789:
ground floor is the "room of the doves" where on a reddish background the
Visconti devince of the Colombina alternates with the motto "à bon droit", adopted by Gian Galeazzo, and that of the mountain with the three pine cones and the motto "mit Zeit ", these frescoes, like those in the" blue room ", date back to the interventions of 1469. On the first floor (the noble floor, where the ducal apartments were located, the library, in the tower at the southwest corner, and the chancellery, south-east tower, of which the inscription on the door is still preserved) there is the "room of the bridesmaids" where there are two frescoes, depicting life-size ladies in front of a hedge of roses dating back to the pictorial interventions promoted by Gian Galeazzo in 1393 and recently attributed to Gentile da Fabriano, who in those years worked in Pavia.
1854:
769:. On the ground floor of the south-west tower is the "blue room", the result of the pictorial interventions of 1469, particularly sumptuous for the preciousness of the techniques and materials used. The decoration is made up of squares with raised and gilded frames, which divide the walls, always in relief and covered with gold foils are the heraldic motifs (lilies of France and Sforza emblems) and stars, on alternately blue and green backgrounds. On the ground floor, immediately to the right of the southern entrance, there is the chapel, with a rectangular plan and rib vaults, on the portal of the chapel there is a sinopia depicting the Pietà, by
438:, to send to Pavia all the painters available there on a couple of occasions. The north-eastern side hosted the seigneurial apartments, the richest in decoration. The Sala grande dele caze (Great Hunting Hall) occupied three square modules on the first floor and was the most prominent room in the castle. Faced to the Visconti Park, it was entirely frescoed with hunting scenes and used by the Lord's family as their dining room. A great impact to the visitors had the Camera delli spechi (Room of the Mirrors), a room on the ground floor with the vault and the walls covered with small, decorated glasses that reflected the light of the sun.
78:
362:
62:
442:
507:
709:
392:
411:
618:, Viscount of Lautrec, sieged the castle in 1527. The French artillery destroyed the north-eastern side with the two adjacent towers. The most prominent part of the castle, the richly decorated seigneurial apartments, went therefore lost. The war ended again with the defeat of France. Pavia and the Duchy of Milan definitively returned to the Holy Roman Empire. The members of the Sforza house were reinstated as dukes of Milan and rulers of Pavia.
722:
657:
781:
746:
85:
353:
The castle was conceived as a residential palace to host the sovereign court, the chancellery, and the ruler's family. The military functions were concentrated in the
Citadel outside the castle. The construction began in 1360 and was completed in about five years. The castle extended over a square
425:
After completing the castle, under Gian
Galeazzo's rule, the loggiato of the first floor was modified to make it more liveable. On the north-western and south-eastern sides, the four-light windows were reduced respectively to single-light and mullioned windows. The Visconti made a great effort to
788:
Also in the chapel, the two Saints
Stephen and Leonard, painted within the squares, facing each other, on the piers of the arch that divides the room into two bays, were executed at a later time, however in the last quarter of the Three hundred, and are the work of a Lombard master. Also on the
760:
In the portico on the ground floor there are traces of the first pictorial decoration with geometric figures, while on the vaults the starry sky was painted, ordered by
Galeazzo II for the whole castle in 1366. The geometric painting, however, had to leave room, in the walls, also to figurative
704:
The military use ceased in 1920. Restorations and transformations adapted the castle to public service and ended in the '40s. The restoration preserved the castle's existing forms. Two mullioned windows of the south-eastern wing were modified and restored to their original 14-century four-light
457:
and became the sole ruler of Milan and the
Visconti territories. He continued altogether to reside in Pavia. He directed frequent military campaigns against the nearby local powers from the castle, making Pavia the capital of a continuously increasing territory.
310:
In the 16th century, an artillery attack on Pavia destroyed a wing and two towers of the castle. The frescos that entirely decorated the castle rooms are today almost completely lost. The castle had been the seat of the
Visconti Library until its transfer to
681:. To protect it from the artillery attacks, they covered the roof with earth, causing infiltrations and humidity that damaged the building. In the Napoleonic era the foundry was reopened and enlarged and the castle became the artillery arsenal of the
737:
of Pavia (Musei civici di Pavia). They include the
Pinacoteca Malaspina, Museo Archeologico and Sala Longobarda, Sezioni Medioevale e Rinascimentale, Quadreria dell’800 (Collezione Morone), Museo del Risorgimento, Museo Robecchi Bricchetti, and the
742:. In the western tower, where once stood the Visconti Library, a virtual reconstruction allows the consultation of the books once kept there. The rooms with the survived frescos and decorations can be visited as part of the museums' tour.
