1059:
999:
1047:
43:
2802:
553:
987:
895:
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883:
1119:
631:. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body.
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is commonly known as a "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head. Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This
634:
Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided into four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe)
856:, can also affect the nerve. Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve.
635:
with fibers from the retina); 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit); 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).
847:
is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye. Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly,
733:
loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general, the location of the damage in relation to the optic chiasm (see diagram above) will affect the areas of vision loss. Damage to the optic nerve that is
754:, which is posterior to, or behind the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage, e.g. if the left optic tract were cut, there would be a loss of vision from the entire right visual field.
1504:– Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
738:, or in front of the optic chiasm (toward the face) causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage. Damage at the optic chiasm itself typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields or
870:
are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve. The
International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.
502:
do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically, the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and is considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.
815:
loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is frequently associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. The
894:
974:
533:
of the mammalian central nervous system have only limited regenerative capabilities compared to the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, in most mammals, optic
998:
212:
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650:
of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the
1427:
1118:
2412:
2341:
2196:
572:. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the
2176:
1058:
365:
2181:
1782:
188:
184:
2359:
2186:
1376:
Belknap, Dianne B.; McCrea, Robert A. (1988-02-01). "Anatomical connections of the prepositus and abducens nuclei in the squirrel monkey".
938:
2548:
2133:
2128:
599:(the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of
2191:
2001:
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in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the
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1991:
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run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the
499:
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2402:
1435:
833:. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.
823:
fluid. The presence of excess aqueous humor, increases IOP, yielding the diagnosis and symptoms of glaucoma.
709:
is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
351:
207:
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1705:
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is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being
31:
17:
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702:
that occurs when one looks at a near object (for example: when reading, the lens adjusts to near vision).
686:). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the
2217:
950:
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that occurs when light is shone into either eye. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the
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The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
905:
726:, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is important for the diagnosis of nerve damage.
624:
478:) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with
338:
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2701:
1508:
Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of
Liverpool)
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Jonas, Jost B.; et al. (May 1992). "Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size".
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1457:"The Eye's Drainage System, the Trabecular Meshwork & Glaucoma | BrightFocus Foundation"
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showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optic nerve.
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Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of
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The
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top"
1142:
655:
628:
600:
279:
267:
1251:
Smith, Austen M.; Czyz, Craig N. (2021). "Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic)".
1124:
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
1034:
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2771:
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2666:
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793:. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma;
699:
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459:
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595:, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal
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580:; in other areas of the retina, they connect to thousands of photoreceptors.
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Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
807:
is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing
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790:
782:
743:
576:, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5
514:
2881:
2581:
1366:
Textbook of
Veterinary Anatomy, 4th Edition. Dyce, Sack and Wensing
804:
778:
770:
766:
735:
491:
458:
The optic nerve has been classified as the second of twelve paired
1004:
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye
2389:
1501:
1208:
Selhorst, John; Chen, Yanjun (February 2009). "The Optic Nerve".
797:, especially in those younger than 50 years of age; and anterior
1527:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
1515:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
2816:
2351:
1180:
Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015).
840:
condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.
659:
542:
479:
407:
1179:
786:
695:
505:
The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (
490:
of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the
411:
143:
1488:
Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve"
2299:
742:(see image to the right). Such damage may occur with large
670:
The optic nerve transmits all visual information including
604:
569:
418:
during the seventh week of development and is composed of
108:
27:
Second cranial nerve, which connects the eyes to the brain
968:
Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
866:
can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but
694:. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both
920:
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
470:because it is derived from an out-pouching of the
462:, but it is technically a myelinated tract of the
2904:
1342:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
638:From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the
1257:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
757:Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of
2542:
1552:
1375:
414:. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from
359:
2556:
1207:
843:Other optic nerve problems are less common.
1283:Benowitz, Larry; Yin, Yuqin (August 2010).
1282:
2549:
2535:
1559:
1545:
1203:
1201:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1028:Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
1016:Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
888:MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.
366:
352:
107:
1316:
1250:
908:and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)
611:from where information is relayed to the
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
712:
551:
50:This article includes a list of general
1198:
1164:
932:Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
591:, running postero-medially towards the
466:, rather than a classical nerve of the
14:
2905:
1566:
1112:Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
2530:
1540:
1339:
956:Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
615:, while other axons terminate in the
1378:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1064:Human brain dura mater (reflections)
874:
607:of the optic nerve terminate in the
36:
785:(very rarely), or compression from
763:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
627:and are involved in regulating the
24:
837:Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
801:, usually in those older than 50.
