56:
31:
1347:
Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux det d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Tome II, contenant les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les
1372:
Neue classification der reptilien nach ihren natĂĽrlichen verwandtschaften. Nebst einer verwandtschafts-tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien-sammlung des K. K. zoologischen museum's zu Wien.
1358:
Zoologia specialis, quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimuni rossiae in universum, et poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in
Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi.
397:. Experiments have shown that strikes are not only guided by visual and chemical cues, but also by heat, with warmer targets being struck more frequently than colder ones.
1064:
Nevertheless, these groups, together with the genera currently recognized as belonging to the
Viperinae, are still often referred to collectively as the true vipers.
1057:
1428:
Mémoire sur la classification des reptiles. Ordre II. Reptiles à écailles. Section II. Ophidiens. Annales du Musée
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
1003:
Until relatively recently, two other genera were also included in the
Viperinae. However, they were eventually considered so distinctive within the
1053:
1608:
1549:
353:
are clearly lacking in the viperines, a supernasal sac with sensory function has been described in a number of species. This sac is an
1536:
1184:
1111:
1541:
1180:
1408:
Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposés succinctement et dans un ordre analytique, avec l'indication de leurs genres.
1439:. 1869. "Synopsis der Viperiden: nebst Bemerkungen ĂĽber die geographische Verbreitung dieser Giftschlangen-Familie".
1289:
1268:
1247:
1226:
1160:
1152:
1554:
1448:
715:
1319:. 1996. A review of the tribe Atherini (Serpentes: Viperidae), with the descriptions of two new genera.
1613:
738:
539:
270:
55:
1316:
1067:
231:
1403:
177:
1380:. 1825. A Synopsis of the Genera of Reptiles and Amphibia, with a Description of some New Species.
723:
879:
1580:
1463:
1423:
1329:
782:
142:
1575:
694:
1567:
328:, which grows to a maximum total length (body and tail) of 280 mm (11 in), to the
1523:
1382:
1140:
711:
8:
1501:
1047:
476:
343:
247:
332:, which reaches a maximum total length of over 2 m (6.6 ft). Most species are
1603:
928:
489:
333:
151:
50:
1562:
1510:
1436:
1367:
1285:
1264:
1243:
1222:
1156:
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860:
555:
524:
222:
195:
1451:
1393:
213:
1515:
1377:
1022:
533:
508:
427:
366:
362:
324:
186:
956:
892:
647:
493:
1413:
Lynn WG. 1931. The
Structure and Function of the Facial Pit of the Pit Vipers.
1342:
1030:
873:
798:
666:
381:
304:
168:
1597:
1486:
1353:
1026:
936:
932:
924:
418:
300:
204:
30:
1332:. 1847. Catalogue of Reptiles Inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands.
755:
688:
551:
354:
329:
295:
274:
1145:
Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
1495:
1084:
1078:
1017:
960:
944:
852:
811:
802:
776:
732:
719:
679:
358:
38:
1306:
Breidenbach CH. 1990. Thermal Cues
Influence Strikes in Pitless Vipers.
1095:
1090:
989:
952:
864:
832:
767:
748:
698:
595:
406:
350:
290:
278:
1004:
759:
631:
623:
591:
438:
311:
251:
67:
1457:
1147:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
1480:
1042:
900:
848:
611:
607:
583:
387:
254:
107:
87:
1528:
1221:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar. 359 pp.
1072:
972:
968:
964:
651:
619:
603:
470:
338:
286:
97:
1441:
Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg
1219:
True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
948:
909:
856:
639:
627:
568:
520:
375:
370:
266:
258:
77:
369:. The nerve endings here resemble those in the labial pits of
896:
794:
763:
660:
635:
615:
599:
587:
502:
433:
393:
282:
127:
117:
817:
Nilson, Tuniyev, Andren, Orlov, Joger, & Herrmann, 1999
405:
Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, but not in
940:
643:
559:
269:. They are distinguished by their lack of the heat-sensing
262:
1070:(1996) recognized a new tribe, Atherini, for the genera
1284:. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
1242:. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
349:
Although the heat-sensing pits that characterize the
314:
vipers", and "true adders" all refer to this group.
1007:, that separate subfamilies were created for them:
310:
The common names "pitless vipers", "true vipers", "
1334:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
1595:
391:, but is especially well developed in the genus
1263:. New York: Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp.
373:. The supernasal sac is present in the genera
322:Members of this subfamily range in size from
29:
417:Generally, members of this subfamily are
336:, but a few, such as those of the genus
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1185:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:List of viperine species and subspecies
1596:
1400:London: Ray Society. xxvii + 452 pp. .
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1462:
1461:
1609:Taxa named by Nicolaus Michael Oppel
1350:Paris: DĂ©terville. xviii + 532 pp. .
1253:
1232:
1217:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003.
1198:
1124:
963:. Also found in Northern Africa in
805:above 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
1374:Vienna: J.G. HĂĽbner. vii + 66 pp. .
1274:
1166:
400:
13:
1339:(2): 607–656, 897–952, 1026-1078 .