337:
In 1359 the
Visconti of Milan conquered Pavia. The city became part of the western portion of the Visconti territories, ruled by Galeazzo II Visconti. His idea to build a castle came from Pavia's ancient role as the capital of the
761:
scenes. The remains of frescoes, depicting the View of Pavia (south wing, third span) and
Knights (west wing, sixth and eighth spans) dating back to the seventh decade of the fourteenth century and recently attributed to
765:. Some doors open onto the portico still retain the inscription in Gothic characters which identified the entrance to rooms used as offices, including the one intended for the accountancy of the Duchess
696:
In the second half of the 19th century, the Pavia-Cremona railway was built. Following the line along the ditch of the Spanish Walls, it passed underneath through two of their bastions.
342:
and the Visconti's ambition to extend their dominion to its territory. He chose the site of the castle in the most elevated part of Pavia, in the direction of Milan. There, he created a
477:
After the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402, Pavia lost importance to Milan as the capital of the Visconti dominions. The Visconti continued, nevertheless, to decorate the castle.
299:, who visited Pavia in the fall of 1365, to call it "an enormous palace in the citadel, a truly remarkable and costly structure". Adjacent to the castle, the Visconti created a
685:, a function it maintained until 1814, when the foundry was definitively closed. The Austrians, after their return in 1815, continued to use the castle as a barrack. After the
693:. It housed a body of 1200 men and 600 horses. The prolonged military use of the castle was the primary cause of the deterioration of the frescoes that decorated its rooms.
403:
The architect of the castle is unknown. Some details, such as the internal square module and the four-light windows, have tentatively identified the Venetian architect
354:
surface with 142-meter-long sides. Internally, the four sides had a series of eleven square rooms, elevated on two floors. Each room received light through a single
607:
with the defeat of France and the imprisonment of Francis I. The battle significantly damaged the walls of the Visconti Park, causing the beginning of its decay.
712:
One of the two four-light windows of the south-eastern loggia restored to its original shape; on the background, the four-light windows of the south-western side
358:
overlooking the moat. Four square towers, 43-meter high, were erected at the corners of the castle. Mullioned windows were opened on the four tower's floor.
1558:
Laskaris, Caterina Zaira (2016). "La Biblioteca dei Visconti e degli Sforza nel Castello di Pavia: gloria di una dinastia". In Musei civici di Pavia (ed.).
792:
In the internal courtyard, on the side where a wing and two towers are missing for the 1527 artillery attack, the remains of the Spanish Walls are visible.
461:
The western tower hosted the Visconti Library, a vast collection of books gathered by Galeazzo II and expanded by his son. After the Visconti's conquest of
2191:
537:
transferred to the castle, who lived here until 1495, the year of the suspected death of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, and where they created a brilliant court.
674:
580:, he invaded the Duchy of Milan and occupied Pavia. During the French rule, about half of the books of the Visconti Library were transferred to Paris.
660:
The truncated south-eastern side; to the left, the remains of the Spanish Walls are visible where once stood the north-eastern side destroyed in 1527
1504:
Pavia viscontea. La capitale regia nel rinnovamento della cultura figurativa lombarda. Vol. 1: castello tra Galeazzo II e Gian Galeazzo (1359-1402)
1599:
Tolomelli, Davide (2016). "Il Castello e la città di età visconteo-sforzesca nelle collezioni dei Musei Civici". In Musei civici di Pavia (ed.).
625:, the last Sforza Duke, Charles V assumed the direct rule of Pavia. After him, Pavia remained under the power of his successors, members of the
1633:
1853:
1166:
2196:
1729:
77:
1958:
1839:
1674:
Zucca, Fabio (1992). "Pavia e la struttura militare napoleonica (1802- 1814): l'incidenza dell'intervento militare sul territorio".
