233:. Similar to the PPA, the FFA exhibits higher neural activation when visually processing faces more so than places or buildings (Kanwisher et al., 1997). However, the fusiform area also shows activation for other stimuli and can be trained to specialize in the visual processing of objects of expertise. Past studies have investigated the activation of the FFA in people with specialized visual training, like bird watchers or car experts who have adapted a visual skill in identifying traits of birds and cars respectively. It has been shown that these experts have developed FFA activation for their specific visual expertise. Other experiments have studied the ability to develop expertise in the FFA using 'greebles', a visual stimulus generated to have a few components that can be combined to make a series of different configurations, much like how a variety of slightly different facial features can be used to construct a unique face. Participants were trained on their ability to distinguish greebles by differing features and had activation in the FFA measured periodically through their learning – the results after training demonstrated that greeble activation in the FFA increased over time whereas FFA responses to faces actually decreased with increased greeble training. These results suggested three major findings in regards to FFA in visual processing: firstly, the FFA does not exclusively process faces; secondly, the FFA demonstrates activation for 'expert' visual tasks and can be trained over time to adapt to new visual stimuli; lastly, the FFA does not maintain constant levels of activation for all stimuli and instead seems to 'share' activation in such a way that the most frequently viewed stimuli receives the greatest activation in the FFA as seen in the greebles study (Gauthier et al., 2000).
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217:. Its name comes from the increased neural response in the PPA when viewing places, like buildings, houses, and other structures, and when viewing environmental scenes, both indoors and outdoors (Epstein & Kanwisher, 1998). This is not to say that the PPA does not show activation when presented with other visual stimuli – when presented with familiar objects that are neither buildings nor faces, like chairs, there is also some activation within the PPA (Ishai et al., 2000). It does however appear that the PPA is associated with visual processing of buildings and places, as patients who have experienced damage to the parahippocampal area demonstrate topographic disorientation, in other words, unable to navigate familiar and unfamiliar surroundings (Habib & Sirigu, 1987). Outside of visual processing, the parahippocampal gyrus is involved in both spatial memory and spatial navigation (Squire & Zola-Morgan, 1991).
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cortical areas. Top-down processing refers to the use of prior knowledge and context to process visual information and change the information conveyed by neurons, altering the way they are tuned to a stimulus. All areas of the visual pathway except for the retina are able to be influenced by top-down processing. There is a traditional view that visual processing follows a feedforward system where there is a one-way process by which light is sent from the retina to higher cortical areas, however, there is increasing evidence that visual pathways operate bidirectionally, with both feedforward and feedback mechanisms in place that transmit information to and from lower and higher cortical areas. Various studies have demonstrated this idea that visual processing relies on both feedforward and feedback systems (Jensen et al., 2015; Layher et al., 2014; Lee, 2002). Various studies that recorded from early visual neurons in
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immediate field of vision, whereas PPA activation is located in areas of the brain that handle peripheral vision and vision just out of the direct field of vision (Levy et al., 2001). This suggests that the FFA and PPA may have developed certain specializations due to the common visual tasks within those fields of view. Because faces are commonly processed in the immediate field of vision, the parts of the brain that process the direct field of vision eventually also specialize in more detailed tasks like
257:. The same concept applies to place: because buildings and locations are often viewed in their entirety either right outside of the field of vision or in an individual's periphery, any building or location visual specialization will be processed within the areas of the brain handling peripheral vision. As such, commonly seen shapes like houses and buildings become specialized in certain regions of the brain, i.e. the PPA.
