591:
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may have more venom available, strike more accurately, or deliver a number of bites in a short time. In predatory bites, factors that influence the amount of venom injected include the size of the prey, the species of prey, and whether the prey item is held or released. The need to label prey for chemosensory relocation after a bite and release may also play a role. In defensive bites, the amount of venom injected may be determined by the size or species of the predator (or antagonist), as well as the assessed level of threat, although larger assailants and higher threat levels may not necessarily lead to larger amounts of venom being injected.
402:
independently. During a strike, the mouth can open nearly 180° and the maxilla rotates forward, erecting the fangs as late as possible so that the fangs do not become damaged, as they are brittle. The jaws close upon impact and the muscular sheaths encapsulating the venom glands contract, injecting the venom as the fangs penetrate the target. This action is very fast; in defensive strikes, it will be more a stab than a bite. Viperids use this mechanism primarily for immobilization and digestion of prey. Pre-digestion occurs as the venom contains
164:
449:
429:
43:
410:(not inject any venom). A dry bite allows the snake to conserve its precious reserve of venom, because once it has been depleted, time is needed to replenish it, leaving the snake vulnerable. In addition to being able to deliver dry bites, vipers can inject larger quantities of venom into larger prey targets, and smaller amounts into small prey. This causes the ideal amount of predigestion for the lowest amount of venom.
378:
151:
581:
These snakes can decide how much venom to inject depending on the circumstances. The most important determinant of venom expenditure is generally the size of the snake; larger specimens can deliver much more venom. The species is also important, since some are likely to inject more venom than others,
612:
to evolve the strike-and-release bite mechanism, which provided a huge benefit to snakes by minimizing contact with potentially dangerous prey animals. This adaptation, then, requires the snake to track down the bitten animal to eat it, in an environment full of other animals of the same species.
607:
venom takes more time than neurotoxic venom to immobilize prey, so viperid snakes need to track down prey animals after they have been bitten, in a process known as "prey relocalization". Vipers are able to do this via certain proteins contained in their venom. This important adaptation allowed
401:
bone that can rotate back and forth. When not in use, the fangs fold back against the roof of the mouth and are enclosed in a membranous sheath. This rotating mechanism allows for very long fangs to be contained in a relatively small mouth. The left and right fangs can be rotated together or
440:: the eggs are retained inside the mother's body, and the young emerge living. However, a few lay eggs in nests. Typically, the number of young in a clutch remains constant, but as the weight of the mother increases, larger eggs are produced, yielding larger young.
565:. A victim's fate is impossible to predict, as this depends on many factors, including the species and size of the snake involved, how much venom was injected (if any), and the size and condition of the patient before being bitten. Viper bite victims may also be
875:(Latin for "viper", "adder", or "snake") and did not intend for it to indicate a family group taxon. Rather, it is attributed to Oppel, based on his Viperini as a distinct family group name, despite the fact that Gray was the first to use the form Viperinae.
556:
Due to the nature of proteolytic venom, a viperid bite is often a very painful experience and should always be taken seriously, though it may not necessarily prove fatal. Even with prompt and proper treatment, a bite can still result in a permanent
544:
Proteolytic venom is also dual-purpose: first, it is used for defense and to immobilize prey, as with neurotoxic venoms; second, many of the venom's enzymes have a digestive function, breaking down molecules such as
617:
respond more actively to mouse carcasses that have been injected with crude rattlesnake venom. When the various components of the venom were separated out, the snakes responded to mice injected with two kinds of
958:
Yes, we have some scary snakes in
Australia but none are close to what's happening in tropical parts of Asia, Africa and South America – they have a group of snakes called Vipers (which we don't have, phew!).
862:
Whether family
Viperidae is attributed to Oppel (1811), as opposed to Laurenti (1768) or Gray (1825), is subject to some interpretation. The consensus among leading experts, though, is that Laurenti used
1298:
Gracheva, Elena O.; Ingolia, Nicolas T.; Kelly, Yvonne M.; Cordero-Morales, Julio F.; Hollopeter, Gunther; Chesler, Alexander T.; Sanchez, Elda E.; Perez, John C.; Weissman, Johnathan S. (2010).
