754:
742:
790:
766:
330:
714:
730:
778:
49:
29:
385:(which correspond to the lateral side of each visual hemifield, because the image is inverted) cross over to the opposite side of the body midline. The inferonasal retina are related to the anterior portion of the optic chiasm whereas superonasal retinal fibers are related to the posterior portion of the optic chiasm.
621:
Since all vertebrates, even the earliest fossils and modern jawless ones, possess an optic chiasm, it is not known how it evolved. A number of theories have been proposed for the function of the optic chiasm in vertebrates (see
346:
In all vertebrates, the optic nerves of the left and the right eye meet in the body midline, ventral to the brain. In many vertebrates the left optic nerve crosses over the right one without fusing with it.
1619:
Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2014-01-01). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review".
765:
741:
305:
This article is about the optic chiasm of vertebrates, which is the best known nerve chiasm, but not every chiasm denotes a crossing of the body midline (e.g., in some
400:
vision. The net result is that the right cerebral hemisphere processes left visual hemifield, and the left cerebral hemisphere processes the right visual hemifield.
171:
698:
The crossing of nerve fibres, and the impact on vision that this had, was probably first identified by
Persian physician "Esmail Jorjani", who appears to be
362:, the two optic nerves merge in the optic chiasm. In such a merged optic chiasm, part of the nerve fibres do not cross the midline, but continue towards the
2609:
2604:
2533:
2388:
903:
de
Lussanet, Marc H.E.; Osse, Jan W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
2368:
789:
1377:
de
Lussanet, M.H.E.; Osse, J.W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
336:
Transformations of the visual field toward the visual map on the primary visual cortex in vertebrates. U=up; D=down; L=left; R=right; F=fovea
2373:
1974:
729:
147:
2551:
2378:
713:
753:
2325:
2320:
816:
318:
2383:
2193:
1984:
2599:
1912:
1750:
572:, giving rise to the ipsilateral, or uncrossed, projection. RGC axons that do cross at the optic chiasm are guided by the vascular
1713:
279:
33:
Brain viewed from below; the front of the brain is above. Visual pathway with optic chiasm (X shape) is shown in red (image from
2183:
1491:
1474:
2705:
2178:
1016:
880:
850:
388:
The partial crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasm allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric
2198:
1921:
1907:
1305:"Optic chiasm presentation of Semaphorin6D in the context of Plexin-A1 and Nr-CAM promotes retinal axon midline crossing"
1361:
2556:
2188:
2166:
1100:
985:
527:
midline inhibits crossing prior to the chiasm, where it is downregulated. The organization of RGC axons changes from
464:
2673:
2504:
2499:
2455:
2450:
2161:
178:
1475:"Abnormal retinotopic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tyrosinase-negative albino cat"
2481:
2476:
350:
In vertebrates with a large overlap of the visual fields of the two eyes, i.e., most mammals and birds, but also
392:
from both eyes. Superimposing and processing these monocular visual signals allow the visual cortex to generate
2678:
2589:
1424:"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"
777:
2630:
2594:
1669:
Jeffery G (October 2001). "Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development".
166:
1897:
1743:
866:
565:
2409:
771:
Left hemisphere of the brain seen in a cadaveric specimen from the side, with the optic chiasm labelled.
1853:
1814:
515:(RGC) axons leaving the eye through the optic nerve are blocked from exiting the developing pathway by
2528:
2226:
2151:
1979:
1522:
Guillery, RW; Kaas, JH (June 1973). "Genetic abnormality of the visual pathways in a "white" tiger".
649:
gene, the wiring is disrupted, with more of the nerve-crossing than normal. Since siamese cats, like
556:
depends on the degree of binocular vision of the animal (3% in mice and 45% in humans do not cross).
122:
2666:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2106:
1989:
444:
105:
623:
2240:
1736:
504:
448:
424:
2733:
2298:
2128:
2113:
2101:
1042:"The retinal ganglion cell axon's journey: Insights into molecular mechanisms of axon guidance"
585:
524:
259:
154:
142:
870:
2569:
2356:
512:
492:
341:
381:
In the case of such partial decussation, the optic nerve fibres on the medial sides of each
2738:
2564:
2286:
2216:
2141:
1585:
1531:
1121:
Herrera, E; Erskine, L; Morenilla-Palao, C (2019). "Guidance of retinal axons in mammals".