603:enjoyed by a species. Most of the
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
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1476:
2800:
1117:
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1081:
1069:
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1021:
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913:
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220:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
41:
1301:10.1001/archophthalmol.2010.152
1184:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
623:. Other axons terminate in the
564:The optic nerve is composed of
1449:
1420:
1369:
1360:
1333:
1276:
1244:
619:and are involved in reflexive
13:
1:
2439:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1158:
992:Structures of the eye labeled
761:or inheritable problems like
113:The left optic nerve and the
529:found in peripheral nerves.
453:
7:
2938:Nerves of the head and neck
2218:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1129:
665:
583:The optic nerve leaves the
10:
2969:
1662:lateral geniculate nucleus
1623:anterior olfactory nucleus
1285:"Optic Nerve Regeneration"
1133:
717:
609:lateral geniculate nucleus
440:lateral geniculate nucleus
29:
2864:
2809:
2798:
2569:
2495:
2456:
2426:
2388:
2350:
2342:Superior cervical cardiac
2298:
2274:
2245:
2235:
2205:
2144:
2115:
2105:
2047:
2035:Superior salivary nucleus
2017:
1947:
1898:
1877:
1867:
1838:
1788:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1769:
1740:
1687:
1648:
1609:
1575:
1289:Archives of Ophthalmology
799:ischemic optic neuropathy
750:. Finally, damage to the
468:peripheral nervous system
218:
206:
194:
178:
166:
154:
142:
137:
127:
122:
106:
101:
2838:Ascending and Descending
2475:spinal accessory nucleus
1915:pterygopalatine ganglion
1706:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
819:assists the drainage of
537:results in irreversible
1857:no significant branches
1759:no significant branches
1599:no significant branches
906:internal carotid artery
625:suprachiasmatic nucleus
500:Guillain–Barré syndrome
496:Peripheral neuropathies
71:more precise citations.
2177:Stylopharyngeal branch
1937:submandibular ganglion
1922:Nerve to the stapedius
1483:The optic nerve on MRI
1222:10.1055/s-0028-1124020
1136:anatomical terminology
868:neuro-ophthalmologists
845:Optic nerve hypoplasia
740:bitemporal hemianopsia
561:
541:. The fibers from the
464:central nervous system
426:; it extends from the
1390:10.1002/cne.902680103
1210:Seminars in Neurology
713:Clinical significance
587:(eye socket) via the
566:retinal ganglion cell
555:
547:primary visual cortex
434:and continues as the
420:retinal ganglion cell
406:information from the
2872:Accidental viewpoint
2025:Facial motor nucleus
1721:parasympathetic root
692:accommodation reflex
388:second cranial nerve
386:, also known as the
30:For other uses, see
2948:Otorhinolaryngology
2923:Human head and neck
2777:Vertical–horizontal
2337:Recurrent laryngeal
2182:Pharyngeal branches
1960:Posterior auricular
1808:trigeminal ganglion
1502:online case history
1461:www.brightfocus.org
817:trabecular meshwork
578:photoreceptor cells
448:superior colliculus
2877:Auditory illusions
2672:Impossible trident
2320:Superior laryngeal
2187:Tonsillar branches
1885:Intermediate nerve
1701:oculomotor nucleus
1134:This article uses
850:cerebral aneurysms
831:multiple sclerosis
562:
517:) rather than the
2900:
2899:
2892:Temporal illusion
2887:Tactile illusions
2857:(2015 photograph)
2558:Optical illusions
2524:
2523:
2452:
2451:
2418:Posterior gastric
2313:pharyngeal plexus
2308:Pharyngeal branch
2231:
2230:
2095:Scarpa's ganglion
2083:lateral lemniscus
2078:striae medullares
2061:vestibular nuclei
2049:Vestibulocochlear
2043:
2042:
1492:BrainMaps project
1153:Bistratified cell
902:ophthalmic artery
875:Additional images
813:peripheral vision
748:pituitary adenoma
656:calcarine fissure
558:fundus photograph
376:
375:
298:Vestibulocochlear
234:
233:
229:
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2960:
2804:
2757:Schroeder stairs
2732:Peripheral drift
2727:Penrose triangle
2551:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2470:nucleus ambiguus
2444:Solitary nucleus
2434:Nucleus ambiguus
2413:Anterior gastric
2360:Inferior cardiac
2290:Auricular branch
2285:Meningeal branch
2243:
2242:
2223:Solitary nucleus
2213:Nucleus ambiguus
2192:Lingual branches
2113:
2112:
2107:Glossopharyngeal
2030:Solitary nucleus
1910:Greater petrosal
1875:
1874:
1725:ciliary ganglion
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1434:. Archived from
1432:casemed.case.edu
1424:
1418:
1417:
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1367:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
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1295:(8): 1059–1064.