417:, a stocky build with a short tail, and a triangle-shaped head distinct from the neck, owing to the location of the venom glands. The great majority have vertically elliptical, or slit-shaped,
945:
1369:
Oppel M. 1811. Mémoire sur la classification des reptiles. Ordre II. Reptiles à écailles. Section II. Ophidiens. Annales du Musée
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 16: 254–295, 376–393.
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signals the internal membranes, which in turn signal the trigeminal nerve and send the infrared signals to the brain, where they are overlaid onto the visual image created by the eyes.
1108:
Hayes WK, Herbert SS, Rehling GC, Gennaro JF. 2002. Factors that influence venom expenditure in viperids and other snake species during predatory and defensive contexts.
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have specialized sensory organs near the nostrils called heat-sensing pits. The location of this organ is unique to pit vipers. These pits have the ability to detect
1366:
Laurenti JN. 1768. Specimen
Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum. J.T. de Trattnern, Wien.
421:
that can open wide to cover most of the eye or close almost completely, which helps them to see in a wide range of light levels. Typically, vipers are nocturnal and
953:
1857:
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1973:
1896:
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McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League.
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from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws, just behind the eyes. Each of the two fangs is at the front of the mouth on a short
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1453:
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406:, which degrade tissues. Secondarily, it is used for self defense, though in cases with nonprey, such as humans, they may give a
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Schuett GW, Höggren M, Douglas ME, Greene HW. 2002. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle
Mountain Publishing, LC. 580 pp. 16 plates.
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1010:
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Viperid snakes are found in the
Americas, Africa, Eurasia, and South Asia. In the Americas, they are native from south of
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513:, and disruption of the blood-clotting system. Also being vasculotoxic in nature, viperine venom causes vascular
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because the diaphragm can no longer contract, but this rule does not always apply; some elapid bites include
86:
1446:
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Gray JE. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and
Amphibia, with a description of some new species.
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553:, and proteins. This is an important adaptation, as many vipers have inefficient digestive systems.
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that disable muscle contraction and cause paralysis. Death from elapid bites usually results from
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1968:
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477:, Ireland, and north of the Arctic Circle in Norway and Sweden. Wild viperids are not found in
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60:
31:
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1914:
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Gotch AF. 1986. Reptiles – Their Latin Names
Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp.
1779:
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8:
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466:
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Lynn, W. Gardner (1931). "The
Structure and Function of the Facial Pits of Pit Vipers".
1963:
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600:, the venom of which contains proteins allowing the snake to track down bitten prey
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521:. Death is usually caused by collapse in blood pressure. This is in contrast to
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forms a small pit lined with membranes, external and internal, attached to the
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Compared to many other snakes, vipers often appear rather sluggish. Most are
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341:. Three subfamilies are currently recognized. They are also known as
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symptoms typical of viperid bites, while some viperid bites produce
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365:(giving live birth) common in vipers like most of the species of
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561:, and in the worst cases, the affected limb may even have to be
505:, that produce symptoms such as pain, strong local swelling and
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946:"Are Australian snakes really the most dangerous in the world?"
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842:, helping them better understand their environment. Internally
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Saviola, A.J.; Chiszar, D.; Busch, C.; Mackessy, S.P. (2013).
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Newman, Eric A. (1982). "The Infrared "Vision" of Snakes".
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334:
1135:"Molecular basis for prey relocation in viperid snakes"
509:, blood loss from cardiovascular damage complicated by
1083:. Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources. Archived from
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
385:skull, showing the long fangs used to inject venom
345:. The name "viper" is derived from the Latin word
1300:"Molecular Basis of Infrared Detection by Snakes"
1128:
1126:
497:Viperid venoms typically contain an abundance of
485:, a viperid, is the only venomous snake found in
1955:
1391:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879).