1256:"VEGF signaling through neuropilin 1 guides commissural axon crossing at the optic chiasm"
8:
2697:
2081:
1999:
821:
699:
610:
549:
416:
1589:
1535:
686:
the optic tracts do not cross the body midline, so each side of the brain processes the
403:
Beyond the optic chiasm, with crossed and uncrossed fibers, the optic nerves are called
2156:
2076:
1892:
1721:
1694:
1652:
1555:
1504:
1450:
1423:
1404:
1386:
1329:
1304:
1280:
1255:
1231:
1222:
1206:
1146:
938:
912:
747:
Transformations of the visual field toward the visual map on the primary visual cortex.
627:
616:
1597:
1182:
1165:
2728:
2688:
2274:
2269:
2252:
1942:
1686:
1644:
1636:
1601:
1547:
1496:
1455:
1357:
1334:
1285:
1236:
1187:
1138:
1096:
1073:
1022:
1012:
981:
974:
Nieuwenhuys, R.; Donkelaar, H.J.; Nicholson, C.; Smeets, W.J.A.J.; Wicht, H. (1998).
930:
876:
846:
806:
1656:
1559:
1508:
1150:
2661:
2635:
2625:
2414:
2404:
2281:
2221:
2040:
2019:
2009:
1962:
1916:
1880:
1682:
1678:
1628:
1593:
1539:
1486:
1445:
1435:
1408:
1396:
1324:
1316:
1275:
1267:
1226:
1218:
1177:
1130:
1063:
1053:
942:
922:
811:
673:
660:), it has been proposed that this behavior might compensate the abnormal amount of
393:
371:
310:
210:
34:
1698:
1543:
592:
6D (Sema6D) expressed at the midline, which form a complex that signals to Nr-CAM/
2649:
2351:
2257:
2014:
1933:
1829:
1802:
1573:
1320:
1271:
1134:
975:
452:
135:
110:
1058:
1041:
2346:
2264:
2173:
2118:
2031:
1824:
1768:
1760:
488:
472:
251:
28:
1026:
523:
inhibition, expressed bordering the optic nerve pathway. Ssh expressed at the
2722:
2468:
2439:
2361:
2338:
2309:
2123:
1780:
1640:
1400:
934:
926:
638:
553:
546:
507:
signalling systems that activate downstream pathways inducing changes in the
306:
159:
69:
2093:
2060:
1690:
1648:
1500:
1459:
1338:
1289:
1191:
1142:
1077:
1002:
577:
542:
508:
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404:
389:
367:
291:
283:
275:
267:
196:
80:
64:
1605:
1551:
1240:
735:
Brain seen from below, with the optic chiasm seen in yellow in the centre.
370:
that is covered by both eyes is fused so that the processing of binocular
329:
2428:
1868:
1841:
720:
687:
679:
661:
561:
496:
363:
314:
287:
1068:
184:
1440:
657:
589:
528:
484:
476:
467:, the crossing of the optic nerves is guided primarily by cues such as
397:
375:
359:
351:
117:
366:
of the ipsilateral side. By this partial decussation, the part of the
1728:
1632:
1492:
10.1002/1096-9861(20001113)427:2<209::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-3
642:
557:
1008:
973:
630:
the optic chiasm develops as a consequence of a twist in the early
580:(NRP1) expressed on RGC axons. Chiasm crossing is also promoted by
531:
to a flat sheet-like orientation as they approach the chiasm site.
432:
428:
420:
129:
1391:
917:
872:
Beyond the
Zonules of Zinn: A Fantastic Journey Through Your Brain
2581:
683:
539:
412:
355:
299:
295:
552:. The number of axons that do not cross the midline and project
2543:
653:
650:
646:
631:
593:
576:, expressed at the midline, which signals through the receptor
573:
520:
500:
480:
468:
382:
795:
Guidance of axon crossing and non-crossing during development.