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1876:
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rule. The Spanish regime built the new city walls along a border that included the destroyed north-eastern side of the castle. A
108:
1582:
Letters of Old Age (Rerum senilium libri). Vol. 1: books I-IX. Translated by Ald S. Bernardo, Sau Levin & Reta A. Bernardo
2160:
2078:
1608:
1567:
1465:
307:, a Carthusian monastery founded in 1396 by the Visconti as well and located about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the north.
2068:
534:
485:(the son and successor of Gian Galeazzo) asked him to paint the great fresco later attested in one of the castle's rooms.
1953:
1948:
1862:
526:
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1988:
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1539:
1511:
1484:
1446:
2073:
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Pavia and its castle followed the destiny of the other Habsburg possessions in Lombardy, initially as part of the
223:
2145:
2038:
1983:
1923:
1906:
1722:
2124:
1788:
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of the walls occupied that area. Since then, the Spanish Walls separated the Visconti Park from the castle.
2206:
2119:
1933:
604:
573:
510:
Women's velvet slipper, found in the castle during the 1955 restorations, second half of the 15th century,
242:
2063:
2048:
1968:
611:
246:
1693:
2155:
2088:
1963:
1938:
1715:
1477:
Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (1351-1402): a study in the political career of an Italian despot
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2103:
2098:
2053:
2018:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1943:
1549:
Coleman, William E. (1982). "Chaucer, the Teseida, and the Visconti library at Pavia: a hypothesis".
2083:
1998:
1978:
1973:
1928:
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in 1515 and conquered Milan and Pavia again. The French encountered the opposition of the emperor
576:), became King of France as Louis XII. The following year, claiming hereditary rights against the
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1818:
284:
66:
The south-western side of the Visconti Castle with the main entrance and the two surviving towers
2150:
2013:
1824:
1812:
1750:
1439:
Absolutism in Renaissance Milan. Plenitude of power under the Visconti and the Sforza 1329–1535
762:
482:
288:
2170:
1888:
1830:
591:, the successor of Louis XII and Valentina Visconti's descendant, defeated the Sforza in the
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366:
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530:
280:
213:
8:
1843:
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20:
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491:, Duke of Milan since 1450, arranged to preserve the decorations. In 1457 he called
2043:
2028:
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from the rest of the city. The castle occupied the eastern portion of the citadel.
304:
1870:
1776:
1758:
638:
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577:
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472:
339:
238:
143:
1700:
599:, who defended the imperial role as the grantor of the Duke of Milan title. The
332:
773:, while inside there are frescoes, such as Geometry or The Blessing Christ, by
546:
276:
52:
1456:
Brambati, Marta (2016). "Da Pavia a Certosa". In Musei civici di Pavia (ed.).
430:. Since local painters were not enough, Galeazzo II and his son requested the
2185:
2165:
2023:
1746:
1494:
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300:
192:
Good (the survived part, excluding two towers and one side destroyed in 1527)
123:
110:
1641:
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615:
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1525:(in Italian). Rome: l'Istituto di architettura militare, Museo del genio.
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in 1468, Bembo was again called in Pavia to renew the existing frescoes.
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After the release of Francis I, the French attacked Pavia again in the
419:
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of the north-western side with the entrance to the Pavia Civic Museums
391:
565:
478:
1707:
2140:
1577:
678:
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587:, the French retired from Pavia, and the Sforza returned to power.
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48:
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1644:(1989). "Galeazzo Maria Sforza and the Castello di Pavia,1469".
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Barrack for the French, Austrian, and Italian armies (1796-1920)
465:, the library received several books that belonged to Petrarch.
1099:
435:
427:
859:
473:
From Filippo Maria Visconti to Ludovico il Moro (15th century)
1530:
Conti, Flavio; Hybsch, Vincenzo; Vincenti, Antonello (1990).
973:
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462:
333:
Galeazzo II Visconti and his son Gian Galeazzo (14th century)
312:
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268:
44:
1620:
Il castello visconteo di Pavia. 1360-1920 Memorie e immagini
1601:
Pavia visconteo-sforzesca. Il Castello, la città, la Certosa
1560:
Pavia visconteo-sforzesca. Il Castello, la città, la Certosa
1458:
Pavia visconteo-sforzesca. Il Castello, la città, la Certosa
1029:
1027:
632:
347:
1415:
1391:
1333:
1331:
1014:
1012:
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caused damages to the Pavia castle and the Visconti Park.