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333:and have long (relative to non-vipers), hinged
329:, and various other isolated islands. They are
305:, found in most parts of the world, except for
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1051:
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389:All viperids have a pair of relatively long
887:, overview of all snake families and genera
432:Arabian Horned Viper from Arabian Peninsula
1454:
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473:, viperids are located everywhere except
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1015:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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393:(hollow) fangs that are used to inject
14:
1956:
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1187:Bullock, T.H.; Diecke, F.P.J. (1956).
1005:
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361:("to beget"), referring to the trait
1974:Taxa named by Nicolaus Michael Oppel
1824:7519aa74-6d51-4d61-950d-7954ccf9b91e
1235:
1189:"Properties of an Infrared Receptor"
1099:
1072:
1054:"Striking Beauties: Venomous Snakes"
1045:
944:Fender-Barnett, Arli (27 May 2019).
903:
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594:The western diamondback rattlesnake
353:, also meaning viper, possibly from
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
996:
443:
24:
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1285:10.1038/scientificamerican0382-116
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25:
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337:that permit deep penetration and
1417:The New Student's Reference Work
615:Western diamondback rattlesnakes
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525:venoms, which generally contain
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1081:"Did Someone Say... SSSSnakes?"
52:needs additional citations for
1205:10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005624
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1:
1385:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
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655:Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971
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1387:. Accessed 3 November 2008.
1238:American Journal of Anatomy
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501:-degrading enzymes, called
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159:Scientific classification
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1363:, new ser., 10: 193–217.
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339:injection of their venom
1400:The American Cyclopædia
1152:10.1186/1741-7007-11-20
1052:Slowinski, Joe (2000).
795:True or pitless vipers
413:Almost all vipers have
1250:10.1002/aja.1000490105
778:southern South America
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462:
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32:Viper (disambiguation)
1923:Paleobiology Database
1193:Journal of Physiology
978:Snakesuntamed.webr.ly
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431:
380:
1819:Fauna Europaea (new)
1361:Annals of Philosophy
956:on 9 December 2023.
840:warm-blooded animals
569:to the venom or the
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1324:10.1038/nature08943
1316:2010Natur.464.1006G
1310:(7291): 1006–1011.
1277:1982SciAm.246c.116N
1265:Scientific American
1068:on 13 October 2004.
1064:(2). Archived from
801:, Asia, and Africa
1604:Pseudoxyrhophiidae
1079:Smith, SA (2004).
768:southward through
602:
463:
434:
387:
1951:
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1910:Open Tree of Life
1694:Taxon identifiers
1685:
1684:
984:on 8 January 2015
836:thermal radiation
827:Heat-sensing pits
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736:eastward through
645:Geographic range
423:ambush their prey
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16:(Redirected from
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1889:NHMSYS0000375244
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1667:Leptotyphlopidae
1589:Psammodynastidae
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438:ovoviviparous
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78: –
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1701:
1634:Xenopeltidae
1629:Xenodermidae
1623:
1579:Micrelapidae
1564:Homalopsidae
1549:Cyclocoridae
1416:
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1199:(1): 47–87.
1196:
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1109:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1074:
1066:the original
1061:
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1030:
1018:. Retrieved
986:. Retrieved
982:the original
977:
957:
954:the original
939:
872:
864:
861:
830:
811:
806:
789:Oppel, 1811
642:Common name
620:disintegrins
610:rattlesnakes
603:
595:
580:
555:
543:
531:asphyxiation
511:coagulopathy
496:
483:common adder
464:
457:pictured in
454:Vipera berus
452:
435:
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388:
358:
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302:
294:
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232:
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114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1845:iNaturalist
1726:Wikispecies
1672:Typhlopidae
1619:Uropeltidae
1584:Prosymnidae
1574:Loxocemidae
1539:Bolyeriidae
1139:BMC Biology
1011:"Viperidae"
838:emitted by
725:Pit vipers
673:South China
651:Azemiopinae
626:Subfamilies
535:proteolytic
527:neurotoxins
517:damage and
515:endothelial
383:rattlesnake
373:Description
323:New Zealand
279:Oppel, 1811
239:Colubroides
117:August 2023
1958:Categories
1609:Pythonidae
1544:Colubridae
1427:Pit vipers
1244:: 97–139.