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Some research suggests that the development of the FFA and the PPA is due to the specialization of certain visual tasks and their relation to other visual processing patterns in the brain. In particular, existing research shows that FFA activation falls within the area of the brain that processes the
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to find different frequencies that are associated with feedforward and feedback processing in monkeys (Orban, 2008; Schenden & Ganis, 2005). Studies with monkeys have also shown that neurons in higher level visual areas are selective to certain stimuli. One study that used single unit recordings
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and location, is an example of higher-level visual processing. High-level visual processing depends on both top-down and bottom-up processes. Bottom-up processing refers to the visual system's ability to use the incoming visual information, flowing in a unidirectional path from the retina to higher
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The visual system is organized hierarchically, with anatomical areas that have specialized functions in visual processing. Low-level visual processing is concerned with determining different types of contrast among images projected onto the retina whereas high-level visual processing refers to the
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1:posterior segment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:Schlemm's canal 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and
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Past models of visual processing have distinguished certain areas of the brain by the specific stimuli that they are most responsive to; for example, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) has been shown to have heightened activation when presented with buildings and place scenes (Epstein &
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veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
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Maunsell, J. H., & Van Essen, D. C. (1983). Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. I. Selectivity for stimulus direction, speed, and orientation.
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Allman, J.; Miezin, F.; McGuinness, E. (1985). "Stimulus specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field: neurophysiological mechanisms for local-global comparisons in visual neurons".
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energy into a meaningful image is a complex process that is facilitated by numerous brain structures and higher level cognitive processes. On an anatomical level, light energy first enters the
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cognitive processes that integrate information from a variety of sources into the visual information that is represented in one's consciousness. Object processing, including tasks such as
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Layher, G., Schrodt, F., Butz, M. V., & Neumann, H. (2014). Adaptive learning in a compartmental model of visual cortex—how feedback enables stable category learning and refinement.
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in macaque monkeys found that neurons in middle temporal visual area, also known as area MT or V5, were highly selective for both direction and speed (Maunsell & Van Essen, 1983).
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monkeys found evidence that early visual neurons are sensitive to features both within their receptive fields and the global context of a scene. Two other monkey study used
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Schendan, H. E., & Ganis, G. (2015). Top-down modulation of visual processing and knowledge after 250 ms supports object constancy of category decisions.
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Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J.C., & Anderson, A.W. (2000). Expertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition. In
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Jensen, O., Bonnefond, M., Marshall, T. R., & Tiesinga, P. (2015). Oscillatory mechanisms of feedforward and feedback visual processing.
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Kanwisher N., McDermott J., & Chun MM. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. In
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410:"Visual attention as an important visual function: an outline of manifestations, diagnosis and management of impaired visual attention"
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184:. These deficits are caused by damage to brain structure implicated in either the ventral or dorsal visual stream (Barton 2011).
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Levy, I., Hasson, U., Avidan, G., Hendler, T., & Malach, R. (2001). Center-periphery organization of human object areas. In
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Ishai A., Ungerleider L.G., & Haxby J.V. (2000). Distributed neural systems for the generation of visual images. In
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Perera-W.A., H. (2019). Identifying the spatial frequency specific orientation aftereffect in the visual system.
73:. Rods are sensitive to dim light and cones are better able to transduce bright light. Photoreceptors connect to
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There are various disorders that are known the cause deficits in higher-level visual processing, including
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Habib M. & Sirigu A. (1987). Pure topographical disorientation: a definition and anatomical basis. In
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Vidyasagar TR (2005). "Attentional gating in primary visual cortex: a physiological basis for dyslexia".
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Epstein, R., & Kanwisher N. (1998). A cortical representation of the local visual environment. In
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Lee, T. S. (2002). Top-down influence in early visual processing: a
Bayesian perspective.
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197:(FFA) responds mostly strongly to faces and face-like stimuli (Kanwisher et al., 1997).
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Orban, G. A. (2008). Higher order visual processing in macaque extrastriate cortex.
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of the eye, where it is bent to a greater degree and focused upon the retina. The
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Squire, L.R, Zola-Morgan, S. (1991). The medial temporal lobe memory system. In
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Gilbert, C. D., & Li, W. (2013). Top-down influences on visual processing.
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511:"The neural processing of 3-D visual information: evidence from eye movements"
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and the left half of each eye's visual fields being represented in the
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The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is located in the posterior
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Barton, J. J. (2011). Disorders of higher visual processing. In
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105:. The optic tract then diverges into two visual pathways, the
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453:"Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information processing"
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for higher level processing (Whishaw and Kolb, 2015).