469:
is supposed to have visited the Visconti Library in 1378.
1208:
529:, Duke of Ferrara. In the same year Ludovico il Moro had
1403:
1379:
1244:
1220:
1184:
1135:
1123:
1051:
1024:
541:
Damages inflicted during the Italian Wars (16th century)
407:, who was nevertheless active in Pavia only after 1389.
1534:(in Italian). Novara: Istituto Geografico de Agostini.
1532:
I castelli della Lombardia. Provincie di Milano e Pavia
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On 17 January 1491, in the ducal chapel of the castle,
287:, and used as a sovereign residence by him and his son
1367:
1304:
1087:
847:
837:
835:
833:
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on the first floor of the south-western side with the
1695:
Lombardia Beni Culturali – Castello Visconteo – Pavia
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818:
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The four sides faced the courtyard internally with a
327:
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1669:. Cambridge, MA, US: Mediaeval Academy of America.
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1474:
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812:
453:In 1385, Gian Galeazzo Visconti ousted his uncle
2183:
1520:
979:
677:. The French army transformed the castle into a
1842:, daughter of Gian Galeazzo and grandmother of
84:
495:to restore the Great Hunting Hall. Before the
1723:
1603:(in Italian). Milano: Skira. pp. 10–35.
1562:(in Italian). Milano: Skira. pp. 36–43.
1460:(in Italian). Milano: Skira. pp. 71–89.
1171:Treccani Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
279:. It was built after 1360 in a few years by
1475:Bueno de Mesquita, Daniel Meredith (1941).
2192:Buildings and structures completed in 1360
1730:
1716:
1632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
621:In 1535, after the death without heirs of
549:was at the center of the conflict between
1598:
1506:(in Italian). Milano: Scalpendi Editore.
1479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1361:
1337:
1018:
1003:
952:
904:
673:forces occupied Pavia in 1796 during the
16:Medieval castle in Pavia, Lombardy, Italy
1833:, daughter of Filippo Maria and wife of
1576:
1557:
1455:
1373:
1214:
892:
880:
853:
779:
744:
720:
707:
655:
633:Spanish and Austrian periods (1535-1796)
505:
440:
409:
390:
360:
1664:
1548:
1501:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1129:
824:
689:in 1859–1860, the castle passed to the
545:Since the end of the 15th century, the
2184:
1617:
1349:
1322:
1298:
1286:
1250:
1238:
1069:
1045:
940:
2161:Visconti Bridge (Valeggio sul Mincio)
1737:
1711:
1673:
1640:
1436:
1310:
1274:
1262:
1226:
1202:
1190:
1153:
1141:
1093:
1057:
1033:
967:
928:
841:
426:decorate all the castle's rooms with
2197:Houses completed in the 14th century
1441:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13:
388:covered the wings and the towers.
328:Visconti-Sforza period (1360-1535)
161:142 metres (466 ft) (4 sides)
153:43 metres (141 ft) (4 towers)
14:
2218:
1687:
992:Conti, Hybsch & Vincenti 1990
1852:
1521:Calzecchi Onesti, Carlo (1934).
83:
76:
60:
2146:Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti
1667:Petrarch's eight years in Milan
1159:
700:Restoration of the 20th century
572:(daughter of Gian Galeazzo and
1665:Wilkins, Ernest Hatch (1958).
1658:10.1080/00043079.1989.10788512
1523:Il Castello visconteo di Pavia
295:. Its wide dimensions induced
1:
1702:Visit Pavia – Visconti Castle
795:
643:War of the Spanish Succession
481:worked in Milan in 1440, and
315:in 1499. Today, it hosts the
1167:"Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza"
800:
7:
1584:. New York: Italica Press.
612:War of the League of Cognac
261:Castello Visconteo di Pavia
247:War of the League of Cognac
36:Castello Visconteo di Pavia
10:
2223:
1917:Castles and fortifications
1430:
376:on the ground floor and a
322:
18:
2133:
2112:
1916:
1861:
1850:
1745:
234:
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139:
102:
71:
59:
42:
33:
28:
1959:Castelletto sopra Ticino
716:
257:Visconti Castle of Pavia
245:), Sack of Pavia (1527,
243:Italian War of 1521–1526
2156:Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge
1676:Annali di Storia Pavese
1618:Vicini, Donata (1991).