1280:
1274:
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1177:
1143:Ophthalmic nerve
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1001:
989:
977:
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953:
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929:
917:
897:
885:
860:Ophthalmologists
852:, a swelling of
811:in a pattern of
809:optic neuropathy
746:tumors, such as
676:color perception
629:sleep-wake cycle
601:binocular vision
484:oligodendrocytes
444:pretectal nuclei
392:cranial nerve II
368:
361:
354:
304:Glossopharyngeal
236:
235:
226:edit on Wikidata
223:
111:
99:
98:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
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2963:
2962:
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2958:
2957:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2860:
2810:Popular culture
2805:
2796:
2767:Spinning dancer
2587:Ambiguous image
2565:
2555:
2525:
2520:
2491:
2448:
2422:
2384:
2346:
2294:
2270:
2227:
2201:
2165:lesser petrosal
2160:tympanic plexus
2140:
2101:
2066:cochlear nuclei
2039:
2013:
1951:
1943:
1900:
1894:
1863:
1834:
1765:
1736:
1683:
1644:
1638:olfactory tract
1605:
1571:
1565:
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921:
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909:
898:
889:
886:
877:
854:blood vessel(s)
720:
715:
700:lens of the eye
668:
640:optic radiation
456:
402:that transmits
372:
343:
230:
187:
118:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2955:
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2928:Nervous system
2925:
2920:
2918:Cranial nerves
2915:
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2889:
2884:
2879:
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2849:(1961 drawing)
2842:
2841:(1960 drawing)
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2819:
2813:
2811:
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2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
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2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Shepard tables
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Penrose stairs
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
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2639:
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2624:
2619:
2617:Checker shadow
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Autostereogram
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2567:
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1477:External links
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1216:(1): 029–035.
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827:Optic neuritis
795:optic neuritis
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617:pretectal area
486:, rather than
460:cranial nerves
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1438:on 2020-01-26
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652:lingual gyrus
649:
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644:visual cortex
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621:eye movements
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613:visual cortex
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488:Schwann cells
485:
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477:
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469:
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461:
451:
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445:
441:
437:
433:
432:optic chiasma
429:
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409:
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400:cranial nerve
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105:
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80:
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66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2823:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
2821:
2687:Lilac chaser
2657:Gravity hill
1950:stylomastoid
1902:facial canal
1856:
1758:
1672:optic chiasm
1649:
1598:
1528:
1516:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1431:
1422:
1384:(1): 13–28.
1381:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1253:
1246:
1213:
1209:
1181:
864:optometrists
858:
842:
835:
825:
803:
775:inflammation
756:
731:visual field
729:The type of
728:
721:
704:
688:light reflex
674:perception,
669:
642:pass to the
637:
633:
593:optic chiasm
