆ʼ
3743:t̠ʃʼ
3729:t̪θʼ
3722:p̪fʼ
3652:Stop
3103:ɽ̊r̥
2769:ɹ̠̊˔
2501:tɹ̝̊
1922:TIPA
1836:JIPA
1712:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1436::70)
1395::11)
1333::35)
1217:/r̝/
1128:/r̝/
1115:yjść
1049:/ɾs/
1004:/r̝/
944:and
932:Its
910:Its
892:Its
885:Its
869:The
683:цент
602:/řy
577:: ма
271:and
259:Its
237:Its
210:Its
199:Its
180:PIE
120:The
70:help
5778:℞ (
5771:Ⓡ (
5764:® (
5757:ℝ (
5750:ᚱ (
5746:Rnd
5038:Mid
4642:ɠ͡ɓ
4525:q͡p
4512:q͡ʡ
4500:ɡ͡b
4493:k͡p
4481:ɖ͡b
4474:ʈ͡p
4462:d͡b
4455:t͡p
4436:ŋ͡m
4422:ɳ͡m
4408:n͡m
4103:ɴ𝼊
4101:ŋ𝼊
4041:ɢ𝼊
4039:ɡ𝼊
3979:q𝼊
3977:k𝼊
3866:tɬʼ
3771:qχʼ
3764:kxʼ
3757:tɕʼ
3750:tʂʼ
3736:tsʼ
3463:𝼈̥
3234:ɡʟ̝
3227:k𝼄
3220:ɟʎ̝
3213:c𝼆
3206:d𝼅
2783:ɻ̊˔
2776:ɹ̠˔
2508:dɹ̝
2494:d̪ð
2487:t̪θ
2476:b̪v
2469:p̪f
2399:d̠ʒ
2392:t̠ʃ
1804:IPA
1737:on
1694:doi
1648:doi
1581:doi
1478:doi
1380::8)
1363:/r/
1221:/ʂ/
1192:/ʂ/
1186:to
1178:to
1154:to
1150:to
1146:to
1138:to
1132:/ʐ/
1089:/r/
967:IPA
936:is
896:is
834:r̝̊
811:/r/
799:sil
777:/r/
742:/r/
700:/r/
665:/r/
652:tań
634:/r/
616:r̝̊
612:/r/
579:рьх
571:/r/
531:/r/
516:gee
499:/r/
488:čar
478:чар
424:/r/
411:afn
393:/r/
356:/r/
336:/r/
299:IPA
263:is
222:or
214:is
203:is
166:/r/
158:/h/
154:/r/
139:*sr
129:/r/
89:r_0
5798::
5741:Rz
5736:Rw
5731:Rt
5726:Rs
5721:Rr
5716:Rp
5711:Rn
5706:Rm
5701:Rl
5696:Rh
5691:Rd
5686:Ṟṟ
5681:Ṝṝ
5671:Ṛṛ
5666:Ṙṙ
5656:Ȓȓ
5651:Řř
5646:Ŗŗ
5641:Ŕŕ
5636:Ȑȑ
5631:Ʀʀ
5105:o̞
5089:ɤ̞
5063:ø̞
5047:e̞
4598:Sj
4551:ɥ̊
4339:ʛ̥
4332:ɠ̊
4325:ʄ̊
4318:ᶑ̊
4309:ɗ̥
4298:ɓ̥
4212:ɴǁ
4210:ŋǁ
4180:ɢǁ
4178:ɡǁ
4148:qǁ
4146:kǁ
4112:ɴǂ
4110:ŋǂ
4092:ɴǃ
4090:ŋǃ
4083:ɴǀ
4081:ŋǀ
4072:ɴʘ
4070:ŋʘ
4050:ɢǂ
4048:ɡǂ
4030:ɢǃ
4028:ɡǃ
4021:ɢǀ
4019:ɡǀ
4010:ɢʘ
4008:ɡʘ
3988:qǂ
3986:kǂ
3968:qǃ
3966:kǃ
3959:qǀ
3957:kǀ
3948:qʘ
3946:kʘ
3911:ɬʼ
3843:χʼ
3836:xʼ
3829:ɕʼ
3822:ʂʼ
3815:ʃʼ
3808:sʼ
3801:θʼ
3794:fʼ
3787:ɸʼ
3706:ʡʼ
3699:qʼ
3692:kʼ
3685:cʼ
3678:ʈʼ
3669:tʼ
3658:pʼ
3639:EG
3611:RF
3604:PA
3583:LD
3576:BL
3550:.