85:. These retinal ganglion cells form a bundle at the
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are located. There are two types of photoreceptors:
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The brain's ability to interpret visual information
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93:. The two optic nerves from each eye meet at the
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61:is where a group of light-sensing cells, called
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408:Das M, Bennett DM, Dutton GN (November 2007).
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225:The fusiform face area is located within the
3290:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
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237:Development of the FFA and PPA in the brain
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148:Disorders of higher-level visual processing
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308:"Top-down influences on visual processing"
37:from the world. The process of converting
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710:https://peerj.com/preprints/27973/?td=wk
508:
306:Gilbert, Charles D.; Li, Wu (May 2013).
4123:Languages by writing system /
3658:National Council of Teachers of English
726:Whishaw, I. Q., & Kolb, B. (2015).
639:(Vol. 102, pp. 223–261). Elsevier.
113:, which send visual information to the
29:is a term that is used to refer to the
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125:Top-down and bottom-up representations
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3432:Learning problems in childhood cancer
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2059:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
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728:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology
2044:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
361:
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188:Processing of face and place stimuli
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3376:Developmental coordination disorder
380:10.1146/annurev.ne.08.030185.002203
209:, which itself is contained in the
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4130:Ancient languages corpuses by size
3648:International Literacy Association
3595:List of countries by literacy rate
2039:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
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14:
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2054:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2049:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
356:
3237:specific developmental disorders
2306:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
1007:
527:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00112.x
201:Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
2034:Visual system (sense of vision)
730:(7th ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
3825:Occupational Safety and Health
3381:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
3358:Disorder of written expression
3300:Speech and language impairment
3135:Blue field entoptic phenomenon
637:Handbook of clinical neurology
299:
193:Kanwisher, 1998), whereas the
1:
2176:Auditory perception (hearing)
632:(Vol 253, pp. 1380–1386)
496:(3): 160–91, discussion 192.
488:Kitahara K (March 2007). "".
368:Annual Review of Neuroscience
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33:ability to use and interpret
4135:Undeciphered writing systems
3533:
3397:Auditory processing disorder
3295:Specific language impairment
3265:Expressive language disorder
2822:Olfactory reference syndrome
2599:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1778:Optical coherence tomography
1532:Photosensitive ganglion cell
590:(Vol 392, pp. 598–601).
213:with close proximity to the
7:
4140:Creators of writing systems
3402:Sensory processing disorder
3186:Cosmic ray visual phenomena
3021:Sensory processing disorder
2191:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2181:Equilibrioception (balance)
1528:Giant retina ganglion cells
1317:Capillary lamina of choroid
644:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
312:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
260:
10:
4327:
4069:Index of language articles
3653:International Literacy Day
2975:Supernumerary phantom limb
2311:Infrared sensing in snakes
2171:Visual perception (vision)
1472:Retinal pigment epithelium
1462:External limiting membrane
688:Journal of neurophysiology
625:(Vol 4, pp. 533–539).
597:(Vol 3, pp. 191–197).
490:Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi
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677:Physiology & behavior
604:(Vol 23, pp. 73–85).
89:, which is a part of the
4125:by first written account
3663:No Child Left Behind Act
3447:Multisensory integration
3275:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
3191:Closed-eye hallucination
2731:Music-specific disorders
2087:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1045:Ascending and Descending
227:inferior temporal cortex
221:Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
19:Not to be confused with
4093:History of the alphabet
2711:Auditory verbal agnosia
2565:Juxtacapillary receptor
1467:Layer of rods and cones
1423:Inner limiting membrane
717:Frontiers in psychology
666:Frontiers in psychology
655:Trends in neurosciences
618:(Vol 17, pp 4302–4311).
509:Miles FA (March 1998).
426:10.1136/bjo.2006.104844
107:geniculostriate pathway
3837:Information literacies
3442:Management of dyslexia
2706:Auditory hallucination
2316:Surface wave detection
1921:Multimodal integration
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472:10.55782/ane-1996-1151
83:retinal ganglion cells
4003:Post-literate society
3963:Children's literature
3842:Information and media
3564:Functional illiteracy
3315:Speech sound disorder
3166:Scintillating scotoma
2965:Phantom limb syndrome
2913:Tactile hallucination
2102:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1903:Active sensory system
1783:Eye care professional
1588:Foveal avascular zone
1450:Outer plexiform layer
1438:Inner plexiform layer
1393:Iris sphincter muscle
1286:
699:Physiological reviews
611:(Vol 28, pp 979–990).