1120:
581:
569:
564:
and acts as a repulsive signal to axons originating from the
516:
313:). A midline crossing of nerves inside the brain is called a
271:
242:
93:
1618:
1472:
278:
cross. It is located at the bottom of the brain immediately
2491:
535:
455:(the latter supplying the midline portion of the chiasma).
233:
1207:"Developmental determinants at the mammalian optic chiasm"
213:
48:
1164:
Rasband, Kendall; Hardy, Melissa; Chien, Chi-Bin (2003).
1004:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
236:
222:
443:
The optic chiasma receives its arterial supply from the
1473:
Schmolesky MT, Wang Y, Creel DJ, Leventhal AG (2000).
1356:. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press.
845:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 530.
1253:
431:, in turn giving them to the occipital cortex of the
239:
230:
225:
1302:
219:
216:
1204:
896:
1163:
969:
967:
2720:
1376:
902:
1039:
964:
495:. This navigation is mediated by the neuronal
16:Part of the brain where the optic nerves cross
1744:
1166:"Generating X, Formation of the Optic Chiasm"
859:
1521:
1415:
1370:
1205:Guillery, RW; Mason, CA; Taylor, JS (1995).
1123:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1090:
1572:
1421:
1345:
1254:Erskine, L; Reijntjes, S; Pratt, T (2011).
499:, a structure that responds to the cues by
1751:
1737:
1576:(May 1974). "Visual pathways in albinos".
1303:Kuwajima, T; Yoshida, Y; Pratt, T (2012).
865:
719:Scheme showing central connections of the
667:
47:
27:
1668:
1490:
1449:
1439:
1390:
1328:
1279:
1230:
1181:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1067:
1057:
1000:
977:The central nervous system of vertebrates
949:
916:
875:. Harvard University Press. p. 162.
783:Cerebrum, inferior view, deep dissection.
458:
423:. In mammals they also branch off to the
1198:
328:
1351:
955:
2721:
1758:
1109:
840:
560:is expressed at the chiasm midline by
53:Optic nerves, chiasm, and optic tracts
1732:
1718:Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator
596:-A1 receptors on crossing RGC axons.
79:Transmit visual information from the
1157:
994:
705:
759:Brain and brainstem seen from below
302:), it is located within the brain.
286:. The optic chiasm is found in all
83:to the occipital lobes of the brain
13:
1223:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-07-04727.1995
438:
14:
2750:
1706:
1598:10.1038/scientificamerican0574-44
1040:Erskine, L.; Herrera, E. (2007).
656:, also tend to cross their eyes (
574:endothelial growth factor, VEGF-A
407:. The optic tract inserts on the
342:Chiasm (anatomy) § Structure
817:Definition of types of crossings
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
712:
599:
319:Definition of types of crossings
209:
179:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1612:
1566:
1515:
1466:
1296:
1247:
960:. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press.
843:Oxford Dictionary of Psychology
1714:"Anatomy diagram: 13048.000-1"
1683:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1393
1095:. Cambridge University Press.
1084:
1033:
834:
1:
2631:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1544:10.1126/science.180.4092.1287
1183:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00563-4
827:
1422:de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019).
1321:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.025
1272:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.052
1135:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.027
958:The vertebrate visual system
324:
7:
2410:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1211:The Journal of Neuroscience
1059:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.05.013
1007:(42th ed.). New York:
800:
447:, and from branches of the
378:is enabled (see Figure 2).
258: 'crossing', from
10:
2755:
1854:lateral geniculate nucleus
1815:anterior olfactory nucleus
1720:. Elsevier. Archived from
841:Colman, Andrew M. (2006).
693:
671:
614:
608:
604:
445:anterior cerebral arteries
339:
2687:
2648:
2618:
2580:
2542:
2534:Superior cervical cardiac
2490:
2466:
2437:
2427:
2397:
2336:
2307:
2297:
2239:
2227:Superior salivary nucleus
2209:
2139:
2090:
2069:
2059:
2030:
1980:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1961:
1932:
1879:
1840:
1801:
1767:
1091:Gordon-Weeks, PR (2005).
1001:Standring, Susan (2020).