1299:
678:India and Sri Lanka, parts of the
14:
1625:
951:) and Aegean Sea eastward across
682:and Africa north of the equator.
1056:(1987) and further supported by
54:
412:
1398:The Reptiles of British India.
1321:African Journal of Herpetology
1282:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
983:
317:
1:
1240:Poisonous Snakes of the World
1117:
917:
884:
840:
819:
787:
743:
703:
671:
576:
544:
513:
481:
303:. Like all vipers, they are
7:
1415:American Journal of Anatomy
1410:Paris: Baillière. 570 pp. .
1105:
1040:— recognition of subfamily
998:
935:and on some islands in the
754:Semideserts and steppes of
359:supranasal and nasal scales
10:
1632:
1280:Spawls S, Branch B. 1995.
847:Floodplains from southern
421:, although a few, such as
1470:
444:
299:, even occurs within the
285:are recognized. Most are
157:
150:
51:Scientific classification
49:
37:
28:
23:
361:and is connected to the
357:of the skin between the
293:, although one species,
273:that characterize their
1308:Journal of Herpetology
246:, or viperines, are a
1576:Paleobiology Database
1433:: 254–295, 376–393. .
1015:— moved to subfamily
791:Kenya mountain viper
762:and Middle East, and
710:The desert region of
1383:Annals of Philosophy
1259:Stidworthy J. 1974.
888:False-horned vipers
1360:Vilnius: Zawadski.
1261:Snakes of the World
797:: moorlands of the
16:Subfamily of snakes
929:continental Europe
927:and nearly all of
921:Palearctic vipers
675:Saw-scaled vipers
490:sub-Saharan Africa
1614:Snake subfamilies
1591:
1590:
1563:Open Tree of Life
1464:Taxon identifiers
1238:U.S. Navy. 1991.
1143:, Touré T. 1999.
1051:
979:
978:
851:(northern end of
554:eastward through
525:Arabian Peninsula
523:and the southern
464:Geographic range
363:ophthalmic branch
342:, are completely
241:
240:
235:
226:
217:
208:
199:
190:
181:
172:
163:
146:
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1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1177:
1164:
1137:
1052:was proposed by
1046:
992:
987:
707:McMahon's viper
449:
448:
401:Geographic range
367:trigeminal nerve
325:Bitis schneideri
281:. Currently, 13
277:, the subfamily
230:
221:
212:
203:
194:
185:
176:
167:
161:
141:
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
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1302:
1300:Further reading
1297:
1296:
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996:
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988:
984:
915:Laurenti, 1768
838:Broadley, 1996
756:Northern Africa
494:southern Africa
447:
415:
403:
320:
140:
53:
43:Daboia russelii
17:
12:
11:
5:
1629:
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1452:page 46560849
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1401:
1391:
1386:, New Series,
1375:
1368:Fitzinger LJFJ
1365:
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1314:
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1139:McDiarmid RW,
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874:Pseudocerastes
869:
868:
845:
844:Lowland viper
842:
839:
836:
828:
827:
824:
823:Upland vipers
821:
818:
815:
807:
806:
799:Aberdare Range
792:
789:
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548:Horned vipers
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441:(egg-laying).
423:Pseudocerastes
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382:Pseudocerastes
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1447:(6): 1–114 .
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1290:0-88359-029-8
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1098:for which is
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953:Northern Asia
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937:Mediterranean
934:
933:Arctic Circle
930:
926:
925:Great Britain
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457:
455:Taxon author
454:
451:
450:
442:
440:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
420:
419:ovoviviparous
410:
408:
398:
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389:
384:
383:
378:
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372:
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302:
301:Arctic Circle
298:
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280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
233:
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224:
219:
215:
211:Viperiformes
210:
206:
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197:
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188:
183:
179:
174:
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159:
158:
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83:
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79:
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69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
45:, a viperine
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1471:
1444:
1443:. 7e série.
1440:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1404:Latreille PA
1397:
1394:GĂĽnther ACLG
1387:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1336:
1333:
1323:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1281:
1276:
1260:
1255:
1239:
1234:
1218:
1188:. Retrieved
1144:
1099:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1041:
1037:
1016:
1012:
1002:
985:
908:
899:eastward to
872:
831:
826:Middle East
810:
775:
731:
689:Eristicophis
687:
659:
567:
552:North Africa
532:
517:Puff adders
501:
492:, excluding
485:Bush vipers
469:
461:Common name
437:species are
432:
426:
422:
416:
413:Reproduction
404:
392:
386:
380:
374:
355:invagination
348:
337:
330:Gaboon viper
323:
321:
309:
296:Vipera berus
294:
275:sister group
243:
242:
137:
42:
18:
1496:Wikispecies
1390:: 193-217 .
1364:: 404 pp. .
1354:Eichwald, E
1326:(2): 40–48.