1091:2 December
974:"Viperids"
926:(series).
897:References
832:Pit vipers
808:Type genus
712:Crotalinae
633:Subfamily
541:symptoms.
539:neurotoxic
363:viviparity
319:Madagascar
307:Antarctica
285:Gray, 1825
283:Viperidae
222:Suborder:
87:newspapers
1964:Viperidae
1746:Viperidae
1732:Viperidae
1702:Viperidae
1624:Viperidae
1519:Aniliidae
1476:Kingdom:
1381:Viperidae
1020:10 August
988:8 January
934:(volume).
891:Snakebite
844:the organ
785:Viperinae
762:New World
760:; in the
758:Sri Lanka
750:Indonesia
730:Old World
605:Hemotoxic
571:antivenom
563:amputated
519:hemolysis
503:proteases
479:Australia
471:Old World
469:. In the
404:proteases
399:maxillary
311:Australia
303:Viperidae
277:Viperini
249:Viperidae
226:Serpentes
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
18:Viperidae
1711:Wikidata
1559:Elapidae
1496:Squamata
1490:Reptilia
1484:Chordata
1482:Phylum:
1478:Animalia
1466:families
1342:20228791
1223:13377311
1171:23452837
879:See also
858:Taxonomy
701:Zhejiang
577:Behavior
567:allergic
507:necrosis
408:dry bite
343:viperids
331:venomous
271:Viperae
263:Synonyms
245:Family:
216:Squamata
206:Reptilia
196:Chordata
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
1717:Q163656
1494:Order:
1488:Class:
1422:. 1914.
1383:at the
1333:2855400
1312:Bibcode
1273:Bibcode
1214:1359182
1162:3635877
867:as the
865:viperae
728:In the
719:, 1811
693:Sichuan
689:Guizhou
685:Jiangxi
681:Guangxi
671:across
665:Myanmar
639:Genera
499:protein
475:Siberia
327:Ireland
212:Order:
202:Class:
101:scholar
76:"Viper"
1941:414919
1915:262303
1876:174294
1863:103448
1798:1VIPEF
1534:Boidae
1419:
1340:
1330:
1304:Nature
1221:
1211:
1169:
1159:
1145:: 20.
1116:
1038:
930:
922:
873:vipera
869:plural
813:Vipera
799:Europe
770:Mexico
766:Canada
746:Taiwan
697:Yunnan
677:Fujian
547:lipids
523:elapid
481:. The
419:pupils
367:Boidae
359:parere
347:vipera
315:Hawaii
299:snakes
295:Vipers
256:, 1811
144:Viper
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1936:WoRMS
1928:38156
1858:IRMNG
1850:30667
1811:15576
1772:6273B
1759:24376
1463:Snake
950:CSIRO
742:Japan
732:from
717:Oppel
703:) to
669:Tibet
493:Venom
395:venom
355:vivus
335:fangs
254:Oppel
233:Clade
108:JSTOR
94:books
1902:8689
1897:NCBI
1871:ITIS
1837:5024
1832:GBIF
1793:EPPO
1785:8116
1754:BOLD
1338:PMID
1219:PMID
1167:PMID
1114:ISBN
1093:2006
1036:ISBN
1022:2006
990:2015
928:ISBN
920:ISBN
772:and
756:and
738:Asia
559:scar
467:48°N
297:are
80:news
1884:NBN
1780:EoL
1767:CoL
1741:ADW
1328:PMC
1320:doi
1308:464
1281:doi
1269:243
1246:doi
1209:PMC
1201:doi
1197:134
1157:PMC
1147:doi
871:of
792:13
776:to
740:to
722:22
349:, -
63:by
1960::
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1912::
1899::
1886::
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1279:.
1267:.
1242:49
1240:.
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1195:.
1191:.
1179:^
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1101:^
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810:=
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351:ae
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675:(
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