538:cross the midline at the
177:
165:
153:
141:
128:
116:
104:
92:
87:
75:
63:
58:
46:
26:
21:
2667:spinal accessory nucleus
2107:pterygopalatine ganglion
1898:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
1401:10.1163/157075611X617102
956:Stephen, Polyak (1957).
927:10.1163/157075611X617102
2049:no significant branches
1951:no significant branches
1791:no significant branches
668:Cephalopods and insects
451:which ascend along the
449:internal carotid artery
425:lateral geniculate body
270:'), is the part of the
266: 'to mark with an
2369:Stylopharyngeal branch
2129:submandibular ganglion
2114:Nerve to the stapedius
980:. New York: Springer.
586:cell adhesion molecule
570:EphB1 receptor protein
525:central nervous system
459:Development in mammals
337:
1093:Neuronal Growth Cones
1046:Developmental Biology
513:Retinal ganglion cell
332:
2217:Facial motor nucleus
1913:parasympathetic root
1352:Janvier, P. (1996).
626:). According to the
545:and continue to the
2529:Recurrent laryngeal
2374:Pharyngeal branches
2152:Posterior auricular
2000:trigeminal ganglion
1590:1974SciAm.230e..44G
1536:1973Sci...180.1287G
822:Contralateral brain
700:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
611:Contralateral brain
550:superior colliculus
417:superior colliculus
2512:Superior laryngeal
2379:Tonsillar branches
2077:Intermediate nerve
1893:oculomotor nucleus
1441:10.7717/peerj.7096
628:Axial Twist theory
617:Axial twist theory
568:retina expressing
338:
2716:
2715:
2644:
2643:
2610:Posterior gastric
2505:pharyngeal plexus
2500:Pharyngeal branch
2423:
2422:
2287:Scarpa's ganglion
2275:lateral lemniscus
2270:striae medullares
2253:vestibular nuclei
2241:Vestibulocochlear
2235:
2234:
1354:Early vertebrates
1018:978-0-7020-7707-4
882:978-0-674-02042-9
867:Bainbridge, David
852:978-0-19-861035-9
807:Chiasmal syndrome
723:and optic tracts.
706:Additional images
193:
192:
188:
2746:
2662:nucleus ambiguus
2636:Solitary nucleus
2626:Nucleus ambiguus
2605:Anterior gastric
2552:Inferior cardiac
2482:Auricular branch
2477:Meningeal branch
2435:
2434:
2415:Solitary nucleus
2405:Nucleus ambiguus
2384:Lingual branches
2305:
2304:
2299:Glossopharyngeal
2222:Solitary nucleus
2102:Greater petrosal
2067:
2066:
1917:ciliary ganglion
1753:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1702:
1661:
1660:
1633:10.1002/ca.22345
1621:Clinical Anatomy
1616:
1610:
1609:
1570:
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1530:(4092): 1287–9.
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1300:
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1293:
1283:
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1245:
1244:
1234:
1217:(7): 4727–4737.
1202:
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1118:
1107:
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1088:
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991:
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953:
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946:
920:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
869:(30 June 2009).
863:
857:
856:
838:
812:Chiasm (anatomy)
792:
780:
768:
756:
744:
732:
716:
674:chiasm (anatomy)
584:(Ng-CAM-related
372:depth perception
311:Chiasm (anatomy)
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
221:
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185:edit on Wikidata
182:
51:
35:Andreas Vesalius
31:
19:
18:
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2717:
2712:
2683:
2640:
2614:
2576:
2538:
2486:
2462:
2419:
2393:
2357:lesser petrosal
2352:tympanic plexus
2332:
2293:
2258:cochlear nuclei
2231:
2205:
2143:
2135:
2092:
2086:
2055:
2026:
1957:
1928:
1875:
1836:
1830:olfactory tract
1797:
1763:
1757:
1712:
1709:
1677:(4): 1393–414.
1665:
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1471:
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1158:
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1103:
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1085:
1038:
1034:
1019:
1011:. p. 420.