1317:Broadley DG
1181:"Viperinae"
1141:Campbell JA
1085:Montatheris
1079:Adenorhinos
1054:Groombridge
1018:Azemiopinae
961:North Korea
945:Montecristo
931:across the
853:Lake Malawi
812:Montivipera
803:Mount Kenya
777:Montatheris
733:Macrovipera
720:Afghanistan
712:Balochistan
680:Middle East
580:Day adders
574:Gray, 1842
431:, and some
334:terrestrial
318:Description
291:subtropical
202:Viperiodei
193:Viperiodea
162:Oppel, 1811
134:Subfamily:
39:Chain viper
1598:Categories
1348:annélidés.
1313:: 448–450.
1155:(series).
1118:References
1096:type genus
1091:Proatheris
990:Type genus
865:Mozambique
863:, central
855:) through
833:Proatheris
768:Aegean Sea
749:Palearctic
654:islands).
596:Bangladesh
407:Madagascar
351:Crotalinae
279:Crotalinae
271:pit organs
175:Viperides
114:Suborder:
24:Viperinae
1604:Viperinae
1502:Viperinae
1472:Viperinae
1437:Strauch A
1330:Cantor TE
1163:(volume).
1005:Viperidae
891:From the
880:Boulenger
714:near the
632:Indonesia
624:Guangdong
592:Sri Lanka
488:Tropical
439:oviparous
312:Old World
248:subfamily
244:Viperinae
229:Atherini
220:Viperida
196:Fitzinger
184:Viperina
178:Latreille
160:Viperini
138:Viperinae
128:Viperidae
118:Serpentes
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1529:52233775
1481:Wikidata
1426:. 1811.
1406:. 1825.
1396:. 1864.
1370:. 1826.
1356:. 1831.
1345:. 1817.
1343:Cuvier G
1190:4 August
1106:See also
1068:Broadley
1043:Causinae
1013:Azemiops
999:Taxonomy
957:Sakhalin
901:Pakistan
859:to near
849:Tanzania
783:Broadley
726:border.
724:Pakistan
612:Cambodia
608:Thailand
584:Pakistan
540:Laurenti
534:Cerastes
458:Species
428:Cerastes
344:arboreal
305:venomous
287:tropical
232:Broadley
205:Eichwald
166:Viperes
152:Synonyms
124:Family:
108:Squamata
98:Reptilia
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1487:Q651012
1424:Oppel M
1378:Gray JE
1100:Atheris
1073:Atheris
1060:(1992).
1033:(1971).
973:Tunisia
969:Algeria
965:Morocco
882:, 1896
785:, 1996
766:in the
751:vipers
741:, 1927
701:, 1897
669:, 1820
652:Lomblen
642:, east
620:Guangxi
604:Myanmar
542:, 1768
511:, 1842
479:, 1862
471:Atheris
365:of the
339:Atheris
255:endemic
223:Strauch
214:GĂĽnther
104:Order:
94:Class:
1568:785614
1542:563898
1288:
1267:
1246:
1225:
1159:
1151:
1094:, the
1050:, 1860
1038:Causus
1036:Genus
1029:&
1011:Genus
949:Sicily
910:Vipera
857:Malawi
758:, the
747:Large
695:Alcock
667:Merrem
648:Komodo
640:Flores
628:Taiwan
569:Daboia
556:Arabia
521:Africa
452:Genus
445:Genera
388:Causus
376:Daboia
283:genera
267:Africa
259:Europe
252:vipers
234:, 1996
225:, 1869
216:, 1864
207:, 1831
198:, 1826
189:, 1825
180:, 1825
171:, 1817
169:Cuvier
145:, 1811
1581:64912
1516:87CPV
1420:: 97.
1058:Cadle
897:Egypt
893:Sinai
861:Beira
795:Kenya
764:Milos
739:Reuss
661:Echis
636:Endeh
616:China
600:Nepal
588:India
503:Bitis
434:Echis
394:Bitis
143:Oppel
1555:8690
1550:NCBI
1537:ITIS
1286:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1192:2006
1157:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1088:and
1048:Cope
1031:Rabb
1027:Marx
1023:Liem
971:and
959:and
941:Elba
801:and
760:Near
716:Iran
699:Finn
697:and
644:Java
630:and
622:and
560:Iran
558:and
509:Gray
477:Cope
385:and
371:boas
289:and
265:and
263:Asia
187:Gray
1524:EoL
1511:CoL
1449:BHL
1021:by
955:to
918:21
895:of
672:12
626:),
514:18
482:18
257:to
250:of
1600::
1578::
1565::
1552::
1539::
1526::
1513::
1498::
1483::
1445:14
1431:16
1418:49
1388:10
1337:16
1324:45
1200:^
1183:.
1168:^
1126:^
1102:.
1082:,
1076:,
1025:,
975:.
967:,
947:,
943:,
903:.
885:3
867:.
841:1
820:8
788:1
770:.
744:2
704:1
650:,
646:,
638:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
577:4
562:.
545:3
527:.
496:.
425:,
409:.
379:,
346:.
307:.
261:,
41:,
1362:3
1311:4
1292:.
1271:.
1250:.
1229:.
1194:.
939:(
722:-
718:-
634:(
618:(
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