3488:ʟ̆
3479:ʎ̆
3470:𝼈
3445:ɺ̥
3409:ʟ̠
3327:ʟ̝
3320:𝼄
3313:ʎ̝
3306:𝼆
3299:𝼅
3199:tꞎ
3188:dɮ
3181:tɬ
3125:ʀ̥
3110:ɽr
3085:r̥
3059:ʙ̥
3041:ʡ̆
3032:ɢ̆
3008:ɽ̊
2990:ɾ̥
2979:ɾ̼
2961:ⱱ̟
2945:ʔ̞
2790:ɻ˔
2762:ð̠
2755:θ̠
2734:ð̼
2727:θ̼
2589:ʔh
2582:ʡʢ
2575:ʡʜ
2568:ɢʁ
2561:qχ
2554:ɡɣ
2547:kx
2540:ɟʝ
2533:cç
2462:bβ
2455:pɸ
2427:dʑ
2420:tɕ
2413:dʐ
2406:tʂ
2385:dz
2378:ts
2249:d̼
2242:t̼
2235:b̪
2228:p̪
2185:ɴ̥
2171:ŋ̊
2157:ɲ̊
2143:ɳ̊
2125:n̥
2114:n̼
2098:ɱ̊
2084:m̥
2012:↓
1984:→
1690:42
1688:,
1684:,
1670:37
1668:,
1664:,
1644:36
1642:,
1613:;
1597:.
1587:.
1474:39
1472:,
1441:^
1412:^
1385:^
1370:^
1359:r̥
1287:^
1113:rz
1093:r̥
1076:р̌
1034:rs
1032:no
813:.
779:.
762:rh
760:di
727:Rh
598:р̌
559:не
557:рх
555:на
537:ʀ̥
461:.
444:pu
409:hr
395:;
377:he
338:.
321:rh
319:ba
218:,
176:.
29:r̥
5782:)
5775:)
5768:)
5761:)
5754:)
5627:)
5620:)
5613:)
5606:)
5427:R
5418:e
5411:t
5404:v
5326:ɒ
5310:ɑ
5290:ä
5277:ɶ
5261:a
5239:ɐ
5219:æ
5199:ɔ
5183:ʌ
5170:ɞ
5154:ɜ
5141:œ
5125:ɛ
5076:ə
5027:o
5011:ɤ
4998:ɵ
4982:ɘ
4969:ø
4953:e
4933:ʊ
4911:ʏ
4895:ɪ
4875:u
4859:ɯ
4846:ʉ
4830:ɨ
4817:y
4801:i
4615:ɫ
4591:ɧ
4579:w
4572:ʍ
4558:ɥ
4542:/
4282:ʛ
4275:ɠ
4268:ʄ
4261:ᶑ
4252:ɗ
4241:ɓ
4119:ʞ
3632:U
3625:V
3618:P
3597:A
3590:D
3452:ɺ
3400:ʟ
3391:ʎ
3382:ɭ
3369:l
3292:ꞎ
3281:ɮ
3274:ɬ
3146:ʢ
3139:ʜ
3132:ʀ
3092:r
3066:ʙ
3015:ɽ
2997:ɾ
2970:ⱱ
2928:ɰ
2919:j
2910:ɻ
2897:ɹ
2880:ʋ
2860:ɦ
2853:h
2846:ʕ
2839:ħ
2832:ʁ
2825:χ
2818:ɣ
2811:x
2804:ʝ
2797:ç
2748:ð
2741:θ
2720:v
2713:f
2706:β
2699:ɸ
2671:ʑ
2664:ɕ
2657:ʐ
2650:ʂ
2643:ʒ
2636:ʃ
2629:z
2622:s
2343:ʔ
2334:ʡ
2327:ɢ
2320:q
2313:ɡ
2306:k
2299:ɟ
2292:c
2285:ɖ
2278:ʈ
2267:d
2260:t
2221:b
2214:p
2192:ɴ
2178:ŋ
2164:ɲ
2150:ɳ
2132:n
2105:ɱ
2091:m
1838:)
1834:(
1782:)
1778:(
1767:e
1760:t
1753:v
1696::
1650::
1633:.
1605:.
1583::
1480::
1365:.
1111:p
1078:ы
1036:k
989:ř
987:t
907:,
797:r
764:a
708:/
706:t
704:/
685:р
650:r
648:k
600:ы
518:r
486:r
484:k
482:/
476:р
474:к
448:i
446:R
379:r
323:i
147:ῥ
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