999:
995:
988:
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461:
453:pituitary stalk
441:
439:Arterial supply
344:
327:
229:
212:
208:
189:
99:chiasma opticum
54:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2265:Cochlear nerve
2262:
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2255:
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2244:
2237:
2236:
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2229:
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2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2174:Parotid plexus
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2119:Chorda tympani
2116:
2111:
2110:
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1707:External links
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1379:Animal Biology
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20:
2142:stylomastoid
2094:facial canal
2048:
1950:
1864:optic chiasm
1863:
1790:
1722:the original
1717:
1674:
1671:Physiol. Rev
1670:
1627:(1): 14–19.
1624:
1620:
1614:
1584:(5): 44–54.
1581:
1577:
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1069:10261/338550
1049:
1045:
1035:
1003:
996:
976:
957:
951:
908:
904:
898:
886:. Retrieved
871:
861:
842:
836:
721:optic nerves
697:
677:
639:Siamese cats
636:
620:
578:Neuropilin-1
543:diencephalon
533:
509:cytoskeleton
462:
442:
409:optic tectum
405:optic tracts
402:
398:stereoscopic
390:visual field
387:
380:
368:visual field
349:
345:
333:
304:
284:hypothalamus
276:optic nerves
263:
255:
204:
201:optic chiasm
200:
197:neuroanatomy
194:
148:A14.1.08.403
136:birnlex_1416
98:
81:optic nerves
38:
22:Optic chiasm
2739:Optic nerve
2689:Hypoglossal
2070:Near origin
1869:optic tract
1574:Guillery RW
1052:(1): 1–14.
888:22 November
688:ipsilateral
680:cephalopods
662:decussation
562:radial glia
529:retinotopic
497:growth cone
465:development
364:optic tract
315:decussation
292:cyclostomes
288:vertebrates
250:; from
88:Identifiers
2723:Categories
2282:Vestibular
2194:mandibular
2167:stylohyoid
2157:Suprahyoid
2082:Geniculate
2020:mandibular
2010:ophthalmic
1963:Trigeminal
1881:Oculomotor
1027:1201341621
828:References
658:strabismus
615:See also:
590:Semaphorin
491:(Shh) and
485:morphogens
477:semaphorin
376:stereopsis
360:chameleons
352:amphibians
274:where the
118:NeuroNames
2702:Branches
2650:Accessory
2570:posterior
2557:Pulmonary
2243:(CN VIII)
2184:zygomatic
2162:digastric
2045:Branches
2015:maxillary
2006:Branches
1947:Branches
1934:Trochlear
1904:Branches
1803:Olfactory
1641:1098-2353
1434:: e7096.
1392:1003.1872
1129:: 48–59.
935:1570-7555
918:1003.1872
643:genotypes
558:Ephrin-B2
534:Most RGC
483:; and by
419:) of the
415:known as
394:binocular
325:Structure
300:hagfishes
2729:Cerebrum
2691:(CN XII)
2565:anterior
2522:internal
2517:external
2456:inferior
2451:superior
2447:Ganglia
2347:Tympanic
2326:inferior
2321:superior
2317:Ganglia
2199:cervical
2179:temporal
2063:(CN VII)
2032:Abducens
1922:inferior
1908:superior
1883:(CN III)
1769:Terminal
1691:11581492
1657:15242391
1649:24323823
1560:28568341
1509:32536933
1501:11054689
1460:31211022
1339:22632726
1290:21658587
1192:12971890
1151:24381059
1143:29174916
1078:17560562
1009:Elsevier
801:See also
624:theories
505:receptor
487:such as
433:cerebrum
429:thalamus
421:midbrain
358:such as
356:reptiles
334:Figure 2
296:lampreys
280:inferior
130:NeuroLex
76:Function
41:, 1543).