582:
563:
535:nerve damage
531:Fiber tracts
504:
482:produced by
476:optic stalks
472:diencephalon
457:
416:optic stalks
395:
394:, or simply
391:
387:
383:
380:neuroanatomy
377:
261:
189:A15.2.04.024
185:A14.2.01.006
148:
115:optic tracts
83:
74:
55:
18:Optic nerves
2913:Optic nerve
2833:(1864 book)
2737:Poggendorff
2712:Oppel-Kundt
2707:Necker cube
2702:MĂĽller-Lyer
2677:Irradiation
2497:Hypoglossal
1878:Near origin
1677:optic tract
1100:Optic nerve
1088:Optic nerve
1076:Optic nerve
1052:Optic nerve
1040:Optic nerve
752:optic tract
589:optic canal
527:endoneurium
523:perineurium
436:optic tract
424:glial cells
384:optic nerve
322:Hypoglossal
138:Identifiers
102:Optic nerve
69:introducing
32:Optic Nerve
2907:Categories
2830:Spectropia
2747:Rubin vase
2697:McCollough
2692:Mach bands
2642:Ehrenstein
2637:Ebbinghaus
2602:Barberpole
2577:Afterimage
2090:Vestibular
2002:mandibular
1975:stylohyoid
1965:Suprahyoid
1890:Geniculate
1828:mandibular
1818:ophthalmic
1771:Trigeminal
1689:Oculomotor
1466:2022-01-10
1442:2020-01-23
1254:StatPearls
1159:References
769:, trauma,
759:congenital
707:blind spot
705:The eye's
672:brightness
654:below the
568:axons and
519:epineurium
428:optic disc
422:axons and
296:CN VIII –
280:Trigeminal
268:Oculomotor
168:NeuroNames
128:Innervates
52:references
2933:Neurology
2882:Illusions
2854:The dress
2846:Waterfall
2647:Flash lag
2627:Cornsweet
2612:Café wall
2592:Ames room
2570:Illusions
2510:Branches
2458:Accessory
2378:posterior
2365:Pulmonary
2051:(CN VIII)
1992:zygomatic
1970:digastric
1853:Branches
1823:maxillary
1814:Branches
1755:Branches
1742:Trochlear
1712:Branches
1611:Olfactory
1398:0021-9967
1309:0003-9950
1230:0271-8235
791:aneurysms
783:infection
744:pituitary
539:blindness
515:pia mater
511:arachnoid
454:Structure
320:CN XII –
316:Accessory
290:CN VII –
274:Trochlear
266:CN III –
256:Olfactory
77:June 2018
2632:Delboeuf
2582:Ambigram
2499:(CN XII)
2373:anterior
2330:internal
2325:external
2264:inferior
2259:superior
2255:Ganglia
2155:Tympanic
2134:inferior
2129:superior
2125:Ganglia
2007:cervical
1987:temporal
1871:(CN VII)
1840:Abducens
1730:inferior
1716:superior
1691:(CN III)
1577:Terminal
1428:"Vision"
1414:21565504
1327:20697009
1263:29939684
1238:19214930
1130:See also
805:Glaucoma
779:ischemia
771:toxicity
767:glaucoma
736:anterior
690:and the
680:contrast
666:Function
492:meninges
334:Overview
314:CN XI –
302:CN IX –
286:Abducens
284:CN VI –
272:CN IV –
260:CN II –
250:Terminal
2865:Related
2792:Zöllner
2782:White's
2717:Orbison
2682:Jastrow
2514:lingual
2506:Nucleus
2482:Cranial
2466:Nuclei
2460:(CN XI)
2408:Hepatic
2390:Abdomen
2246:Before
2116:Before
2109:(CN IX)
2057:Nuclei
1952:foramen
1849:Nucleus
1842:(CN VI)
1804:Course
1779:Nuclei
1751:Nucleus
1744:(CN IV)
1697:Nuclei
1668:Course
1658:Nuclei
1652:(CN II)
1629:Course
1619:Nuclei
1595:Course
1585:Nuclei
1513:lesson3
1490:at the
1406:3346381
1354:1582806
1318:3072887
1268:14 June
718:Disease
646:in the
438:to the
430:to the
410:to the
308:CN X –
278:CN V –
254:CN I –
248:CN 0 –
161:D009900
123:Details
65:improve
2817:Op art
2772:Ternus
2752:Sander
2667:Hering
2607:Bezold
2487:Spinal
2427:Nuclei
2398:Celiac
2352:Thorax
2275:After
2239:(CN X)
2206:Nuclei
2145:After
2018:Nuclei
1997:buccal
1899:Inside
1869:Facial
1773:(CN V)
1613:(CN I)
1579:(CN 0)
1518:orbit4
1412:
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1188:
787:tumors
724:vision
696:pupils
660:cuneus
543:retina
525:, and
513:, and
480:myelin
446:, and
408:retina
404:visual
382:, the
292:Facial
132:Vision
54:, but
2787:Wundt
2742:Ponzo
2622:Chubb
2403:Renal
2237:Vagus
1650:Optic
1497:IFOND
1410:S2CID
1145:(CN V
605:axons
585:orbit
574:fovea
498:like
412:brain
396:CN II
339:Table
310:Vagus
262:Optic
224:[
213:50863
144:Latin
2662:Grid
2562:list
2300:Neck
1567:The
1402:PMID
1394:ISSN
1350:PMID
1323:PMID
1305:ISSN
1270:2021
1259:PMID
1234:PMID
1226:ISSN
1186:ISBN
900:The
862:and
678:and
570:glia
507:dura
201:6183
180:TA98
156:MeSH
1948:At
1798:TMN
1783:PSN
1723:of
1386:doi
1382:268
1313:PMC
1297:doi
1293:128
1218:doi
789:or
378:In
208:FMA
196:TA2
173:289
2909::
1793:MN
1530:II
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1200:^
1166:^
781:,
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556:A
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509:,
494:.
450:.
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390:,
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