207:parahippocampal gyrus
154:visual object agnosia
111:tectopulvinar pathway
3493:People with dyslexia
2774:Labyrinthine fistula
2741:Spatial hearing loss
2440:Campaniform sensilla
2155:Somatosensory cortex
1803:Physiological Optics
1773:Ocular immune system
1512:Retina ganglion cell
1079:Accidental viewpoint
211:medial temporal lobe
3968:Composition studies
3684:Ruth Johnson Colvin
3549:Adolescent literacy
3488:Dyslexia in fiction
3462:Reading acquisition
3335:Learning disability
2560:Nociceptin receptor
2430:Merkel nerve ending
2415:Mechanotransduction
1627:Anatomical regions
1488:Photoreceptor cells
1455:Outer nuclear layer
1443:Inner nuclear layer
1433:Ganglion cell layer
1388:Iris dilator muscle
1183:Trabecular meshwork
984:Vertical–horizontal
623:Nature Neuroscience
595:Nature Neuroscience
451:Hellige JB (1996).
4234:Canadian syllabics
4103:Scripts in Unicode
4088:History of writing
3097:Entoptic phenomena
2922:Nociception (pain)
2514:Olfactory receptor
2466:Photoreceptor cell
2420:Lamellar corpuscle
2344:Photomorphogenesis
2206:nociception (pain)
1898:Sensory processing
1290:
1084:Auditory illusions
879:Impossible trident
458:Acta Neurobiol Exp
195:fusiform face area
132:object recognition
35:visual information
4293:
4292:
4285:In Southeast Asia
4026:
4025:
3988:Media consumption
3554:Emergent literacy
3501:
3500:
3422:Dyslexia research
3410:
3409:
3325:Tip of the tongue
3280:Language disorder
3199:
3198:
3130:Prisoner's cinema
3125:Haidinger's brush
3087:Phenomena of the
3054:
3053:
3039:Biases and errors
3034:
3033:
2970:Somatoparaphrenia
2939:Pain dissociation
2784:Ménière's disease
2716:Cortical deafness
2594:Visual impairment
2573:
2572:
2435:Bulbous corpuscle
2425:Tactile corpuscle
2393:sensory receptors
2385:
2384:
2268:
2267:
2221:
2220:
2186:Olfaction (smell)
2140:Vestibular cortex
2122:Cerebral cortices
1959:
1958:
1946:Motion perception
1816:
1815:
1808:Visual perception
1756:
1755:
1723:Posterior segment
1691:Posterior chamber
1622:
1621:
1524:Bistratified cell
1428:Nerve fiber layer
1401:
1400:
1345:Ciliary processes
1246:
1245:
1107:
1106:
1099:Temporal illusion
1094:Tactile illusions
1064:(2015 photograph)
765:Optical illusions
287:Predictive coding
277:Visual perception
141:electrophysiology
79:action potentials
27:Visual processing
4318:
4222:Current examples
4203:Semi-syllabaries
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4029:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3270:Infantile speech
3252:Speech, language
3248:
3247:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3058:
3057:
2701:Auditory agnosia
2633:Optic neuropathy
2582:
2581:
2450:Stretch receptor
2398:
2397:
2296:Magnetoreception
2291:Electroreception
2279:
2278:
2201:mechanoreception
2150:Gustatory cortex
2145:Olfactory cortex
1979:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1888:Sensory receptor
1871:
1870:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1793:Refractive error
1731:Vitreous chamber
1676:Anterior chamber
1637:Anterior segment
1633:
1632:
1413:
1412:
1322:Bruch's membrane
1305:
1304:
1297:Uvea / vascular
1253:
1173:Episcleral layer
1161:
1160:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1011:
964:Schroeder stairs
939:Peripheral drift
934:Penrose triangle
758:
751:
744:
735:
734:
583:
546:
515:Eur. J. Neurosci
505:
484:
474:
447:
437:
400:
399:
363:
354:
353:
343:
303:
255:face recognition
249:
248:
244:
162:topographagnosia
103:right hemisphere
21:image processing
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4268:
4217:
4144:
4119:Writing systems
4107:
4071:
4062:
4060:Writing systems
4057:
4027:
4022:
3998:Oral literature
3941:
3857:Multiliteracies
3713:
3667:
3636:
3583:
3559:Family literacy
3537:
3532:
3502:
3497:
3476:
3452:Neuropsychology
3406:
3385:
3364:
3329:
3305:Speech disorder
3255:
3239:
3230:
3200:
3195:
3149:Other phenomena
3144:
3140:Purkinje images
3091:
3085:
3055:
3050:
3030:
2979:
2948:
2917:
2869:
2836:
2788:
2750:
2682:
2673:Stereoblindness
2614:Color blindness
2569:
2546:
2523:
2495:
2454:
2402:Mechanoreceptor
2391:
2381:
2377:Machine hearing
2372:Computer vision
2367:Robotic sensing
2353:
2330:
2264:
2217:
2159:
2135:Auditory cortex
2116:
2063:
2026:Sensory systems
2020:
1955:
1907:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1817:
1812:
1752:
1717:
1706:Capsule of lens
1661:Lacrimal system
1628:
1618:
1578:Parafoveal area
1573:Perifoveal area
1556:
1500:Horizontal cell
1476:
1397:
1364:
1331:
1327:Sattler's layer
1298:
1291:
1285:
1242:
1187:
1178:Schlemm's canal
1156:
1148:
1140:Anatomy of the
1138:
1108:
1103:
1067:
1017:Popular culture
1012:
1003:
974:Spinning dancer
794:Ambiguous image
772:
762:
694:(5), 1127–1147.
683:(4-5), 645–650.
492:(in Japanese).
420:(11): 1556–60.
414:Br J Ophthalmol
404:
403:
364:
357:
324:10.1038/nrn3476
304:
300:
295:
263:
250:
246:
242:
240:
239:
223:
203:
190:
178:Balint syndrome
150:
127:
99:left hemisphere
77:, which induce
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4273:Related topics
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4018:Writing system
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Asemic writing
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:Griffith Jones
3696:
3694:James Paul Gee
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3579:Whole language
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3472:Writing system
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Neurodiversity
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3415:Related topics
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2953:Proprioception
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2529:Thermoreceptor
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2509:Taste receptor
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Proprioception
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:Trigeminal (V)
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1983:Sensory organs
1976:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:Zonule of Zinn
1708:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Aqueous humour
1678:
1673:
1668:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Ciliary muscle
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:(1961 drawing)
1049:
1048:(1960 drawing)
1041:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Shepard tables
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:Penrose stairs
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
824:Checker shadow
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Autostereogram
801:
796:
791:
786:
780:
778:
774:
773:
761:
760:
753:
746:
738:
732:
731:
724:
713:
706:
695:
684:
673:
662:
651:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
547:
506:
485:
448:
402:
401:
355:
318:(5): 350–363.
297:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
267:Visual agnosia
262:
259:
238:
235:
231:fusiform gyrus
222:
219:
202:
199:
189:
186:
149:
146:
126:
123:
119:occipital lobe
63:photoreceptors
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4323:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Visual system
4304:
4303:
4301:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Literacy test
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Dick and Jane
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Transliteracy
3925:
3923:
3922:Technological
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Psychological
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Mental health
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Computational
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Frank Laubach
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3632:United States
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Post-literacy
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Learning Ally
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3257:communication
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Form constant
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:visual system
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Hallucination
3009:
3007:
3006:Derealization
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Asomatognosia
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Hyperesthesia
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Astereognosis
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:Labyrinthitis
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:Chemoreceptor
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:Photoreceptor
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Slit sensilla
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2260:Visceral pain
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2212:
2211:thermoception
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Visual cortex
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Olfactory (I)
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2074:spinal nerves
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Consciousness
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Accommodation
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:Vitreous body
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Fibrous tunic
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Amacrine cell
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:Fibrous tunic
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
859:Fraser spiral
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
775:
770:
766:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
739:
736:
729:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
661:(4), 192–194.