2706:lingual
2698:Nucleus
2674:Cranial
2658:Nuclei
2652:(CN XI)
2600:Hepatic
2582:Abdomen
2438:Before
2308:Before
2301:(CN IX)
2249:Nuclei
2144:foramen
2041:Nucleus
2034:(CN VI)
1996:Course
1971:Nuclei
1943:Nucleus
1936:(CN IV)
1889:Nuclei
1860:Course
1850:Nuclei
1844:(CN II)
1821:Course
1811:Nuclei
1787:Course
1777:Nuclei
1606:4822986
1586:Bibcode
1578:Sci. Am
1552:4707916
1532:Bibcode
1524:Science
1451:6557252
1409:7399128
1330:3361695
1281:3114076
1241:7623106
1232:6577905
943:7399128
694:History
684:insects
645:of the
605:Mammals
540:ventral
463:During
427:of the
413:mammals
282:to the
111:D009897
59:Details
39:Fabrica
2679:Spinal
2619:Nuclei
2590:Celiac
2544:Thorax
2467:After
2431:(CN X)
2398:Nuclei
2337:After
2210:Nuclei
2189:buccal
2091:Inside
2061:Facial
1965:(CN V)
1805:(CN I)
1771:(CN 0)
1699:203231
1697:
1689:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1604:
1558:
1550:
1507:
1499:
1458:
1448:
1407:
1360:
1337:
1327:
1309:Neuron
1288:
1278:
1260:Neuron
1239:
1229:
1190:
1170:Neuron
1149:
1141:
1099:
1076:
1025:
1015:
984:
941:
933:
879:
849:
654:tigers
651:albino
647:albino
632:embryo
594:Plexin
588:) and
582:Nr-CAM
521:Sema5A
501:ligand
481:ephrin
469:netrin
383:retina
309:, see
256:χίασμα
199:, the
65:System
2595:Renal
2429:Vagus
1842:Optic
1695:S2CID
1653:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1505:S2CID
1428:PeerJ
1405:S2CID
1387:arXiv
1147:S2CID
939:S2CID
913:arXiv
690:eye.
536:axons
517:Slit2
317:(see
272:brain
264:χιάζω
262:
254:
252:Greek
203:, or
183:[
172:62045
94:Latin
2492:Neck
1759:The
1687:PMID
1645:PMID
1637:ISSN
1602:PMID
1548:PMID
1497:PMID
1456:PMID
1358:ISBN
1335:PMID
1286:PMID
1237:PMID
1188:PMID
1139:PMID
1097:ISBN
1074:PMID
1023:OCLC
1013:ISBN
982:ISBN
931:ISSN
890:2015
877:ISBN
847:ISBN
682:and
519:and
479:and
473:slit
411:(in
396:and
298:and
160:5668
143:TA98
106:MeSH
2140:At
1990:TMN
1975:PSN
1915:of
1679:doi
1629:doi
1594:doi
1582:230
1540:doi
1528:180
1487:doi
1483:427
1446:PMC
1436:doi
1397:doi
1325:PMC
1317:doi
1276:PMC
1268:doi
1227:PMC
1219:doi
1178:doi
1131:doi
1064:hdl
1054:doi
1050:308
923:doi
678:In
637:In
493:Wnt
374:by
321:).
195:In
167:FMA
155:TA2
123:459
2725::
1985:MN
1716:.
1693:.
1685:.
1675:81
1673:.
1651:.
1643:.
1635:.
1625:27
1623:.
1600:.
1592:.
1580:.
1554:.
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1538:.
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1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1444:.
1430:.
1426:.
1403:.
1395:.
1383:62
1381:.
1333:.
1323:.
1313:74
1311:.
1307:.
1284:.
1274:.
1264:70
1262:.
1258:.
1235:.
1225:.
1215:15
1213:.
1209:.
1186:.
1174:39
1172:.
1168:.
1145:.
1137:.
1127:85
1125:.
1111:^
1072:.
1062:.
1048:.
1044:.
1021:.
966:^
937:.
929:.
921:.
909:62
907:.
664:.
634:.
511:.
475:,
471:,
435:.
354:,
243:əm
234:aɪ
132:ID
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1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
1701:.
1681::
1659:.
1631::
1608:.
1596::
1588::
1562:.
1542::
1534::
1511:.
1489::
1462:.
1438::
1432:7
1411:.
1399::
1389::
1366:.
1341:.
1319::
1292:.
1270::
1243:.
1221::
1194:.
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1153:.
1133::
1105:.
1080:.
1066::
1056::
1029:.
990:.
945:.
925::
915::
892:.
855:.
503:-
294:(
268:X
246:/
240:z
237:æ
231:k
226:k
223:ɪ
220:t
217:p
214:ɒ
211:/
207:(
187:]
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