1502:Cairati, Carlo (2021).
91:Visconti Castle (Pavia)
29:Visconti Castle (Pavia)
2151:Azzone Visconti Bridge
2125:Santa Maria alla Scala
1767:(1294–1302; 1311–1322)
1118:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
1106:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
1082:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
917:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
869:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
813:Bueno de Mesquita 1941
785:
757:
730:
713:
675:first Italian campaign
661:
514:
483:Filippo Maria Visconti
450:
422:
400:
384:, on the first floor.
369:
2171:Visconti-Sforza Tarot
2120:San Giovanni in Conca
980:Calzecchi Onesti 1934
783:
748:
740:Crypt of Sant’Eusebio
733:The castle hosts the
724:
711:
659:
509:
497:Galeazzo Maria Sforza
444:
413:
394:
364:
174:Municipality of Pavia
19:For the museums, see
1863:Archbishops of Milan
1789:Giovanni, archbishop
1622:(in Italian). Pavia.
1437:Black, Jane (2009).
771:Michelino da Besozzo
641:and then, after the
531:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
281:Galeazzo II Visconti
214:Galeazzo II Visconti
124:45.19000°N 9.15833°E
2207:Castles in Lombardy
2069:Romano di Lombardia
1844:Louis XII of France
1578:Petrarch, Francesco
1424:, pp. 181–184.
1400:, pp. 175–180.
1229:, pp. 182–183.
1193:, pp. 182–184.
1144:, pp. 354–355.
1060:, pp. 358–359.
1036:, pp. 361–362.
763:Giusto de 'Menabuoi
750:Gentile da Fabriano
687:Italian unification
593:Battle of Marignano
583:In 1512, after the
512:Pavia Civic Museums
414:Winter view of the
405:Bernardo da Venezia
399:on the ground floor
317:Pavia Civic Museums
120: /
21:Pavia Civic Museums
1835:Francesco I Sforza
1759:Ottone, archbishop
1253:, pp. 31, 44.
786:
758:
731:
714:
662:
570:Valentina Visconti
535:Isabella of Aragon
515:
451:
423:
420:four-light windows
401:
382:four-light windows
370:
2179:
2178:
1739:Visconti of Milan
1610:978-88-572-3051-1
1569:978-88-572-3051-1
1553:. 51.1I: 119–123.
1467:978-88-572-3051-1
1412:, pp. 77–80.
1388:, pp. 86–87.
1325:, pp. 72–89.
1313:, pp. 71–72.
1301:, pp. 67–71.
1289:, pp. 43–64.
1217:, pp. 42–43.
1132:, pp. 96–97.
1096:, pp. 53–54.
1084:, pp. 31–32.
1048:, pp. 30–31.
943:, pp. 52–57.
815:, pp. 11–12.
775:Andrea da Bologna
767:Caterina Visconti
585:Battle of Ravenna
555:Holy Roman Empire
303:that reached the
263:in Italian) is a
253:
252:
129:45.19000; 9.15833
2214:
2202:Palaces in Pavia
2079:Trezzo sull'Adda
2044:Oleggio Castello
1856:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1709:
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1646:The Art Bulletin
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851:
845:
839:
828:
822:
816:
810:
683:Kingdom of Italy
603:in 1525 ended a
574:Isabel of Valois
568:, a grandson of
566:Louis of Orleans
519:Ludovico il Moro
489:Francesco Sforza
467:Geoffrey Chaucer
386:Crenelated roofs
367:mullioned window
356:mullioned window
346:, isolated by a
305:Certosa di Pavia
301:vast walled park
291:, first duke of
166:Site information
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523:Beatrice d'Este
499:'s marriage to
493:Bonifacio Bembo
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340:Lombard Kingdom
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1688:External links
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557:. The ensuing
547:Duchy of Milan
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1375:
1374:Laskaris 2016
1370:
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893:Laskaris 2016
889:
883:, p. 72.
882:
881:Brambati 2016
877:
871:, p. 11.