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
638:
634:
631:
627:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:10.1068/p5332
561:
558:(8): 903–11.
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:(3): 811–22.
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
473:
468:
465:(1): 485–97.
464:
460:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
362:
360:
351:
347:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
302:
298:
288:
285:
283:
282:Visual system
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Visual cortex
270:
268:
265:
264:
258:
256:
245:
234:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
208:
198:
196:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:achromatopsia
167:
163:
159:
158:prosopagnosia
155:
145:
142:
138:
133:
122:
120:
116:
115:visual cortex
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:bipolar cells
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
4198:Pictographic
4193:Phonogrammic
3805:Geo-literacy
3730:Agricultural
3709:Brian Street
3689:Paulo Freire
3641:Institutions
3616:New Zealand
3310:Speech error
3235:and related
2944:Phantom pain
2929:Hyperalgesia
2903:Hypoesthesia
2721:Hearing loss
2542:TRP channels
2519:Osmoreceptor
2486:Photopigment
2410:Baroreceptor
2349:Gravitropism
2321:Frog hearing
2301:Echolocation
2097:Facial (VII)
1802:
1696:Ciliary body
1536:Diencephalon
1535:
1520:Parasol cell
1504:Bipolar cell
1355:Pars plicata
1337:Ciliary body
1205:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1030:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
1028:
894:Lilac chaser
864:Gravity hill
727:
720:
716:
702:
698:
691:
687:
680:
676:
669:
665:
658:
654:
647:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
555:
551:
518:
514:
493:
489:
462:
456:
417:
413:
371:
367:
315:
311:
301:
251:
224:
204:
191:
151:
128:
95:optic chiasm
45:through the
26:
25:
4213:Syllabaries
4183:Logographic
4178:Ideogrammic
3917:Statistical
3832:Information
3718:Other types
3348:Dyscalculia
3176:Visual snow
3026:Synesthesia
2934:Hypoalgesia
2908:Paresthesia
2893:Formication
2888:CMT disease
2855:Hypergeusia
2678:Visual snow
2653:Photophobia
2648:Papilledema
2638:Oscillopsia
2624:Hemeralopia
2491:Aureochrome
2326:Toad vision
2250:Suffocation
2164:Perceptions
1788:Eye disease
1768:Keratocytes
1657:Conjunctiva
1614:Ora serrata
1552:Muller glia
1516:Midget cell
1236:Endothelium
1226:Dua's layer
1040:(1864 book)
944:Poggendorff
919:Oppel-Kundt
914:Necker cube
909:MĂĽller-Lyer
884:Irradiation
705:(1), 59–89.
374:: 407–430.
215:hippocampus
182:astereopsis
174:akinetopsia
91:optic nerve
4300:Categories
4244:Devanagari
3907:Scientific
3780:Ecological
3679:Marie Clay
3353:Dysgraphia
3320:Stuttering
3244:Conditions
3171:Palinopsia
3120:Afterimage
3105:Blind spot
3046:Pareidolia
3001:Allochiria
2984:Multimodal
2865:Parageusia
2860:Hypogeusia
2832:Phantosmia
2812:Hyperosmia
2756:Vestibular
2736:Palinopsia
2696:Amblyaudia
2643:Palinopsia
2628:Nyctalopia
2552:Nociceptor
2359:Artificial
2082:Optic (II)
1913:Perception
1862:Processes
1854:perception
1629:of the eye
1602:Optic disc
1360:Pars plana
1231:Descemet's
1211:Epithelium
1037:Spectropia
954:Rubin vase
904:McCollough
899:Mach bands
849:Ehrenstein
844:Ebbinghaus
809:Barberpole
784:Afterimage
552:Perception
293:References
87:optic disc
4280:In Africa
4264:Mongolian
4208:Shorthand
4168:Alphabets
4098:Graphemes
3953:Aliteracy
3902:Religious
3800:Financial
3790:Emotional
3785:Electracy
3588:Locations
3110:Phosphene
2842:Gustatory
2794:Olfactory
2658:Photopsia
2604:Amaurosis
2578:Disorders
2471:Cone cell
2390:Types of
2001:Inner ear
1936:Cognition
1926:Awareness
1875:Sensation
1850:Sensation
1607:Optic cup
1492:Cone cell
1146:human eye
1089:Illusions
1061:The dress
1053:Waterfall
854:Flash lag
834:Cornsweet
819:Café wall
799:Ames room
777:Illusions
650:(5), 350.
388:0147-006X
332:1471-0048
53:and then
4311:Dyslexia
4173:Featural
4163:Abugidas
4083:Language
4076:Overview
3978:Dyslexia
3887:Physical
3867:Numeracy
3775:Diaspora
3760:Cultural
3755:Critical
3745:Computer
3542:Learning
3535:Literacy
3467:Spelling
3437:Literacy
3343:Dyslexia
3233:Dyslexia
2827:Parosmia
2817:Hyposmia
2807:Dysosmia
2746:Tinnitus
2688:Auditory
2663:Polyopia
2619:Diplopia
2476:Rod cell
2274:Nonhuman
2227:Internal
2068:Sensory
1974:External
1883:Stimulus
1866:concepts
1496:Rod cell
1301:(middle)
1216:Bowman's
839:Delboeuf
789:Ambigram
616:Neurosci
572:16178142
543:15985008
502:17402561
444:17301124
350:23595013
261:See also
109:and the
4239:Chinese
4188:Numeral
4013:Writing
4008:Reading
3993:Orality
3946:Related
3862:Musical
3770:Digital
3735:Braille
3627:Romania
3620:Tokelau
3569:Phonics
3390:Sensory
3115:Floater
2996:Agnosia
2875:Tactile
2850:Ageusia
2802:Anosmia
2764:Vertigo
2668:Scotoma
2609:Anopsia
2070:cranial
1941:Feeling
1748:Choroid
1649:Eyebrow
1593:Foveola
1409:(inner)
1309:Choroid
1157:(outer)
1144:of the
1072:Related
999:Zöllner
989:White's
924:Orbison
889:Jastrow
723:, 1289.
672:, 1287.
630:Science
580:6107375
535:9753150
481:8787209
435:2095436
396:3885829
341:3864796
229:in the
137:macaque
117:of the
31:brain's
4249:Hangul
4229:Arabic
4158:Abjads
3932:Visual
3912:Social
3897:Racial
3872:Object
3815:Health
3740:Carbon
3672:People
3600:Canada
3254:, and
2586:Visual
2537:Cilium
2283:Animal
2255:Nausea
2245:Thirst
2240:Hunger
2112:Spinal
1951:Qualia
1743:Retina
1653:Eyelid
1645:Adnexa
1568:Macula
1548:K cell
1544:M cell
1540:P cell
1416:Layers
1407:Retina
1378:Stroma
1221:Stroma
1206:layers
1201:Limbus
1193:Cornea
1165:Sclera
1024:Op art
979:Ternus
959:Sander
874:Hering
814:Bezold
609:Neuron
602:Cortex
588:Nature
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241:": -->
180:, and
166:alexia
59:retina
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4259:Latin
4150:Types
4112:Lists
3882:Power
3877:Oracy
3852:Media
3847:Legal
3810:Graph
3795:Faith
3610:Bihar
3605:India
3481:Lists
3369:Motor
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2336:Plant
2196:Touch
2011:Mouth
1965:Human
1761:Other
1665:Orbit
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1481:Cells
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1299:tunic
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994:Wundt
949:Ponzo
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576:S2CID
539:S2CID
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3765:Data
3285:Lisp
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2991:Aura
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2626:and
2072:and
2016:Skin
2006:Nose
1996:Ears
1991:Eyes
1864:and
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1370:Iris
869:Grid
769:list
568:PMID
531:PMID
498:PMID
477:PMID
440:PMID
392:PMID
384:ISSN
346:PMID
328:ISSN
243:edit
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