870:
865:
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854:Petrarch 2005
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784:The blue room
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501:Bona of Savoy
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1889:Giovanni III
1831:Bianca Maria
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1422:Cairati 2021
1417:
1410:Cairati 2021
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1398:Cairati 2021
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1174:. Retrieved
1170:
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1130:Coleman 1982
1125:
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982:, p. 9.
975:
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912:
900:
888:
876:
849:
825:Wilkins 1958
820:
808:
791:
787:
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753:
732:
703:
695:
691:Italian army
668:
645:, under the
636:
623:Francesco II
620:
616:Odet de Foix
609:
582:
578:Sforza house
563:
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434:, rulers of
424:
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371:
352:
336:
309:
260:
256:
254:
235:Battles/wars
226:(walls) and
197:Site history
179:Open to
35:
1909:(1784–1801)
1903:(1681–1693)
1901:Federico II
1897:(1584–1595)
1891:(1450–1453)
1885:(1354–1361)
1879:(1342–1354)
1877:Giovanni II
1873:(1262–1295)
1827:(1412–1447)
1821:(1402–1412)
1815:(1378–1402)
1809:(1354–1385)
1803:(1354–1378)
1801:Galeazzo II
1797:(1354–1355)
1791:(1349–1354)
1785:(1339–1349)
1779:(1329–1339)
1773:(1322–1327)
1761:(1277–1294)
1652:: 351–375.
1551:Medium Ævum
1350:Vicini 1991
1323:Vicini 1991
1299:Vicini 1991
1287:Vicini 1991
1251:Vicini 1991
1239:Vicini 1991
1176:3 September
1070:Vicini 1991
1046:Vicini 1991
941:Vicini 1991
127: /
103:Coordinates
2186:Categories
1934:Bereguardo
1771:Galeazzo I
1311:Zucca 1992
1275:Black 2009
1263:Black 2009
1227:Black 2009
1203:Black 2009
1191:Black 2009
1154:Welch 1989
1142:Welch 1989
1094:Black 2009
1058:Welch 1989
1034:Welch 1989
968:Welch 1989
929:Black 2009
842:Welch 1989
796:References
671:Napoleonic
267:castle in
112:45°11′24″N
2049:Pagazzano
2029:Mirabello
1840:Valentina
1795:Matteo II
1783:Luchino I
1628:cite book
1495:837985673
801:Citations
705:version.
597:Charles V
589:Francis I
564:In 1498,
479:Pisanello
365:External
230:(columns)
220:Materials
205:1360-1365
189:Condition
115:9°09′30″E
2141:Biscione
2113:Churches
2094:Vigevano
2089:Vercelli
2064:Piacenza
1989:Galliate
1964:Cherasco
1765:Matteo I
1682:: 55–88.
1580:(2005).
647:Austrian
553:and the
521:married
428:frescoes
416:loggiato
378:loggiato
297:Petrarch
273:Lombardy
265:medieval
49:Lombardy
2104:Vogogna
2099:Voghera
2084:Urgnano
2054:Pandino
2019:Massino
2009:Locarno
2004:Legnano
1994:Invorio
1969:Cislago
1944:Binasco
1939:Bergamo
1895:Gaspare
1883:Roberto
1807:Bernabò
1431:Sources
756:, 1393.
727:ravelin
679:barrack
651:bastion
605:new war
455:Bernabò
432:Gonzaga
397:portico
374:portico
344:citadel
323:History
241:(1525,
2039:Novara
1999:Jerago
1979:Cusago
1974:Crenna
1929:Angera
1871:Ottone
1777:Azzone
1607:
1588:
1566:
1538:
1510:
1493:
1483:
1464:
1445:
754:Damsel
551:France
436:Mantua
224:Bricks
158:Length
150:Height
2059:Pavia
2034:Monza
2024:Milan
1747:Lords
717:Today
463:Padua
313:Paris
293:Milan
269:Pavia
239:Pavia
228:stone
202:Built
171:Owner
45:Pavia
2014:Lodi
1749:and
1634:link
1605:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1491:OCLC
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1178:2022
725:The
669:The
445:The
395:The
348:moat
255:The
140:Type
1654:doi
184:Yes
2188::
1680:21
1650:71
1648:.
1630:}}
1626:{{
1489:.
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1451:.
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259:(
249:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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